3 Phase Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing
This presentation will deal with three phase machines and for ease of reference will assume alternators are four pole and engines are running at 1500rpm giving 50Hz
Name of Meeting (Date)

Proprietary Information of Perkins Engines Company Limited 2002 - All Rights Reserved Perkins Confidential Green
Synchronising
The easy bit

Synchronising is NOT load sharing.
To synchronise generators the engines and alternators need not be of equal size, speed or number of poles The phase to phase angles need to be zero The frequency needs to be equal The voltages need to be equal

The three phases are commonly referred to as R, S and T (or red, yellow and blue). As a three phase machine rotates each phase is passed by an alternator pole in turn every 120 of rotation, when two machines are in sync, like phases are at the same angle relative to each other and each machine.


In the example below imagine generators a and b are rotating in the same direction, at similar speeds. On the left the alternators are out of phase whilst on the right they are in phase, providing the engine speed difference is not too great a circuit breaker could be closed connecting the units together. The coupled generating sets are then in parallel.


Synchronisation is achieved by adjusting engine speed, therefore frequency, and alternator voltage by either electronic or manual means, then closing a circuit breaker to connect two generators together. The method normally adopted is to close the lead engine circuit breaker onto the bus bars (bus) and all other generators are then individually synchronised to the bus. There is no real limit to the quantity of units that can be connected together.


Automatic synchronisation is carried out by a synchroniser unit, this compares the bus and incoming generator voltage, frequency and difference of phase angle. The unit will adjust speed about a set point but will generally not adjust voltage, this is an alternator AVR or voltage matching device rather than governor system function. The phase angle is reduced by speed variation to a preset level (<5 for diesel, greater for gas due to instability). If it remains within that 5 window for a preset time and the phase to phase voltages are equal then the unit gives a signal to enable incoming generator circuit breaker closure.

generator setpoint (mains) allowed phase error voltage difference for synchronization window
sine.exe

Manual synchronising can be carried out in two basic ways, A synchroscope which is in the form of a meter and indicates synchronisation when the pointer is at 12 oclock. Lamps cross connected between phases R to R, S to T and T to S, these form a triangle with the R to R at the apex. When in sync The top lamp will be off whilst the two bottom lamps will be bright. Paralleling is then a matter of closing a circuit breaker by whatever means available.

Mis-synchronising will cause high mechanical stresses and may lead to serious damage. For this reason it is normal to include a sync check device in the control circuit of a manual synchronising system to prevent operator error.

Any Questions?
Load Sharing
The difficult bit

Defining Load
Load can be discussed in two ways, true power (kW) and reactive power (kVa) As engine manufacturers kW is the only unit that can be dealt with. Load is often referred to in amperes, this may as well be ducks or elephants, it means nothing in terms of power without either a kW value or known voltage and cos (power factor).


The formula to work out load is V x I x 3 = kVa x cos = kW 1000 For a generating set running at 415 Volts, and 700 Amps the reactive load is 502 kVa, if the power factor is introduced into the equation then the true active power (kW) can be seen. @ cos 0.7 true power is 502 x 0.7 = 351kW @ cos 0.95 true power is 502 x 0.95 = 476kW From this it can be seen for the same voltage and current true power (kW) varies widely


Cos is dependent on three things;

The power factor of the load if the application is island operation. The difference in voltage between the generators in parallel with each other and the load. The difference in voltage between a generator and grid when paralleled together.
What the figures in the previous slide indicate is that if two or more generators are in parallel and they show the same current they are not necessarily sharing load

There are two methods of load sharing
Droop
A decrease of desired speed for an increase in load
Isochronous
No change of desired speed with a change of load


Reactive load sharing Like an engine, an alternator requires voltage droop to share load, in this case reactive (kVa) load sharing. As kVa is affected by power factor the closer the power factor is to cos =1 then the better the reactive load sharing is. Even if a group of generators are running with isochronous load sharing, alternator voltage droop is still required.


To successfully load share there must be
Engine droop or an isochronous load sharing device to share active (kw) load AND Alternator voltage droop or, when parallel with the grid, a power factor controlling device to share reactive (kVa) load


Load Sharing With Droop
The origins of droop lie in the mechanical losses associated with purely mechanical governing systems. With the advent of electronic and hydraulic governors droop could be set to zero however to share load in a simple group of generating sets droop is required.


Droop is expressed as a percentage and is the difference between no load speed and full load speed, droop is calculated thus, No load speed - full load speed Full load speed 1560 - 1500 1500 x 100 = 4 % x 100 = Droop %


Droop will give a fixed load for a given speed. For example; If an engine, regardless of power output, with a rated speed of 1500 rpm has 4% droop then with no load the engine will run at 1560 rpm, at 1530 rpm the load will be 50% and at 1500 rpm the load will be 100%.

If this engine is connected to a generator and is in parallel with another engine driven generator with the same droop setting then at no load the engines will run at 1560 rpm, as load is added and speed droops to 1530 both engines will be at 50% load, as more load is added the speed will droop to 1500 rpm at 100% of rated load for each engine.


Droop gives stability to a system, higher droop settings result in more accurate load sharing, normally droop will be set in the region of 4 5%. Without droop 1500 rpm could equate to any load between 0 and 100%. If two or more generators were connected in parallel the result would be very unstable load sharing. Electronic load sharing systems do not rely on droop and can control engine output by means of continual measurement and adjustment of output power.
1500 + % D ro o p
D ro o p
1500 Is o c h ro n o u s
Speed
0
100%
Load


Isochronous Load Sharing
Isochronous load sharing allows generators to run in parallel at a constant speed regardless of the load on each engine. The kW output from each engine is measured by a load sharing device, generally these devices talk to each other and continually adjust engine fuelling to maintain an equal percentage kW load on each engine.

Any Questions?

Poles v Hz v Speed
Number of pairs of poles x speed = Hz 60 Example for a four pole machine running at 1500 rpm 2 x 1500 = 3000 = 50Hz 60 60


3 Phase Synchronising and Load Sharing

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

3 Phase Synchronising and Load Sharing

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Synchronising and Load Sharing

Name of Meeting (Date)

Você também pode gostar