Audio-Video Systems

Experiment No. 01 DATE:

Subject:

Title:

Principle of Colour TV Receiver Trainer

Rev. No.

1.00

AIM: - To study the, block diagram and working principle of colour TV receiver trainer REQUIRMENTS: - Colour T.V. receiver THEORY: The main function of a colour T.V. receiver are as under 1. To select the signals of the channel and to amplify these and convert them in to IF signals. 2. To amplify the video and sound IF signals, to demodulate the video IF signals to obtain the composite video signal to mix the two - IF signals to obtain the inter carrier sound IF signal and to preamplify these. 3. To separate the combined luminance Y and chroma signals from the video IF signals and to amplify these. 4. To separate the luminance (Y) and chroma i.e. U&V(R-Y and B-Y) signals from the combined video signal. 5. To generate sub-carrier signal with phase locking the sub-carrier burst. 6. To decode the chroma signal to obtain the modulated U & V signals and to demodulate them with the help of regenerated reference carrier. 7. To combine the Y, U V signals (Matrix) to obtain the colour i.e. R G & B signals. 8. To amplify them and to give them to the respective cathodes of the colour picture which. Reproduces these as colour picture with the help of -horizontal and vertical sweep. 9. To produce horizontal and vertical sweeps Synchronized with the respective sync signals and to &e them to the. Respective deflection, coil for producing the sweep. 10. To separate the sound -IF signal, to amplify, limit and demodulate them, and to give them to the loudspeaker at sufficient amplitude. 11. To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to the loud speaker at sufficient amplitude. 12. To provide infrared remote control operations.

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

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These functions are performed by various stages of the T.V. Receiver, which are explained as under. The Block, diagram showing different sections is shown in fig. 1 1) TUNER: The signal received at the antenna are given to the tuner through the balun. The tuner, which consists of two stages -RF amplifier and converter, partly selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts it into I.F. signals. The R.F. amplifier amplifies the signals with the addition of a little noise as possible and gives them to the mixer. The gain of this stage is controlled by A.G.C. The Converter consists of two stages: 1. Local Oscillator. 2. Mixer. The converter changes the frequency of the incoming signals in to the I.F. The local oscillator produces oscillations at a frequency which is higher than the picture carrier frequency by 38.9 MHz, (Which is the Video I.F.).The mixer mixes the incoming signals and the oscillations. This results in the production of the video I.F. (38.9 MHz) and sound I.F. (33.4 MHz ). 2) SOUND IF SECTION (S.I.F):The intercarrier SIF (5.5MHz is given to the sound section - based -on IC CA 1190, which contains sub.- sections SIF detection and sound output amplifier. The SIF signal, which is frequency modulated is amplified and detected. The detected audio is amplified by output amplifier to drive the loud taken. 3)CHROMA SECTION/COLOUR DECODER SECTION (CD):The section consists of two sub-section: (A) Video buffer amplifier. (B) Chroma section. (A)Video buffer amplifier. The CVD signal obtained from VIF section is given to video buffer amplifier which amplifies this signal which consists of luminance signal-Y, Chroma signals R-Y and B-Y, horizontal sync signal , vertical sync signal and the colour sub-carrier burst (colour sync) signal . This stage consists of one transistor. The amplified CVD signal by video buffer section is given to the (i) Chroma section IC TDA 3561A-,and (ii) Sync separator in IC TDA 1940 F( Horizontal section). (B) Chroma section: Chroma section is the most important in a colour TV Receiver. It extracts- the -colour -signals from the modulated and oded chroma signal and gives them to the R,G,B video lifier output stages.

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

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The main function of thechroma section are 1) Amplification of chroma signals (with colour IdIler) 2) Separating the quadrature modulated chroma signals -in to their constituents i.e. modulated U & V components. 3) Demodulating the modulated U 8-& V signals with the help of a regenerated sub-carrier 4) Regenerating the sub-carrier to enable demodulation of the U & V modulated signals which are transmitted with suppressed carrier/an giving the sub carrier in correct phase to the U & V demodulators. 5) Obtaining the colour signals i.e. R-Y,B-Y, and G-Y, signals from the U&,V signals. 6) Obtaining the colour signals i.e. R,G, and B signals from the colour difference signals and the luminance signals (y). These function aretperformed by a number of tages/ sub-sections in the chroma section as explained below. 4.Chroma Amplifier Thus sub-section includes a band pass ter to ass the chroma signals and a two amplifiers. It amplifies the chroma signals which consists of the adrature modulated U & V signals. The gain of second roma amplifier is controlled by the colour control so the output of colour killer section is given to the 2nd oma amplifier to reduce its gain to zero during onochrome (B/W) reception. The sub-carrier oscillator which is -crystal controlled for high stability produces oscillations at the desired frequency (4.43361875 MHz ).As even a crystal -controlled oscillator cannot ensure the desired degree of accuracy and correct phase of the sub-carrier, phase discriminator circuits is used to compare the frequency of the oscillator with the sub-carrier burst ( transmitted on the back-porch of the H. sync signal ) and to synchronize the phase and frequency of the oscillation with that of this burst. 5.Phase Shift As the quadrature modulation is used for transmitting the chroma signals, the sub-carrier used for modulating the U signal has a 90 degree phase shift, for demodulating the U signals the phase of the sub-carrier given to the U demodulator should also have a 90 degree phase shift . The phase shift stage shifts the phase of the sub-carrier given to the U demodulator by 90 degree. 6.Bistable multivibrator and PAL switch As in PAL system the phase of the V signals is reversed on alternate lines. To demodulate these the phase of the sub-carrier given to the V demodulator should also be reversed on alternate lines. The PAL switch is used to bistable multivibrator along with reverse the phase of the sub-carrier oscillations given to the V demodulator on alternate lines. The Bistable multivibrator which has two positions is operated by the Indent signal obtained from the burst signals. This in turn operates the PAL: switch. The PAL switch gives the sub-carrier to the V demodulator as it is in one position and reverses its phase in the other position.

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

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7.Colour Killer Colour killer is used to block the chroma amplifier on black and white transmission. This is controlled by the colour -burst signal and on black and white transmission, when the colour burst is absent, it biases the, chroma amplifier to cut-off. Thus it prevents any spurious s signals getting, through the chroma section which can cause coloured snow on the picture tube- screen. 8. Burst Gate: 8 to 10 cycles of the sub-carrier are transmitted on the back porch of the line sync ( h. sync ) signals. These signals are used for synchronizing the regenerated sub-carrier as well as also for obtaining the identifying (indet) signal for the phase reversed V lines. To separate these signals a part of the CVD signal is given to the burst gate. The burst gate which is controlled by the line (horizontal )sync pulses allows the signals to pass only during the burst period. Thus it separates the burst signal. 9.Matrix:Matrix sub-section consists of amplifier stages along with voltage combining and dividing networks. This section obtains back the primary colour signals ( i.e. R,G,B signals ) from the chroma (i.e. U & V ) signals and the luminance signals (Y) given to it. (The Y signal is obtained from CVD signal, The output of H. oscillator section is given to the horizontal driver stage in the EHT section.

The muting circuit is also provided in this section. The mute output signal is given to sound section for putting sound off under no signal condition. 10.VERTICAL OSCILLATOR AND OUTPUT:This section is based on the IC TDA 1675A. It consists of vertical oscillator and output section. The V.osc. produces oscillations at the vertical sweep rate. This is further amplified by vertical output section to drive the vertical deflection coils. The phase and freq. of the V. oscillator is synchronized by the V. Sync. signal, receiving from sync separator. It also provides vertical retrace blanking output signal. 11. OUTPUT VIDEO AMPLIFIERS SECTION: This section consists of three identical stages, one each for the colours R,G,andB. Each of these stages utilizes a transistor in, R-C coupled circuit. These amplifies colour signals at suitable level for driving the colour picture tube. their outputs are given to the respective cathodes of the colour picture tube.

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

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12. PICTURE TUBE SECTION The colour picture tube stage consists of the picture tube along with its accessories i.e. the deflection coil assembly and colour purity and centering magnets placed on Picture tube neck. The colour picture tube displays the R,G, and B signals given to its cathodes in the form of the colour picture with the help of the sweeps given to the deflection coil assembly. The colour picture tube is precision-in-line (PIL) type Full Flat Square Tube (FFST). 13. HORIZONTAL DRIVEIEL AN D EHT SECTION: (A) Horizontal driver The output voltage obtained from the oscillator is not sufficient to drive the horizontal output stage. A driver is therefore . used between the oscillator and output stage.. This stage is based on a transistor BF383 in transformer coupled circuit. (B) Horizontal output stage (EHT) : The EHT stage drives current of saw-tooth waveform through the horizontal deflection coil with the help of the driver stage. The following voltages are also obtained from the EHT stage. 1) DC voltage of about 25 KV for giving to the final anode of the picture tube (EHT). 2) Dc voltage of about 5KV for giving to the focusing anode ofthe picture tube (Vfc). 3) DC voltage of about 150V volts for giving to the accelerating anode (screen) (vacc). 4) DC voltage of about 150V volts for giving to the collectors of the R.G.B. output transistor. 5) DC voltage of 12V, 25V for_ -operating the various stages. 6) AC voltage of about 6.3 volts for giving to the heater of the picture tube. The transistor BU208D is used in the EHT stage. An auto-transformer known as EHT transformer having several windings is used with this transistor to obtain the different D.C. voltages as also to match the output impedance of the transistor with that of the horizontal deflection coil. 14. SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY SECTION (SMPS) The SMPS provides +1 15V DC and +20V DC supply. As the performance of color TV receivers depends largely on the supply voltage.- The supply voltage has been stabilized to maintain it very close to the nominal voltage. 33V DC voltage is also generated from 115V to provide it to Tuner-section. BD508A is used as a switching transistor. SMPS has high efficiency than the linear Regulated. power supply. Hence it is used in colour TV receiver. 15. REMOTE RECEIVER SECTION This section is based on three ICs. It provides different operational keys to operate the remote colour T.V. viz. Tuning control ( +/- ), Volume control(+/-), Channel selection control (+/-), Store and function control. The main command IC decodes the decoded infrared signals received from the remote transmitter section and provides necessary control value of Brightness, Contrast, colour, volume, tuning voltage in selected program position

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

1.5

CONCLUSION: -

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, RAJKOT

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