Mathematics KFP00105 Topic 1 : Number System

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ TOPIC : 1.0 Number System SUBTOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES : 1.5 Complex Numbers : At the end of the lesson, students should be able to (a) Define complex numbers. (b) Represent a complex number in Cartesian form. (c) Understand the equality of two complex numbers. (d) Understand the conjugate of a complex numbers.

CONTENT We have already met equations such as x2 = -1 whose roots are clearly not real since when squared they give 1 as the result. The imaginary number I, defined to be solution to the equation x2 = -1, is a basis of this new set. The imaginary unit i The imaginary unit i is defined as i = 1 , where i2 = -1

Using the imaginary unit i, we can express the square root of any negative number as a real multiple of i. For example, 16 = i 16 = 4i, 3= i 3

Power of i can be simplified therefore i2 = -1 i3 = -i i4 = 1 Complex Numbers Definition: 37

Mathematics KFP00105 Topic 1 : Number System

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ The set of all numbers in the Cartesian form, z = a + bi with real numbers a and b, and i the imaginary unit, is called the set of complex numbers. The real number a is called the real part, and the real number b is called the imaginary part, of the complex numbers. If a = 0 and b 0, then the complex number bi is called a pure imaginary number. For Example (a) If z = 2 + 3i , (b) If z = 4 2i , Re(z) = 2 , Im (z) = 3 Re (z) = 4 and Im(z) = -2

If b = 0 z = a + i(0) = a so it is a real number. Real numbers, then, are a subset of complex numbers, C . Equality of Complex Numbers. For two complex numbers z 1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di, z 1 = z 2 if and only a = c and b = d. Example Find the value of m and n if z 1 = z 2 for z 1 = 3 + 2i and z 2 = m + ni. Solution z1 = z 2 3 + 2i = m + ni m = 3, n = 2 Example Find a and b for the following equations a + b + (a b)i = 6 + 4i a + 2b + (a b)i = 9 + 0i Solution (a) a + b = 6 .(1) a b = 4 .(2) (1) (2): 2b = 2 a=4+b b=1 a=4+1=5 (b) a + 2b = 9 ..(1) a b = 0 (2) (1) (2): 3b = 9 a=b b=3 a=3

(a) (b)

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Mathematics KFP00105 Topic 1 : Number System

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ Conjugate of Complex Numbers The complex conjugate of a complex number, a + bi is a bi, and the conjugate of a bi is a + bi. The multiplication of complex conjugates gives a real number. (a + bi)(a - bi) = a2 + b2 (a bi)(a + bi) = a2 + b2 This fact is used in simplifying expressions where the denominator of a quotient is complex. Example Simplify the expressions: a) i b)
1

3 1+ i 4 + 7i c) 2 + 5i 2+i d) 3i 2 Solution To simplify these expressions you multiply the numerator and denominator of the quotient by the complex conjugate of the denominator. 1 1 i (a) = i i i i = (1) = -i (b) 3 1+ i = = = 4 + 7i = 2 + 5i = 3 1 i 1+ i 1 i 3 3i 2 3 3 - i 2 2 4 + 7i 2 5i 2 + 5i 2 5i 43 6i 29

(c)

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Mathematics KFP00105 Topic 1 : Number System

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 43 6 = i 29 29 (d) 2+i 3i 2 = = = = = 2+i 3+i 2

3i 2 3+i 2 6 + 2i 2 + 3i + i 2 2 9 2i 2 6 + 2i 2 + 3i 2 9+2 6 2 + 2 2 +3i 11 6 2 2 2 +3 + i 11 11

) (

Exercise 1) Write the following complex numbers in the form x + yi a) (3 +2i) + ( 2 + 4i) b) (4 + 3i) - ( 2 + 5i) c) (3 + 2i)( 4 - 3i ) Ans: a) b) c) 5 + 6i 2 2i 18 - i

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