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TRANSPOWER
Implementation date: March 2009
APPROVED
STANDARD
COPYRIGHT 2009 TRANSPOWER NEW ZEALAND LIMITED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This document is protected by copyright vested in Transpower New Zealand Limited (Transpower). No part of the document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means including, without limitation, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Transpower. No information embodied in the documents which is not already in the public domain shall be communicated in any manner whatsoever to any third party without the prior written consent of Transpower. Any breach of the above obligations may be restrained by legal proceedings seeking remedies including injunctions, damages and costs.
PREFACE
Issue 3 of this standard is a major revision of the previous Issue 2. It has been re-developed to: 1. 2. 3. Include clearances and spacings for 400 kV a.c. switchyards. Improve safety by requiring minimum maintenance access clearances to enable the use of mobile elevated work platforms (MEWPs) in order to reduce fall hazards. Improve safety by requiring work plane heights to be aligned with the New Zealand Department of Labour Code of Practice for Manual Handling (the design principles for manual handling are identical to those considered for determining work platform heights). Improve safety by up-dating minimum height to live metal clearances to improve access to circuit breaker mechanism boxes, and to prohibit designs based on the use of steps for this purpose as per Service Advisory TP.DS 62.01 SA1 (now superseded by this document). Improve safety by re-instating a minimum height requirement to the lowest insulating shed on insulating support columns. Improve safety by requiring existing installations that do not comply with minimum clearances as determined by national and international standards to be remedied by restricting access and use of warning signs. Improve circuit availability by requiring that routine maintenance and equipment change-outs can be carried without necessitating the shutdown of nearby energised circuits. Include design criteria for extending and modifying existing a.c. switchyard structures. Alignment with Australian practices except when this would involve conflict with IEC standards. The range of terms used has been significantly increased and these are defined in Appendix A Definitions.
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7. 8. 9.
Because of the extensive nature of the changes in this third issue of TP.DS 62.01 the Revision History log has been reset to restart again as at the date of issue.
Keywords clearances protective barriers and obstacles walking access clearance (W) maintenance groups, zones, and access provision for inadvertent movement (Di) mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs) spacings
CONTACT This document is the responsibility of Engineering Services Group, Transpower New Zealand Limited, Wellington. If you have any queries please contact the Engineering Services Manager. If you would like to make suggestions to improve this document, please use the Controlled Document Feedback Form located at the rear of this document or online via the Controlled Documentation homepage of the Transpower website at www.transpower.co.nz
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY Transpower New Zealand Limited makes no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in the document. Unless it is not lawfully permitted to do so, Transpower specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose and shall in no event be liable for, any loss of profit or any other commercial damage, including, but not limited to, special, incidental, consequential or other damages.
CONFIDENTIALITY All information disclosed in this document that is not general public knowledge must be treated as strictly confidential and may not be used or disclosed except for the purpose of developing documentation for the benefit of Transpower. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS The requirements set out in Transpowers standards are minimum requirements that must be complied with by contractors, including designers and other consultants. The contractor is expected to implement any practices which may not be stated but which can reasonably be regarded as good practices relevant to the purpose of this standard. Transpower expects contractors to improve upon these minimum requirements where possible and to integrate these improvements into their procedures and quality assurance plans.
PURPOSE
This standard defines minimum clearances to protect personnel, vehicles and equipment against inadvertent contact, or hazardous proximity, to exposed conductors, and defines the minimum basic clearances required in a.c. switchyards.
POLICY
All existing and new a.c. switchyards shall comply with New Zealand legal requirements and the requirements of international and national standards, and New Zealand industry documents as set out in Section 3, Compliance. New a.c. switchyards shall be designed so that the required continuity in service of energised equipment is maintained when nearby equipment is either maintained, or replaced. New a.c. switchyard layouts shall facilitate safe and efficient access by competent employees who are carrying out operations and maintenance work using mobile elevated work platforms where required. Where practical access for MEWPs shall also apply to modifications and extensions to existing a.c. switchyards.
COMPLIANCE
The design of Transpower a.c. switchyards shall meet the minimum clearance requirements of the following documents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IEC 61936-1 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. Common rules NZECP 34 New Zealand Code of Practice for Electrical Safe Distances AS 2067 High voltage installations and ESAA NENS 04 National guidelines for safe approach distances to electrical apparatus IEC 60071-2 Insulation co-ordination Part 2: Application guide IEC 60076-3 Power transformers Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air
Where conflict exists between the above documents they shall take precedence in the order listed. The design of Transpower a.c. switchyards shall facilitate compliance with the following documents: Electricity Regulations 1997 Regulations made under the HSE Act 1992 Safety Manual Electricity Industry (SM-EI) Code of Practice for Manual Handling, Department of Labour documents
Existing a.c. switchyards that do not fully comply shall be brought into line with the requirements of Section 8 Existing a.c. switchyards.
Insulation co-ordination Electric and magnetic field design parameters for a.c. 50 Hz transmission lines, substations and underground, cables Safety by design strategy and application: elimination of hazards for people, plant and the environment during construction, operations, maintenance and disposal Station security physical and electronic requirements Electrical design standard High voltage installations Code of practice for design of high voltage open-terminal stations National guidelines for safe approach distances to electrical apparatus International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Guidelines: Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying (1998) electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields Insulation co-ordination Part 2: Application guide Power transformers Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. Common rules Guide for substation fire protection Electrical Safe Distances Safety Manual Electricity Industry Electricity Regulations 1997 New Zealand Department of Labour Code Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
IEC 60071-2 IEC 60076-3 IEC 61936-1 IEEE 979 NZECP 34 SM-EI Electricity Regulations Code of Practice for Manual Handling HSE Act
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5.1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Design drawings Design drawings for all new a.c. switchyards, and extensions, or modifications to existing a.c. switchyards shall be prepared by the designer and submitted to Transpower for approval. These drawings shall include critical dimensions and show: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The proposed equipment maintenance groups. The proposed equipment maintenance zones. The type of temporary access equipment that can be used for routine maintenance and the replacement of equipment. Clearances and minimum spacings. Access ways for routine maintenance/ equipment change-outs.
Refer to the drawing series TP58394 for examples of points 1 to 5 above. 5.2 5.2.1 Continuity in service Routine maintenance All a.c. switchyards shall be designed so that routine maintenance can be safely carried out without the need to remove from service, nearby energized equipment in other circuits. Note that during replacement, upgrade or extension projects existing equipment within the associated maintenance group that does not meet this requirement shall, where practicable, be relocated to a position that does meet this requirement. 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 Equipment replacement Network security requirements Circuits shall be designed so that equipment can be safely replaced without the need to remove from service nearby energized equipment in other circuits. 5.2.2.2 Zero contingency circuits Where there is no back-up for circuits connected to a busbar (i.e. there is only n security), a new circuit connected to that busbar shall be designed so that circuit breakers can be safely replaced without the need to remove from service, either the busbar or nearby circuits. 5.2.2.3 Bus coupler installations Bus coupler installations shall be designed so that equipment can be safely replaced without the need to remove from service, nearby energized equipment in other circuits, including sections of bus. Example: To be able to replace the bus coupler circuit breaker and CTs with both adjacent busbars live. 5.3 5.3.1 Design co-ordination Switchyard layout and patterning Replicable layouts that can be readily related to the single line diagram shall be used. The equipment layouts and conductor dispositions in circuit bays of the same type (line, transformers, capacitor banks etc.) shall consistently conform to an established pattern. Electric and magnetic fields Close proximity to high voltage conductors can result in unacceptable exposure to electric and magnetic fields.
5.3.2
Notes: 1 Clearances are determined by LIWV not by nominal system or highest equipment voltages. 2 Reduced clearances may be used if there is no practical alternative, if other means are provided to prevent flashovers by birds or vermin. The reduced clearances are not to be used to calculate maintenance clearances, protective barrier/obstacle clearances, or security fence clearances. 3 110 kV lines which have a LIWV of 450 kVpk have a corresponding minimum clearance of 900 mm. 4 220 kV lines and transformers which have a LIWV of 950 kVpk (or 900 kVpk for transformers prior to about 1982) have a corresponding minimum clearance of 1900 mm.
Note:
The nearest IEC 61936-1 Nominal system voltage to 400 kV is 380 kV. Transpower has selected a nominal system voltage of 400 kV. As the nominal system voltage is defined as a suitable approximate value 400 kV is used in Table 2 as opposed to 380 kV.
Table 3: Standard clearances for safe access and conductor spacings A.C. voltages from August 2008
Nominal system voltage Minimum height of live parts above fixed accessible surfaces 1, 2 W (mm) 3070 3540 4540 5840 Minimum busbar (rigid type/ no sag) clearance height1 Busbar spacing centre line to centre line for rigid busbars Minimum vertical work safety clearance 1,3 V (includes DiV of 1000 mm) (mm) 3070 3540 4540 5840 Minimum horizontal work safety clearance 1,3 H (includes DiH of 1900 mm and Ma of 1900 mm)
Notes: 1. All clearances are surface to surface taut string distances, whereas conductor spacings are centre line to centre line measurements. 2. Refer to Figure 3 for installation example designed to achieve walking access clearance W. 3. The maintenance clearances H and V are based on the use of MEWPs as illustrated in Figure 9. 4. Because outdoor 33 kV and lower voltage level air insulated a.c. switchyards are no longer economic due to the comparatively low cost of indoor switchgear installations these are not included in the above table. 5. Because the trend is to phase out 50 kV lines and a.c. switchyards these are not included in the above table. Therefore for 50 kV installations design to 66 kV clearances.
Un (kV) 11 22 33 50 66 110 220 (mm) 3000 3000 3000 3000 3100 3500 4500 (mm) 4000 4000 4000 4000 4100 4500 5500
Refer to Section 8.
Table 5: Acceptable safety distances for installations built prior to 20th April 2005
Nominal system voltage Minimum height of live parts above fixed accessible surfaces Minimum busbar (rigid type/ no sag) clearance height assuming vehicle access
Un (kV) 11 22 33 50 66 110 220 (mm) 2600 2700 2800 2900 3100 3500 4500 (mm) 3600 3700 3800 3900 4100 4500 5500
Refer to Section 8.
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6.1
6.2
Basic electrical clearances Tables 1 and 2 list Transpower nominal system voltages, highest equipment voltages, lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV) and corresponding minimum phase to earth clearances (N) and phase to phase clearances. These clearances are used for a.c. switchyard structures, conductors, and insulators etc. that, for practical reasons, have not been tested for compliance with the LIWV type tests, either individually or as a total built unit. The clearances are based on conservative criteria and are to be used for any outdoor equipment that has not passed the appropriate LIWV type test. Circumstances when increased clearances are, or may be required, are detailed in subsection 6.3. Increased minimum clearances under special conditions Circumstances when the minimum clearances given in Tables 1 and 2 shall be or may require to be increased are as follows: (a) (b) Minimum clearances between conductors of an installation that may be subject to phase opposition shall be 20 % higher than the standard minimum values. Minimum clearances between conductors of an installation, which are assigned to different insulation levels, shall be 25 % higher than the standard minimum values established for the higher insulation level present. Where conductors can move under the influence of short circuit forces, at least 50 % of the standard minimum clearances shall be maintained as a minimum. Where conductors can move under the influence of wind, at least 75 % of the standard minimum clearances shall be maintained as a minimum.
6.3
(c) (d)
6.4
Reduced minimum clearances under special conditions In cases where there is insufficient space available to achieve the minimum clearances then, subject to approval by Transpower, reduced clearances may be used provided that suitable measures are put in place such as barriers or obstacles to ensure the protection of personnel, and provided the achieved probability of flashover is controlled to a level acceptable to Transpower.
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7.1
Fundamental design requirement for safety Designs must ensure that competent personnel can carry out operating and maintenance procedures without inadvertently encroaching within the danger zone. The danger zone is defined by the minimum phase to earth clearance (N) to live conductors.
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Figure 3: Minimum design dimensions for walking access Note, as in the case of capacitor voltage transformers, attention to detail is required since the lowest live conductor is not always located at the equipment terminals.
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The preferred means of access for maintenance work is a MEWP. Junction boxes shall not be located such that they impede the positioning of temporary work platforms. For example, equipment should not be located in the area in front of a circuit breaker, or the area along the side adjacent to the access route for maintenance plant. It shall be possible to maintain equipment such as boundary fences, spare transformer units etc. without requiring shutdown of any primary electrical equipment. 7.4.1 Equipment maintenance access groups Equipment maintenance groups are formed by splitting the equipment into logical groups, any of which can be removed from service as a group for routine maintenance and inspection. A typical example of this is indicated in Figure 4.
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Figure 4: SLD primary equipment maintenance groups 7.4.2 Equipment maintenance zones Maintenance zones are based upon the maintenance access width, the volume occupied by the equipment, and the work plane heights. Refer to Figures 5, 6 and 7 below.
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Figure 5: CB/CT maintenance access envelope and zone plan view The required height of the temporary work platform is determined by the highest work plane height. Generally, the highest work plane shall be at the same height as the highest equipment point, and for ergonomic reasons, is taken as being located 1000 mm above the work platform. For circuit breakers the highest work plane shall be at the same height as the highest terminals, and taken as being located 1000 mm above the work platform for ergonomic reasons.
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Figure 6: Maintenance access envelope and zone vertical view A maintenance access width plus sufficient room to facilitate replacement of major components, as well as replacement of the entire unit of equipment, shall be provided around the periphery of all large equipment items such as transformers.
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Figure 7: Transformer maintenance access It may not always be practical to provide an access width along each side of an item of equipment in order to meet general requirements. The maintenance access series of drawings TP58394 (refer subsection 5.1 above) is being extended to show maintenance access arrangements as they become available for various types of equipment. 7.4.3 Positioning of temporary elevated work platforms Temporary elevated work platforms shall be able to be safely moved into the work position without requiring outages of equipment other than the equipment to be worked on. The component distances in Figures 8 and 9 have been selected to cater for a reasonably wide range of MEWPs as used by contractors.
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Di values to be used: MEWP boom or stick type Scissor lift platform Ladder Vehicle, or mobile plant in transit (subsection 7.9) All other applications, unless the type of equipment justifies the use of a value of Di Ma values to be used: MEWP boom or stick type Scissor lift platform Ladder Security fence spacing (subsection 7.10) Protective barriers and obstacles All other applications 1900 mm 1900 mm 25 % of working length of ladder (mm) 1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm for DiV and 1900 mm for DiH 1000 mm for DiV and 1500 mm for DiH 300 mm for DiV (allows for one step) and 0 m for DiH 1000 mm for DiH, and 0 mm for DiV 0 mm
7.5 7.5.1
Busbar heights and spacings Busbar mounting heights Generally busbar mounting heights are to comply with Table 3 to allow vehicles and plant to pass underneath. The required height is to the lowest part of the busbar. For vertically spaced busbars the required height is the height to the lowest part of the lowest busbar. Mounting heights for flexible busbars and other sections of live conductor shall be designed such that under the worst combination of conditions the minimum height at any point shall not be less than that required by Table 3. Busbars mounted in a special enclosure, which prevents access to personnel while the equipment is live, may be mounted at any height sufficient to give phase to earth clearances in accordance with Table 1 and 2. In such cases protective barriers shall be installed in accordance with subsection 7.8.
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7.7
Drawings of the proposed alternative shall be submitted to Transpower for approval by the Manager responsible for this standard and approval of the manager responsible for equipment maintenance.
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Figure 11: Scissor lifts heights and clearances fall back option 1 Where the provisions of this Standard cannot be practicably achieved, the designer may propose an alternative solution for Transpowers consideration, or request advice from Transpower on alternative acceptable solutions. For example, in the case of scissor type
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Figure 12: Protection against direct contact Protective barriers shall be of substantial construction and shall be suitable for the environment in which they are located. They shall limit the approach of personnel carrying out routine inspections, operations or maintenance to a safe distance from the live parts.
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7.9.2
(c) Franna AT-20 (20 tonne crane, required clearance height 3100 mm). The minimum turning radii shall be based on the largest specified turning radii of these types plus 1000 mm. 3. 4. In combination with the maintenance zones and available area enable equipment change-outs to be carried out safely and efficiently. Meet the minimum access route profile requirements as indicated in the figures below.
Note, the above crane and MEWPs have been selected solely for the purpose of ensuring that design access envelopes cater for a reasonable range of mobile plant that the maintenance contractors may need to use for typical bay equipment. 7.9.4 Transformer or heavy item access Formed heavy transport routes shall be provided for the installation and removal of transformers or other heavy items. Access routes for transformer transporters and cranes intended for lifting transformers shall meet the requirements of Figures 13 to 16 except that the vehicle envelope shall have a minimum width of 3000 mm and a minimum height of 4500 mm. Actual transformer
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7.9.6
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Figure 14: Vehicle access between de-energised bay and live bay
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Figure 16: Vehicle access around inside of security fence Corners of access routes around structure perimeters shall, where practical, have an outside radius of not less than 10,000 mm.
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7.10
Security fence clearances The clearances/ distance between switchyard perimeter security fences and equipment shall comply with the minimum requirements of Figure 16. Where this is not possible the minimum security fence clearances shall be based on one of the following alternatives: (a) (b) N + 1000 mm, when boundary fence is a solid wall; N + 1500 mm, when boundary fence is mesh/ with openings construction.
For alternatives (a) and (b) the fence must be of a low maintenance type to minimise equipment outages for maintenance work. For maintenance purposes the top of the security fence is to be treated as a work plane, and the overhead live conductor limit designed to be no less than V (refer to Figure 16). Vertically above and beyond the outside of the security fence the provisions of NZECP 34 apply with regard to vertical height of the conductor above the ground and the top of the fence. 7.11 7.11.1 Safe access to operational equipment Equipment mechanism boxes Safe access from an accessible surface (normally at ground level) shall be provided for operational or in-service inspection purposes of equipment mechanisms, counters, gauges, mechanism boxes etc.
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8
8.1
8.2
8.3
Non-compliant existing structures Where existing structures do not comply with the above requirements appropriate permanent signage and protective obstacles (fences and bollards) shall be put in place to achieve compliance/ control the hazards to safe levels, until such time as replacement can be justified.
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Figure 19: Protection against direct contact Within outdoor installations a minimum protective obstacle clearance of N + 300 mm (minimum 600 mm) shall be maintained from live parts to the internal surface of any protective obstacle (see Figure 19 above). Protective obstacles shall be located so that the minimum clearance from where an operator may stand on the accessible side of the obstacle to the live part. This is determined by a taut string distance of W. Protective obstacles shall be a minimum height of 1200 mm and a maximum height of 1400omm to be effective. Appropriate warning signage shall be provided.
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Note: Table 1 clearances are generally lower than those in the predecessor documents. There have been a number of significant reductions in clearances since Electrical Design Standard DC 3.1.2, 1974 was issued. 2. The minimum heights of live metal above ground level specified in Electrical Design Standard DC 3.1.2, 1974 are satisfied.
Note: Minimum heights of live metal above ground level were revised by Transpower to accept the values specified in Electrical Design Standard DC 3.1.2, 1974 for existing older structures. Service Advisory TP.DS 62.01 SA1 which was issued on 20th April 2005 for this purpose, is now superseded by this Issue of TP.DS 62.01, and which includes DC 3.1.2 as an appendix. 3. Maintenance access spacings as per original design shall not be reduced.
Note: It is particularly important that when bulk oil circuit breakers are being replaced, care is taken to ensure that there are sufficient clearances for inspection and testing of the replacement circuit breaker. This is because modern SF6 live tank circuit breakers typically have a greater height profile than designed for when bulk oil circuit breakers were installed in older structures. The clearances to the terminals of the SF6 live tank circuit breakers must be sufficient to allow for connection of test equipment with adjacent equipment in service. 4. The original layout and patterning of equipment shall not be varied if the variation means that safety is compromised.
Note: Replacing existing equipment with equipment that requires more space in structures that have minimal clearance is not permitted where the minimal clearances are significantly reduced. Minimal clearances typically occur in older structures where the voltage is < 50 kV. As a guide, if the clearance between ground and any part of the equipment and live metal is less than N + 2440 then the clearance is considered to be minimal. For example it is considered unsafe practice to replace a 33 kV circuit breaker with a larger 66 kV circuit breaker if this results in the distance between the nearest live metal at the point of isolation and where earths are to be applied is reduced. 5. Wherever reasonably practical compliance with the latest standard shall be achieved during modification or extension.
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9.1
Transformers The minimum phase to phase and phase to earth clearance and terminal spacings for transformers shall comply with IEC 60076-3 except that the minimum phase to phase and phase to earth clearance and spacings for 33 kV and below shall be 500 mm respectively. Spacings shall include an additional allowance of 150 mm for the space taken up by the terminal connection. The minimum distance from a transformer to another transformer, building or other equipment shall comply with IEC 61936-1 (see also IEEE 979 Guide for substation fire protection). This only applies to new transformer bays. If an existing transformer bay is being upgraded then the opportunity should be taken to include a fire resistant wall if this is practicable.
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APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS
Terms in this standard are used as defined in TP.AG 10.02 Transpower Glossary. Other definitions are: clearance: The distance between two conductive parts or between a live part and earth along a string stretched the shortest way between these conductive parts (the taut string distance). (See also definition of taut string distance). competent: An employee is competent when they can demonstrate to Transpower, at any time, that they have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience to carry out work within a switchyard safely, to the standards used by Transpower. danger zone: The zone defined by the minimum phase to earth clearance (N) around exposed live parts. Note: Exposed includes insulated but not to full working voltage. distance for inadvertent movement (Di): The distance, vertical (DiV) and/or horizontal (DiH), which is allowed for the inadvertent movement of both personnel and machines. earthed: Effectively connected to the general mass of earth. enclosure: The part providing protection of equipment against certain external influences and protection against direct contact from any direction. highest equipment voltage: The highest r.m.s value of phase to phase voltage for which the equipment is designed in respect of its insulation as well as other characteristics that relate to this voltage in the relevant equipment standards. horizontal reach (Rh): The horizontal reach of a person allowed for the purposes of working from a fixed work platform shall be 1440 mm. horizontal work safety clearance (H): The minimum distance measured horizontally between live parts and the equipment to be worked on. This distance includes an allowance of 300 mm for use of hand held tools. LIWV: Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage. live: Connected to a source of electrical supply or subject to hazardous induced or capacitive voltage. maintenance access width (Ma): The access width provided for maintenance access, and within which ladders and mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs) from which maintenance is carried out are located. maintenance clearance: A collective term for horizontal work safety clearance (H), vertical work safety clearance (V), and walking access clearance (W). maintenance zone: A zone comprising the equipment to be worked on, the surrounding maintenance access width, and the associated space required for maintenance work, and within which work from pre-planned work platform locations may be carried out. minimum height: The smallest permissible vertical clearance between accessible surfaces and live parts without protection against direct contact, or those parts that may be subject to a hazardous voltage. minimum phase to earth clearance (N): The smallest permissible clearance in air between live parts and earth or between live parts and parts at earth potential (values of N as per IEC 61936-1 are used in this design standard). minimum phase to phase clearance: smallest permissible clearance in air between live parts of different phases or between the same phase that are electrically separate from another.
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APPENDIX A
network security: A term used to describe the ability or capacity of a network to provide service after one or more equipment failures. It can be defined by deterministic planning criteria such as (n), (n-1), (n-2) security contingency. A security contingency of (n-m) at a particular location in the network means that m component failures can be tolerated without loss of service. nominal value: The value of a quantity used to designate and identify a component, device, equipment or system. nominal system voltage: A suitable approximate value of voltage used to designate or identify a system Note: Any reference to nominal voltage means nominal system voltage. protection against direct contact: Measures that prevent the body of a person or an object (reaching into the danger zone) persons coming into hazardous proximity to live parts or those parts that could carry a hazardous voltage. protective barrier: The part providing protection against direct contact from any usual direction of access. protective obstacle: The part preventing unintentional access to an area where safety clearances will be infringed, but not preventing access to this area by deliberate action. security fence clearance: The smallest permissible clearance, measured horizontally, between an external fence and live conductors. SIWV: Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage. spacings: The distances measured between centre lines of conductors or equipment. standard person: Figure 2 shows the height and reach of the standard person. This is based on AS 2067. switchyard: An area, enclosed by a security fence, containing normally live conductors and/or other exposed live material. taut string distance: The distance between two parts measured along a taut string stretched the shortest way between those parts. vertical reach (Rv): The maximum vertical reach of a person (2440 mm) measured from the accessible surface or temporary work platform floor. The accessible surface is either ground level, or a fixed walkway. (This is based on AS 2067, and includes an allowance of 300 mm for use of a hand held tool) vertical work safety clearance (V): The minimum distance measured vertically between live parts and the work plane. This distance includes an allowance of 300 mm for use of a hand held tool. voltage range I: Voltage in the range 1 kV < Um up to and including 245 kV. voltage range II: Voltage in the range Um > 245 kV. walking access clearance (W): The minimum safe clearance distance, measured as a taut string distance to be observed between normally exposed live parts and any accessible surface which a person may walk on (normally ground level) in an outdoor installation of open design. Work plane: The work plane is taken to be at waist height (1000 mm) above the accessible surface or temporary work platform. 1000 mm is a nominal value that may be varied, but should not be increased without careful consideration of the nature and duration of the work to be undertaken.
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APPENDIX B
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