De Smet Presentation 1

Marc Kellens
Desmet Ballestra Group,
Zaventem, Belgium
Oil Processing Challenges in the 21th Century:
Enzymes Key to Quality and Profitability
De Smet Presentation 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08
Palm
Soybean
Rapeseed
Sunflower
Peanut
Cotton
Palm kernel
Coconut
Olive
M
i
l
l
i
o
n

t
o
n
s
Production period
PO+PKO
%
30.1
29.4
14.4
8.7
4.3
4.0
3.7
2.9
2.5
USA
Mercosur
Canada
Europe
Malaysia
Indonesia
Major vegetable oils evolution
> 85%
World Vegetable Oil Production
World Vegetable Oil Production
SBO
PO
De Smet Presentation 3
35.7
39.0
In 30 years a 10-fold increase
In 40 years a 7-fold increase
Palm & Soybean oil production
Palm & Soybean oil production
evolution
evolution
SBO = high unsat oil
PO = high sat oil
De Smet Presentation 4
OIL OIL
QUALITY QUALITY
Organoleptic/stability
Functional Properties
Nutritional Quality
-Bland taste, no odor
-Light color (brilliant)
-High thermal stability
-High oxidative stability
-Long shelf life
- Good melting profile
- Desired Plasticity
- Crystallisation kinetics
- Balanced FA composition (SFA/MUFA/PUFA, 3-6)
- Low or no trans FA (< 1%)
- High natural antioxidants (tocopherols) and vitamins
Refining
Refining
Modification
Modification
Increased demand for high quality oils
Trends in Oil Processing
Trends in Oil Processing
De Smet Presentation 5
Crude Oil Crude Oil
Soapstock
Acid gums
Acid / NaOH
Neutralising
Acid degumming
Neutralising Neutralising
Acid Acid degumming degumming
Bleaching
Bleaching Bleaching
Bleaching earth
Filtration Filtration
Steam
Deodorisation
Deodorisation Deodorisation
RBD Oil RBD Oil
Bottling or
Further
Processing
FAD
Gums
(Lecithin)
Degumming
Degumming Degumming
Gums
(Lecithin)
Degumming
Degumming Degumming
Water
Classical oil processing
>high unsats: chemical (FFA > soaps)
>high sats: physical (FFA > FAD)
Trends in Oil refining
Trends in Oil refining
De Smet Presentation 6
Strong demand for more efficient processes
* More cost efficient processes:
- Lower investment & processing costs,
- Valorisation and/or reduction of by-products
* Flexible plants:
- Capable of processing multiple oils
* Fully automated plants:
- Higher consistency of operation, lower manpower cost
* Larger capacities (economics of scale):
200-300 TPD 1000 -> 2000 TPD
Trends in Oil refining
Trends in Oil refining
De Smet Presentation 7
Refineries need to reply to more and more stringent
environmental rules and at same time need to improve
their efficiency on both operational cost and delivery of
highest quality
Trend: - less chemicals, more physical treatment
- more sustainable, less energy
- less environmental impact: zero effluent
- maximum retention of nutritional quality
More bio, eco, green enzymes a solution?
Trends in Oil refining
Trends in Oil refining
De Smet Presentation 8
More (energy) efficient & More (energy) efficient & environmentally environmentally friendly friendly
processes processes
Trends in edible oil processing
Increased attention for the Increased attention for the nutritional nutritional quality quality
Milder Milder processing giving more natural products processing giving more natural products
ENZYMATIC PROCESSES ENZYMATIC PROCESSES
Enzymatic oil processing
Enzymatic oil processing
De Smet Presentation 9
Aspects of enzymatic process
PROS
PROS
- - Mild Mild , , natural natural process process
- -Environmentally Environmentally friendly friendly
- - Very Very specific specific, , less less random random
CONS
CONS
- - Sensitive to Sensitive to heat heat and and pH pH
- - Sensitive to Sensitive to feedstock feedstock quality quality ( (impurities impurities) )
- - Cost Cost ( (mostly mostly higher higher than than conventional conventional chemicals chemicals) )
Enzymatic processing
Enzymatic processing
De Smet Presentation 10
Seed
Seed
Frying oil
Frying oil
Speciality Fats
Speciality Fats
Margarine
Margarine
Frying oil
Frying oil
Speciality Fats
Speciality Fats
Margarine
Margarine
Crude
Oil
Crude
Oil
Refined
Oil
Refined
Oil
Cracking
Cracking
Dehulling
Dehulling
Flaking
Flaking
Cleaning / Drying
Cleaning / Drying
Preparation
Cracking
Cracking
Dehulling
Dehulling
Flaking
Flaking
Cleaning / Drying
Cleaning / Drying
Preparation
Meal
Meal
Bleaching
Bleaching
Neutralising
Neutralising
Deodorising
Deodorising
Winterising
Winterising
Degumming
Degumming
Refining
Bleaching
Bleaching
Neutralising
Neutralising
Deodorising
Deodorising
Winterising
Winterising
Degumming
Degumming
Refining
Mechanical Extraction
Mechanical Extraction
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Extraction
Extraction
Mechanical Extraction
Mechanical Extraction
Solvent Extraction
Solvent Extraction
Extraction
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation
Interesterification
Interesterification
Fractionation
Fractionation
Modification
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation
Interesterification
Interesterification
Fractionation
Fractionation
Modification
Lubricants
Lubricants
Soap
Soap
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Lubricants
Lubricants
Soap
Soap
Biodiesel
Biodiesel
Oleochemical
Processes
Oleochemical
Processes
Enzyme processes in
Enzyme processes in
Oilseed/Oil processing
Oilseed/Oil processing
Enzymatic
degumming
Enzymatic IE
Enzymes
De Smet Presentation 11
more selective than chemicals, thus attacking ONLY more selective than chemicals, thus attacking ONLY
phospholipids phospholipids
Main driver: oil quality or oil profitability?
treated gums contain less entrained oil, so higher yield treated gums contain less entrained oil, so higher yield
with cost of enzymes << additional oil yield with cost of enzymes << additional oil yield : a winner : a winner
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
Why does it take so long to
convince industry?
De Smet Presentation 12
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
O
CH
2
-O-P-O-X
O
O
2
CH -O-C-R
1
=
=
R
2
-C-O-CH
O
=
-
R
1
, R
2
: Fatty acids
X : H (PA), choline (PC),
ethanolamine (PE),
serine (PS), inositol (PI),
Hydratable PL Non Hydratable PL Non- -hydratable PL hydratable PL
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
De Smet Presentation 13
O
CH2-O-C-R1
R2-C-O-CH
O O
CH2-O-P-O-X
O
Phospholipase A1
Phospholipase A2
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase D
X = H, choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, etc.
Phospholipase B
5 5 subclasses subclasses of of Phospholipases Phospholipases
A1, A2, B, C and D A1, A2, B, C and D
Phospholipases Phospholipases A1, A2, C A1, A2, C
are are commercially commercially available available
( (Novozymes Novozymes, , Danisco Danisco, , Verenium Verenium) )
PHOSPHOLIPASES
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
De Smet Presentation 14
O
CH
2
-O-P-O-X
O
O
2
CH -O-C-R
1
=
=
R
2
-C-O-CH
O
=
-
O
CH
2
-O-P-O-X
O
O
2
CH OH
1
=
=
R
2
-C-O-CH
O
=
-
H-O-C-R
H O
2
+ + + +
Phospholipase Phospholipase A1 or A2 A1 or A2
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS
LYSO LYSO- -PHOSPHOLIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS FFA FFA
- - Conversion of (non-hydratable) PL in hydratable Lyso-PL and FFA
- - 0.036% FFA formed for each 0.1% PL converted
ENZYMATIC CONVERSION PLA1/PLA2
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
De Smet Presentation 15
ENZYMAX

process by Lurgi
- First industrial EDG process started early 90s
- Use of heat stable phospholipase A2
- Efficient if on high Q and fresh crude oil
- High enzyme cost made enzyme recycling necessary
- From porcine pancreas problems with acceptability
- - limited limited sources sources and and availability availability of of enzyme enzyme
Past situation EDG
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
Introduction of costefficient physical degumming alternatives
(TOP, SOFT, IMPAC) blocked breakthrough of EDG
De Smet Presentation 16

Improved EDG by
Improved EDG by
Novozymes
Novozymes
(end 90s)
(end 90s)
- - Phospholipase Phospholipase A1 ( A1 (Lecitase Lecitase Ultra Ultra Novozymes Novozymes) )
- - Stable and Stable and less less expensive expensive enzymes ( enzymes (third third generation generation) )
- - Temperature optimum : 55C, pH optimum : 6 Temperature optimum : 55C, pH optimum : 6
- - Residence: 3 Residence: 3- -6 hrs = f(catalyst consumption) 6 hrs = f(catalyst consumption) < 2 hr ! < 2 hr !
- - No enzyme No enzyme recycling recycling necessary necessary , , comsumption comsumption 50 50 ppm ppm
- - Microbial origin No problems with acceptability Microbial origin No problems with acceptability
Re-introduction EDG
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
Several industrial plants running today costcompetitive
Main negative point: what to do with high FFA ?
De Smet Presentation 17
Citric Acid Citric Acid
NaOH NaOH to to
neutralise neutralise
citric acid citric acid
Water Water
Oil Tank
Oil Pump
Heater
Retention
Vessel
Retention vessels
30C
55C
30 min
1 hour
Centrifugal
Separator
Hydrolised Hydrolised
gums gums
High
Shear
Mixer
55C
Low
Shear
Mixer
70C
3-6 hours
Enzyme
High
Shear
Mixer
Enzymatic Enzymatic Degumming Degumming
To Silica
Treatment
To DT
(extraction)
Degummed Degummed
oil oil
Crude
oil
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
PLA1
PLA1
(
(
Lecitase
Lecitase
Ultra)
Ultra)
De Smet Presentation 18
Case
Case
study
study
Conventional
Conventional
SBO
SBO
water
water
-
-
followed
followed
by
by
acid
acid
-
-
degumming
degumming
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
Gums WDG
2,80% yield 97,2%
2,00% PL 0,50% PL
0,80% NO
Acid gums ADG
0,90% yield 96,30%
0,45% PL 0,05% PL
0,45% NO
total loss: 3,70%
1000 ppm P
200 ppm P
20 ppm P
PL: phospholipids
P: phosphorous
NO: neutral oil
LL: lysolecithin
WDG :waterdegumming
ADG: acid degumming
De Smet Presentation 19
Case
Case
study
study
Crude
Crude
SBO PLA1
SBO PLA1
degumming
degumming
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
Gums PLA EDG
1,93% yield 98,1%
1,68% PL 0,25% PL
0,25% NO 0,57% FFA
Acid gums ADG
0,40% yield 97,67%
0,20% PL 0,05% PL
0,20% NO
total loss: 2,33%
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
Gums PLA EDG
2,10% yield 97,9%
1,83% PL 0,05% PL
0,27% NO 0,62% FFA
Acid gums ADG
0,00% yield 97,90%
0,00% PL 0,05% PL
0,00% NO
total loss: 2,10%
Partial
EDG
Full
EDG
70% conversion PL to LL+FFA
De Smet Presentation 20

Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL (1000
Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL (1000
ppm
ppm
P)
P)
- - Full EDG Full EDG vs vs (WDG & ADG) (WDG & ADG)
- - P < 20 ppm P < 20 ppm
- - Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.3 Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.3- -1.6% 1.6%
- - Gain in FFA: about 0.5 Gain in FFA: about 0.5- -0.6% 0.6%
- - Net gain in RBD Net gain in RBD oil oil yield yield after after full full refining refining: : 0.8 0.8- -1% 1%
- - Net gain in FAD yield after full refining: Net gain in FAD yield after full refining: 0.5 0.5- -0.6% 0.6%
FAD FAD l loss ! oss !
- - No soaps, gums but also no lecithin ! No soaps, gums but also no lecithin !
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
PLA1
PLA1
De Smet Presentation 21

EDG by
EDG by
Danisco
Danisco
- - Acyltransferase Acyltransferase ( (~ ~PLA2 type) ( PLA2 type) (Lysomax Lysomax Oil Oil Danisco Danisco) )
- - Temperature 50 Temperature 50- -60C and pH 5 60C and pH 5- -7 7
- - Very short reaction (30 min!) Very short reaction (30 min!)
- - No enzyme No enzyme recycling recycling , , comsumption comsumption 100 100 ppm ppm
- - Microbial origin No problems with acceptability Microbial origin No problems with acceptability
- - (Part of) FFA esterified with free sterols, giving less/no FFA (Part of) FFA esterified with free sterols, giving less/no FFA
New enzymes (1)
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
No industrial plants yet running, results to be confirmed
De Smet Presentation 22
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
using
using
Acyltransferase
Acyltransferase
(AT) (
(AT) (
Danisco
Danisco
)
)
- - Conversion of PL in LL and FFA (part) re-esterified with sterols
- - 0.065% FFA re-esterified with each 0.1% free sterols,
PL
LL
- - 0.036% FFA formed for each 0.1% PL converted to LL
De Smet Presentation 23
Case
Case
study
study
Crude
Crude
SBO AT
SBO AT
degumming
degumming
Full
EDG
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
0,30% free sterols
Gums AT EDG
2,60% yield 97,4%
2,27% PL 0,05% PL
0,34% NO 0,00% FFA
0,50% est. sterols
Acid gums ADG
0,00% yield 97,40%
0,00% PL 0,05% PL
0,00% NO 0,50% est. Sterols
total loss: 2,60%
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
0,30% free sterols
Gums AT EDG
2,10% yield 97,9%
1,83% PL 0,05% PL
0,27% NO 0,43% FFA
0,50% est. sterols
Acid gums ADG
0,00% yield 97,90%
0,00% PL 0,05% PL
0,00% NO 0,50% est. Sterols
total loss: 2,10%
70% conversion PL to LL+FFA Part FFA esterified with sterols
No FFA
increase
With FFA
increase
De Smet Presentation 24

Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL, 0.3% Sterols
Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL, 0.3% Sterols
- - Full EDG Full EDG vs vs (WDG & ADG) (WDG & ADG)
- - P < 20 ppm P < 20 ppm
- - Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.1 Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.1- -1.6% 1.6%
- - Gain in FFA: about 0 Gain in FFA: about 0- -0.4% 0.4%
- - Net gain in RBD Net gain in RBD oil oil yield yield after after full full refining refining: : 1.1 1.1- -1.2% 1.2%
- - Net gain in FAD yield after full refining: Net gain in FAD yield after full refining: 0.0 0.0- -0.4% 0.4%
Any effect esterified vs free sterols on oil stability? Any effect esterified vs free sterols on oil stability?
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
AT
AT
De Smet Presentation 25
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
using
using
AT
AT
(
(
Lysomax
Lysomax
Oil
Oil
)
)
Lysomax Lysomax Oil Oil degumming degumming Process Process very very similar similar to to Lecitase Lecitase Ultra ( Ultra (less less residence residence) )
De Smet Presentation 26

EDG by
EDG by
Verenium
Verenium
- - Phospholipase Phospholipase C ( C (Purifine Purifine Verenium Verenium) )
- - Temperature 60C and pH 7 Temperature 60C and pH 7
- - Rather short reaction (1 Rather short reaction (1- -2 hrs) 2 hrs)
- - No enzyme No enzyme recycling recycling , , comsumption comsumption 200 200 ppm ppm
- - Microbial origin No problems with acceptability Microbial origin No problems with acceptability
- - Attacks only PE/PC, not PA/PI Attacks only PE/PC, not PA/PI
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
First industrial plants under construction, no real industrial
data available yet but highly promissing
Recent introduction of new enzymes (2)
De Smet Presentation 27
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
using
using
PLC
PLC
(
(
Verenium
Verenium
)
)
0.84% DAG formed for each 0.1% PL (40 ppm P) converted
De Smet Presentation 28
Case
Case
study
study
Crude
Crude
SBO PLC
SBO PLC
degumming
degumming
Full
EDG
100%
conversion +
PE/PC
no
free
FFA
Crude soybean oil
100%
2,50% PL
Gums PLC EDG
1,06% yield 98,9%
0,92% PL 0,25% PL
0,14% NO 1,33% DAG
Acid gums ADG
0,40% yield 98,54%
0,20% PL 0,05% PL
0,20% NO
total loss: 1,46%
70%PE/PC
70% conversion PL (PE/PC) to DAG+ Phosphate residue
De Smet Presentation 29

Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL (70% PE/PC)
Case study crude SB0 2.5% PL (70% PE/PC)
- - EDG EDG vs vs waterdegumming waterdegumming / ADG / ADG
- - P < 100 ppm, post P < 100 ppm, post- -ADG needed (or PLA ADG needed (or PLA- -EDG!) EDG!)
- - Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.8 / 2.2% Gain in crude oil yield: about 1.8 / 2.2%
- - No FFA, no extra loss in deodorising No FFA, no extra loss in deodorising
- - Net gain in RBD Net gain in RBD oil oil yield yield after after full full refining refining: :1.8 / 2.2% 1.8 / 2.2%
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
PLC
PLC
Best economics when combining PLC-WDG with PLA-EDG
De Smet Presentation 30
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
degumming
degumming
:
:
key
key
=
=
yield
yield
Main driving factor: yield
+ Less oil loss with gums, giving higher oil yields + Less oil loss with gums, giving higher oil yields
+ Very suitable for high PL + Very suitable for high PL- -oils (SBO, RSO) not for PO oils (SBO, RSO) not for PO
+ Less effluent, less low value + Less effluent, less low value- -added side products added side products
+/ +/- - Not Not all all processes processes yet yet industrially industrially proven proven, ,
but but high high expectations expectations
+/ +/- - Enzyme cost main factor in OPEX, low CAPEX Enzyme cost main factor in OPEX, low CAPEX
- - No lecithin No lecithin
- - what enzyme to use? Now & in future? what enzyme to use? Now & in future?
De Smet Presentation 31
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
deoiling
deoiling
of
of
gums
gums
(EDO)
(EDO)
Alternative enzymatic processes for oil recovery: Alternative enzymatic processes for oil recovery:
Recovery Recovery of of oil oil from from lecithin lecithin
- - Most oils are shipped and traded in a crude form Most oils are shipped and traded in a crude form
- - Wateredegumming applied mainly to prevent settling of Wateredegumming applied mainly to prevent settling of
gums in storage tanks gums in storage tanks
- - Gums contribute to shelf life of crude oils Gums contribute to shelf life of crude oils
- - Part of gums converted to lecithin Part of gums converted to lecithin
Q: can entrained oil be recovered from the Q: can entrained oil be recovered from the gums gums? ?
De Smet Presentation 32
Process principle
Enzymatic Enzymatic Treatment Treatment of of Lecithin Lecithin Fraction ( Fraction (from from WDG) WDG)
LECITHIN LYSO-LECITHIN + RECOVERED
OIL
Eg. Lecitase Ultra
250-500 ppm on dry lecithin
35-50% oil
50-65% A.I.
Extracted
Meal in DT
Back to main
Oil stream
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Water
Gum
Phospholipid
Oil
Wet gums
Less than
half as
compared to
EDG
De Smet Presentation 33
++
Wet Gums + Enzyme Deoiled gums + Oil
Wet Gums
Lecitase
Ultra
Oil
De-oiled
Gums
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
PLA2
2-4 hrs
De Smet Presentation 34
100 ppm
250 ppm
500 ppm
Lab Lab trials trials conducted conducted by by
More enzyme More enzyme gives gives : :
- - Faster Faster Oil Oil Recovery Recovery
- - More More recovered recovered oil oil
- -Darker Darker oil oil with with higher higher
FFA content FFA content
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
De Smet Presentation 35
1.Cooling Soy Lecithin to 55C 1.Cooling Soy Lecithin to 55C
2. Addition of 2. Addition of Lecitase Lecitase Ultra (250 Ultra (250 500 ppm) 500 ppm)
3. Enzymatic reaction (2 3. Enzymatic reaction (2- -4 hr at 55C) 4 hr at 55C)
4. 4. Heating Heating treated treated soy soy lecithin lecithin to min. 70C to min. 70C
5. 5. Separation Separation recovered recovered oil oil from from lyso lyso- -lecithin lecithin
Enzymaric Enzymaric deoiling deoiling of of soy soy lecithin lecithin
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
De Smet Presentation 36
- - Recovery : 80 Recovery : 80- -90% of oil usually entrained in gums 90% of oil usually entrained in gums
- - Calculation example for 1 ton crude soybean oil Calculation example for 1 ton crude soybean oil
RECOVERED OIL FROM SOY LECITHIN USING PLA2 RECOVERED OIL FROM SOY LECITHIN USING PLA2
LECITHIN
28 kg dry gums
from which 8 kg oil
Meal
RECOVERED OIL + LYSO-LECITHIN
18 kg dry gums
part= lysolecithin
10 kg recovered oil
FFA : 35-40%
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
potential
potential
with
with
PLA
PLA
1000 kg crude SBO
with 1000 ppm P
WDG
982 kg WDG SBO
with 200 ppm P
PLA2
?
70% conversion PL to LL+FFA
De Smet Presentation 37
- - Recovery : 80 Recovery : 80- -90% of oil usually entrained in gums+ DAG 90% of oil usually entrained in gums+ DAG
- - Calculation example for 1 ton crude soybean oil Calculation example for 1 ton crude soybean oil
RECOVERED OIL FROM SOY LECITHIN IF USING PLC RECOVERED OIL FROM SOY LECITHIN IF USING PLC
LECITHIN
28 kg dry gums
from which 8 kg oil
Meal
RECOVERED OIL + LYSO-LECITHIN
10 kg dry gums
18 kg recovered oil
DAG : 55-60%
Lecithin
Lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
potential
potential
with
with
PLC
PLC
1000 kg crude SBO
with 1000 ppm P
WDG
990 kg WDG SBO
with 200 ppm P
?
PLC
70% conversion PL (PE/PC) to DAG+ Phosphate residue
De Smet Presentation 38
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
oil
oil
degumming
degumming
(EDG) or
(EDG) or
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
lecithin
lecithin
deoiling
deoiling
(EDO)
(EDO)
EDG:
- When applied on crude oil, recovered oil directly blended
into main oil stream ( PLA: FFA , PLC: DAG )
- Gums not useable to produce functional lecithins
- Larger volumes to be treated (full crude oil stream)
EDO:
- Phospholipids more concentrated and hence more accessible (?)
- But much higher viscosity (dilution with oil = solution)
- Gums not useable to produce functional lecithins
- Recovered oil kept separate from main oil stream(eg. Biodiesel)
- Much smaller streams to be treated (30-40 times less volume)
De Smet Presentation 39
21-23 october
Palm and Soybean oil are
dominating the O&F market
but they are so different
Liquid oil Liquid oil
(semi) (semi)
Solid oil Solid oil
Hydrogenation Hydrogenation
Fractionation Fractionation
Soybean oil Soybean oil
Rapeseed oil Rapeseed oil
Sunflower oil Sunflower oil
Peanut oil Peanut oil
Cotton oil Cotton oil
Olive oil Olive oil
chemical
physical
Interesterification Interesterification
Palm oil Palm oil
Palm Kernel oil Palm Kernel oil
Coconut oil Coconut oil
(Animal fats) (Animal fats)
Application of vegetable oil: determined by physical state Application of vegetable oil: determined by physical state
37.4 Mill. tons 37.4 Mill. tons 42.6 Mill. tons 42.6 Mill. tons
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
De Smet Presentation 40
Hydrogenation Hydrogenation improves improves the the
physical physical properties properties but but
reduces reduces nutritional nutritional value value
Main drawback: formation Main drawback: formation
of of TFA TFA
Negative Negative impact on impact on health health
( (Cholestreol Cholestreol) )
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature (C)
%

S
F
C

(
s
e
r
i
a
l

m
e
t
h
o
d
)
47% TFA
41%
35%
30%
23%
16%
12%
PHSBO IV 70
Today Today clear clear tendency tendency to to
avoid avoid, and , and even even ban TFA ban TFA
out of out of Foods Foods
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
De Smet Presentation 41
Does the consumer know
where these TFA are?
Candy
1%
Salad dressing
3%
Fried potatoes
8%
Spreadable
margarine
17%
Cakes, cookies,
crackers, bread
40%
Animal products
(meat, dairy)
21%
Chips
(potatao,corn)
5%
Breakfast
cereals
1%
Household
shortening
4%
TFA intake from
foods (US)
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
De Smet Presentation 42
Can fractionation be a (partial)
solution to reduce TFA?
Salad oil
Frying oil
Feed 2 Olein Stearin
87 94 74
/ 65 35
20 18 23
25 / 32
28 0 65
9 / 40
0 / 7
/ >10 /
Feed 1 Olein Stearin
IV 109 112.5 92
Yield % / 85 15
TFA % 11 9 20
MP C 19 / 27
SFC
10C 7 0 33
20C 2 / 16
30C / / 2
CT 0C hr / >36 /
PH Soybean oil fractionation
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
De Smet Presentation 43
What alternative do we
have then to avoid TFA
when modifying oils?
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
Chemical
Interesterification = first
answer to low/zero TFA
chemical modification
De Smet Presentation 44
Ban on TFA and hence partial hydrogenation, has
increased demand for interesterification
But chemical interesterification also under
pressure:
Solution: Solution: enzymatic enzymatic interesterification interesterification & & MORE USE OF PALM OIL MORE USE OF PALM OIL
Early scientific reports -- one of which was released in mid-January 2007 by
joint-researchers from Malaysia and the UK -- suggest that interesterified fat
is far more harmful than trans fats.
Interesterified fat was found to depress the level of HDL (good cholesterol)
more than trans fat.
In addition, interesterified fat raised blood glucose levels and depressed the
level of insulin. This strongly suggests that interesterified fat could lead to
diabetes
Trends in Enzymatic
Trends in Enzymatic
Oil Modification
Oil Modification
De Smet Presentation 45
4x125 kg
reactors
Enzymatic
interesterification:
today a proven
technology
FFA
By-products
CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL
Diglycerides
None
PRE-TREATMENT
neutra-bleach-deodo
ENZYMATIC INTER-
ESTERIFICATION
DEODORISATION
EIE EIE >> Oil quality >> CIE CIE
No
contaminants
(Soaps-FAME)
(Dialkylketones)
Product
Tank
Feed
Tank
RBD RBD
blend blend
EIE EIE
blend blend
Deodoriser Deodoriser
EIE EIE reactors reactors
EIE OIL EIE OIL
(BRUSH)
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Proven principle
Proven principle
De Smet Presentation 46
IS EIE giving same
results as CIE?
50:50
40:60
30:70
20:80
C.I.E.
E.I.E
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature [C]
%

S
F
C
10:90 Final CH
20:80 Final CH
30:70 Final CH
40:60 Final CH
50:50 Final CH
10:90 Final Enz
20:80 Final Enz
30:70 Final Enz
40:60 Final Enz
50:50 Final Enz
PST: SBO
CIE CIE full full random random = EIE 1,3 = EIE 1,3 selective selective (for commodity blends) (for commodity blends)
10:90
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Proven process
Proven process
De Smet Presentation 47
EIE simpler or more
complicated than CIE?
EIE plant EIE plant
4 x 500 kg 4 x 500 kg
(50 (50- -80 tpd) 80 tpd)
Feedstock Feedstock quality quality
Feedstock Feedstock composition composition
Feedstock Feedstock changes changes
P P
l l
a a
n n
t t
- -
D D
e e
s s
i i
g g
n n
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Enzymatic Oil Interesterification:
Proven technology
Proven technology
De Smet Presentation 48
Enzymatic
Enzymatic
oil
oil
processing
processing
What may bring the future?
Enzymatic hydrogenation: Any potential in future ?
Enzymes in oleochemistry: Enzymatically produced biodiesel
Enzymes in bleaching: Selective destruction of
carotene/chlorophyl?
Enzyme assisted expelling: release of oil under mild conditions
(cfr. Algae)
And what about GM of oil composition inside the crop to ease oil
refining & increase nutritional value
Anything possible... Where will we be in 10 years?
De Smet Presentation 49
Enzymes
Enzymes
play
play
an important
an important
role
role
in
in
our
our
foodproducts
foodproducts
Why
Why
not
not
in
in
processing
processing
of
of
one
one
of
of
its
its
major
major
ingredients
ingredients
:
:
OILS
OILS
and
and
FATS
FATS
Marc Kellens
Desmet Ballestra Group,
Zaventem, Belgium