Commissioning & Maintenance of Protective Relays

Test Options (1)

1. Primary injection sensitivity tests only Minimum of time consumed If results incorrect, secondary injection and CT tests required Unable to check :a. b. c. Adequate timing curves Directional properties Power and impedance relays

Not suitable for maintenance tests

Test Options (2)

2. Secondary injection tests (But with C.T.s still connected) True primary sensitivity easily equated If results incorrect isolated relay and CT mag. curve checks necessary Ref. for maint., but system outage required Primary tests on C.T. ratio and polarity still required on commissioning

Test Options (3)

3. Secondary injection tests (But with relays isolated by test facility) Proof of isolated relay characteristic obtained Ref. for maintenance obtained (relay if necessary tested with system on load) Full primary injection/on load tests done on initial commissioning only

Test Options (4)

4. On load tests Checks that expected C.T. / V.T. quantities present at test facility Scheme stability for external faults Proof of correct directional characteristics

Summary

Arevas preference:1. Secondary injection (isolated relay) 2. Primary injection (incl. C.T. ratio, phasing and mag. curve) 3. On load tests

Site Testing and Commissioning of Protection Equipment

To assure ourselves, and the interested authorities, that the overall protective system functions correctly Resist pressures to take risks Study wiring diagrams and protection requirements Key diagram Delegate responsibilities Observe safety of self and others

Commissioning Flow Chart Summary (1)

To assure ourselves, and the interested authorities, that the overall protective system functions correctly. Study of wiring diagrams and protection requirements. Careful delegation of responsibilities to reduce the duplication of effort and to ensure that all the following aspects are covered :-

Commissioning Flow Chart Summary (2)

Insulation Tests Secondary Injection Tests (Relay Tests) Ensure clean dust free area Mechanical inspection Out-going contact wiring External resistors C.T. shorting and isolating switches Contact follow-through and pressures Electrical checks on each basic electrical function to prove satisfactory operation Prove trip and alarm circuits Test results (record and maintenance purposes)

Commissioning Flow Chart Summary (3)

Primary injection tests D.C. flick tests on C.T.s C.T. mag curve tests C.T. ratio and polarity tests Primary sensitivity tests Stability tests Test results

Commissioning Flow Chart Summary (4)

Line / Transformer / Generator energisation V.T. ratio and phasing tests On load tests Stability tests Directional properties At the end of each stage ask yourself :Is there anything wrong, wiring or otherwise, that I have not checked that may prevent correct operation? If so, CHECK IT OUT !

Measuring instruments D.C. auxiliary supplies

Peak 1.6 x AV. Average D.C. 0V.

Mean D.C.

Peak to Peak V <12% of mean D.C. comp. 0V.

Faulty relays

Maintenance of Protective Relays (1)

Frequency of Maintenance Dictated by :a) The site condition b) The availability of maintenance staff and resources c) The availability of plant outage times d) The risks involved if the protection should fail e) The type of relay construction

Maintenance of Protective Relays (2)

Frequency of Maintenance (continued) f) The proven reliability of devices under identical site conditions g) The availability of built-in self-check features or semi-automatic test facilities, and the difficulties of alternative tests h) The interval of time an unexpected catastrophic failure, component or otherwise, that may go undetected and leave the system unprotected

Maintenance of Protective Relays (3)

Onerous site conditions :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dusty or dirty environments Corrosive chemical atmospheres Frequent or continuous vibration High humidity High or cycling temperatures Consistently high levels of energising or auxiliary quantities

Typically maintain every 12-18 months under ideal conditions and decrease frequency

Maintenance of Protective Relays (4)

Visual inspections The commissioning test stage At each maintenance test After heavy fault clearance More regularly if onerous site conditions Calibration tests Trip testing

Maintenance of Protective Relays (5)

Recommended maintenance tests Instruction manuals Record relay settings Visual inspection Secondary injection tests Contact integrity Return to in-service settings Check energising quantities

Maintenance of Protective Relays (6)

Relays involving static (electronic) components Electro-static discharge (ESD) Wrist straps Modern static relays (K-SERIES, MiCOM etc.) Fault find to board level only Protect boards

Corrective Maintenance of Protective Relays (1)

Cleaning solvents Trichlortrifluorethane (Ozone damaging) (Arklone, Freon, Flourisol and Supersolve) PROZONE Contact lubricants and other lubricants Contact cleaning burnishers Contact pressures and settings Dust removal Relay recalibration (Why?)

Contents of Section 23 of PRAG (1) (Protective Relay Application Guide)

Insulation tests Current transformer tests Voltage transformer tests Test facilities Secondary injection tests O.C. and E.F. Differential Pilot wires Negative phase sequence Directional Distance D.C. operated

Contents of Section 23 of PRAG (2) (Protective Relay Application Guide)

Primary Injection Test (+ on load tests) O.C. and E.F. relays Directional Generator Differential Transformer Differential Restricted E.F. Pilot Wire Busbar Negative phase sequence

Contents of Section 23 of PRAG (3) (Protective Relay Application Guide)

Tripping and Alarm Annunciation Periodic Maintenance

In addition to PRAG :Consult instruction manuals

Test Terminal Block

To relay coils

A B C To CT test windings (if any)

B C N To main current transformers

A B C N To main VT

Test Switch and Sockets

To relay coils A Current B test sockets C N A B Voltage C test sockets N

Test selector switch Make before break on CT Circuits

To main current transformers

To main VT

Current Transformer Polarity Check

P2 P1 S2 S1

Push button switch

Battery

Current Transformer Ratio Check

A Temporary short circuit
P1 S1

C
A2

Test plug insulation

51 51 51 64

P2 S2
A1
Primary injection test set 250V AC supply

Relay or test block contact fingers

Testing Current Transformer Magnetizing Curve

A B C
Test plug isolating current transformers from relay coils Variable transformer 250V 8A 250V AC supply V

A P1 S1 S2 P2 Main circuit breaker open To relay coils

Step-up transformer if required

Voltage Transformer Phasing Check

A B C

V1 V2 VN VL
V1

C
V

V2
A B C

Phase rotation meter

Overcurrent Test Set

Fine control variable transformer Coarse control reactor
A

Range adjusting CT

K1 250V AC supply K2
51

I Relay coil

Start timer Supply switch Backing transformer 10% control Injection transformer

Stop timer

Relay shortMedium circuiting switch control reactor Relay current I = Ammeter reading (A) x K1 K2

Basic Current Control Circuit of CFBA Test-Set

A
60Hz

L1 10X 5X 2X 1X
220/250V AC Supply 50/60Hz

L2

50Hz 0.1A

60Hz

0.5A 1A 2A 5A

O/V Detector Circuit

0.2A

Variac V1

50Hz

Output to Relay

Supply Contractor Thermal Overload / Overvoltage Protection

Supply Shorting Switch

10A

Timer T1 Start (Break to Start)

Injection Matching C.T.

Sensitivity Check on Biased Differential Relay

B OP

Test plug fingers

Overcurrent test set

250V A.C. supply

To main current transformers

OP Relay operating coil B Relay bias coil

Testing Bias Characteristics (Using Overcurrent Test Set)

B
OP

I1+I2

I1
A1 A2 R

I2

Test plug fingers

Overcurrent test set 250V A.C. supply

To main current transformers

Testing Relay Bias Characteristic (Using Resistances)

B
OP

I1+I2

I1 A1
R1

I2 A2

Test plug fingers

To main current transformers

R2

250V A.C. supply

A1 and A2 Ammeters OP Relay operating coil B Relay bias coil

Sensitivity Test
Feeder isolated A B C Test plug Relay contact fingers

Overcurrent test set

250V A.C. supply

B
OP OP

Pilots

Testing Sensitivity of Negative Phase Sequence Relay

A To main current transformers Overcurrent test set Test plug in test block B
46

250V A.C. supply

C N Filter network

Relay coil

Test Equipment for Directional Relays

A B C N Supply switch 440V 3 phase 4 wire supply Choke
67

Variable transformer for current control

Relay current coil

Range adjusting CT 440/110V phase shifting transformer

PA

A V

PA

67

Relay voltage coil

Variable transformer for voltage control To other voltage coils of relay under test (if required)

V Voltmeter A Ammeter PA Phase angle meter

Primary Injection Test Set

250V A.C. supply

Variable transformer 40A Injection transformer 250/10 + 10 + 10V 10kVA

Primary Check on Main Current Transformers

Temporary threephase short circuit

Primary injection test set 250V A.C. supply

A
51

B
51

C
51

51 Overcurrent relay 64 Earth fault relay A Ammeter

64

Sensitivity Test on Earth Fault Relay

250V A.C. supply A B
51

Primary injection test set

51

51

64

Load Test on Directional Overcurrent Relays

A B C
Direction of power flow for relay operation Load current

PA

A B C

PA

A A V V PA PA

Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Phase angle Phase angle meter meter

Directional overcurrent relays

Test Plug Link Connections to Reverse Current seen by Relay

To relay

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

9 10

Test plug To main VT and CT

Load Test on Directional Earth Fault Relay

ABC
P1 S1 P2 S2 Load current

IA

Temporary short circuit connections

A

V1 V2

51 51 51

PA

Insulating strips in relay or test block VL contact fingers

VN
V PA

A Ammeter V Voltmeter PA Phase angle meter

Directional earth fault relay

Testing Sensitivity of Generator Differential Protection Using Primary Injection Test

87 Generator differential relay V Voltmeter A Ammeter

Primary injection test set

250V A.C. supply

Generator

Isolating links A B C

87

87

87

Testing Sensitivity of Generator Differential Protection Using Generator to Supply Primary Current

Temporary short circuit Isolating links Generator A B C

87

87

87

87 Generator differential relay V Voltmeter

Checking Stability of Generator Differential Protection

Isolating links Temporary short circuit A B C
A
87

Generator

A
87

A
87

Shorts across relay/ stabilising resistors

87 Generator differential relay A Ammeter

Earth Fault Sensitivity Check on Transformer Differential Protection

Temporary short circuit A
Primary injection test set

A B C Bias coils

250V A.C. supply

Operating coils

87

87

87

Phase Fault Sensitivity Check on Transformer Differential Protection

Temporary short circuit A
Primary injection test set

B C Bias coils

250V A.C. supply

Operating coils

87

87

87

Stability Check on Transformer Differential Protection

Generator Temporary short circuit

~
Bias coils
A

87

87

87

Operating coils
Instantaneous current distribution for three-phase short circuit with phase A current at maximum

Sensitivity Check of Restricted Earth Fault Protection

250V A.C. supply
Primary injection test set

A B C

64 Earth Fault Relay A Ammeter V Voltmeter

64

Stability Check of Restricted Earth Fault Protection

250V A.C. supply
A
Primary injection test set

Temporary short circuit A B C

64

64 Earth Fault Relay A Ammeter

Sensitivity Check of Negative Phase Sequence Relay

A B Temporary short circuit C

Filter network

46

Primary injection test set

250V A.C. supply

46 Negative phase sequence relay A Ammeter

Test Plug Link Connections for Load Current Test

To relay filter network

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

10

Earth Fault Sensitivity Check of Pilot Wire Relay

A B C
Primary injection test set

B
OP

250V A.C. supply

Pilots to remote end relay

Relay bias coil

OP Relay operating coil

A Ammeter

Phase Fault Sensitivity Check of Pilot Wire Relay

A B C
B
OP

B Relay bias coil OP Relay operating coil A Ammeter

Primary injection test set

Pilots to remote end relay

250V A.C. supply

Load Current Distribution

A B C Feeder A B C

Instantaneous current distribution of three-phase balanced load with phase A current at maximum

B
OP

B
OP

Pilots

Short-Circuiting Connections on Test Plug for Load Test

Short circuiting connections on rear of test plug To relay summation CT

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

10

To main current transformers

Ratio Check of Current Transformers of Reference Circuit

A1

250V A.C. supply

Primary injection test set

A2

Test links

A1 and A2 Ammeters 87 Busbar Protection relay 95 Supervision relay 95X Bus wires short-circuiting relay

A B C N

Zone bus wires

95X
95 87 87 87

Polarity Check of Reference Circuit Current Transformers

A 87 Ammeter Busbar Protection relay 95 Supervision relay 95X Bus wires shortcircuiting relay
A B C

Temporary short circuit

A

Test links

250V A.C. supply

Primary injection test set

A B C N

Zone bus wires

95X
95 87 87 87

CT Inter-Group Ratio and Polarity Check in Busbar Protection Scheme

Reference circuit Test circuit

Temporary short circuit

A
A1 A1 A1 A1

Test links

250V A.C. supply

Primary injection test set

A B C N

Ammeter for ratio check Ammeter for polarity check 87 Busbar protection relay 95 Supervision relay 95X Bus wires shortcircuiting relay

A1 A2

A2

95X
95 87 87 87

A2

A2

Zone bus wires

Sensitivity Check of Busbar Protection Scheme

A B C

250V A.C. supply

Primary injection test set
Test links

A B C N

Zone bus wires

95X
V
95 87 87 87

Stability Test
A B C Test plug Test plug

Overcurrent test set

B
OP

250V A.C. supply

OP

Pilots