Power Plant Engineering

(Power Plant Engineering)

.. 2554

(Power Plant Engineering)

(E-book)

2552

e-mail: somchart@engr.tu.ac.th
2554

1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
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2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 . . . .
2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4
2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 . . . . . . .
3.2.2 . . . . . .
3.2.3
3.3 . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 . . . . .
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1
1
3
4
6
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9
9
13
19
19
21
22
25
27
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31
31
31
37
38
38
39
39
41
41
3.4
3.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1
4.7.2 . . . . . . . . .
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . .
5.3.1 . . . .
5.3.2
5.3.3 . .
5.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 . . .
5.5 . . . . .
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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43
44
45
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49
49
51
55
59
59
61
63
67
67
69
70
75
76
81
84
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89
89
91
94
95
95
96
97
100
106
107
109
116
6
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . .
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11 . . . . .
6.11.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
7.1 . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 . . . .
7.2.2 .
7.3 . . . . . . .
7.4 . . . . . .
7.5 . . . .
7.5.1 . . . .
7.5.2 .
7.6 . . . . .
7.7
7.8 . . . . . . . .
7.9 . .
7.10 . . . .
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121
121
122
124
126
129
130
133
136
138
140
143
143
143
145
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151
151
152
152
154
156
157
162
163
167
169
171
176
176
179
8
185
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.4
8.5
8.3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.3.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.4.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
203
9.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
9.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.2.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.2.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.2.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
9.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
9.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10
237
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.3.3 . . . . . . . . 256
10.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

11
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4.1 . . . . . .
11.4.2
11.4.3 . . . . . . .
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 . . . . . . . . . .
12
12.1 . . . . . . . .
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7 . . . . .
12.8 . . . . . . . .
12.8.1 . . . . .
12.8.2 . . . . . . . .
12.8.3
12.8.4 . . .
12.8.5 RBMK . . . . . . . .
12.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.11 . . . . .
12.12 . . . . . .
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267
267
269
271
272
273
277
278
279
282
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287
287
288
290
291
294
296
298
299
299
301
302
303
304
304
307
308
310
1.1

1.1 .. 2548

(power generation system)

(power transmission system)
1.1: .. 2548
(MW.h/)
12.80
10.91
7.61
7.46
5.84
5.29
3.11
2.30
1.83
1.71
1.14
0.56
0.34
0.20
0.13

(substation)

69 kW 115 kW 230 kW 500 kW

(power distribution system)

1.2

11 kW 12 kW 22 kW 24 kW 33 kW

380/220 V

3 (1) (.)

(2) (.)
. (3) (.)
.
.
.
1.2

(thermal power plant)

(gas turbine power plant)

(combined-cycle power plant)

(nuclear power plant)

(hydroelectric power plant)

(diesel power plant)

(renewable energy)

1.3

MW MW 1.2
.. 2547

1.3
1.2: .. 2547
(MW)
11305
8032
(%)
43.6
31.0
3476
861
13.4
3.3
2233
8.7
(1) . (2)
(independent power producer) IPP (3)
(small power producer) SPP
.

.
IPP SPP
IPP .
. IPP
(1)
(2) . (3) .
(4)
SPP
. 90 MW
SPP

(cogeneration)
-
10%
45%
1.3 .. 2551 IPP

1.3: .. 2551
()
(MW)
15794
11452
2070
640
(%)
55
38
8
2
1.4

1.4

(environmetal impact assessment EIA) (.)
EIA
1. 100 MW
2. 150 MW
3. 3000 MW
4.

EIA .
EIA

EIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. (IPP)
(SPP)
10.
EIA
2.1

(discount rate)
(future value)
(present value)
PV
= fP V F V
(2.1)
P V , F V n
fP V
= (1 +1 i)n
(present worth factor)

fP V
(2.2)
1
3 1.1
10
P V = 1000000 F V = 1100000
PV
fP V =
FV
= 0:909
= (1 +1 i)
i = 0:0323
(series
payment) (2.1) (2.2)

500000 600000
5% 700000
4.5%
P V = P V0 + P V1 + P V2
P V0 = 500000
600000
(1 + 0:05)
= 471729
700000
PV =
(1 + 0:045)
= 641011
=) P V = 1612740
P V1 =
2.1
11

F Vk
k
F Vk+1 = (1 + r)F Vk
100
r (r
FV
PV = 1
i r
r
> 0) (r < 0)
1 + r n
1+i
(2.3)
i (2.3) P V
PV
V
= nF
1+i
(2.4)
1000000
5%
5 7%
F V1 = 1000000 , r = 0.05 i = 0.07

"
PV
= 0:1000000
07 0:05 1
= 4501444
1:05
1:07

(optimization process)
(levelized value)
12
(annual value)

n
(fP V 1 ; fP V 2 ; :::; fP V n )
(2.2) (P V1 ;
P V2; :::; P Vn) (2.1) AV
AV
= fP V ++ fP V ++ ++ Pf Vn
PV
PV
PV n
1
(2.5)
50 /GJ
2-5 5%
5 4.5%

(2.1)
1
2
3
4
5
FV
50.00
52.50
55.13
57.88
60.78
fP V i
0.9569
0.9157
0.8763
0.8386
0.8025
P Vi
47.85
48.07
48.31
48.54
48.78
P Vi fP V i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) (2.5)
AV
47:85 + 48:07 + 48:31 + 48:54 + 48:78

= 0:9569
+ 0:9157 + 0:8763 + 0:8386 + 0:8025
= 55:02 /GJ
2.2
13

(net present value)
(internal rate of return)

1500
150
20 8%
1500
(P Vout ) 1500 20
(P Vin ) (2.3) r = 0
"
150 1
P Vin =
i 0
1 + 0
1+i
20
i P Vin = P Vout = 1500

"
1 1
i
1 = 10
1+i
=) i = 0:078
20
i = 0.08 1500
2.2

14

(load curve)
2.1

2.1
(load)
2.1 (load curve)
1 1
1
2.1: 12

2.2
15

(peak load)
(load factor)
2.2

(blackout)

15-20%
2.2:
2.1 93 MW 7

2.1
.. 2540-2550

16
2.1: ..
2540-2550
.. (MW)
2540
14506.3
2541
14179.9
2542
15232.9
2543
15912.1
2544
16126.4
2545
16681.1
2546
18212.4
2547
19325.8
2548
20537.5
2549
21064.0
2550
22586.1
(MW)
16966.9
17921.0
19109.4
22741.7
22004.8
23754.8
25647.0
25969.0
25810.2
27107.2
28530.3
kW
kW.h 1 (average load)
(Pave ) (Pmax )
(LF)
LF
= PPave
max
(2.6)
2.1

2.1
2.1
(rated capacity)
2.2
17
(capacity factor)
CF
= PPave
rated
(2.7)
Pave (2.7)
Prated
Pmax (2.6)

Pave (2.6)
(2.7)
CF
max
= LF:P
P
rated
(2.8)

(h)
(MW)
0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24

30
70
90
60
100
80
60
.
.
100 MW
.
70 MW 70 MW
24 30 MW
70 MW
2.3
30 6 + 70 4 + 90 2 + 60 4 + 100 4 + 80 2 + 60 2
24
= 65 MW
65 = 0:65
LF =
100
Pave =
18
2.3:
CF
LF Pave
Prated Pmax = 100 MW

2.3

30 6 + 70 6 + 60 4 + 70 6 + 60 2
24
= 57:5 MW
= 5770:5 = 0:82
Pave;1 =
CF1
70 MW
24 h
20 2 + 30 4 + 10 2
24
= 7:5 MW
= 730:5 = 0:25
Pave;2 =
CF2
2.3
19
2.3

(variable cost)
(xed cost)

2.4
2.4:

(fuel cost)
(operation and maintenance cost) (construction cost)
2.3.1

20
( f ) (Cf )
(E ) E kJ f
(kW.h) f
= 3600E Cf
(2.9)

E = :Q
(2.10)
Q
(HHV) kJ/kg (mf )
/kg
Q = mf :HHV
(2.11)
(Ff )
= mf :Ff
(2.12)
3600Ff
= :HHV
(2.13)
Cf
E Cf (2.9)
f
4 1000, 1500, 1300 1100

4 20, 22, 18
15 MJ/kg
(2.12)
f Ff =HHV Ff =HHV
2.3
21
Ff (/kg) HHV (MJ/kg) Ff =HHV (/MJ)

1.0
1.5
1.3
1.1
20
22
18
15
0.050
0.068
0.072
0.073
800 MW 38%
82% 20000 kJ/kg
0.5
Ff (2.13)
Ff
= f ::HHV
3600
0
:5 0:38 20000
=
3600
= 1:06 /kg
2.3.2

22
om =
Com
E
(2.14)
Com E
8760

E = 8760Pave
(2.15)
Pave (2.7)
(2.14)
om =
Com
8760:CF:Prated
(2.16)
600 MW 500
35%
500 10
8760 0:35 600 10
= 0:27 /kW.h
om =
2.3.3

(depreciation)

2.3
23
3040
(salvage value)
(A) (G)
(D )
N
(staight-line method)
D=
A G
N
(2.17)

(sinking-fund method)
D=
(A G)i
(1 + i)N 1
(2.18)
(xed-charge rate)
C
I
IC
8760:CF:Prated
(2.19)
C = F Prated
(2.20)
24
F F

65
15
5%
5
A = 65 G = 5 N = 15
65 5
15
= 4
D=
150 MW
20000 /kW
10%
120 MW 50%
3 = 3000
(2.8)
20000 150 10
CF
120
= 0:5150
= 0:4
0:1 3000 10
8760 0:4 150 10
= 0:57 /kW.h
I = 0.1
2.3
25
2.3.4

2.5
1 1
2
2
3
3
1
() 2
()
3 (
)
2.5:
2.1 % (load distribution curve) 2.6
(base load)
(intermediate load)
(peak load)
2.6 -
26
2.6:
1 2.5
1
2
3 1, 2 3

2.3
27
2.3.5

(http://www.mea.or.th) (http://www.pea.or.th)

(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (
) (6) (7)

(energy charge)
(kW.h) (demand charge)
15
28
(supply and demand)

(peak period)
(o-peak period)
9.00-22.00 .

(time of use TOU)

2.3
29
1. 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. TOU
9. 50 /GJ
5% 2 5 5%
5
10. 6000
500
30 (internal return rate)
11. 800 MW
(peak load) 750 MW
8760 5
(capacity factor)
12. 42% 22000
kJ/kg 1500
13. 0.31
700 MW 8600
45%
30
14. 800 20

4%
(salvage value) 60
(sinking-fund method)
15. 450 MW 18000 /kW
24 365
9% 37%
3.1

(coal)

(biomass)

3.1.1

4
(Anthracite) (Bituminous)
(Sub-bituminous) (Lignite)
32

(proximate analysis)
(ultimate analysis)
4
(moisture) (volatile matter) (ash)
(free carbon) 3.1

(mi )
(mM )

(coke) (mV M )
mA
(mF C )

xF C =
mF C
; xV M
mi
= mmV M ; xM = mmM ; xA = mmA

i
3.1:
(3.1)
3.1
33

50%
(bound water)
(free water)

(uniform burning)
(tempering process)
3.1
954 C
CH4
CO2

(spontaneous combustion)

Al2 O3 , Fe2 O3 , CaO, P2 O5

(ash fusion temperature)
(slag)

34
3.1 4

3.1:
(%) (%) (%)

4.3
9.6
5.1
8.5
10.8
36.4
22.2
4.3
33.2
36.8
5.9
27.8
(%)
81.0
44.3
40.3
29.5
(C) (H)
(O) (N) (S)

(dry ash-free coal)
m = mF C + mV M
(3.2)
xC =
mC
m
m
;
xH = H ; xO = O ; xN
m
m
m
= mmN ; xS = mmS
(3.3)
5 1
(3.1)
mi (as-received coal)
mi m
mi
m = mM + mA
(3.4)
m = mi (1 xM
xA )
(3.5)
3.1
35
C, H, O, N, S (3.3)
(3.1) C, H, O, N, S
xC;ar = xC (1 xM
xA )
(3.6)
xC;ar =
mC
mi
(3.7)
xH;ar , xO;ar , xN;ar xS;ar

C 39.58%, H
2.57%, O 9.70%, N 0.67%, S 0.49%, 33.54% 13.46%
C, H, O, N, S
xH;ar , xO;ar , xN;ar xS;ar (3.6)
xC =
(1
xC;ar
xM xA )
0:3958
0:3354 0:1346)
= (1
= 0:7468
xH = 0.0485, xO = 0.1830, xN = 0.0126 xS = 0.0092
36

(calorimeter)

(grindability)

(Hardgrove machine)
(Hardgrove index)

(abrasivity)
(carbon steel)

3.1
37
(swelling index)

(stationary grate)
800 C
1 9

0

3.1.2

3.2
()
38
3.2:

(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(kJ/kg)
12.00 12.65
56.46
18.88
14,755
10.00 10.39
60.70
18.90
13,650
50.73 1.43
41.98
5.86
9,243
40.00 0.90
45.42
13.68
11,298
59.40 1.50
31.00
8.10
7,451
3.2

C 84-89%, H
12-14%, O 2-3% N 0-1% S 0-3%

(fractional distillation process)

(liquidied petroleum gas LPG) (gasoline) (kerosene)
(diesel) (fuel oil)

3.2.1

40705 45520 kJ/kg
1, 2, 4, 5 6 ( 3
)

3.2
39
3.2.2

80%
20%
(emulsied diesel)

3.2.3

(specic gravity)
s=
15.6 C
15.6 C
40
API (American
Petroleum Institute) API s API
s=
141:5
131:5 + API

(viscosity)

ASTM Standard D445
(centistoke)
(viscometer)

(pour point)

(ash point)

4-5 C
3.3
41

6 1% 3-4%
2%
SO3

(steam coil)

(1)
(2) (3)

3.3

(natural gas)
(synthetic gas) (biogas)
3.3.1
(CH4 )
CO2
42

(H2 S)

CO2

(methyl alcohol)

(ethyl
alcohol)
(propylene) (polypropylene)

(liqueed petroleum gas LPG)
LPG
LPG
(natural gasoline NGL)

5
NGL
NGL
3.3
43

100%

(ideal gas)
yi =
Mi
M
= VVi
Mi Vi i M
V

MBtu (1 Btu = 1.055 kJ)

3.3.2

(coal gasication) (cokeoven gas) (producer gas) (water gas)
(synthetic natural gas SNG)
(coke)
+ ! + +
H2 CH4
(exothermic)
+ ! CO + N +
2
44
CO N2 CO
CO H2 (endothermic)
+ + ! CO + H
SNG N2
CO
CO
+ H O ! CO + H
2
SNG SNG
H2 CO CH4
CO
+ 3H ! CH + H O
2
(catalyst)

(blast-furnace gas) CO2
(sewer gas) CH4
3.3.3
(biogas)
(anaerobic digestion) 5 C, H, O, N S
Ca Hb O Ne Se

3
d e
Ca Hb O Nd Se + a
+ 4 +2 HO !
4
2

a b 3d e
a b 3d e
2 + 8 2 8 4 CH + 2 8 + 4 + 8 + 4 CO

3.4
45
+ dNH + eH S
3

CO2 , NH3 H2 S

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
COD (chemical oxygen demand) BOD
80% COD BOD COD
3.4
7

(proven reserve) (probable reserve)
(possible reserve) 3.3
(
)

3.4
20
46
3.3:
P1
P1+P2 P1+P2+P3
176
()
LPG
265
()
11198
(
)
2063
()
()
P1 P1+P2 P1+P2+P3
377
430
587
728
20
25
22874
29717
12
25
32
2063
2063
115
115
115
P1
P2
P3
3.4: .. 2549 2529
.. 2549 .. 2529
5.6%
21.8%
5.5%
17.2%
66.5%
13.1%
21.8%
40.3%
5.2%
3.0%
70%

3.4
47
48
1.
2. 4
3.
4.
5.
6. (coke)
7. (ultimate analysis)
8.
9.
10. (water gas)
11. (biogas)
12.
13.
14.
15. (proximate analysis)
15% 5%
(dry, ash-free basis) (ultimate analysis) H
3% H (as-received
coal)
4.1

(ue gas)

3

+ O ! CO
+ 12 O ! H O
S + O ! SO
C
H2
(4.1)
(4.2)
(4.3)

(CH4 )
CH4
+ 2O ! CO + 2H O
2
(4.4)
(4.1)-(4.4)
(reactant) (product)
50
(ignition temperature)
O2
N2 , O2 ,
Ar CO2 28.0134, 31.9988, 39.9480 44.0095
4.1
28.97
(theoretical air) N2 79%
O2 21% 28.84 4.76
N2 3.76 O2 1 N2 O2
0.767 0.233

4.1:
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
(%)

78.084
79
20.946
21
0.934
0
0.036
0
(complete combustion)
(stoichiometric combustion)
C, H, S CO
(incomplete combustion) O2
O2
(stoichiometric air) (theoretical air)
H2 O, CO2 N2 O2
(Cm Hn )
4.2
51
C m Hn
+ (m + n4 )(O + 3:76N ) ! mCO + n2 H O + 3:76(m + n4 )N

2
(4.5)
CO CO
CO
+ 21 (O + 3:76N ) ! CO + 1:88N
2
(4.6)
CO

CO
4
(1) (2)
(3) (4)

(excess air)
4.2

(theoretical air-fuel ratio) AF RT

AF RT kgair /kgfuel molair /molfuel
= 28:84 M
fuel
28.84
(4.7)
Mfuel
52
C, H S
(4.1)-(4.3) O N
Ca Hb S Od Ne
C

Ca Hb S Od Ne
b
aCO2 + H2 O + SO2
a+
+ 2 (O + 3:76N ) !
4

b
d
e
+ 3:76 a + 4 + 2 + 2 N
2
(4.8)
(4.8)
AF RT
= 4:76
a+
4 + 2
molair =molfuel
(4.9)
4.2 AF RT (4.9)
N, O2 CO2 AF RT
4.2:
C
H
S
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
CO
AF RT
AF RT (molair /molfuel )
4.76
1.19
4.76
9.52
16.66
23.8
2.38
AF RT
k
y1 , y2 , ..., yk AF RT AF RT;1 ,
AF RT;2 , ..., AF RT;k AF RT
AF RT
= y AF RT; + y AF RT; + ::: + yk AF RT;k

1
(4.10)
4.2
60%
53
AF RT C3 H8 40% C4 H10
C3 H8 1 C4 H10 2
y1 = 0.4, y2 = 0.6, AF RT;1 = 23.8, AF RT;2 = 30.94
AF RT
= 0:4 23:8 + 0:6 30:94

= 28:1 molair =molfuel
AF RT CH4 70%,
C2 H6 10%, C3 H8 10% CO2 10%
CH4 , C2 H6 , C3 H8 CO2 1, 2, 3 4

y1 = 0.7, y2 = 0.1, y3 = 0.1, y4 = 0.1, AF RT;1 = 9.52, AF RT;2
= 16.66, AF RT;3 = 23.8, AF RT;4 = 0
AF RT
= 0:7 9:52 + 0:1 16:66 + 0:1 23:8 + 0:1 0

= 10:7 molair =molfuel

AF RT
(4.9) (4.7)

b
d
28
:84 4:76
AF RT =
a+ +
Mfuel
4
2
kgair =kgfuel
(4.11)
Ca Hb S Od Ne
Mfuel = 12a + b + 32 + 16d + 14e
(4.12)
C, H, S O
xC =
12a
Mfuel
(4.13)
54
xH =
xS =
xO =
xC , xH , xS xO a, b,
AF RT
(4.14)
Mfuel
32
Mfuel
16d
Mfuel
(4.15)
(4.16)
d (4.11)
= 11:44xC + 34:32xH + 4:29xS 4:29xO
kgair =kgfuel
(4.17)
xM
xA
AF RT
= (11:44xC + 34:32xH + 4:29xS 4:29xO )(1
xM
xA )
(4.18)
xC , xH , xS xO
(3.6) (4.18)
AF RT
= 11:44xC;ar + 34:32xH;ar + 4:29xS;ar 4:29xO;ar
(4.19)
xC;ar , xH:ar , xS;ar xO;ar
4%
5%
C 83.1%, H 5.5%, O 7.4%, N 2.1% S 1.9% AF RT
(4.18)
AF RT
AF RT
= (11:44 0:831 + 34:32 0:055 + 4:29 0:019 4:29 0:074)

(1 0:04 0:05)
= 10:2 kgair =kgfuel
4.3
55
4.3

(formation enthalpy)
(adiabatic ame temperature)

(heating value)
1 kg
1 m3 (bomb calorimeter)

(higher heating value)
(lower heating value)

4.3
C S
4.3: C H S
C
H
S
HHV (kJ/kg)
C + O2 ! CO2
33700
H + 0.25O2 ! 0.5H2 O
144200
S + O2 ! SO2
9300
4.3 H
1 kg O 8 kg
56
HHV
= 33700xC + 144200
xH
xO
8 + 9300xS
(4.20)
(Dulongs formula) (4.20)

HHV
= (33700xC + 144200
xO
8 + 9300xS )(1
xH
xM
xA ) (4.21)
HHV
= 33700xC;ar + 144200
xO;ar
xH;ar
+ 9300xS;ar
(4.22)

4.3 C S
H 9 kg 1 kg H

9

25 C 2442 kJ/kg
LHV
= HHV 2442(9xH;ar + xM )
(4.23)

Cm Hn Cm Hn , CO
H2
4.4
k y1 ,
y2 , :::, yk HHV1 , HHV2 , :::,
HHVk
HHV
= y HHV + y HHV + ::: + yk HHVk

1
(4.24)
4.3
57
4.4:
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
H2
CO
HHV (kJ/m3 )
CH4 + 2O2 ! CO2 + 2H2 O
39700
7
C2 H6 + 2 O2 ! 2CO2 + 3H2 O
69600
C3 H8 + 5O2 ! 3CO2 + 4H2 O
99100
1
H2 + 2 O2 ! H2 O
12700
1
CO + 2 O2 ! CO2
12600
HHV (kJ/kg)
55600
52000
50500
142200
10100
k x1 , x2 ,
:::, xk HHV1, HHV2, :::, HHVk

HHV
= x HHV + x HHV + ::: + xk HHVk

1
(4.25)
4.4
CO Vi
i 1 m3
1 m3 k
= y V + y V + ::: + yk Vk
1
(4.26)
25 C 1962 kJ/m3
LHV
= HHV 1962V
(4.27)
(4.20) xM = 0
C 70%, H 5%, O 4%, S 1%,

10% 10%
58
4 100%
xC;ar = 0.70, xH;ar = 0.05, xO;ar = 0.04, xS;ar =

0.01, xM = 0.10 xA = 0.10 (4.22)
HHV
= 33700(0:7) + 144200(0:05 0:04=8) + 9300(0:01)

= 30172 kJ=kg
(4.23)
LHV
= 30172 2440(9 0:05 + 0:1)

= 28828 kJ=kg
CH4 80%, H2 15% CO 5%
(4.24) 4.4
HHV
= 39700(0:8) + 12700(0:15) + 12600(0:05)

= 34295 kJ=m
3
4.4
1 m3 (4.26)
= 2 0:8 + 1 0:15
= 1:75 m
3
(4.27)
LHV
= 34295 1960 1:75

= 30865 kJ=m
3
4.4
59
4.4

2

(Orsat apparatus)
CO2 , CO
O2 (CO2 , CO, O2
N2 ) N2
yN2 = 1 yCO2
yCO
(4.28)
yO2

(AF RA )
4.4.1
AF RA
AF RA
AF RA =
1
= 0:767
!
N2
1 N N
= 0:767
!
N )
1
28(
= 0:767
xN;ar
(4.29)
xN N C CO
CO2 x b C 1 kg
60
x b =
CO CO2
)(yCO + yCO )
= 12(
)
=) = 12(yCO + yCO )(
x
2
(4.30)
x b C
(4.30) (4.29)

1
28x byN
AF RA =
0:767 12(yCO + yCO )
xN;ar
(4.31)
x b

x b

(xA )
(refuse)
(x r ) x b
=1
x r
= xA
= 1 xAx
=
=
x b =
x r xA
1 x r
4.4
61
x b = xC;ar
x r xA
1 x r
(4.32)
C 36%, H
3%, O 8%, S 0.64%, N 0.84%, 36% 15.52%
CO2 18.57%, O2 5.84%,
SO2 0.13% CO 0.66% 7.18%
yN2 = 1 yCO2 yO2 ySO2 yCO

= 0:748
0:0718 0:1552
x b = 0:36
1 0:0718
= 0:348
1 28 0:348 0:748
AF RA =
0:767 12(0:0066 + 0:1857)
= 4:11 kgair =kgfuel
0:0084
4.4.2

Ca Hb S Od
(4.8)
aCO2
a+
4 + 2 (O + 3:76N ) !
+ 2b H O + SO + 3:76 a + 4b + d2 N
Ca Hb S Od
(4.33)
O2
CO
62
C a Hb S Od
a+
4 + 2 (O + 3:76N ) ! (a )CO + CO +
+ ( 1) a + 4b + d2 + 2 O +
2 H O+ SO

b
d
3:76 a + 4 + 2 N
2
(4.34)
(air ratio) AF RA AF RT
O2 , CO N2 (4.29)
yO2 =
yCO =
( 1)(a + b=4 +
d=2) + =2
Ntotal
(4.36)
Ntotal
3:76(a + b=4 + d=2)
yN2 =
Ntotal
Ntotal
(4.31)
yO2
yO2
d=2)
(4.38)
= (3:761)
yN2
0:5yCO
(4.37)
(4.30)
1 y = ( 1)(a + b=4 +
2 CO
Ntotal
(4.32) (4.33)
(4.35)
yN2
yN2
3:76(yO2
0:5yCO )
(4.39)
AF RA
AF RA = AF RT
(4.40)
C3 H8
CO2 , O2 CO 11.5%, 2.7% 0.7%
4.5
63
AF RT C3 H8 23.8 /
(4.31) N2
yN2 = 1 yCO2
= 0:851
yO2
yCO
N (e = 0)
0:851=(0:027 007=2)
0:851=(0:027 007=2) 3:76
= 1:116
=) AF RA = 1:116 23:8 = 26:56 molair =molfuel
=
4.5
(lean mixture)
(rich mixture)

20%
20% (e)
e=
AF RA AF RT
AF RT
100
(4.41)

N2 O2

64
(burner)
15-30% 5-10%
3-15%

O2 CO2
Cm Hn O2
Cm Hn
m+
n
i
n
(
O + 3:76N ) ! mCO + ( 1) m +
4
4O

+ n2 H O + 3:76 m + n4 N
2
(4.42)
O2 , CO2
[( 1)(m + n=4)
4:76(m + n=4) n=4
m
yCO =
4:76(m + n=4) n=4
e = 100( 1)
yO2 =
2
yO2 yCO2
yO2 =
yCO2 =
e
0:01e
4:76(1 + 0:01e) n=(4m + n)
4m=(4m + n)
4:76(1 + 0:01e) n=(4m + n)
4.1 yO2 yCO2 e Cm Hn

m n yO2
yCO2
CO2
CO2
4.5
4.1:
65
yO2 yCO2 e
O2 CO2 O2
O2

CO2
CO2 O2 CO2
O2
CO2 O2 CO2
66
4.2 CO2 , O2 CO
CO2
O2
4.2: O2 CO2 CO
O2 O2
O2
O2
O2
CO O2 CO

O2
CO CO

4.6
67
4.6
SO2
+ O ! SO
2
SO2 O2 SO3
SO2
+ 12 O ! SO
2
SO3 (sulfuric acid)

SO3
+ H O ! H SO
2

SO2
SO2
(p) 1
atm (partial pressure) (pH2 O )
pH2 O = yH2 O p
yH2 O
1 atm
(dew-point temperature)
pH2 O

4.7

68
1. (ignition temperature)
4.5
4.5:
C
S
H2
CO
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
( C)
700
243
500
609
580
515
480
2.

3.

(furnace)

(1)
(2)
(3)
4.7
69
4.7.1
(burner)
4.3

4.3

4.3:

11 kV
(pilot ame) (main ame)

70
(turndown ratio)

(atomizer)

(1)
(2)
(3)

4.7.2

H2 , CH4
CO

(mechanical stoker) (pulverizer-burner system)
(uidized bed combustion system)
(grate)

4.7
71

(spreader)

(arch)

4.4
(spreader stoker)

4.4:
72

(pulverizer)
3

26 112

85%
200 (200 mesh) 74
60% 200

4.3
4 (1) (2)
(3) (ashback)
(4)

4.5

4.7
73
4.5:
32 mm
0.6-4.6 m/s

(CaCO3 ) MgCO3 CaCO3
CaO CO2
CaCO3
! CaO + CO
CaO SO2 O2
CaO
+ SO + 0:5O ! CaSO
2
SO2 815 C
870 C CaSO4

900 C
74
NOx

(bubbling uidized bed combustion) (bubbling uidized bed combustion) 4.6

4.6:
4.7

4.8
75

(SH) (RH)
(Eco) (AH)
4.7:

SO2

4.8

N2 O2

76

(particulate) (NOx ) SO2
NOx (NO) (NO2 )

NO
NO2

SO2 SO2
(sulfuric acid)
SO2

4.8
4.8.1

4.8
77
4.8:

(bottom ash)
(y ash)
4.6
4.6:
(%)
(%)
(%)
60-80
10-30
5-90
0-5
0-10
0-5
20-40
70-90
10-95

(electrostatic precipitator) (fabric lter)
(cyclone separator)
78
(emitting electrode)
(grounded collecting plate)
20 100 kV
4.9

(hopper) 4.10
4.9:

(resistivity)
8 14 .cm

9 10 .cm
SO3
SO3
1 10
1 10
5 10
5 10
4.8
79
4.10:

(lter bag)
125 300 mm 12.5 m

(cell plate)

(reverse gas fabric lter)
4.11

4.12
80
(pulse jet fabric

lter)

4.11:
4.12:
4.8
81

4.13
4.8.2
NOx NOx
NOx
(combustion control) NOx
(post-combustion control)
NOx
82
4.13:
NOx
NOx

(ue gas recirculation)
NOx

NOx

NOx
NOx (low NOx burner)

-
4.8
83

(air staging) (fuel staging)
NOx

4.14
4.14: NOx
NOx NOx
NOx NOx
SCR (selective catalytic reduction) NOx
SCNR (selective non-catalytic reduction)
SCR (NH3 ) NOx
4NO + 4NH + O ! 4N + 6H O
2NO + 4NH + 2O ! 3N + 6H O
3
4.15
84
4.15: NOx SCR

SNCR (NH3 ) NO SCR

SNCR (CO(NH2 )2 ) NH3
4NO + 2CO(NH ) + O ! 4N + 2CO + 4H O

2 2
SNCR NO2 NOx

NO 95% NO2 5% SNCR
NOx 70-80%
4.8.3
SO2 70%

SO2

SO2 SO2
SO2 FGD (ue gas desulfurization) (CaCO3 ) SO2
4.8
85
SO2 95-98%

SO2
+ SO + 12 H O ! CaSO : 12 H O + CO
1
1
3
CaSO : H O + O + H O ! CaSO :2H O
2
2
2
CaCO3

SO2
FGD (CaSO4 .2H2 O) (CaSO3 )

86
1.
2. (stoichiometric combustion)
(complete combustion)
3.
4. H xH O
xO (free hydrogen)
5. (air ratio)
6. Orsat apparatus
7.
8.
9.
10. O2
11. CO2 O2

12.
13.
14.
15.
16. (uidized-bed combustion system)
4.8
87
17. (uidized bed) SO2
18. NOx
19.
20.
21. NOx
22. NOx SNCR
23. SO2 FGD
24. (HHV) C4 H10 128400 kJ/m3

1960 kJ/m3 (LHV)
C4 H10
25. (as-received basis)
C 70%, H 3%, O 4%, N 2%, S 1%, 15% 5%
AFRT
26.
27. C5 H12
28. C4 H10 1 m3
29. CH4 74%, C2 H6 17% CO 9%

HHV 41475 kJ/m3
1960 kJ/m3 LHV
30. 30%
AF RT = 10 kgair /kgfuel AF RA
88
5.1

5.1
(compressed liquid
subcooled liquid)
(saturated liquid)
(saturated vapor)
(superheated vapor)
5.1
5.2
(saturated liquid line)
(saturated vapor line)
374 C 22 MPa
(vapor dome)

90
5.1:
5.2
5.2:

(T ) (p) (v ) (h) (s)

(steam table) (steam chart)
5.3 h-p
5.2
91
(steam
quality)

x x

5.3

=1
=0
5.2
(Carnot cycle)
5.4
1-2 (boiler)
2-3 (turbine)
3-4 (condenser)
4-1 (compressor)
92
5.3: h-p
1-2 3-4

5.2
93
5.4:
1-2 3-4
=1
T4
T1
(5.1)

(Rankine cycle) 5.5
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-1
T-s 5.4 5.5
4-1

94
5.5:

wnet
qin
wnet = (h2 h3 )
qin = h2 h1
=
(5.2)
(h
h4 )
(5.3)
(5.4)
5.3

5.5
(5.1)

5 (1)
(2) (3)
(4) (5)
5.3
95
5.3.1

5.6 T-s
( 5.6)

(heat sink)

15%
5.6:
5.3.2
1-2 5.5
(superheater) (superheated steam) 5.7

5.5

96
650 C

5.7:
5.3.3

5.8
T-s

( )

(22.1 MPa)

5.9 (supercritical Rankine cycle)

5.3
97
5.8:
5.9:
5.3.4
3

(reheat) 5.10

(reheater)

98

20%
5.10:

850 K 15 MPa
0.01 MPa 0.9

5.11:
5.3
99
5.11 T-s
6
h6 = 192 kJ/kg
p6 p1 h1 = h6
2 h2 = 3510 kJ/kg.K
5 0.01 MPa 0.9 h5 = 2340 kJ/kg.K
5.11 s4 = s5
T4 = T2 (s4 T4 ) 4 h4
3620 kJ/kg p4 = 3.5 MPa
3 p3 =
p4 s3 = s2 h3 = 3090 kJ/kg

wnet = wt
= h2 h3 + h4
h5
= 1700 kJ/kg
qin = h h + h
= 3848 kJ/kg
1700 = 0:44
=
3848
2
h3
50 s5 = s2 p5 = 0.01 MPa h5 = 2100 kJ/kg
wnet = h2
h5
= 1410 kJ/kg
qin = h h
= 3318 kJ/kg
1410 = 0:42
=
3318
100
5.3.5

(feed water)

5.12

(regeneration)

(12-3-4-5-1) (1-2- 0 - 0 -1)
34
5.12:

(feed
water heater)
2
5.3
101
(1) (open feed water heater) (2) (closed feed water heater )
5.13

5.14 T-s
5.13:
5.14:

(5.2)
5.14

=
w_ net
q_in
(5.5)
102
w_ net q_in
w_ net = h1
q_in = h1
h2 + (1 m)(h2
h7
h3 )
(1
m)(h5
h4 )
(h
h6 ) (5.6)
(5.7)
m
1 kg/s
m
m=
h6
h2
h1
h5
(5.8)

(shell-and-tube heat exchanger)

5.15
(drain)

TTD (terminal temperature dierence)
5.15:
5.16
()
5.3
103
(throttle valve)
()
5.16: ()
()
5.17 T-s

(5.5)
wnet , qin m
w_ net = h1 h2 + (1 m)(h2
q_in = h1 h8
h h
m= 8 7
h2 h5
h3 )
(h
h4 )
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
TTD (terminal temperature dierence)

(Tsat ) TTD
T8
T8 = Tsat
TTD
(5.12)
Tsat p2
5.18 T-s

5.14
104
5.17:
5.14 (feed water pump) 5.16
5.14 (5.5) wnet qin
w_ net = h1
q_in = h1
h2 + (1 m)(h2
h9
h3 )
(1
m)(h5
h4 ) m(h8
h6 ) (5.13)
(5.14)
m h9 (5.13) (5.14)
(mixing chamber)
m=
h2
h9 = (1
TTD
h7 h5
h6 + h7 h5
m)h7 + mh8
(5.15)
(5.16)
T7
T7 = Tsat
TTD
Tsat
(5.17)
p2

70 bar
540 C 7 bar
5.3
105
5.18:
0.07 bar TTD = 3 C
5.18
h1 = 3500 kJ/kg
h2 = 2860 kJ/kg
h3 = 2150 kJ/kg
h4 = 163 kJ/kg
h5 = h4
h6 = 697 kJ/kg
h8 = h6
7 h7 p7 T7 5.18
p7 = p1 = 70 bar T7 (5.17) 7 bar Tsat =
165 C
T7 = 162 C
h7 162 C
h7 = 684 kJ/kg
106
m (5.15)
684 163
2860 697 + 684 163
= 0:194 kg
m=
h9 (5.16) (mixing chamber)

h9 = (1
0:194) 684 + 0:194 697
= 689 kJ/kg
1 kg/s (5.13),
(5.14) (5.5) wnet , qin
_
w_ net = (h h ) + (1
= 1212 kg/s
q_in = 3500 689
= 2811 kg/s
=) = 0:43
1
m)(h2
h3 )
5.4

(pump eciency, p ) (turbine eciency, t )
wps
wp
wt
t =
wts
p =
5.5
107
wps wp
wps (isentropic process)
wp
wt wts
5.19
T-s
5.19: (4-1, 2-3)

(4-1s, 2-3s)

p =
t =
h1s h4
h1 h4
h2 h3
h2 h3s
5.5
5.20

108
(o )
o =
Pe
m_ f :HV
(5.18)
Pe , mf HV (heating
value) HV (HHV )
(LHV ) HV
HV
5.20:
o
o = b ::g
(5.19)
b (boiler eciency)
b =
m_ s (hout hin )
m_ f :HV
(5.20)
5.6
109
ms , hin
hout

(Pnet ) (Qin )
Pnet
Qin
=
(5.21)
Qin
(5.20)
g (Pe )
g =
Pe
Pnet
(5.22)
1 kW.h
(heat rate)
HR =
t
HR kJ/kW.h
mf :HV
Pe t
(5.23)
mf
HR o
HR =
3600
o
(5.24)
5.6
5.21

(5.20)

(inputoutput method) (heat-loss method)

(5.20)
110

(Ql )
b = 1
Q_ l
m_ f :HV
(5.25)
5.21

5.21:

6
Li =
Q_ l;i
m_ f :HV
(5.26)
5.6
111
b = 1
(L + L + L + L + L + L )
1
(5.27)
6
1.
Ta Tg
L1 =
xdg : pg (Tg Ta )
HHV
(5.28)
xdg
pg ( 1.0 kJ/kg. C)
Tg
Ta

CO2 , CO, O2 N2 NCO2 , NCO , NO2
NN2
mdg = 44NCO2 + 28NCO + 32NO2 + 28NN2
(5.29)
(4.30)
mf
= 12(yCO +x yCO )Ndg
(5.30)
Ndg (5.29) (5.30)

xdg
xdg =
(11yCO + 7yCO + 8yO + 7yN )x b

3(yCO + yCO )
2
(5.31)
112
2.

H O
L2 =
(xM + 9xH;ar )[2442 + pv (Tg

HHV
Ta )
(5.32)
pv ( 1.9 kJ/kg. C)
2442 kJ/kg 25 C
H

3.
L3 =
!:AF RA : pv (Tg
HHV
Ta )
(5.33)
! L3
L2

L3
L3 = 0
4.
(refuse)

L4 =
xu :HHVC
HHV
(5.34)
xu
HHVC (32800 kJ/kg)
5. CO
5.6
113
L5 =
CO
CO

CO
C
C
CO
CO
= MM(COy yCO+xy b HHV
C CO
CO2 )HHV
(5.35)
x b
CO (MCO ) 28 C (MC ) 12
CO (HHVCO ) 10100 kJ/kg
6.

1% L6
180 ton/h
170 ton/h 4 MPa 405 C
124 C C 73%, H 5%, O 8%, N 2%, 6%
6% 17600 kg/h
30% 27 C 1232 kg/h
14.3% 167 C
CO2 13.65%, CO 0.47% O2 5.18% N2

L6 =
114
0.5%
hout 4 MPa 405 C hin

124 C
hin
124 C hout = 3225.3 kJ/kg hin = 520.0 kJ/kg
(4.22) 30369 kJ/kg
(5.20) HV
HHV
=
170 10 (3225:3 520:0)
b =
17600(30369)
= 0:860
3
1232 kg/h 0.143 1232 = 176 kg/h

(xu ) 0.01
(x b ) 0.72
N2 1 - 0.1365 - 0.0047 - 0.0518 = 0.807
(5.31)
[11(0:1365) + 7(0:0047) + 8(0:0518) + 7(0:807) 0:72

3(0:0047 + 0:1365)
= 12:9
xdg =
(5.28)
12:9 1:0 (167 27)

30369
= 0:0595
L1 =
(5.32)
(0:06 + 9 0:05)[2442 + 1:9(167 27)

30369
= 0:0455
L2 =
5.6
115
L3 = 0
0.01
(5.34)
0:01 32800
30369
= 0:0108
L4 =
CO (5.35)
28 0:47 0:72 10100

12(0:47 + 13:65) 30369
= 0:0186
L5 =
L1
L5 L6 (5.27)
b = 1 0:0595
= 0:861
0:0455 0 0:0108 0:0186 0:0050

(4.23) HV
(5.20) (5.25) LHV
(L2 )
b = 1
(L + L + L + L + L ) HHV
LHV
1
(5.36)
(4.23)
b = 30369
2442(9(0:05) + 0:06)
116
= 29124
b =
0:861 30369 = 0:898

29124
5.7
(cogeneration)

(bottoming system)
(topping system) 5.22

(absorption chiller)

(trigeneration)

5.23

5.7
117
5.22: () ()
5.23:

(back-pressure turbine)

5.24
(extraction turbine)

118
5.24:
5.7
119
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
( , , )
7.
8.
9. T-s
10.
11. T-s
12.

13. 6 MPa 850 K

14. 900 K 12 MPa
TTD 5 K
120
15.
10 MPa 700 K
3 MPa 0.01 MPa ()
16.

8 MPa 850 K
0.8 MPa 0.01 MPa
(drain cooler) TTD 5 C
()
17. 9000 kJ/kW.h
18. 180 ton/h 4

MPa 800 K
450 K 15000 kJ/kg
10 kg/s
19.
70% CO2 10%, O2 5% SO2 1% CO
0.5% N2 83.5%
1 kg
20.
19600 kJ/kg
CO ( HHV CO 10080 kJ/kg)
6.1

(process boiler)

(utility boiler)

2 (re-tube boiler)
(water-tube boiler)

18 bar
6.2 kg/s

(boiler shell)
122

(tensile stress)
=
pD
2t
(6.1)
p D
t
(D )

6.2

(steam generator)
(drum-type steam
generator) (once-through steam generator) 6.1
6.2
123
(furnace) (evaporator) (drum)

(superheater) (reheater)
(economizer) (air heater)

22.1 bar
6.1:
(
5.11)
124

6.1

(steam separator)

6.3

(refractory)
(water wall) 6.2
(membrane)

6.3

6.3
125
6.2:

(convection)

(bubbly ow)
(slug ow)
(annular ow)

(mist ow) 6.3
(h) h
h
h
126
6.3:
6.4
(pressure vessel)
(6.1)
30 m 4.5 m
30 (riser)
(downcomer) 6.4

6.4
127
6.4:

6.5 (bae)
(screen)

(cyclone separator)

128
6.5:

(d )
(r ) ( p)
p
(H ) d r
(natural circulation)
d r

H r d

H
r d

d r
6.5
129
180 bar
(forced circulation)

H
6.5

(total dissolved solid, TDS)
ppm (part per million)

(blowdown)
(continuous blowdown)
(intermitten blowdown)

6.6
xd
xw
xs ms

m_ b = m_ s
xw xs
xd xw
(xs
m_ b = m_ s
xd
xw
xw
(6.2)
= 0) (6.2)
(6.3)
130
6.6:
mb
d (t)
xd1 xd2
xd2 xd1
6.7
m_ b =
=0
m_ s (xw xs )(d + t)
[0:5(xd1 + xd2 ) xw d
t
xd1
(6.2)
(6.4)
= xd = xd (6.4)
2
6.6

100 MW
6.6
131
6.7:

(radiant superheater)

(convective superheater)

6.8
(parallel ow)
(counter-ow)

6.8

132
6.8:

(6.1)

20-30 C
6.7
133

(soot blower)
6.7
5 C
4
(attemperation)
(gas recirculation)
1.

134

6.9

6.9:
2. (attemperator) 6.10

(mw )
m_ s hs1 + m_ w hw = (m_ s + m_ w )hs2
6.7
135
6.10:
3.

6.11
(Q)
(Qa ) (Qg )
(Qr )

4.

136
6.11:

6.12
6.8

(thermal stress)
6.8
137
6.12:

30 C

10-12 m/s

138
6.9

110 C 4%
280 C 11% 150420 C
280400 C 135-180 C

(recuperator) (regenerator)

6.13
6.13()
6.13()

(hopper)
30-60 W/m2 . C

50-65
mm
(matrix)

6.9
139
6.13: () ()

6.14 (Ljungstrom regenerator) (Rothemuhle regenerator)

(eectiveness)

(self-cleaning)

140
6.14: () ()

120 MW
10 m 0.5-3 rpm
6.10

6.10
141

(soot blower)

(multi-nozzle soot blower) (retractable soot
blower)
50-64
mm
2 m

180
6.15
1000 C
142
6.15:
6.16

50 cm

6.16:
6.11
143
6.11

(draft)
2 (natural draft)
(mechanical draft)
6.11.1

(stack)
6.17 H
( p) H

6.11.2

144
6.17:

(forced draft)
(induced draft)
p
(PF D )
PF D =
m_ f :AF RA :va :p

F D
(6.5)
va F D

(PID )
6.11
145
p
PID =
m_ f (1 + AF RA )vg :p
ID
vg ID

(balanced draft)
6.11.3

(axial type)
(centrifugal type)

(single-stage axial fan)
(two-stage axial fan)

146

(forward-curved)
(at) (backward-curved)
6.18

6.1

6.18: ,

(characteristic curve)

(system resistance curve)

6.11
147
6.1:
78-83%
84-91%
70-72%

6.19

(inlet vane control) 6.20

sp1 sp2 sp2 sp3 p1 p2 p2 p3

a b b c
a0
p1 b0 p2 b0 p2 c0 p3

(variable-speed control) sp1 p1
148
6.19:
6.20:
sp2 p2 sp3 p3

6.11
149
6.21:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
150
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
7.1

(radial-ow turbine)
(axial-ow turbine)

(stator) (rotor)
7.1
152
7.1:
7.2
(stage)

7.2
4

(impulse stage)
(reaction stage)
7.2.1

7.3

7.2
153
7.2: 5

7.3:
(pressure
compound stage) 7.4

154
7.4:
7.4
(velocity compound stage)
7.5

7.2.2

7.2
155
7.5:
(reaction degree)
R=
hr
hs + hr
(7.1)
hs hr
0 1
50%
7.6
50%
(air foil)
156
7.6: 50%
7.3

(nozzle)

(nozzle eciency)
(isentropic ow)
N
= hh
(7.2)

(h0 ) (V0 )
(h1 ) (V1 )
V02
V
=
h +
2
2
=) h = h h = V2
h0 +
2
1
2
1
V02
7.4
157
V0 V1
h = V2
p
V = 2h
2
1
(7.3)
(7.4)
0.4 MPa
0.1 MPa 90%
0.4 MPa h0 = 2740

kJ/kg 0.1 MPa s1s = s0 h1s = 2500 kJ/kg
h (7.2)
h = 0:90(2740 2500) 10
= 2:16 10 J/kg
h (7.4)
V1 =
2 2:16 10
= 657 m/s
7.4
(velocity triangle)
~ (absolute velocity) U~
V
~
W
V~
= W~ + U~
(7.5)
158
7.7

V1 (nozzle
angle)
(1 ) (2 )
7.7: () ()

= !r
(7.6)
! rad/s r
N rpm
!
!=
2N
60
(7.7)
7.4
159
= m_ (V os + V os )
1
(7.8)
= mU
_ (V os + V os )
1
(7.9)
= m_
h1
h2
+ 21
2
1
2
2

(7.10)
W1
W2
0 = m_
=) h
h1
h2 =
1
2
h1
h2
W12
+ 12
W22
2
1
2
2

(7.11)
h2 (7.10)
P
= m2_ V
2
1
V22
W12
W22
(7.12)
V12 = W12 + U 2 + 2W1 U os 1
(7.12)
160
V22 = W22 + U 2
2W U os
2
(7.12)
= mU
_ (W os + W os )
1
(7.13)

7.7
(7.9) (7.13) (vertex)
7.8
50% 1
2 50%

50%
1
2 2 1 W1 V2
W2 = V1
7.8: ()
50% ()

(blade eciency)
B =
P
m_ h
(7.14)
7.4
161
h
(7.3) (7.14)
B =
1
2
P
mV
_ 12
(7.15)
h
(h0 h1 ) (h1 h2 )
V12 = (7.3) h1 h2
(7.11)
h = 12 [V + (W
2
1
2
2
W12 )
(7.16)
B =
1
2
P
m_ [V + (W22
2
1
W12 )
(7.17)
3000 rpm
600 mm 800 mm
(rm ) (600+800)/2 = 700 mm

(7.6) (7.7)
m
= 2Nr
60
2
3000 0:7
=
= 220 m/s
60
50%
20 C 50 m/s
30 m/s 8 kg/s
162
(1 ) (1 )
W1 sin 1 = V1 sin 1
W1 os 1 = V1 os 1
1 = tan
= tan
= 45:2
U

V1 sin 1
V1 os 1 U
50 sin20
50 os20 30
W1
V sin 1
W1 = 1
sin 1
= 50sinsin20
45:2
= 24:1 m/s
P (7.11) B (7.15)
50% (2 1 W2 V1 )
=
P = 8 30(24:1 sin45:2 + 50 sin20 )
= 15:4 kW
1:54 10
B =
8[50 + (50 24:1 )
= 0:87
1
2
7.5

Pa t P (7.10)

7.5
163
7.5.1
(1
2 ) (W1 W2 )
V2
) 7.9
(2
(Uopt )
= 90
Uopt = W2 os 2
V1 os 1 = W1 os 1 + Uopt

Uopt =
V1 os 1
(7.18)
7.9:
164
Uopt (7.1)
m_
Pmax = (V1 os 1 )2
(7.19)
Pmax (7.13)
B;max = os2 1
(7.20)
(7.16) 1 1 = 0

1 0

7.10

(Uopt )
Uopt = W4 os 2
(W3
= W )
V3 os 2 = 2Uopt
(7.21)
7.5 V2 V3
(V2
V3 )
V2 os 2 = 2Uopt
W2
W2 os 1 = V2 os 2 + Uopt
(7.22)
Uopt
7.5
165
7.10:
= 3Uopt
(W1
= W )
2
V1 os 1 = 4Uopt
(7.23)
Uopt =
V1 os 1
Uopt =
V1 os 1
2n
(7.24)
166

(P1 ) (P2 ) (7.7)
P1 = mU
_ opt (V1 os 1 + V2 os 2 )
P2 = mU
_ opt (V3 os 2 )
V1
os ,
1
V2 os 2 V3 os 2 (7.21), (7.20) (7.19)

2
P1 = 6mU
_ opt
2
P2 = 2mU
_ opt
(7.25)
(7.26)
3 : 1

3 5 : 3
: 1 2

h
n
h=n
V1 =
2h
n
(7.27)
(7.16) Uopt
n
7.4

7.5
167
7.5.2
50%

7.11
Uopt = V1 os 1
(7.28)
Uopt 2 = 90 (7.11)
Pmax = m_ (V1 os 1 )2
(7.29)
Pmax (7.27) (7.15)
B;max =
2 os
1 + os
2
(7.30)
7.11: 50%
168
W2 kW1
k < 1
7.13
Uopt = W2 os 2 = kW1 os 1
U
V1 os 1 = opt + Uopt
k

k
=) Uopt = k + 1 V1 os 1
7.12:
(7.7) (7.13)
= mU
_ opt(V os )
1
7.6
169
= m_
(V1 os 1 )2
k+1

k
B = 2
os2 1
k+1
7.6
_
m hs hs

1.
(turbulence) m hs
_
2.

3. 7.7

(PS ) P
(7.7) (7.11)
4.

5.

7.12 (W )
(Wm )
PS P
170
7.13:
(stage eciency)
S =
PS
m_ hs
(7.31)
(7.29)

h
P
P
S =
:
: S
hs m_ h
P

1
2
3-5
PS
P
=1
fL
(7.32)
fL (energy loss factor)
S = N B (1 fL )
(7.33)
S N , B fL
hs (! )
( ) PS =m
PS
m_
= !
(7.34)
7.7
171
S =
!
hs
(7.35)
0.7 MPa 800 K

0.4 MPa
1500 rpm 1000 N.m
0.7 MPa h0 =
3540 kJ/kg 0.1 MPa s1s = s0 h1s = 3340 kJ/kg
hs = (3540 3340) 10 = 2:00 10

5
(N ) rpm
!=
J/kg
2N = 157 rad/s

60
(7.33)
S =
1000 157 = 0:785

2:00 10
5
7.7

PT

n=
PT
PS
(7.36)
172

S 4
7.14
1 2s, 3ss, 4ss 5ss
1 2, 3, 4 5
T
= m_ (h PT h )
ss
1
(7.37)
PT 4
PT
= PS + PS + PS + PS
1
S
PT
= m
_ S [(h
h2s ) + (h2
h3s ) + (h3
h4s ) + (h4
h5s )
PT (7.35)
T
= S
(h
h2s ) + (h2
h3s ) + (h3
h1 h5ss
h4s ) + (h4
h5s )
7.14
(h
h2s ) + (h2
h3s ) + (h3
h4s ) + (h4
h5s ) > h1
h5ss

T
S
T
= fR S
(7.38)
fR (reheat factor) 1

7.7
173
7.14: 4

2
2
50% 2 (1 )

h
(1)
(7.4)
V1 =
h
h =2
(1)
(1)
(7.16)
2U
os
= 4 osU
V1 =
=) h
(1)
2
1
174
h
(2)
(7.4)
V1 =
2h
(2)
(7.22)
4U
os
= 8 osU
V1 =
=) h

h
h =2
(3)
(3)
(2)
2
1
50%
V1 =
h
2
(3)
(7.23)
V1 =
=) h
h
(1)
h
(2)
h
(3)
(3)
os
= 2 osU
1
2
1
= 2 : 4 : 1

50%
50%

7.15
7.7
175

7.15

7.15:
176
7.8
P F
(axial thrust)

= (p
p2 )A m_ (W1 sin 1
W2 sin 2 )
(7.39)
A (7.31)
7.3
p1 p2
7.6 p1 p2

7.16

7.9

7.9
177
7.16:

(high-pressure section)
(low-pressure section)
7.17

7.17

7.17:
178

(back-pressure turbine)

7.18
(hp turbine)

(ip turbine)
(lp turbine)
7.18:

7.19
7.10
179
7.19: (extraction turbine)

7.17
(double-ow turbine)

7.20

7.20
3000 rpm
(tandem-compound turbine)
3000 rpm

1500 rpm
7.21 (cross-compound turbine)
7.10
50%
180
7.20: (triple-ow turbine)

(four-ow turbine)
7.21:
(7.29)
U (Uopt
7.10
181
V1 os 1 )
(governor)

7.22
(yball governor)
(sleeve)

(governor oil pump)

7.22:

182
10% 3000 rpm

3300 rpm

7.10
183
1.
2.
3.
4.
50%
5.
6. 50%

7. V1 1
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.
14.
15. 3100 kJ/kg
3000 kJ/kg
184
16.
500 mm 3600 rpm
17. 900 m/s

20 300 m/s
18. 150 kJ/kg

5 kg/s
20
19. 19
20. 50% 15
8.1

(cooling tower)
8.1

8.2

(shell-and-tube heat exchanger)

186
8.1:
(one-pass)
(two-pass) 8.2

U
(four-pass)
8.3

Q = UATlm
TTD
Tlm = ln(ITD
ITD=TTD)
(8.1)
(8.2)
ITD TTD
8.2
187
8.2:
U
A (8.1)
ITD TTD
Q
8.3:
8.1
188

(admilralty
copper) 304 (304 stainless steel)

(fouling)

90-10

8.4

1.8 3 m/s
8.2
189
8.4:

(vacuum pump)
190
(ejector)
8.3

8.3.1
(deaerator)
O2 CO2
O2 CO2
8.5
(heater section) (vent condenser) (storage section)

(trays)
8.3
191
8.5:
8.3.2

(LP heater)
(HP heater)

(desuperheater) (condensing section) (drain cooler)

8.6

8.7
192
8.6:
8.7:

8.3.3
8.4
193
8.1 200
MW 3 8
200 MW
8.1:
(MW)
0 50
50 100
100 200
200
3 5
5 6
5 7
6 8
8.4

(once-through system) (thermal pollution)
(closed-loop system)
(cooling tower)

194

2 (wet cooling tower) (dry cooling tower)
8.4.1

(approach)
(range)
(wet-bulb temperature)

(natural draft) (mechanical draft)
(i ) (o ) H
( p)
p = (o
i )gH
(8.3)
p

(hyperbola)
-
8.4
195
8.8
150 m
2.5-5

8.8:

(forced draft)

(induced draft)

(counter-ow) 8.9
196
(cross-ow) 8.10
8.9:
8.10:
8.8-8.10

8.4
197
(ll) (packing)

(makeup water)

1-1.5%

(drift)
(drift eliminator)
0.03%
(bae)
(blowdown)

1-1.5%

(recirculation) (interference)
198
8.4.2

8.11

8.12

8.11:
8.5

(blowdown)

8.5
199
8.12:
(makeup water)
1.5-2%

3 Ca+ , Mg2+ ,
Na+ 3 HCO3 , Cl , SO24

(scale)
CO2 O2
(sedimentation)
200
(coagulation)
(internal
treatment) (external treatment)

(ion exchange process) (cation
resin) (anion resin) ( Ca+ , Mg2+ ,
Na+ ) ( HCO3 , Cl , SO24 )

+C !R
+C !R
R H+
2R
H+
2+
C+
+H
+ 2H
+
C2+
R+ OH
2R
OH
+A !R
+A !R
2
+
2
A2
+ OH
+ 2OH
C Ca+ , Mg2+ , Na+

A HCO3 , Cl , SO24
H+ OH
(H2 O)

(regeneration)

8.5
201
2R
C+
R2 C2+
+ H SO ! 2R
+ H SO ! 2R
2
H+
H+
+C
+C
+
2
SO24
2+
SO24
R+ A
2
R+
2 A
+ NaOH ! R OH + Na A
+ 2NaOH ! 2R OH + Na A
+
+
2
202
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
9.1

(open-loop control)
(closed-loop control) 9.1
(output)
(input) (set point)
204
(controller) (control element)

(process equipment)

(sensor)
(feedback)

9.1:
9.1
(feedback control) (disturbance)

9.2
205
(feedforward controller)
9.2
9.2:
(cascade control) 9.3
1 (primary control loop)
1 2 (secondary
control loop) 2 1
2 2
1 2
1
1
9.2
206
9.3:

9.2.1

(manometer)
(Bourdon gauge) (bellows gauge) (diaphragm gauge)
(strain gauge)
9.4

p1 p2 p2

h p1 p2
p1
p2 = gh
(9.1)
9.2
207
9.4:
p2 p1

p2
9.5

9.5:
9.6
208
9.6:
9.7

9.7:
9.8
9.2
209
9.8:

(dierential pressure transmitter)

(block valve) (equalizing valve)
9.9

9.9: (DPT)
9.2.2

(level gauge) (displacer level gauge)
(dierential pressure level gauge)
210
9.10

9.10:
9.11
9.12

(9.1)
(h)

DPT

9.2
211
9.11:
9.12:
9.2.3

(bimetallic thermometer)
(lled-bulb thermometer) (resistance temperature detector RTD) (thermistor) (thermocouple) (optical temperature sensor)
9.13
212
9.13:
9.14
(bellows)

9.14:
9.2
213
RTD

RTD

(Seebeck eect)

9.15

9.16 V1 V2 V1
1 V2 2
2 0 C 2 V2
V1
1 2
2
1
0 C RTD 2
V2
V1 1

(thermowell) 9.17

214
9.15:
9.16:
9.17:
9.2
215
9.2.4

(pressure-dierence ow meter) (velocity-based
ow meter) (positive-displacement ow
meter)

(DPT)

(orice meter) (Venturi tube) (ow nozzle) 90 (elbow
meter) (Pitot tube) (averaging Pitot tube)
(Annubar)

9.18 9.19
9.20
(9.2)
Q=k
p1
p2
(9.2)
216
k
(d)
(D ) ( = d=D )
9.18:
9.19:
9.21

(throat)

9.2
217
9.20:

(9.2) k
9.21:

9.22
90 9.23

218
9.22:
9.23: 90

9.24
90 (p1 )

(total pressure)
1
2
p2 = p1 + V 2
(9.3)
9.2
219
V
s
Q=A
2(p
p1 )
(9.4)
9.24:
9.25

90

9.26

(turbine ow meter)
220
9.25:
9.26:
(vortex ow meter) (magnetic ow meter)
9.27

9.28

(vortex)
9.2
221
9.27:

9.28:
9.29

222
9.29:

(1)
(2)
(3)
9.30
(gear ow meter)

9.3

50 Hz
9.3
223
9.30:
50
Hz

50 Hz

(load demand signal)

(boiler-following control) (turbinefollowing control) (coordinated control)
9.31
(EC) (load set point)

(ET)
EC
(PC)
(pressure set point)
224
PC
(PT)

PT
PC
9.32
EC

PC

9.33 EC

9.31:
9.4
225
9.32:
9.33:
9.4

226

9.34
9.34:
9.34
(cross-limited control) 9.35
(FT)
(FC)
(low
select)

(high select)

9.4
227
9.35:

9.34
228

9.34
9.5

9.36
(PT)
(PC)

PC

PC
9.36

9.6

9.6
229
9.36:

(singleelement control) 9.37 (LT)

(LC)
230
9.37:
(two-element control) 9.38

FT

(three-element control) 9.39

9.7
231
9.38:
9.39:
9.7

232

6

9.40
(primary superheater)
(secondary superheater)

(attempetor)
1 ( TT1)
2 (TT2)
1 (TC1)
TT1
2 (TC2)
9.40:
9.7
233
TC2 TT2
TC2
234
1.
2.
10 cm
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. RTD
11.
12.
13.
14. (total
pressure) (static pressure) (dynamic pressure)
15.
16.
9.7
235
17.
18.
19.
20.
236
10
10.1
(gas turbine cycle) 10.1
(compressor)
(combustor)
(gas turbine)

10.1:

-
238
(open Brayton cycle)

10.2
(heater)

10.2:
10.3 (closed Brayton cycle)
(cooler)
T1

(ideal gas)
T-s 10.3
4
1-2
2-3
3-4
10.1
239
4-1
10.3:
(wnet ) (qin )
wnet = p(T3
qin = p(T3
T4 ) p (T2
T2 )
T1 )
(10.1)
(10.2)
p (B )

B = 1
=1
T4 T1
T3 T2
T1 (T4 =T1
T2 (T3 =T2
1)
1)
1-2 3-4
2-3 4-1
T2
T1

= rpk
(
1)=k
(10.3)
= p= v
B = 1
= TT
T1
T2
rp
= p =p
2
240
=1
(k
rp
(10.4)
1)=k
(10.4) k
k He Ar k 1.67
k 1.4

(T3 ) (T1 ) rp rp
rp:max =
k=(k
T3
T1
1)
(10.5)
T3 T1

(10.3) (10.1)
"
wnet = p T3
rp
rp(k
(k
T1 rp
1)=k
1)=k
#
(10.6)
wnet (10.6)
rp;opt =
T3
T1
k=2(k
1)
(10.7)
wmax = pT3
T1
T3
!2
(10.8)

10.4 1-2 3-4

=
T2s T1
T2 T1
(10.9)
10.1
241
t =
T3 T4
T3 T4s
(10.10)
100%

10.4:

(regenerator)
10.5
T-s
10.5
(Tx ) (T4 )
Tx T4 (regenerator eectiveness, )
=
Tx T2
T4 T2
(10.11)

T4 T2
242
10.5:
T4 T2
(reheating) (intercooling) 10.6
(LC)
(HC) (LT)
(HT)

10.5 1
atm 15.6 C 1093.3 C 4
0.88 0.85
0.7
p = 1.005 kJ/kg.K k = 1.4
10.1
243
10.6:
T2s = T1
p2
p1
(k
1)=k
= 288:6(4) : = : = 429 K
Ts T
= = 0:85
T T
=) T = 454 K
04 14
p (k 1)=k
T4s = T3 4
p3
= 1366:3(4) 0:4=1:4 = 919 K
T3 T4
= t = 0:88
T3 T4s
=) T4 = 973 K
244
=
Tx
T4
T2
T2
= 0:7
=) Tx = 817 K
w = p (T T )
= 166 kJ/kg
wt = p (T T )
= 395 kJ/kg
qin = p (T Tx )
= 552 kJ/kg
395 166 = 41:5%
=
552
2
10.2

10.7

(heat recovery steam generator
HRSG)

=
w_ B + w_ R
q_in
(10.12)
wB wR qin
(B ) (R )
w_ B = B q_in
w_ R = R (1 B )q_in
w_ B w_ R (10.12)
= R + B
R B
(10.13)
10.2
245

R
: B
:
0.5 0.38
0.42
= 0 33
= 0 26
10.7:

HRSG 10.8
q1 q2

w_ B = B q_1
w_ R = R [(1 B )q_1 + q_2
w_ + w_ R
= B
q_1 + q_2
B )q_1 + q_2
=) = B q_1 + Rq[(1
_1 + q_2
(10.14)
246
x=
q_2
q_1 + q_2
=) q_2 = x(q_1 + q_2)
q_2 (10.14)
= B + R
B R
xB (1 R )
(10.15)
10.8: HRSG
(10.13)
(10.12)
wB , wR qin
w_ B = m_ g pg (T3 T4 T2 + T1 )
w_ R = m_ s (ha hb hd + h )
(10.16)
(10.17)
10.2
247
q_in = m_ g pg (T3
T2 )
(10.18)
mg ms
pg
mg ms HRSG
HRSG
m_ g pg (T4
T5 ) = m_ s (ha
hd )
(10.19)
10.7
7.5
15 C 750 C
100 C 50 bar 500 C 0.1 bar
200 MW
pg =
1.1 kJ/kg.K k = 1.4
T2 = T1
p2
p1
(k
1)=k
= 288 (7:5) : = : = 512:2 K

04 14
T4 = T3
p4
p3
(k
1)=k
= 1023 (7:5)
0:4=1:4
= 620:5 K
w_ B (10.16)
w_ B = 196:1m_ g
(10.20)
qin (10.18)
q_in = 561:9m_ g
(10.21)
248
ha = 3670 kJ/kg
hb = 2305 kJ/kg
h = 192 kJ/kg = hd
w_ R (10.17)
w_ R = 1365m_ s
(10.22)
_ + w_ R )
(wB
196:1m_ g + 1365m_ s = 200 10
(10.23)
MW wB (10.20)
wR (10.22) kW
kW
(10.19)
m_ s
m_ g
= 0:0712
(10.23) (10.24)
(10.24)
m_ g m_ s
m_ g = 681:9 kg/s
m_ s = 48:6 kg/s
_ m_ s (10.20)-(10.22)
mg ,
(10.12)
w_ B = 133:8 MW
q_in = 383:2 MW
w_ R = 66:3 MW
= 0:52
10.3
249
10.3
1940

10.3.1

(aeroderivative gas turbine) (industrial gas turbine)

10.1
10.3.2

(compressor) (combustor) (turbine)
(casing) 10.9
250
10.1:
30
50 MW
16
300 MW
10.9:
10.3
251
(positive displacement)
(centrifugal ) (axial)

10.10
(lift) ()
( ) (W )
(chord line) ()
10.11
(guide vane)

7

10.10:
(stall)

252
10.11:

10.12

(V ) ()

(variable-angle guide vane)
10.12:

(low-pressure compressor)
(high-pressure compressor)
(low-pressure turbine) (highpressure turbine)
10.3
253

10.13

10.13:

(compressor wash)

(, SNG)
(, , 2) 3
(tubular) (tuboannular) (annular)
10.14
(ame tube)

254
10.14:
10.15

(recirculation zone)

(burning zone)
(dilution zone)

NOx NOx
NOx

(single-shaft gas turbine)

10.3
255
10.15:
10.16
(two-shaft gas turbine)

10.16:

256

(creep)

(Larson-Miller parameter)
LM LM ( K)
( )
LM
= T (20 + log t)
(10.25)
= 900
= 47000
LM T1
K
T2
K (10.1) t1
T2
10 K

10.17

= 890
= 25000
10.3.3

ISO
15 C 60% 1 atm

-
10.3
257
10.17:

1
atm

258
NOx

100%
10.3.4
15 C

10.18

10.18:
10.3
259
(evaporative cooling system)

(fogging system)

(absorption cooling system)

(vapor compression system)

10.19 (steam injection cycle)

10.1
10.19:
10.20 (evaporation cycle)
10.1
260
10.20:
10.4
HRSG
HRSG

10.21

Ty Tx (pinch point)
HRSG Tx Ty
10.4
261
HRSG HRSG
5-30 C
10.21: HRSG
HRSG (horizontal) (vertical)
(once-through) 10.22 HRSG

10.22:
262
HRSG
HRSG
10.23 HRSG

HRSG
HRSG HRSG
HRSG HRSG
HRSG
10.23:
HRSG 10.22 10.23 (single-pressure
HRSG) HRSG
HRSG
(double-pressure HRSG)

10.24

HRSG
HRSG
HRSG (triple-pressure HRSG)
10.4
263
10.24: HRSG
HRSG

HRSG

HRSG
HRSG
HRSG

HRSG
HRSG
264
1.
2.
3.
4. T-s
5.
6. B
R
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. NOx
14.
15.
16. ISO
10.4
265
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. 50% 300 C
200 C 100 C
25. 30 C
2000 C 4
26. 50%
( k = 1.4, p =
1.005 kJ/kg.K)
27. 300 K 1 atm
80%
8 atm ( k = 1.4)
28. 1300 K 8 atm
80%
1 atm ( k = 1.4)
266
29.
p
300 K
1300 K
0.8 ( p = 1.005 kJ/kg.K k =
1.4)
30. 200 MW
7.5 15 C 750 C

750 C HRSG 50 bar
600 C 0.1 bar
( p = 1.11 kJ/kg.K, k = 1.33
)
11
11.1

(hydroelectric power plant)
100 kW 30 MW
(1) (runof-river plant) (2) (impoundment plant)
268
(3) (pumpedstorage plant)

11.1 (dam)
(penstock)
(hydraulic turbine)

(generator)
11.1:
H
Q gQH
75%
= p :t :g
p
(11.1)
11.2
269
t
g
11.2

(rock-lled dam) (earth dam)

(gravity dam) (arc dam) (buttress dam)

270

(buttress)

20-30%

11.1

11.1:

(m3 )
(MW)
13462
731
17745
720
9510
500
8860
300
3057
240
1420
72
2263
55
1967
36
11.3
271
(spillway)

(service spillway)

(emergency spillway)
11.3
(low-pressure conduit)
(screen) ,

(surge tank)

(penstock)
PVC (polyethelene)

(expansion joint)
p1 1 2 pL
+ V +
2 1
= gH
(11.2)
H p1
pL (pressure loss)
V1

p = 1
pL
gH
(11.3)
272
p 1

(water hammer)

(simple surge tank)

(orice surge
tank)
(dierential surge tank)

11.2
11.4

11.4
273
11.2:

11.3 (p1 ) (V1 )

(p2 ) (V2 )

p1 1 2 p2 1 2
+ V = + 2 V2 + E
2 1
(11.4)
E=
p1
+ 21
p2
V12
V22
(11.5)
t =
Ea t
E
(11.6)
Ea t
11.4.1
(11.5)
(reaction degree)

R=
(p
p2 )=
E
(11.7)
274
11.3:
R (impulse turbine)
R (reaction turbine) R

(Pelton turbine) 11.4

(nozzle)

(needle valve)

(deector)

11.5

(V2
)

170
1
=0
180
= 180
11.4
275
11.4:
(V2
> 0)
11.5:

(casing)
(Francis turbine) (Kaplan turbine)
11.6

276
(1)
(2) (guide vane) (wicket gate)

(3)
(runner blade)

11.6:

(propeller)
4 8
11.7
(servo-motor)

11.6 11.7 (draft tube)

(11.5) p1 V1 E
11.4
277
11.7:
p2 V2
Emax =
=0
p1 1 2
+ V
2 1
(11.8)
=0
p2
V2
p2 V2
E Emax

E Emax
11.5
11.4.2

(head)
(specic speed)
( 60 m)
(60-350 m) ( 350 m)

(H ) (P )
278
(N )
Ns =
N P
H 5=4
(11.9)
N (rpm) P kW H
m 4 1100

11.8

11.8:

100%
11.9

(propeller) (xed-blade)
11.4.3

(runaway speed)
11.5
279
11.9:

11.10 (turbine governing system)

(speed governor)
(electro-hydraulic governor)
(speed sensor) (actuator)
( )
( )
(runner)
11.5

(11.5) E Emax
(11.8) p2
V2
280
11.10:
11.11
z 1
2 3

1 3
E=
p1
p3
+ 12
V12
V32
=0
(11.10)
p3
(V3 )
E Emax E z
11.11:
11.5
281
2 3
V2
p2 V22
+
+
gz = 3

2
2
p2 =
1
gz +
2
2
2
2
3

(11.11)
(11.11) p2 z V2
V3 E p2
p2
(cavitation)

(vapor pressure)
(101.3 kPa)
100 C
27 C
3.54 kPa
27 C

7000 atm

p2 pv patm pv patm
(11.11) p2

282
11.6

11.12

100%
11.12

(pump-turbine)
(motor-generator)

(centrifugal pump)

11.6
283
11.12:

620-660 m
350 m
250 MW 4
284
1.
2.
3. 100 m
: 5 kg/h
3 6 10
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. 60 m
15.
16.
17.
18.
11.6
285
19.
20.
286
12
12.1

(nucleus)
(nucleon)

(mn ) 1.008665 amu (mp ) 1.007277 amu (me ) 0.0005486 amu
27
amu atomic mass unit :
kg
1 66 10
H 1 He
2 C 12
(atomic number Z ) (mass number
A) (A Z ) (nuclear symbol) A
Z X X
11 H 42 He 126 C
01 e
-1 10 n 1
288

(neutrino)
(isotope)
(11 H) 1
(21 H)
(tritium) (31 H) 1
2 X-Z
X
(periodical table)
He-3 32 He U-235 235
92 U

D T
U-235
99.282%, U-238 0.712% U-234 0.006%

3
U-227 U-240
(H2 O) (D2 O)
1 3200

H2 O D2 O

D2 O H2 O

12.2

C
+ O ! CO
2
12.2
289
C O2
(valence electron)

1
A2
A3
A4
A
Z 1 K Z 2 L Z 3 M Z 4 N
A1 K
Z1
+AZ
2
2
!AZ
3
3
4
M A
Z4 N
Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4

X
27
13
Al
4
2
He
30
14
Si
A
ZX
13 + 2 = 14 + Z
Z=1
27 + 4 = 30 + A
A=1
1 1 11 H
11 H 11 p
290
12.3

(mass defect) A
Z X
m = (A
Z )mn + Z (mp + me ) mX
(12.1)
(Einsteins law)
E = m
(12.2)
3 00 10
m kg : 8
m/s E (binding energy)

27
1 amu = :
kg 1 amu
11
1.494
J 931 MeV

4
4.00277 amu
m 0.03037
2 He
4
amu E = 27.1 MeV 2 He 4
6.78 MeV 12.1

40

Fe, Co
Ni
7.5 MeV
7.5 MeV
1
1
1 H 1 H
42 He (fusion)
11 H

(ssion)
1 66 10
10
12.4
291
12.1:

12.4

(radioactive matter)

1. (gamma ray)
(excited state)
(ground state)
A X
Z
AX
Z
292
2. (beta ray)

1

60
27
Co
60
28
Ni
0
1
++

3. (alpha ray)

239
94
Pu
235
92
4
2
He

N t
t
()
dN
dt
= N
(12.3)
(decay constant) s
(12.3)
N (t) = N (0)e
t
(12.4)
N (0)
(half-life)
(12.4) t
t1=2
N (t1=2 ) = 0:5N0
0:5N = N (0)et
0
1=2
12.4
293
=) t = = 0:6931

(12.5)
1 2

t1=2 12.1

12.1:

C-14
5715
N-16
7.13
,
P-32
14.28
9
K-40
1.25
Co-60
5.271
,
Sr-90
29.1
I-131
8.021
,
10
Xe-135
Cs-137
Rn-222
U-235
U-238
Pu-239
9.10
30.2
3.823
7.40 8
4.47 9
2.41 4
10
10
10
(MeV)
0.156
4.24 (), 6.129 ()
1.170
1.312
0.315 (), 1.332 ()
0.546
0.606 (), 0.364 ()
, 0.910 (), 0.250 ()

, 0.514 (), 0.662 ()
, 5.490 (), 0.510 ()
4.152
4.040
5.055
Co-60 3
1000
(12.5)
12.1
t1=2 Co-60 5.271

=
0:6931
t1=2
294
(12.4)
N (t) = N (0) exp
= 1000 exp
= 674
0:6931t

t1=2
0:6931 3
5:271
12.5
U-235, U-238, Pu-239 Th-232
2-3 (ssion)
AX
Z
1
0
A1
Z1 F1
A2
Z2 F2
+m n
1
0
A1
A2
A
Z X Z1 F1 Z2 F2
m
235
92 U U-235
U-235
U235
235
92
1
0
140
54
Xe
94
38
Sr
+2 n
0
U-235 75
160

(delay process)
U-235
U-236 U-236
235
92
1
0
236
92
12.5
295
U-236 : 7 U-236
14%
U-235 86%
2 34 10

235
92
1
0
137
56
Ba
97
36
Kr
+2 n
1
0
235.0439 + 1.00867 = 236.0526 amu

138.9061 + 96.9212 + 2(1.00867) = 235.8446 amu
0.208 amu 193.6 MeV

200 MeV 12.2 190
MeV 10 MeV

12.2: U-235
(MeV)
166
14
10
200
U-235 1 MW
296
1 U-235 0.86 0.14

1 U-235
E 0 = 0:86 190 1:60 10

= 2:61 10 11 J
U-235 235 g
1 g U-235
13
6:02 10
23
1 6:02 10 E 0
235
= 6:69 10 J
E=
23
10
86400 U-235 1 g
6:69 10 = 0:774 MW
P=
86400
10
1 MW U-235 1.3 g
12.6
U-235

(chain reaction)
2-3
12.2

U-235
U-235

12.6
297

U-235
U-235 U-236
U-235
U-235

U-235 86%
U-235 (slow neutron) (thermal neutron)
(fast neutron)
(prompt neutron)
U-235

(En2 )
(En1 ) A
En2
En1
A 1
A+1
2
(12.6)

2%
U-238 28%
298
C-12

12.7
(1) (fuel
core) (2) (coolant) (3) (moderator) (4)
(control rod) (5) (reactor vessel)
(UO2 ) (UC)
(cladding material) Al, Mg,
Zr,
3

12.8
299

(shim
rod) (regulating
rod) (safety rod)
(boron
steel)

1.8 m
12.8

(1) (pressurized water reactor, PWR) (2)
(boiling water reactor, BWR) (3)
(advanced gas-cooled reactor, AGR) (4)
(pressurized heavy water reactor, PHWR) (5)
RBMK ( Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalniy
High Power Channel Reactor)
12.8.1
200-300

150-250

300
(zircaloy)
12.2
12.2:
PWR
12.2 (primary loop)

(secondary loop)
325 C
150 (pressurizer)

PWR
PWR
374 C 374 C

230
12.8
301
12.8.2

U-235 1.9-2.6 % 750
90-100
12.3
PWR
75 285 C

12.3
12.3:

BWR
PWR BWR
PWR
302
12.8.3
PHWR CANDU (Canadian Deuterium) CANDU PWR

PWR
12.4 (Calandria)
12-13
CANDU
(zircaloy)

300 C
12.4: CANDU
CANDU

12.8
303
CANDU

CANDU
1 3200

12.8.4
12.5
U-235 2.5-3.5%
CO2
CO2 650 C

AGR PWR BWR AGR
PWR BWR
12.5:
304
12.8.5 RBMK
RBMK 12.6

290 C
BWR

.. 2529
RBMK
12.6: RBMK
12.9

12.9
305
(U3 O8 ) 3.3

(27%) (17%) (15%)
(11%) (8%) (7%) (5%) (4%) (4%) (leaching)
(yellow cake) 1000 MW 200
U3 O8 (UF6 )

U-235 1%
4% U-238 85%
(depleted
uranium) U-235 (0.7%)
(gas centrifuge) (gas diusion)
12.7
UF6
235
238
92 UF6
92 UF6
235
92 UF6 UF6 235
92 UF6
UF6 UF6 U-235
U-235 UF6
UF6 U-235

U-235

UF6
12.8 (stage)
306
12.7:
(membrane)
UF6 238
92 UF6
235
235
92 UF6 92 UF6
235
235
92 UF6 UF6
92 UF6 UF6
235
92 UF6 UF6

U-235
UF6

12.8:
UF6
UF6
12.10
307
(UO2 )
1 cm 2 cm (fuel pellet)
60
cm 4 m

12.10

(1) (low-level waste)

(2) (intermediate-level waste)
(3) (high-level waste)

5-10

(borosilicate glass)

500
U-235 1% U238 93% Pu-239 0.5% 5.5%
308

U-235, U-238 Pu-239
U-235
Pu-239 U-235

Pu-239 U-235
Pu-239

12.11

H+ OH
(somatic eect)
(genetic eect)

(cosmic ray)

12.11
309

(radiation dose)
SI (Gy) 1 Gy
1 J 1 kg

(equivalent radiation dose)
(quality factor) (Sv)
12.3
12.3:
, ,
1
10
10
20

20

1
4 Sv
2-6 mSv

1 kg
3 J
4 10
310
3

J/1 kg =
1
4 10
4 10
1 4 10
Gy
3
= 4 mSv
12.12
(International Atomic Energy
Agency) IAEA

IAEA 3

U235 95%
U-235 2-3%
(reactor meltdown)

-
12.12
311
28 . . 2522 (Three Mile Island)

PWR
26 .. 2529 (Chernobyl) ( )
RBMK

31
203
11 .. 2554 8.9
10
(Fukushima)
(Fukushima Daiichi) BWR 6
14
312
12.12
313
1.
2.
239
94
Pu
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sr

90
38
90
39
7. 360
2
6
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. RBMK
17.
18. (U3 O8 )
314
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. 1.007277 amu 1.008665
amu 168 O 15.99491 amu 168 O
27
19
kg, 1 eV = :
J c = : 8 m/s)
(1 amu = :
1 66 10
1 6 10
3 0 10
25. U-235 200 MeV 1

20000 kJ 1 g U-235
19
(1 eV = :
J :
23
1 mol U-235)
1 6 10
6 022 10

[1] E. A. Avallone and T. Baumeister III, Marks Standard Handbook for
Mechanical Engineers, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
[2] D. Gunn and R. Horton, Indusrial Boilers, Longman, 1989.
[3] A. F. Fraas, Heat Exchanger Design, Wiley-Interscience, 1989.
[4] British Electricity International Ltd., Modern Power Station Practice,
Vol. B: Boilers and Ancillary Plant (Third Edition), Pergamon Press,
1991.
Vol. C: Turbines, Generators and Associated Plant (Third Edition),
Pergamon Press, 1991.
Vol. E: Chemistry and Metallurgy (Third Edition), Pergamon Press,
1991.
Vol. F: Control and Instrumentation (Third Edition), Pergamon Press,
1991.
Vol. G Station Operation and Maintenance (Third Edition), Pergamon Press, 1991.
Vol. J Nuclear Power Generation (Third Edition), Pergamon Press,
1991.
316
[10] Black & Veatch, Power Plant Engineering, Chapman & Hall, 1996.
[11] P. K. Nag, Power Plant Engineering:
McGraw-Hill, 1998.
Steam and Nuclear, Tata
[12] T. Kuppan, Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Marcel Dekker, 2000.

[13] K. Rayaprolu, Boilers for Power and Process, CRC Press, 2009.
[14] R. L. Murray, Nuclear Energy, Elsevier, 2009.
[15] J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, CRC Press, 2010.

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(Power Plant Engineering)

(power distribution system)

(combined-cycle power plant)

(nuclear power plant)

(hydroelectric power plant)

(diesel power plant)

1.3 .. 2551 IPP

(present worth factor)

F V1 = 1000000 , r = 0.05 i = 0.07

47:85 + 48:07 + 48:31 + 48:54 + 48:78

i P Vin = P Vout = 1500

0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24

4 1000, 1500, 1300 1100

Ff (/kg) HHV (MJ/kg) Ff =HHV (/MJ)

(supply and demand)

= mmV M ; xM = mmM ; xA = mmA

(%) (%) (%)

xH;ar , xO;ar , xN;ar xS;ar

xH;ar , xO;ar , xN;ar xS;ar (3.6)

xH = 0.0485, xO = 0.1830, xN = 0.0126 xS = 0.0092

(natural gasoline NGL)

3.4: .. 2549 2529

+ (m + n4 )(O + 3:76N ) ! mCO + n2 H O + 3:76(m + n4 )N

= y AF RT; + y AF RT; + ::: + yk AF RT;k

= 0:4 23:8 + 0:6 30:94

= 0:7 9:52 + 0:1 16:66 + 0:1 23:8 + 0:1 0

Mfuel = 12a + b + 32 + 16d + 14e

= 11:44xC + 34:32xH + 4:29xS 4:29xO

= (11:44xC + 34:32xH + 4:29xS 4:29xO )(1

= 11:44xC;ar + 34:32xH;ar + 4:29xS;ar 4:29xO;ar

xC;ar , xH:ar , xS;ar xO;ar

= (11:44 0:831 + 34:32 0:055 + 4:29 0:019 4:29 0:074)

(adiabatic ame temperature)

(Dulongs formula) (4.20)

= y HHV + y HHV + ::: + yk HHVk

= x HHV + x HHV + ::: + xk HHVk

C 70%, H 5%, O 4%, S 1%,

xC;ar = 0.70, xH;ar = 0.05, xO;ar = 0.04, xS;ar =

= 33700(0:7) + 144200(0:05 0:04=8) + 9300(0:01)

= 30172 2440(9 0:05 + 0:1)

CH4 80%, H2 15% CO 5%

= 39700(0:8) + 12700(0:15) + 12600(0:05)

= 34295 1960 1:75

yN2 = 1 yCO2 yO2 ySO2 yCO

4.1 yO2 yCO2 e Cm Hn

SO3 (sulfuric acid)

NOx (NO) (NO2 )

(pulse jet fabric

4.15: NOx SCR

4NO + 2CO(NH ) + O ! 4N + 2CO + 4H O

SNCR NO2 NOx

SO2 FGD (ue gas desulfurization) (CaCO3 ) SO2

17. (uidized bed) SO2

24. (HHV) C4 H10 128400 kJ/m3

29. CH4 74%, C2 H6 17% CO 9%

50 s5 = s2 p5 = 0.01 MPa h5 = 2100 kJ/kg

TTD (terminal temperature dierence)

h9 (5.16) (mixing chamber)

0:194) 684 + 0:194 697

5.19: (4-1, 2-3)

(inputoutput method) (heat-loss method)

mdg = 44NCO2 + 28NCO + 32NO2 + 28NN2

= 12(yCO +x yCO )Ndg

Ndg (5.29) (5.30)

V12 = W12 + U 2 + 2W1 U os 1

V2 os 2 V3 os 2 (7.21), (7.20) (7.19)

2N = 157 rad/s

t1=2 Co-60 5.271