Chapter 4 Chapter 4

Frequency
Selective Fading
Channels

Dept. of Elec. Eng. IUST, Tehran/Iran

afalahati@iust.ac.ir
Introduction
Channels for which the
propagation delay differences propagation delay differences
cannot be ignored in comparison
ith th b l i t l with the symbol interval,
represents a further important p p
class of channels, namely those
of frequency selective channels of frequency selective channels.

Introduction
First category research works on fading channel
in which the description and analysis of mobile
radio channels are mainly treated theoretically radio channels are mainly treated theoretically,
indisputably, is papered by Bello in 1963. It is
still the most important article in this category. still the most important article in this category.
In this fundamental work on stochastic Time
Variant Linear Systems, Bello introduce the
WSSUS model that is employed almost
exclusively for the description of frequency
l ti bil h l selective mobile channels.

Introduction:-
F S l ti Ch l Frequency Selective Channels
In this chapter, two categories of frequency In this chapter, two categories of frequency
selective channels are introduced:
Non-directional that will be employed over SISO
channels (i.e. one BS and one MS both with a single
omnidirectional antenna)
model introduced for GSM (COST207) mobile model introduced for GSM (COST207) mobile
network models.
Directional channels considering array antennas or
MIMO channels.
3GPP, 3G and 4G mobile networks models. In
such channels with COST259 model MS can be such channels with COST259 model, MS can be
omni but the BS arrays.

History of Frequency Selective
Fading Channel Models Fading Channel Models
COST207 has developed wideband propagation p p p g
models that have gained widespread usage not only
through their adoption in the GSM standard but also
because of their simplicity However increasing because of their simplicity. However, increasing
demand on capacity has led to the deployment of
Micro- and Pico-cells and directional antennas. Since
COS O the COST207 models have not aimed to include MIMO
abilities, a more general modeling concept had to be
acquired, hence, the exclusion of such model. For q , ,
instance, only short fading can be modeled and no
long term fading and so shadow modeling is
impossible with this model and both MS and BS must impossible with this model and both MS and BS must
have Omni-directional antennas.

History of Frequency Selective
Fading Channel Models
An interesting attempt is made in the CODIT
Fading Channel Models
An interesting attempt is made in the CODIT
Propagation Model. This model is based on a
fixed number of scatterers. For each cell type fixed number of scatterers. For each cell type
parameters of the statistical distributions of
the random parameters controlling the CIR are
given. However, the model does not include
directions of arrival (DOAs) at the base station.
Thi d l t ll d i d t l This model was actually designed to solve
COST207 problems but only Micro and Pico
cells are modeled and is a non-directional cells are modeled and is a non-directional
model

History of Frequency Selective

C
COST231 d l b d l f th
Fading Channel Models
COST231 models can be used only for path
loss calculation.
TSUNAMI-II works was useful in respect to
the ADPS shape of clusters in Macrocells.
The approach of distinction between
global/local parameters and location- g p
dependent instead of time-dependent
channel functions stems from the Magic g
WAND project.

History of Frequency Selective
F di Ch l M d l
Th l t i h f th METAMORP
Fading Channel Models
The clustering approach from the METAMORP
project, model evaluation dependent upon
various measurements various measurements.
Using METAMORP measurements, the
COST259 directional model introduced. The COST259 directional model introduced. The
3GPP is based on this model.
COST273 channel model is a double directional COST273 channel model is a double directional
channel that is now completed for 3G and 4G.
Channels for both MS and BS can be modeled
by array antennas (MIMO Channel).

Channel model According to COST207

as an example for Non-Directional channel as an example for Non Directional channel
In 1984 COST207 working group In 1984 COST207 working group
developed a channel model for typical
propagation environments, in view of the g
planned pan-European mobile
communication system GSM.
Cost207 is very limited and only can
model short term fading for a very simple
bilit d l ( t t d) b t mobility model (constant speed) but
because of its simplicity and usefulness
we introduce it in here we introduce it in here.

Channel model According to COST207

as an example for Non-Directional channel as an example for Non Directional channel
The model is based on WSSUS assumption and is
established only for Macrocells (where BS antenna is
over the rooftop of buildings) and can be used for four
type of environments:- yp
Rural Area (RA)
Typical Urban (TU)
B d U b (BU) Bad Urban (BU)
Hilly Terrain (HT)
In WSSUS model two types of PSD is defined:- yp
Delay PSD that is one or two exponential function and
is different for each environment.
Doppler PSD that has 3 form Jakes (or Rice) Gauss I Doppler PSD that has 3 form Jakes (or Rice), Gauss I,
Gauss II and differ from small delays to big delays.

Wireless Channel
Modeling Parameters Modeling Parameters
During transmission of data, the emitted
electromagnetic waves are influenced by a electromagnetic waves are influenced by a
multitude of various obstacles. Depending on
geometric dimensions and the electromagnetic geometric dimensions and the electromagnetic
properties of these obstacles, the effects are:-
Specular Reflection
Scattering
Diffraction
Penetration/absorption Penetration/absorption
Waveguide effect

Elliptic Model
of Parson and Bajwa of Parson and Bajwa
All ellipses have common focal points, consider them as Tx
(Transmitter) and Rx (Receiver) (Transmitter) and Rx (Receiver).
An ellipse is a set of all points on the orbit to focal points Tx
and Rx to have equal sum.
Propagation paths Tx-A-Rx and Tx-C-Rx have the same delay
paths. However the respective angle of arrival are different
and consequently the corresponding Doppler frequencies
caused by the movement of Tx/Rx are also different.
The exact opposite occurs
for the paths Tx A Rx and Tx for the paths Tx-A-Rx and Tx-
B-Rx where path lengths are
different but the angle of
arrivals are equal and thus

arrivals are equal and thus

Doppler frequency becomes
equal too.
Elliptic Model
of Parson and Bajwa
Path length of each wave determines the propagation
of Parson and Bajwa
Path length of each wave determines the propagation
delay and essentially also the average power of wave at
receiver antenna. Every wave in scattering zone
characterized by the l
th
ellipses undergoes the same characterized by the l
th
ellipses undergoes the same
discrete propagation delay:-
for
t t t A + = .
0
l
l
1 ,..., 1 , 0 = L l
0
t
is propagation delay of LOS. is infinitesimal
propagation path delay (i.e. the discrete delay differences
on the ellipse orbit), L denotes the number of paths.
t A
In the limits and , the discrete propagation
delays results in the continuous propagation delay
restricted to interval . characterizes the
max
t
0 At
] , [
0
t t
L
restricted to interval . characterizes the
maximum delay depends on environment.
max
t ] , [
max 0
t t
System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modeling y g
Tapped delay Line Non- directional
Tapped delay Line channel model pp y
Starting point for the derivation of system functions is
based on the assumption that the channel is a linear time
variant system and can be modeled as an equivalent variant system and can be modeled as an equivalent
complex baseband.
h
0
(t,t
0
) is a function of time t
0
at which the channel has
b it d b i l (t t ) d ti t t hi h ff t been excited by impulse (t-t
0
) and time t at which effect
of impulse is observed at the output of the channel
simulator with properties:-
}
t
d h ) ( ) ( ) ( Casual : h
0
(t,t
0
)=0 for t<t
0
Channel output with input x
0
:-
}

= dt t x t t h t y
0 0 0 0
) ( ) , ( ) (
t t t d t h t x t y ) , ( ) ( ) (
}

=
By replacing variable t
0
with propagation delay : = t-t
0

y ) , ( ) ( ) (
0
}
System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modeling y g
Tapped delay Line Non- directional
Tapped delay Line channel model
Time Variant Impulse Response:- h(t ) is channel Time Variant Impulse Response: h(t,) is channel
TVIR and physically can be interpreted as the
response of the channel at the time t to a delta
impulse that stimulated the channel at time t- impulse that stimulated the channel at time t .
The tapped delay line model of a frequency selective
h l ith TVIR h(t ) b bt i d di tl Thi channel with TVIR h(t,) can be obtained directly. This
model can be interpreted as a transversal filter with
time-variant coefficients.

System Theoretical Description of

frequency selective channel modeling
Its deep insight into channel distortion, received signal
q y g
Tapped delay Line Non- directional
It s deep insight into channel distortion, received signal
is composed of an infinite number of delayed and
weighted replicas of the transmitted signal. In digital
transmission this causes ISI which have to be transmission, this causes ISI which have to be
eliminated as best as possible in the receiver e.g. using
equalizer.
In a non selective channel,
the delays are significantly
small comparing to symbol small comparing to symbol
timings, otherwise, when the
delays become larger, the
neighboring provide bad

effects on symbols and thus

produce further ISI.
System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modeling
In time:-
q y g
Filtering Method Filtering Method Non- directional
In time:
Generate white Gaussian noise and filter with an
IIR filter, i.e.,
) )( (
) (
*
2 /
*
2 /
1
0
~
0
N
n n
N
n
p z p z
A z H
H
=
=
In Frequency:-
) )( (
) (
*
2 /
1
0
0
n n
N
n
z z z z H
=
In Frequency:
Employ two fast Transforms IFFT and FFT
Use only one IFFT
System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modelling
Time Variant Transfer Function:-
q y g
Non- directional
It is defined by Fourier transform of theTVIR with respect to
propagation delay variable:-
( ) ( )
}

=
2
t t
t t
d e t h f t H
f j
}
+
= df e f t H f X t y
ft j t 2
) ( ) ( ) (
Doppler Variant Impulse Response:-
Neither TVIR nor corresponding transfer Function allow an insight
( ) ( )
}
=
0
, , t t d e t h f t H
f j
}

= df e f t H f X t y
f j
) , ( ) ( ) (
Neither TVIR nor corresponding transfer Function allow an insight
into phenomena caused by Doppler effect. For this we apply the
Fourier transform on h(t,) with respect to time, t. this function
called Doppler variant impulse response or Doppler resolved
impulse response.
( ) ( )
}

=
2
, , dt e t h s
t j tv
t t v
} }

= t v t t v
tv
d d e t x s t y
t j 2
) ( ) , ( ) (
Physical interpretation of s(,) directly leads to the ellipses model
described earlier. This is the Doppler variant impulse response
0

System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modelling
Doppler Variant Transfer Function:-
q y g
Non- directional
defined by two 2-dimentional Fourier Transform of TVIR :
}

= v v v v d f T f X f Y ) , ( ) ( ) (
} }

= dt d e t h f T
f t j
t t v
t v t ) ( 2
0
) , ( ) , (
) , ( t t h
1

f
0
) , ( f t H ) , ( t v s
D 2

D 2

v
t

) ( f v T
1

v
t

f
) , ( f v T

Notation:- v=> Doppler.

System Theoretical Description of
frequency selective channel modelling
Correlations:
q y g
Non- directional
Correlations:-
For four system functions defined for channel, we
can have four autocorrelation function:-
Time-Frequency Correlation Function
Time Delay Correlation Function
)} ' , ' ( ) , ( { ) ' , ; ' , (
*
f t H f t H E f f t t R
H
=
Time-Delay Correlation Function
Doppler-Frequency Correlation Function
)} ' , ' ( ) , ( { ) ' , ; ' , (
*
t t t t t h t h E t t R
h
=
*
Doppler-Delay Correlation Function
)} ' , ' ( ) , ( { ) ' , ; ' , (
*
f T f T E f f R
T
v v v v =
)} ' , ' ( ) , ( { ) ' , ; ' , (
*
t v t v t t v v s s E R =
These autocorrelation functions can be related using (2-D or 4-D)
Fourier Transform.

)} , ( ) , ( { ) , ; , ( t v t v t t v v s s E R
s
WSSUS channel model
Non- directional
WSSUS Model enables the statistical description of the
f f input-output relation of mobile radio channels for the
transmission of band-pass signals in the equivalent
complex baseband be modeled, for observation periods p , p
in which the stationary of the channel is ensured in the
wide sense.
A di t i i l t di h l b According to empirical studies, channel can be
considered as wide sense stationary as long as the
mobile unit cover a distance in the dimension of a few
tens (even hundreds, i.e. depending upon the
environment) of the wave length of carrier signal. Hence,
This model can be used only for short term fading

This model can be used only for short term fading

channel that simulates for each Local Region of
Stationary.
WSSUS channel model
N di ti l Non- directional
WSS:- a process in time domain
A channel model with wide sense stationary impulse response. It
means that Time-Delay (and Time-Frequency) Correlation Function is
invariant with respect to a transfer function:
) ' , ; ( ) ' , ; , ( t t t t t R t t t R
h h
A = A +
) ' , ; ( ) ' , ; , ( f f t R f f t t t R
H H
A = A +
It means that two systems functions s(v,) and s(v,) are statistically
uncorrelated if the Doppler Frequencies v and v are different
) , ; ( ) , ; , ( f f f f
H H
Scattering function
uncorrelated if the Doppler Frequencies v and v are different.
) ' , ; ( ) ' ( ) ' , ; ' , ( t t v v v o t t v v
s s
S R =
) ' , ; ( ) ' ( ) ' , ; ' , ( f f S f f R
T T
v v v o v v =
Doppler frequency function
WSSUS channel model
N di ti l
US:- in this model it is assumed that scattering components
Non- directional
US:- in this model, it is assumed that scattering components
with different propagation delays are statistically
uncorrelated:-
) ; ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ; ' ( t v v t t o t t v v S R =
This model can allow us to use a tapped delay line model
) ; , ( ) ( ) , ; , ( t v v t t o t t v v
s s
S R =
) ; ' , ( ) ' ( ) ' , ; ' , ( t t t o t t t t S t t R
h h
=
pp y
that each tap is a Color Gaussian Random Process and is
uncorrelated with other taps.
In frequency domain two Time variant and Doppler In frequency domain, two Time variant and Doppler
variant Transfer functions must be WSS processes.
) ; ' , ( ) , ; ' , ( f t t R f f f t t R
H H
A = A +

) ; , ( ) , ; , ( f f f f
H H
) ; ' , ( ) , ; ' , ( f R f f f R
T T
A = A + v v v v
WSSUS channel model
N di ti l
WSS+US (WSSUS):- Doppler domain
Non- directional
This model due to its simplicity, is of great practical
importance and is nowadays almost exclusively
employed for modeling frequency selective mobile radio p y g q y
channel.
In a WSSUS channel paths with different delays are
uncorrelated as well as paths with different Dopplers: uncorrelated as well as paths with different Dopplers:
) , ( ) ' ( ) ' ( ) ' , ; ' , ( t v t t o v v o t t v v
s s
P R =
P
s
(v,) (or S(v,)) is called scattering function.
Most important of all above functions for channel modeling is
S tt i f ti Thi f ti th t h tt ith Scattering function. This function express that each scatter with
different Doppler and delay is uncorrelated with others.

WSSUS channel model
N di ti l
In a WSSUS, channel paths with different delay are uncorrelated and
Non- directional
p y
stochastic system function processes with respect to time are WSS:-
) , ( ) ' ( ) ' , ; ( t t t o t t t P t R
h h
A = A
P
h
(t,) is called delay cross-power spectral density.
In a WSSUS, channel paths with different dopplers are uncorrelated
and stochastic system function processes with respect to frequency and stochastic system function processes with respect to frequency
are WSS:-
P (v f) is called Doppler cross power spectral density
) , ( ) ' ( ) ; ' , ( f P f R
T T
A = A v v v o v v
P
T
(v,f) is called Doppler cross power spectral density.
In a WSSUS, channel stochastic system function process with respect
to frequency and time as WSS:-
R
H
(t,f) is called time frequency correlation function.

) , ( ) , ; , ( f t R f f f t t t R
H H
A A = A + + A
Useful Channel Parameters and
definitions definitions
Delay Power-Density Spectrum:-
D l t l d it t t 0 D l P D it Delay cross power spectral density at t=0, Delay Power Density
Spectrum (or Delay Power spectral density or Power Delay
Profile, PDP) determines average power of scattering
components occurring with propagation delay components occurring with propagation delay .
PDP is proportional to the probability density function of
propagation delays ( why ?- equivalent to WSSUS ):-

Average delay:-
}

= = v t v t t d P P P
s h h
) , ( ) , 0 ( ) (
First moment of PDP, and statistical mean delay that a carrier
signal experiences during the transmission over multi-path
fading channel:-

} }

= t t t t t
tt
t
d P d P B or M
h h
) ( ) (
) 1 (
Useful Channel Parameters and
definitions definitions
Delay Spread:-
Square root of second central moment of PDP, and provide us the
time spread of an impulse passed through a multi-path fading
channel:-
} }

= t t t t t
t tt t
d P d P M B or S
h h
) ( ) ( ) (
2 ) 2 (
Frequency Correlation Function:-
It is defined by correlation function R
H
(t,f) at t=0.
}

= A = A t t
tt
d e P f R f R
f j
h T T
2
) ( ) , 0 ( ) (
Obviously it is Fourier transform of delay power spectral density


Useful Channel Parameters and
definitions
Coherence BandWidth:-
definitions
The frequency separation variable B
C
that fulfils the condition :
) 0 (
2
1
) ( = A = = A f R B f R
T C T
According to the uncertainty principle of communications engineering,
delay spread and coherence bandwidth are approximately reciprocally
proportional. Special case:-
D l S d<<S b l d ti h b d idth S b l t Delay Spread<<Symbol duration or coherence bandwidth>>Symbol rate
Time Correlation Function:-
Time frequency correlation function R
H
(t,f) at f=0. describes the
l ti ti f th i d tt d t f ti correlation properties of the received scattered components as a function
of time difference t.
D l d it t d D l S d b th
) 0 , ( ) ( t R t R
T T
A = A

Doppler power density spectrum and Doppler Spread:- both are

defined before.
Useful Channel Parameters and
definitions
Coherent time:- determines the channel variation speed
The time interval t=T
C
that fulfils the condition:-
definitions
) 0 (
2
1
) ( = A = = A t R T t R
T C T
The time interval t T
C
that fulfils the condition:
It is approximately reciprocally proportional to the Doppler Spread. It is approximately reciprocally proportional to the Doppler Spread.
The smaller the ratio of the coherence time T
C
and symbol interval
T
sym
, the higher are the demands on the tracing performance of the
channel estimator in the receiver. If the coherence time is much
larger than the symbol interval, the impulse response of the channel
may be regarded as approximately constant for the duration of one
symbol (slow fading).
Note : this definition for fast and slow fading channel are not Note : this definition for fast and slow fading channel are not
identical to short term and long term fading .
Independent frequency and time dispersion channel:-
If l t D l PSD d D l PSD t f tt i

If we can resolve two Doppler PSD and Delay PSD parts of a scattering
function for an interval of Delay and Doppler modeling independently,
then delay and doppler part of channel are determined very simple.
Delay PSD Shapes Delay PSD Shapes
For the four area, number of clusters, Delay Spread, Cluster
distance and Normalized PSD are considered.
sec 7 0 );
sec 1
exp( ) ( t

t
t
t
s s =
TU
c S

s s sec 5 0 );
sec 1
exp( t

t
BU
c

sec 1

s s

=
sec 10 sec 5 );
sec 1
5
exp( 5 . 0
sec 1
) (
t

t
t
BU
c
S
Delay PSD Shapes Delay PSD Shapes
sec 7 . 0 0 );
sec 1
2 . 9
exp( ) ( t

t
t
t
s s =
RA
c S

s s

s s
=
sec 20 sec 15 );
15
exp( 1 . 0
sec 2 0 );
sec 1
5 . 3
exp(
) (
t
t
t

t
t
t
HT
HT
c
c
S

s s sec 20 sec 15 );
sec 1
exp( 1 . 0 t

HT
c
Delay PSD Shapes
COST207 three Doppler PSD for three different path delay intervals:-
MS Clustering
Jakes (Local Cluster->NLOS):-
sec 5 . 0 0 t s s
Rice (Only for RA or Local Cluster->NLOS):-

2
max max
2
0
) / ( 1
) (
v v tv
o
v

= S
A's are the LOS over the other
ti l ti
( y )
) (
) / ( 1
. ) (
0 2
2
max max
2
0
1
v v o
v v tv
o
v

= A A S
max 0
2
2
2
1
7 . 0 91 . 0 41 . 0 v v = = = A A
sections power relation.
Gauss I (2 sided asymmetric Gaussian shape) Far Clusters
10 / ) 2 3 /( 50
1 2 max 1
A A A = = v t

=
2
1
2
2
}
2
) (
exp{ ) (
k
k
k
k
s
A S
v v
v

sec 2 5 . 0 t s s
+ve and -ve Dopplers.
variance of each Gaussians
Gauss II (2 sided asymmetric Gaussian shape) Far Clusters
max 2 max 1
4 . 0 8 . 0 v v v v = =
max 2 max 1
1 . 0 05 . 0 v v = = s s
sec 2 t >
variance of each Gaussians

) 10 /( ) ) 10 15 . 0 ( 2 /( 10
5 . 1
1 2 max
5 . 1
1
A A A = + = v t
max 2 max 1
15 . 0 1 . 0 v v = = s s
max 2 max 1
4 . 0 7 . 0 v v v v = =
COST COST207 207 Doppler Power Spectrum Doppler Power Spectrum
Max. Max. Doppler = Doppler = 100 100Hz Hz pp pp
COST COST207 207 Doppler Power Spectrum Doppler Power Spectrum
Max. Max. Doppler = Doppler = 100 100Hz Hz pp pp
COST COST207 207 Doppler Power Spectrum Doppler Power Spectrum
Colored Noise Colored Noise
COST COST207 207 Doppler Power Spectrum Doppler Power Spectrum
Colored Noise Colored Noise
Tap Delayed line
Model Implementation Model Implementation
Tap delay model can be implemented using a transversal filter with
time variant coefficients:
Because model is an independent frequency and time dispersive channel, delay
and Doppler PSD effect in each tap can be implemented independently.
Number of paths (delays) ,L , path delay values,
l
, and delay coefficient a
l
can
be computed using PDP and methods described in chapter 2 (EDM, EAM,) be computed using PDP and methods described in chapter 2 (EDM, EAM,)
In addition to delay coefficients, Rice or Rayleigh fading must be modeled by a
Complex color Gaussian sequence,
l
(t) generated using Rice of filter method.

1
) ( ) ( ) (
L
t t h o

=
=
0
) ( ) ( ) , (
l
l l l
t a t h t t o t

Tap Delayed line

Model Implementation
Variant Transfer Function with Time variant IR Bad
Model Implementation
Variant Transfer Function with Time variant IR Bad
Urban (BU).
Transversal Model results
for Rural Area for Rural Area
First path (one jake+
one peak)
Second and third
paths:- one jake
Fourth path:- gauss I

Fifth path:- gauss II

Transversal Model results
for a Typical Urban for a Typical Urban
gauss I
jake

gauss II
An Introduction to
Directional Channels Directional Channels
Models for the mobile radio channel are vital for both Models for the mobile radio channel are vital for both,
antenna studies (both, in the field of diversity and smart
antennas) and network planning.
O h t t i d li ithi d ti One very hot topic nowadays lies within adaptive
antenna studies in the field of their practical
implementations for spectrum efficiency and capacity
i (f l i SDMA b d t ) increase (for example in SDMA based systems).
WCDMA provide well quality as the number of users are
increased, so if combined with SDMA further quality is
observed as the users location are tracked with coding.
These adaptive antenna studies call for reality-based
directional channel models. Future mobile radio directional channel models. Future mobile radio
systems like UMTS or HIPERLAN must be studied using
such channels.

An Introduction to
Directional Channels
At Rx antenna position, the resulting electric field is spread both in
delay and direction Thus the dispersive nature of the propagation
Directional Channels
delay and direction. Thus, the dispersive nature of the propagation
channel must be described not only by delay and time but also by
angle of arrival and angle of departure in both MS and BS antenna.
If each MS or BS antenna has only one element (not array or If each MS or BS antenna has only one element (not array or
directional antenna), AOA or AOD in that antenna can be dropped
and fading channel can be described using only delay and or
location.
Double directional channels are used for systems in which both Rx
and Tx antennas are directional and (single) directional channels
with one directional antenna. For example, BS antenna is set by
array and MS antenna is omni-directional. array and MS antenna is omni directional.
In this section we only focus on (single) directional channels; In
this channel the DOA(DOD) at the MS enters the system
description implicitly (but ambiguously) through the Doppler
frequency which is uniquely related to the temporal evolution of
the signal and in BS, DOA(DOD) is used for correlation between
array elements. .

Angle Resolved Impulse
Response Response
Angle Resolved Location (Time) Variant Impulse Response: Angle-Resolved Location (Time) Variant Impulse Response:-
The angle-resolved location variant impulse response can be
decomposed into a sum of components or clusters each being
contributed by a specific radiating source. Each of these contributed by a specific radiating source. Each of these
components embodies a specular and a diffuse part. The latter
may be described by a number of multipath components (MPCs,
N(x) that may be varied from one location to the other).
( ) ( )
( )

=
O = O
x N
n
n
x h x h


1
, , , , t t
(
Rx
,
Tx
) is AOA (or/and AOD, each direction can be
decomposed to Azimuth and Elevation) in Rx or/and Tx antennas.
For Directional channel h(x,,) is channel output at location x
and direction
Rx,
if channel was excited in Tx location, second
before and in direction
Tx
.

Angle Resolved
Impulse Response Impulse Response
For Time variant IR h(t ) is channel output in time For Time variant IR, h(t,,) is channel output in time
instant t and direction
Rx
if channel was excited in time
instant t- and direction
Tx
.
For single directional channel direction MS can be
dropped.
Channel Output : Channel Output :
( ) ( ) ( )
} }

O O =
t
t t t
2
, , d d t h t x t y
Student Activity:- Determine the channel output in terms of
( ) ( ) ( )
} }
o
Impulse response variation in respect to angle resolved
location.

System Functions y
System Functions can be defined similar to that of non-
directional channels They are related with each other using directional channels. They are related with each other using
Fourier Transform.
Angle Resoled Time Variant Transfer Function

Doppler Variant Impulse Response

( ) ( )
}

O = O
0
2
, , , , t t
t t
d e t h f t H
f j
Doppler Variant Impulse Response
( ) ( )
}

O = O
2
, , , , dt e t h s
t j tv
t t v
} }

Doppler Variant Transfer Function
}
0
Further system functions
can be derived for non
} }

+
O = O dt d e t h f T
f t j
t t v
t v t ) ( 2
0
) , , ( ) , , (

can be derived for non-

directional channels those
are not brought here but
students are expected to
drive them themselves.
Correlation Functions Correlation Functions
Correlation functions: as non-directional channels we can define
some correlation functions, but in more general forms:
Angle resolved Doppler-Delay Correlation Function:
Angle resolved Time Delay Correlation Function:
( ) ( ) ( ) { } t v t v t t v v
' '
=
' '
= , , , , , ; , ; ' ,
*
s s E R
s
Angle resolved Time-Delay Correlation Function:
Angle resolved Time-Frequency Correlation Function:
( ) ( ) ( ) { } t t t t
' ' '
=
' ' '
, , , , , ; , ; ,
*
t h t h E t t R
h
g q y
Angle resolved Doppler-Frequency Correlation Function:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
' ' '
=
' ' '
, , , , , ; , ; ,
*
f t H f t H E f f t t R
H
( ) ( ) ( ) { } v v v v
' '
=
' '
, , ' , , , ; , ; ' ,
*
f T f T E f f R
T
WSSUS Modeling over
Directional COST259 Directional COST259
WSSUS Model For Directional Channels:-
This assumption is similar to non angle resolved case but here the
direction parameters must be added as an additional assumption.
I.e an uncorrelated path must be considered.
Wide Sense Stationary angle resolved case (WSS) Wide Sense Stationary, angle resolved case (WSS)
( ) ( ) ( ) v v v o v v
' '
=
' '
, ; , ; ' | , ; , ; ' , ' f f P f f R
T WSS T
Uncorrelated Scattering, angle resolved case (US)
( ) ( ) ( ) t t t o t t
' ' '
=
' ' '
, ; ; , . , ; , ; , t t P t t R
h
US
h
Uncorrelated Path, angle resolved case (UP)
( ) ( ) ( ) t t o t t ; , ; , , ; , ; ,
' ' '
=
' ' '
t t P t t R
h UP h

( ) ( ) ( ) t t o t t ; , ; , , ; , ; , t t P t t R
h UP h
WSSUS Modeling over
Directional COST259
WSS+US+UP
Directional COST259
WSS+US+UP
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) o o
t t v v o t t v v
'
, , ; ' , , ; , ; ' , :
S S
R US E d d
R R UP
' '
' '
=
' '
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t v v v o t t o o
t v v t t o o
, , ' :
; ; ' , :
S
S
P UP WSSUS
R US Exteded

'

'
= +
'

'
=
It means that CIR random process is WSS with respect
to time and uncorrelated (white) with respect to delay and
( ) t v , ,
S
P
to time and uncorrelated (white) with respect to delay and
angle.
is angle resolved scattering function.
( )
S

g g
WSSUS Modeling over Directional
COST259
Azimuth-Delay Power Spectrum:-
( ) ( )
}
= t v t dv P ADPS
s
, , ,
COST259 Some definitions
Power Delay Profile (PDP):-
A i th P S t (APS)
( ) ( )
}
v

s
, , ,
( ) ( ) ( )
}

=
t
t
t t d G ADPS PDP
2
,
Azimuth Power Spectrum (APS):-
Indeed we try to cancel one the parameters in the powerful and complex functions
in each cluster of scatters in Macro cells it can be assumed that two power angle
( ) ( )
}
=
t
t t d ADPS APS ,
in each cluster of scatters in Macro cells, it can be assumed that two power angle
and delay profile are independent (as assumed in COST259-DCM):
( ) ) ( ). ( , t t APS PDP ADPS =
Average Azimuth:- direction of line which connect BS and each cluster
( ) ( )
} }
=
t t

d APS d APS M
Azimuth Spread:-

( ) ( ) ( )
t
t
t
t

d APS d APS M S
} }

=
2
t t
Delay Doppler Power Spectrum Delay Doppler Power Spectrum y pp p y pp p
Azimuth Delay Power Spectrum Azimuth Delay Power Spectrum y p y p
I R and FR for different channel elements I R and FR for different channel elements
WSSUS Modeling over Directional
COST259
Field measurements in Macro cells and some Micro
COST259 Concluding Remarks
environments show:-
APS has Laplacian (2-sided exponential) shape for each cluster of
scatters.
PDP has one sided exponential shape for each cluster of scatters.
Angular spread may decrease/increase or even stay constant when
distance of MS to BS decreases distance of MS to BS decreases.
Angular Spread, Delay Spread and excess attenuation (due to
shadowing) have lognormal distribution and are correlated
(assumed in COST259 and 3GPP models but with different (assumed in COST259 and 3GPP models but with different
correlation coefficients).
Thus, in this model of cost259 macro and weak Micros are
modeled in wide sense but not Pico at all I e this model can not modeled in wide sense but not Pico at all. I.e., this model can not
provide good pico-cellular designs. That is the only drawback for
the Cost259 model.

Received BS Structure and Signaling Received BS Structure and Signaling g g g g

Received BS Structure and Signaling Received BS Structure and Signaling g g g g
Scatterers Positions for Scatterers Positions for 400 400 Scatterers at BS Scatterers at BS
A Directional Channel model:-
COST259 DCM COST259-DCM
Due to the directional component and larger Due to the directional component, and larger
bandwidth required for future systems, the new
channel model strives to fulfill the following g
requirements:-
Accuracy Details of the Directional Channel Impulse y
Response (DCIR), i.e. statistics of the MPCs should be
reproduced correctly (e.g. to study the behavior of RAKE
RXs) RXs).
Simplicity It should be as realistic and physical as
possible, but simple enough to allow theoretical studies
and not to relay on high requirements on computing
power.

A Directional Channel model:-
COST259 DCM
ConsistencyFor non directional or narrowband
COST259-DCM
ConsistencyFor non-directional or narrowband
purposes, it should be as good or better than current
channel models. It should contain the COST207
models as special cases to allow easy comparison with models as special cases to allow easy comparison with
earlier system simulations.
Completeness The directional properties both at p p p
the BS and the mobile station should be reproduced.
Short- and long-term fading channel variations due to
non-stationary scenarios and dynamic evolution of y y
paths should be reproduced. The main application
areas are in the 1, 2, and 5 GHz bands and for Macro-,
Micro- and Pico-cells (outdoor, penetration and indoor). ( , p )
Because of mentioned reasons the COST259-DCM was
established to satisfy them.

A Directional Channel model:-

COST259 DCM COST259-DCM
COST259 Directional Channel Model (DCM) tries to provide
a more general and flexible framework that also covers
large-scale variations of the channel, while still allowing for g , g
small-scale models (for each cluster) with a simplicity that it
becomes comparable to earlier approaches (e.g. a tapped
delay line) The parameter selection relies on previous delay line). The parameter selection relies on previous
models as well as recent measurement results. It uses:-
Hata-Okumura, Walsch-Ikegami, and COST231 for modeling
the path-loss in different environments;
COST207 for global power delay profiles in macro-cells;
TSUNAMI-II in respect to the ADPS shape of clusters in TSUNAMI-II in respect to the ADPS shape of clusters in
macro-cells.

A Directional Channel model:-
COST259 DCM
The approach of distinction between global/local
COST259-DCM
The approach of distinction between global/local
and location-dependent instead of time-
dependent channel functions stems from the
Magic WAND project: Magic WAND project:-.
The clustering approach taken from the METAMORP
project, where various measurements were evaluated. This
knowledge base is supplemented by various papers in in knowledge base is supplemented by various papers in in
literature and in private communications companies that are
the members of the COST259 subgroup. The proposal of
METAMORP and COST259 were developed jointly METAMORP and COST259 were developed jointly,
meaning that many of the METAMORP results were used as
input to COST259, while many COST suggestions were
included in the METAMORP project. This has the great p j g
advantages that a unified European proposal for the channel
model can be put into work.

Channel Classification
and modeling Concepts and modeling Concepts
Relevant propagation situations:
Classification by condensed channel parameters Classification by condensed channel parameters,
Classification by morphology,
Classification in COST256 DCM is based on Classification in COST256-DCM is based on
channel morphology and is divided into three levels:
1- Cell Type:- For each cell type a number of Radio 1- Cell Type:- For each cell type, a number of Radio
Environments (REs) have been identified, where all RE
names begin with the word General.

Channel Classification
and modeling Concepts and modeling Concepts
2- Radio Environments:-
The topographical features of a RE are given
by a number of external parameters such as by a number of external parameters, such as
the frequency band, the average height of BS
and MS, their average distance, average
building heights and separations etc The building heights and separations, etc. The
propagation conditions encountered in each
RE are characterized statistically by a set of
PDF d/ t ti ti l t Si th PDFs and/or statistical moments. Since the
members of this set characterizes the
propagation conditions of the entire RE, they
are referred to as Global Parameters (GPs).

Channel Classification
and modeling Concepts
3 Propagation Scenario:
and modeling Concepts
3- Propagation Scenario:-
For the latter case, realistic realizations of the
channel response have to be generated. To this p g
end, the third level of DCM consists of
propagation scenarios, which are defined as
random realizations of incidence constellations.
The latter are specified by random Local
Parameters (LPs). This parameters are constant
in each Local Region of stationarity but for going g y g g
into other regions, these parameters must be
updated for that specific region and is usually
called the parameters for that local region so the called the parameters for that local region so the
Large Scale region is the updated every time the
mobile is moved to a new region of locality.

Environments in COST259-DCM

Environments in COST259-DCM
Student Activity:-
Draw the three propagation
scenarios alike GTU for Macro scenarios alike GTU for Macro
Cell Type RE, GTH and one of
h Mi d Pi C ll t each Micro and Pico Cell type
REs, e.g. GSL and GON. , g

Implementation Flowchart

More characteristics
Macro Cells
Number of clusters and their positions:- p
A common model for discrete events that occur irregularly is
the Poisson point process. Taking into account a minimum
number of fixed clusters N
cl min
, the number of clusters would number of fixed clusters N
cl,min
, the number of clusters would
then result as:
N
cl
= N
cl,min
+ Poisson (N
cl,mean
)
N is the mean number of clusters above N All clusters must be N
cl,mean
is the mean number of clusters above N
cl,min
. All clusters must be
distributed over whole cell uniformly but each time some of them may
be observable and others not which can be determined using Visibility
Regions Concept.
Radio
Environment
GTU GBU GRA GHT
N
cl min
1 1 1 1
eg o s Co cept
A Far
Cluster
Normally
cl,min
N
cl,mean
0.17 1.18 0.06 1

Around
MS
Shadowing, Delay and
Angular Spread Angular Spread
Sh d i D l d A l S d Shadowing, Delay and Angular Spread:-
In macro-cells, the cluster delay spread, azimuth spread,
and excess attenuation (due to shadowing) have been
found to be correlated log normally distributed random found to be correlated log-normally distributed random
variables.
Cluster delay spread ) 10 / ( 10
^
i sf i
X S o =
Azimuth spread
Excess attenuation
) 10 / ( 10
^
,
,
i S S i
Y M S
i | |
o

=
( ) ) 10 / ( ^ 10 1000 / Z M d S o
o
= Excess attenuation
with X,Y,Z being statistically independent zero-mean unit-
variance Gaussian random variables with correlation
( ) ) 10 / ( ^ 10 . 1000 /
,
, i S S i
Z M d S
i t t
o
t
=
variance Gaussian random variables with correlation
coefficients
XY
;
YZ
;
XZ
.

Path Loss
Path Loss:-
Keeping the macro-cell frequency range in mind (900MHz to 2GHz) p g q y g ( )
as well as the fact that the BS antenna is always above the
average rooftop height in macro-cells, the COST231-Hata Model
for GRA, GHT and the COST231-Walsch-Ikegami Model for GTU
and GBU were chosen. This path loss determines first cluster (MS p (
cluster) path loss only (not shadowing loss), for other cluster the
excess attenuation of each cluster and the shadowing must be
considered:-

| |
2
( )
( )
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
|
.
|

\
|

cluster Local i
d
A P S
L
P
B i
K
NLOS
i
i
1 ,
4
1
, min
2
2
1 1
1
t t t
t
t

where P
i
is path loss for each cluster over all effect (path loss,
shadowing excess attenuation) S is shadowing of each cluster
( )
( )

=
|
.

\
cluster Far i P S A
B i
NLOS i i
2 , 10 .
,
10 2
1
shadowing, excess attenuation). S
i
is shadowing of each cluster.
l

1
is cluster excess delay. A
i
is transition function from each LRS
to neighbor LRS.

PDP, ASP, Long and Short
t U d t
Power Delay profile & Angular Spread Profile:-
term Updates
The clusters are characterized by their position, spread, power
and shape. In macro-cells, clusters have exponential decay in
delay, Laplacian shape in azimuth and elevation, so we can write
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|

|
|
|

|
=
u
u t
t t
u t
S S S
S S S
P
S
| | 2
.
| | 2
exp . exp
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
) , , (
Long-Term and Short-Term Update:-
. \
. \
. \
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

u t
u t
u
t t
S S S
S S S
S
S
2
2
exp 1
2
exp 1
Long Term and Short Term Update:
it is recommended that each long term fading and LRS
parameters update in each 5 and short term fading update in
each 0 5 or smaller for MS movement each 0.5 or smaller for MS movement.

Polarization, Large and

Small scale fading
Large scale fading:-
The large-scale fading is characterized by its PDF (Lognormal) and
l i f i (ACF) I b i l i l h
Small scale fading
autocorrelation function (ACF). In urban environment correlation length
is 5.5-11m and 500m in GRA and GHT. ACF has a Laplacian shape:
S f
( )
2 ln
corr
d
x
e x R
A

= A
Small scale fading:-
In each local parameters that is updated in each large scale update,
MPC components must be updated. They are produced according to
each cluster ADPS profile or using their PDF Number of MPCs must be
( ) e x R = A
each cluster ADPS profile or using their PDF. Number of MPCs must be
more than 7 for Rayleigh fading and 20 is a sufficient value for macro-
cells.
Polarization:- Polarization:
Polarization effect is determined with XPD (Cross-Polarization
Discrimination) that is defined as the ratio of (small-scale averaged)
powers of the co- and cross-polarized components, XPD = P
vv
/P
vh
,
where P
vv
(P
vh
) denotes the path gain from a vertical transmit to a
vertical (horizontal) receive antenna. This parameter has a normal
distribution N(M
XPD
,S
MPD
) and must be updated in the small scale basis.

DCM Power Profiles

DCM IR and FR
Di Discover
IR and FR
(which??)
Fading Profiles
Transition
T iti b i th f f Transition can be in the form of:
Between cells:
Hand over (channel completely changes and it is not Hand over (channel completely changes and it is not
required to define a transition function between two
handovers).
Between RE: Between RE:-
Cell is the same, so BS and MS are the same too and
only channel parameters such as global parameters
t b h d must be changed.
Between LRS:-
In each large scale update when local parameters g p p
change.

Implementation Approaches
COST259-DCM wasnt introduced as a method for implementation
modeling Implementation can be obtained using a hybrid model
p pp
modeling. Implementation can be obtained using a hybrid model
(deterministic and stochastic) such as a Geometrical based channel
where its parameters are determined by local parameters.
First define parameters using PDF and ACF (stochastic) and then First define parameters using PDF and ACF (stochastic) and then
implement using simple ray tracing method (deterministic).

3GPP Channel Model

MIMO 3GPP
3GPP channel is a MIMO channel (multiple MS and a BS with 3GPP channel is a MIMO channel (multiple MS and a BS with
sector or array antenna). This model is based on COST259-DCM
model but with some differences.
The model defines different and less Radio Environments : The model defines different and less Radio Environments :
Urban Macro
Suburban Macro
Urban Micro Urban Micro
Model has a different measurement parameters.
Model is simplified, for example, there is no Visibility Regions
for clusters number of clusters and number of MPCs are for clusters, number of clusters and number of MPCs are
constant.
Model has a identified form of antenna.
M d l t b MIMO it th t th MS t b Model must be a MIMO it means that more than one MS must be
modeled. That is why 3GPP did not live for long, i.e. can each
user have one antenna as a MIMO? A MIMO mislead.

Models Characteristics and

modeling frameworks modeling frameworks
3GPP Hardware Modeling:- Summary 3GPP Hardware Modeling: Summary
Directional , Non-Directional , Smart Antenna
Time Variant Distance Variant
C ll E i t F di M d li C bilit Cells Environments Fading Modeling Capability
Fast Fading Slow Fading Path Loss Modeling Capability
Deterministic Stochastic Geometrical Modeling hybrid
modeling
Most Important Channel models
COST207 Non-Directional, GSM, only short term fading , , y g
COST259 Directional , systems used array antenna, short &
long term fading &
3GPP is based on COST259 directional model but less
environments, some different measurement parameters &
consideration to 4G for OFDM
3GPP Hardware Simulator
Model Frameworks Model Frameworks
I
Channel
RandomGenerationof
dataandTraining
SequencesinBursts
withLineCoding(Uni
DifferentialCodingand
MarryModulation
DSP2
GenerationofRandom
sequencesV
i
(t),WSSUS,
Filtering,HilbertTransform,
Specular Reflection Model
IandQ
Channel
Q
Channel
g (
PolarRZ)
DSP1
SpecularReflectionModel,
COST259orCOST237
,DSP3&DSP4
MONITOR,
MASTERDSP
CONTROLLER
Channel
CONTROLLER
DSP8
Demodulationand
DifferentialDecoding
Adaptive PreDetection
I Channel Q Channel
DSP5
AdaptivePre Detection
FilterandDelay
Insertion+FIFO
DSP6
IChannel QChannel
Estimation/Prediction
Detection
+LineDecoding
DSP7
Scope1
Scope2
St d t A ti it

Student Activity
Draw the given simulator for all the work
learnt for 3GPP with MIMO in mind. What are
the detection boxes such as CDMA part??
3GPP Hardware Simulator
Model Frameworks Model Frameworks
FPGA
Chipset
Input/Outp
ut,
Buffering
and and
Control
Manageme
nts
Master DSP
Chipset
Slave DSP
Chipset p
Digital Signal
Processing
and Control
Signaling
p
Digital
Information
Processing
and Control

A typical 6-layer DSP/FPGA proposed circuit board

3GPP Hardware Simulation
Modeling with TMS320C6474 Modeling with TMS320C6474
WSSUS fading
envelopes envelopes
AWGN Noise over a AWGN Noise over a
4QAM modulated
data streams
3GPP Hardware Simulation
Modeling with TMS320C6474 Modeling with TMS320C6474
Considering a 3GPP
model, what area is
Hardware Simulator
representing??
References: References:
[1] M P t ld "M bil F di Ch l " J h Wil & [1]. M. Patzold, "Mobile Fading Channels", John Wiley &
Sons, 2002
[2]. H. Sasaoka, "Mobile Communications", IOS Press, [ ] , , ,
Wave Summit Course, 2000.
[3]. A. Falahati, "Hardware Wireless Channel
Simulators" IUST Press Vol 12 No 1 2000 Simulators , IUST Press, Vol.12, No. 1, 2000.
[4]. M. Abtahi and A. Falahati, "Frequency selective
Modeling of 3rd and 4th Generation wireless
h l ' IUST 2003 channels', IUST, 2003.
[5]. E. Boteni and A. Falahati, "Frequency selective
Hardware Simulator for 3rd Generation wireless
channels', IUST, 2007.