OUTLINE PETROLEUM GEOLOGY FOR PE'S

I INTRODUCTION What is petroleum geology? Short history of petroleum geology Occurrences of petroleum in the geologic column Types of rocks in which petroleum is found Conventional and Non-conventional reservoirs

II METHODS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION OR HOW DO GEOLOGIST EXPLORE FOR OIL AND GAS Drilling operations Oil vs. gas; 4 inch casing vs. 5 inch; costs; Sources of geologic data Formation evaluation through sample examination in conjunction with open hole logs of all types and mud logs; data from log headings; sample cut; SW calculations; DST data Mapping techniques Correlation of open hole logs in order to gather geologic data Regional and local mapping Use of surface mapping data Use of subsurface data III TRAPS Depositional environments as relating to traps Structural-types of structures, anticlines, faults, etc. Stratigraphic facies changes, etc. IV TYPES OF RESERVOIRS Rocks types Porosity and permeability Diagenetic effects on reservoirs
V ORIGINATING

A DRILLING PROSPECT

Apply and evaluate all data pertaining to the prospect Land considerations etc. Drilling permits; I002A forms; leases; spacing; poolings; Read and evaluate a lease agreement; Relationship of Operator with Working Interest investors via Joint Interest Agreements Role of Oklahoma Corporation Commission VI SUMMARY OF COURSE MATERIAL

LAB EXERCISES See Syllabus

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS
GEOLOGY OF PETROLEUM SECOND EDITION A. I. LEVORSEN ELEMENTS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY SECOND EDITION RICHARD C. SELLEY

1 INTRODUCTION

What is petroleum geology? Short history of petroleum geology Occurrences of petroleum geology in the geologic column Types of rocks in which petroleum is found Conventional and non-conventional reservoirs

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Application of geology (study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas.

Petroleum Exploration Geologist - a geologist who explores for oil and gas by putting together drilling prospects to discover new producing fields.

Petroleum Development Geologist - a geologist who develops additional drilling locations within a producing oil and gas field.

EMPLOYMENT
Major Integrated Company e. g. Conoco-Phillips Large or Small Independent Company e. g. Devon, Map Exploration Self Employed Independent e. g. Tom Rowland

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Physics

Chemistry

Biology

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Structural geology

Sedimentology

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Petrography

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Paleontology

Organic geochemistry

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Geophysical exploration and logging -Carbonates

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Stratigraphy

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Evolution of sedimentary basins

Structural and stratigraphic trap location

Porosity and permeability within reservoirs

Source rocks and the generation of petroleum

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!FIGURE

1.3

The relatlonship

of petroleum

geology

1:0

me pure sciences.

1----ExpJoration----

1----

Development - - -1---Production--Petroleum engineering

First well drilled

Discovery made

Production begins

Time, tens of years ----

, -:

Graph showing how petroleum geology is part of a continuum of disciplines employed in the exploration and production of oil and gas. Note that geophysics now extends beyond the beginning of production. Repeated seismic surveys can monitor the migration of fluid interfaces within fields during their productive lifetime (40 seismic).

FIG URE 1.4

Geophysics

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Petroleum engineering

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Acquisition of concessions

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Transportation

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Chemical and mechanical engineering

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All operations subject to legal"political, ,and eco~omlc constraints

FIGURE 1.5 Flowchart showing how petroleum geology is only one aspect of petroleum exploration and production, and how these enterprises themselves are part of a continuum of events subjected , to various constraints and expedited by many disciplines,

A History of Petroleum
Ancient:

Egypt: aU to preserve mummies Chlna: natural gas for fuel Babylonia: oil to seal walls and pave streets America: tar to seal canoes

First ,Drilli'ng: America: using cable tool': to 70' in 1859

First Product: Kerosene, for lamps

(Gasoline an unwanted by-product)

Demand:

Industrial Revolution

- Internal Combustion Engine (1885) -'Global Economic Growth

Early

U.s. Discoveries
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Drilling on hills and nearseeps (+' serendipity)

PA (1859) late 1800s CA (1865) 1920s

T'X (1880s significant discs) Spindletop: 1901

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')'OK (189'7) Glenn Pool: 1905

Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller ' 1870,-1911 (cartel) 1880 controlled 95% of US refining Broken apart in 1891 (Teddy Roosevelt)

Standard Oil Bre'ak- U p

(33 companies, including ) ,

Standard of: New Jersey - Exxon New York-Mobil Indiana - Amoco California - Chevron
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Other Major Spin-Offs " Atlantic Richfield (AReO) Pennzoil

Oklahoma Companies
1905 . 1910 Glenn Pool Field discovered - Owned largely by Henry Ford Sinclair. It is central in the formation of c:' Oil Company in 1916 (Tulsa).
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E. W. Marland founds Marland Oil Company, which forms core of ", J, Oil Company in 1929 (Ponca City)
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1912 1914

Henry Doherty starts what will become

Company (Bartlesville)

Discovery of Garber Field gives Herbert Champlin financial start for Oil Company (Enid) -, Petroleum Company founded by Frank andL. E. Phillips (Bartlesville) Oil Well Cementing Company (Duncan) Company (Ardmore)

1917

1920 ,ErIe Halliburton founds 1921 1929 Lloyd Noble starts

James Anderson and Robert Kerr form drilling company that in 1946 becomes Oil Industries (Ada)

Industry 'Technological' Milestones

1883: Anticlinal theory (where to drill) 1914: Seismograph invented (remote sensing) 1920s: Introduction of rotary drilling (well control, environment) Start of waterflooding (improved recovery) 1924: First electrical well logging (formation evaluation) 193 Os: Offshore drilling (access to prospective areas) 1960s: Digital computers (data manipulation) 1970s: Directional drilling 1980s: 3D seismic (enhanced imaging)

Oklahoma Industry Milestones

Nellie Johnstone - OK 1897 (1st deliberate discovery) ONG installs first compressor on natural gas plpeline -1910 First dual completion in Wicey Field - 1913
AAPG founded - 1918

First field tests' of reflection seismograph conducted in ,OKC suburb - 1921

,

Introduction of rotary drilling to OK - 1924

Phillips Petroleum invents fractionation process to remove condensate from natural gas - 1925 First waterflood operation started in Rogers County - 1931

Glenn Pool Oil Fiel'd: #1 Ida E. Glenn Discovery - November 1905 See 10-17N-12E Tulsa County, Oklahoma

Glenn Pool Oil Field Educational Center <http://www.glennpooloilfield.org/history/index.html>

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~300

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FIGURE 2-2

Map of the Middle East showing the location of some of the wellknown oil and gas seepages and of the oil pools.

SeoJevel "200 -400

"600
800 -1000 "1200 -1400

1600

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FIGURE 2-6

Section through a bituminous black sandstone deposit (mbs) in the Pismo formation (Tpi), Pliocene-Miocene, near Edna, San Luis Obispo County, California. The asphaltic sands are underlain by the Monterey shales (Tms). [Redrawn from Page, Williams, Hendrickson, Holmes, and Mapel, U.S. Geol. Surv., O. & G. Investig., Prelim. Map 16 (1944).]

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2-7 Sketches of solid petroleum dikes and vein fillings; [Redrawn from Eldridge, U.S. Geol. SUTV.,2200 Ann. Rept. (1901).]

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DIVISIONS OF GEOLOGIC lIME Eon Era Period Quaternary

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Epoch Holocene Pleistoc~ne Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Late Early Lat~ Middle Early Late Middle Early Late Early

Age (approx.) , in millions of , years ,

TerUary

Cretaceous
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Jurassic

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Triassic

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Permian

Pennsylvanian Late Early Late Middle Early Late Early Late Middle Early Late Middle Early

Mississippian

Devonian

Si'lur,ian Ordovician

Cambri'an

0.010 1.6 5 23 ~5 '57 65 97 146 157 178 208 235 241 245 256 290 303 311 323 345 363 377 386 409 424 439 464 476 510 517 536 570

Geologic Time Scale

Modified From Harland (1990) and Hansen (1991).

TABLE 2-2
Era Period

The Geologic Time Scale

North Epoch Recent Pleistocene
Neogene

America Age Period

Europe Epoch Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Age

Age, millions of years (opprox.)

Quaternary

Pliocene Miocene Cenozoic Tertiary Oligocene

Eocene

25
Oligocene Jacksonian Claibornian Wilcoxian Midwayan Montanan Upper Coloradoan Cretaceous Comanchean Lower Coohuilion Lower Cretaceous Albian Apt~an Barremian Neocomian Upper Paleogene Eocene Paleocene

Paleocene

63
Senonian Turonian Cenomanian

135
Mesozpic JurQs~jc: Upper Middle lower
Upper

Jurassic

Upper Middle lower

Maim Dogger li~s

181
Triassic Middle lower Ochoon Guadolupion Leonardian Wolfcampian Triassic Keuper Muschelkolk Bunter

Tartaricn
Permion Kcscrilcn Kungurian Artinskian S~kmcrian

Permian

Upper Middle
Lower

280
Pennsylvanian Upper Middle lower ViJ:gillian Missourian Desmoinesian Morrowan Corboniferous Mississippian Upper Middle Lower Upper Chesterian Oscqecn Kinderhookian Chautauquan Seneccn 'Erion Ulsterian Oriskanion Helderbergian CQyug~n Niagaran Alexandrian Silurian Ordovician Upper Middlo Lower Cincinna tian Mohawkian Chazyo" Canadian St. Croixon Alberten . W9u.;:oban Ordovician. V.isean Lower Toumasian Upper Stephanian Westphalian Dinonthian

345
Upper famennian Frasnian Givetian Eifclian Ccblerulcn Gedinnian

Devonian

Middle

Devonian

Middle

lower .Paleozoic Silurian Upper Middle lower

Lower

405
Gotlandian Ludlovian Wenlockian Llendcverlcn

500
Cambrian Upper Middle lower Cambrian Upp~r Middle lower

600'
Proterozoic

Preeembncn
Archeozoic

Channel-Fill Sandstone Resting on Marine Shale Red For'k (Oklahoma)