Basic Hydraulics

Rabi H. Mohtar ABE 325 The river continues on its way to the sea, broken the wheel of the mill or not. Khalil Gibran The forces on moving body of fluid mass are: 1. Inertial due to mass ( density) 2. Gravitational associated with specific gravity 3. Viscous related to viscosity () 4. Pressure to water/fluid Steady flow vs. transient flow Uniform vs. varied flow Pipeflow velocity changes with CS area Open channel velocity V changes with slope (s), CS area (A) and roughness (n) Shear stress:velocity relationship dv = dy

Pipeflow
inertial force viscous force R e <2000 laminar flow Re = = VD 2

Open Channel
v speed of flow = gy celerity (speed of wave) Fr#>1 supercritical Fr#=

R e >4500 turbulent Mass conservation: Q=A1V1=A2V2

Fr#<1 subcritical

Energy conservation:

Momentum conservation: Examples

A1V1 =A 2 V2 V2 = A1V1 A2

In the above network, what are the flows from the two reservoirs: Qi = 0 Q2 reservoirs + 800 + 450 (50 + 500 + 1000 + 250 + 200 + 300+ 150 + 400 + 100)=0 Q2 reservoirs = 1700 gpm Energy conservation

1 mv 2 2 2. potential energy mass of a body situated at a distance above a datum = Zg 3. energy due to pressure P*A=Force*L=energy PAL PAL P Unit mass = AL
1. kinetic energy mass flowing at a certain velocity =

Bernoullis Energy Equations: Energy = constant 1 2 P v + +gz=constant 2

v2 P + +z=constant 2g g 4. Mechanical energy (hm) pump (+ve) or turbine (-ve) add or remove energy
Friction forces or losses: 10.29 n 2 L Manning: h f = D5.33 Darcy Weisbach: L(ft) Q 2 h f (ft)=f D(ft) 2gA 2
Q K 1.852 10.44Q L C h f = 4.87 Hazen-Williams = or = KQ n 1.852 4.87 D CHW D \ Bernoullis can be written now between any 2 sections to (see image below) 2 2 P1 V P V +Z1 + 1 h m = 2 +Z2 + 2 +h L 2g 2g h f =0 (around a loop) Flow will split such that flow and will have the same friction loss.
1.852

Momentum Conservation
F = momentum fluxes leaving - momentum entering the system F=Q ( V 2 - V1 )

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) =Z + P

Energy Line (EL) =Z+ P + V

2g

V2 p

2g

hf hw

V
1 1 1

2g

2g
P

2g

So

Z
P

So

So

hf=hw=So for open channel Hazen William Friction Formula 1.852 Q K C h f = 4.87 D m h f = friction 100 m pipe length C = Hazen William (H-W) resistance coefficient D = diameter in mm Q = flow rate in l sec K = 1.22 * 1012 for SI units 1 C unlike n (Manning coef. ) is Inversely proportional to roughness (friction)

Pipe New coated steel aluminum w/ Asbestos-cement Plastic

C values 120 140 150

Minor losses Friction due to Bend, Valves, other fittings v2 hf = KL 2g K = coefficient of head losses Valves of KL for each of the components are available in the literature.

Orifice flow Q = CA 2gh C = 0.6 - 0.63 for sharp-edged orifices = 1 for smooth orifice A = area of orifice h = head Uses of this in open-channel in pipe flow
Open Channel Hydraulics: Continuity Equation: Q = AV Q = flow rate cfs or cms V = flow velocity mps or fps A = area of flow ft2 or m2

Velocity profile

Energy equation V12 P V2 P + Y1 + Z1 + 1 = 2 + Y2 + Z 2 + 2 + hL1 2 2g 2g velocity elevation pressure=0 in open channel kinetic energy potential energy Y = flow depth Z = channel elevation (bottom) P = pressure g = unit weight of water hL = energy loss if hL = negligible v2 + Y + z = constant 2g if Z=0 (datum = channel bottom)

v2 + Y = constant=E=specific energy for rectangular channel at depth y 2g q=vy q=flow per unit width q2 +y=E 2 gy 2 specific energy diagram dE critical depth flow with min E, i.e. yc is =0 dy
2 dE = 2q +1 = 0 2 gy 3 dy

or Yc = 3 q 2 / g or v =1 gyc v = Froude number gyc F = 1 critical flow F>1 supercritical flow F<1 subcritical flow
For non-rectangular channel F=
V Area dh=hydraulic depth= top width gdh

Life had stunned my eyes and left them so confused, they wanted to keep looking. Dant

Manning Equation R 3S 2 V= n n = surface roughness coefficient R = hydraulic radius (m) = Area/wetted perimeter S = slope of energy line slope of bed V = velocity in m/sec ft Insert a factor 3 3.281 = 1.486 m To convert to ft/sec 1.486R 3 S v= n substitute
2 1 2 2 1

Q=AV and R= Q= c A 3S
2 5 1 2

A then P

nP 3 c = 1 m3/sec c = 1.486 ft3/sec A = m2(ft2)

P = m(ft) S, Q, and n are solved explicitly

S= n= Q.np cA
5 5 2 3 3 1 2

cA 3 S
2

QP 3 A & P require an implicit solution, similarly flow depth, top width. This requires trial and error or Newton Raphson/regula falsi Design Velocity Table 7.2 of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Schwab 4th ed. 0.8 2.5 m/sec Roughness (n) 0.04 - 0.2 for small channels

Retardance Class Length of grass >30" 11 - 24" 6 10" 2 - 6" <2" To find n Orifice flow equation Q=AC 2gh Q=ft 3 / s design flow A=cross sectional Area ft 2 C=constant = 0.6 g=gravitational acceleration 32 ft/s 2 h=height of water above orifice in ft Example: Runoff = 1.5 in Terrace = 600 ft long with spacing of 100 ft If h=4 ft (ridge height) Find the diameter (D) for 48h max time of storage. Q=1.5 in 12 in 600 100 = 7500 ft 3 ft 3 q = 7500 ft / 8 hr/3600 s/h=0.043 ft 3 / s 9 A= = 0.0045 ft 2 C 2gL A= Class Good stand Fair stand A B B C C D D D E E

D2
4

= D=0.9 in=23 mm

Weir and Orifice Flow Equation from computer applications in hydraulic engineering Orifice flow equation across 1-2 (1 inside flow, 2 orifice location)

P1

+ Z1 +

V12 P V2 + H G = 2 + Z2 + 2 + H L 2g 2g

Z1 =Z2 ;V2 = 2g(H-H L ) V12 = 0; Q=AV2 = 2g(H-H L ) 2g P2 = 0; Q=AV2 = A 2g(H-H L )

P1

= H; Q=CA 2gH

Weir equation: V2 = 2g(H-H L ) AV2 = Q=LH 2g(H-H L ) C=weir coefficient that includes headloss and 2g Q=CLH
3 2

Steady, uniform flow Design criteria for open channel: 1. flow velocity is not serious scouring or sedimentation occurs 2. sufficient capacity to carry the design runoff 3. adequate depth 4. stable sideslopes

Mannings formula: 1.49 2 3 1 2 v= R S n v = average velocity (ft/sec) n = roughness coefficient, measure of channel lining resistance R = hydraulic radius (ft=area/wetted perimeter) S = hydraulic gradient (ft/ft) = headloss due to friction divided by channel length or sin, =angle between channel bottom as horizontal = slope of channel R is a measure of slope resistance of a channel
1.49 a 3 1 2 q= a S n p q is determined using design flow for T a and P are typically unknown n varies from 0.01 0.1. 0.04 is typical of grass-lined channels Most efficient section is close to a circular b=2d tan 2 d=depth b=bottom width =side slope angle with the horizontal
2

1. solve quadratic equation root 2. trial and error

variation of n and other uncertainties 1. stage and discharge

2. size and shape of channel affects R and V 3. vegetal cover seasonal changes in vegetal cover and the resistance due to flow depth

4. channel irregularities. They may change by 0.005 and therefore affect is at small values. 5. seasonal changes ice, vegetal, obstruction all change n n values table are available in all books. Table 6.1 Flow classification: Steady: does not vary in time Non-steady: varies in time Uniform: does not vary in space Non-uniform: varies in space Steady flow: 1. uniform 2. non-uniform a. gradually varied b. rapidly varie Unsteady flow 1. unsteady uniform flow (rare) 2. unsteady varied flow (unsteady flow) a. gradually varied b. rapidly varied

Open channel canal designs 1.49 2 3 1 2 v= R S n Types of open channel problems encountered: 1. Z, S, b, d, characteristic of channel Find Q Solution direct from Mannings Equation 2. Z, S, b, n, Q known Find y Solution A, P are functions of y Substitute all parameters (polynomial) Solve for y by trial and error

3. Z, S, Q, soil type (erodible) find b, d? Vmax in erodible channel Solution: Pick Vmax, n Mannings equation; solve for R 2 equations, 2 unknowns quadratic equation with only one acceptable solution 4. Vegetated channel (n=f(d)) usually Q is known (storm), S, grass type and management known. Find depth of flow d, D, & T, t Solution: a. Find retardance class for cut and uncut grass b. Select Vmax for mowed c. Determine A from continuity d. From Vmax, slope determine R trial or error Mannings or graphical solution for retardance class Fig. 4.15 (Soil and Water Conservation 4th ed., Schwab) e. 2 equations and 2 unknowns, solve for t and d f. the above solutions carries the flow during short grass period. How about when grass is tall? Add depth to carry capacity when grass is long. Pick D, determine T and R and A g. use retardance class chart, R, S to find v. h. Check Q for V and A i. If not adequate increase D until satisfied.

Channel Example Given: Short grass S = 0.5% = 0.005 Q = 50 ft3/s F.B.(Free Board) = 6" d = ? and total depth (D) n = 0.05 A = bd + Zd2 P = b + 2d Z 2 + 1 d(ft) A(ft2) 1 16 2 52 1.5 31.5 1.4 28

d 10 6 ft

1 Z=10

P(ft) 26.1 46.2 36.15 34.14

R(ft) 0.61 1.13 0.87 0.82

V(ft/s) 1.52 2.28 1.92 1.85

q(ft3/s) 24.3 118.6 60.1 51.7

Too shallow Too deep Too deep Close enough