(1906) Megraw, Robert H. - Textiles, and The Origin of Their Names

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35
TEXTILES
AND THE ORIGIN O F THEIR NAMES
BY
ROBERT
H.
MEGRAW
^<h\^\
LIBRARY
of
CONGRESS
TwoGooies Received
MAY 21 1908
~)
Copyright Entry
/ 'CUSS <X
XXc. No,
Copyright, 1906
BY
ROBERT H. MEGRAW New York
^0
wUo ttelped and tntouv* aged me in compiling and

writing this
foaofc.
tUt memortj of mtj son
JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD
FOREWORD
]\
/IY reason and excuse

the
for
doing
in
work
That
of
all
men
the
textile
industries
kinds might
be encouraged
their business
to learn the details of
by study and research,

themselves
at
thereby
making
valuable
and better men, and
the
same time
more agreeable
in
business.
Textiles
and the Origin of Their Names.
its
fullest
sense the
word
textile
XLCXtilCB
means every kind
of stuff,
no
matter of what material,

wrought
in
the
loom
or
by hand
whether the threads be spun from the

produce
of
the
animal, vegetable
or
mineral kingdom; sheep's wool, goat's

hair or flax,
filling
hemp, mallow, the fibrous

such as cotton, cactus,
of
of pods,
etc,,
the
glutinous threads
insect
cocoons, as the silkworm, of gold, silver

or other metals
all
are textiles.
Sheep were
for raiment,
first
bred for their wool

for food.
TltTlool
and not
At
first
the locks of
wool
torn from the sheep's
back
by
brambles
were
gathered
of.
afterward shearing
was thought
In
some
countries plucking
by hand from
the
the living animal
was
;
manner
of
procuring the fleece however procured,

the
wool was, from the
earliest records,
spun
by
women
were
from
the
distaff.
Before weaving by hand was known

the threads
plaited into cloth.
Textiles
GOttOfl
The
soft,
wool-like
fiber,
which
is
part of the fruit or seed of the cotton

plant.
All lands produce food vege-
tables of
some kind, but few grow
in
abundance those convertible

ing.
into cloth-
Cotton
is
to-day the most impor-
tant staple in
commercial trade.
The
cotton plant does not appear to

of
have been known as one

utility
general
before the discovery of America,
and has been developed as such since

about the year
1
700.
We
read of cotton cloth in Chinese
records about
200 B.C.
as being rare
is
and precious
of
special mention
of
made
Chinese emperor
A.D. 502,
who ascended
cotton robe.
the plant
flower.
the throne arrayed in a

In
the seventh
century
was
cultivated as
garden
century
Not
until the eleventh
did cotton become of use in China as
an
article of manufacture.
Strange to
first
say,
although
China was the
to
manufacture cotton cloth, she has never

10
Textiles
been a source
tries.
of supply to other
coun-
tXOttOll
The
tariff.
wall was too strong a proIt
tective
remained
for the South-
ern United States to

quantity.
grow
the plant in
With negro
slaves to cultivate
and gather the crop, cotton soon became

king.
Then we had
Eli
Whitney with
in
1
his invention of the
"gin,"
792, for
It
separating the fiber from the seed.
was
said of
Whitney
that
he did more
of
for the
power and progress
America
than Peter the Great did for Russia's

history
and greatness.
is
Cotton
king; but the

is
tariff
of
the
If
United States
at
war with him.
we
continue our prohibitive duties on
other materials,
we
will
eventually be
of
compelled to consume most
what we
produce. There are other cotton-growing countries, fast reaching a point in
production where they will

pause."
"give us
All the Nile valley needs
to
enter
is
the cotton market of the world

11
the
Textiles
COttOtt
black people
south
of
her
to
help.
What
for
the black did for us he can
do
Egypt.
The "Cairo
to the
Cape"
work-
railroad will help in bringing the

ers to the field.
When
that
day comes
and
the king will
move
his court,
we
can then
find
a market for the 65 per
cent, of our crop
we
cannot consume.
*5Uft
The
emission of the glands of a
worm
originally
found
in
the
mountainous
provinces of
China, which bred and
fed on the mulberry tree.
The worm
thread-like
envelops
substance,
itself in
this
fine,
which
as
will,
when unwound,
four
measure
yards.
much
as
thousand
The
thread hardens on expo-
sure to the
air,
and
is
then converted
classificafloss,
into the different
commercial
tions for manufacturing,
such as
organzine, etc.
From China, through
India,
up the
Red
silk
Sea, across the Isthmus of Suez,
can be traced.
first
Where we
at Platasa,
learn
of the
weaving,
12
a city of
Textiles and the Origin of Their
Names.
ancient Greece, garments of silk
were
>llft
worn
form.
to expose,
and not
to conceal the for
Then,
as
now, the desire
luxury was sometimes an incentive to

invention and enterprise.
We
next learn of the
Romans
paying
fabulous prices for silk to adorn their

favorites.
Aurelian told
his wife
he
could not allow her to wear a garment
made wholly
of
of silk, as
its
its
worth was
that
gold, for then
cost
was pound
1
for
pound with gold
A.D.
20.
Two
Greek monks who
spent
many
years in China returned to Greece with
eggs of the
worm
concealed
in
their
hollow
walking-staves;
presented
them
the
to their
emperor
when
hatched
worms were distributed over Greece

Minor;
its
and Asia
soon
silk.
is
the
western
world grew
own
silk
The name
evidently from
to
the Assyrian seolc,
which applied
the people of that part of

silk
China where
will
was
first
known.
You
13
note
Names.
Names.
A cloth of silk
linen,
silk
and cotton,
all
silk
and
in
SDatltaSfo
and wool, or
or
linen
flowered
geometrical
designs
takes
for
its
drapery or table
covering;
name from Damascus,

Syria,
the chief city of

first
where
it
was
made.
first
A
brai,
fine linen cloth
made
in
Camname
CaittbdC
France.
The
old Flemish
for the city
being Kameryk.
net,
A veiling
Palestine.
made
first in
Gaza,
in
(5aU3e
Solid-color woolen cloth, for table
3Bai3C
and wall covering, made largely

city of
in the
Baza, in Spain.
cotton
fabric,
A
used
stout,
made with
H)ilTlitP
cords or welts lengthwise of the piece;

first
is
as furniture covering.
in
The
Egypt,
name
from Damietta, a town
where
the cloth
was
originated.
An
untwilled, pick-and-pick weave,
S)ncft
cotton on linen cloth of lighter weight
than canvas; used for clothing, and in

15
Names.
2DUCfe
some weights
in
for sail cloth

in
first
made
Torque, a town
its
Normandy, and
its
derives
to a
name from
resemblance
duck's skin.
3Blftnfct
Every one knows what a blanket
is,
how many know it name from Thomas Blanket,

but
clothier,
gets
its
a famous
who made
1
blankets in England
about the year
840 ?
tissue
IDlapcr
its
Figured cotton or linen
gets
name from
the
Greek diaspron,
meaning figured.
QCXQC
Even-twilled cloth of wool, mohair

or cotton; derives a Spanish
its
name from
xerga,
name
for a peculiar
woolen
blanket or wrap.
IDdVet
From
the
Italian
vellute
woolly
pelt
feeling to the touch, as a
woolly
or hide
this
word
applies to the cover-
ing of a deer's horns, and seems to take
root in the furry feeling to the touch.
True
velvet
is
made wholly
of silk.
16
Names.
Textiles
and the Origin of Their Namgs.
2)C""
was
It
the staple of a dress goods stock.

in solid
laiUC
was made
colors
red, yel-
low, blue, salmon, pink, green and purple.

if
In the old days of general jobbing,
your prices on delaines and Tabby
velvet
were
right,
you sold the shopper.
!BaU" batina
From
or
tie.
the Indian
bandanna
is
to bind
tied
in
In dyeing, the cloth
knots
when
dipped.
This gives the
clouded
effect
seen in the original ban-
danna handkerchiefs.
ColOt0
Color
is
concentrated light rays.
The
primary colors are red, yellow and blue;

the secondaries green, orange and purple.
By mixing
blue and yellow
we
get green.
Red and
yellow give orange,
and red with blue yields purple.
We
then have the tertiary or third results.
Mix
make
orange and purple to get russet or
yellow
brown.
citron
Orange and green

lemon.
or
Purple and
green result in olive.

18
Textiles
What
this color
warmth
there
is
in
red.
JBftCCtOt
Naturally, in the dull months of winter,

is
COlOCS
in favor. of
Blue conveys a feeling

therefore
coolness,
for
you
find
it
in
favor
sum-
mer wear.
Yellow,
the lightest and
is
purest of
the primary colors,
the most trying of

it
them
vivid,
all.
By
contrast
it
is
the most
and
in using
too
much
care can-
not be taken in getting the proper shade.

Spotless
white was, to the ancient
Britons, symbolic of sunlight

ness,
and
holi-
and was the dress
of the
Druid
priest.
Light blue was the color of the garb

of the singer or poet.
Green, the livery

field,
of the
wood and
was
the dress of the teacher of
natural history
and medicine.
of Britain,
Queen Boadicea
the patroness of
all
being
the early arts and
sciences,
wore
a motley
gown, checked
or plaided in all the colors,

19
which was
Names.
iBffCCtOf
no doubt the origin

of to-day.
of the
Scotch plaid
COlOr0
"
It
is
not
what a man outwardly
has or wants that constitutes his happiness or misery.
Nakedness, hunger, have been cheeritself.

is
distress of all kinds

fully
It is
endured, and even death

the feeling of injustice that
all
in-
supportable to
men.
No man
can
bear
it
or ought to bear it."
CARLYLE.
flDcrCCf"
The
silk.
treatment of cotton to similarize
t3&tl0n
John Mercer, a cotton printer
of
Manchester, England, applied the
process to fabrics for printing.
Eng-
lish-speaking people have since identified the process
with his name.
From
what we can
of the
learn, the
Germans knew
treatment for hosiery yarns long
before
Mercer used
of the
it.
We
have
heard more
ley
of
tariff
idea since the Ding-
came
in force as a
silk
cheapener
fancy wool and

20
stuffs.
The
Names.
process
is
simple.
The
yarn or cloth
of
flDcrCCr*
13311011
in the piece is treated
with a bath
hydrate
of
soda, solution
about 20
Baume,
for a length of time sufficient
to saturate.
is
While
in
the bath there
a shrinkage of about
10 per
it
cent.
When
length.
still
taken from the bath
is
necesoriginal
it is
sary to stretch the
warp
to
its
This can be done while

it
wet, or after
has dried by sprincold
kling
with
pure
water
while
lus-
stretching.
ter, or, in
This imparts a bright
other words, plates the yarn
or cloth,
which,
when
finished,
takes
a high, silky face.
Yarn-dyed
or checks
;
cotton cloth in stripes
(5l!t0"
i)H1T1
originally of Indian
make.
Glasgow, Scotland, took up the making

of
the fabric on a large scale.

its
The
it
simplicity of
construction led to
first
being one
of
the
fancy cottons
made
in
America.
We
now have
so
many new
hams
lines of cottons called ging-
that the distinctive feature of the

21
Names.
(BittQ"
ufltTl
name
is
almost
lost.
We
trace
it
to
Gingamp, a town
the cloth
in Brittany,
for
where
was made
it
umbrella covers.
See how easy

English "
was
to derive the slang
Gamp"
for
an umbrella.
XPtnOtS"
Wool, combed,
of
in the fleece instead
tCb
carded, into parallel fibers, the light-
ness and firmness of able

yarn.
for
which was
finer
suit-
making the
grades
of
When
to
William the Conqueror
came
of
England he found the people
a certain place combing the fleece.
He
had worsted the people

the place Worstead,
of
in battle,
named
and the
yarn-making took the name
the place.
Worstead,
in
its
England, has long been

fine
known
Htft =
for
wool yarns.
Richard
Arkwright,
III
made
in
1
Sir
Wd0bt
Richard by George
786, in1
vented the spinning frame
in
767.
732,
He was
born in Lancashire in
little
had very
education, learned the
trade of barber and hair-dresser, sold

22
Names.
chemical
hair-dye,
saved a
little
Hrfe"
money,
in his spare time

of the
studied the
WUODt
workings
cotton manufacturers
of his district.
By
close application
to a
he brought
his spinning device
practical shape.
You
in
can understand
the barber-shop
he was not long

after that.
It
appears he had not
much
been
time to devote to other inventions, as

all
his after life
seems
to
have
taken up in preventing others stealing

his invention.
Justice
of all
is
supposed to be the basis
law.
cloth,
Heavy woolen
fast
woven with
from Mel-
flDeltOtt
back, fulled or shrunk, used for
overcoating.
ton, a
The name
is
town
in Leicestershire,
England.
flDCltOlV
A cloth
as melton,
of
same general appearance

a
lighter
of
weight,
for
CttC
women's wear.
In
order to prophesy,
one
must
know.
To
know, one must have had

23
Names.
experience.
To
be a prophet for profit,

of
keep a careful memorandum

season's
turns
features.
each
Fashion's
wheel
your
with
every
renewal
or, as
of
bodily
structure,
we
are told,
once every seven years.
ZibcUUC
Hairy-faced cloth
Zibeline
bearing
is
of
plain
weave.
French
for the
small fur-
animal known as the sable,

Siberia.
is
found
in
The
fur
of
the
zibeline
the
mourning
fur in the
garb
of royalty.
That man
best controls others
who
best controls himself.
HSptltd"
A fine corded fabric of wool

gether, appearing as
pin-point.
if
or silk,
to-
lln
showing the cords woven close
lined with a
is
The
application
from
Epingle, French for pin.

If
a high protective
industries,
it
tariff is
a benefit
to
home
why
not exclusion,
and with
ditions
}
perfection of
trade
con-
24
Names.
Fine linen or cotton lawn.
Batiste
was a Frenchman,
cloth.
who
first
made
the
Batiste or Baptiate
"Reading maketh
full
man, con-
fidence a ready man, and writing an
exact man."
BACON.
a careful record.
of
its
N. B.
Keep
Coarse woolen cloth
the plainest
natural, un-
Home
spun
weave
dyed
of the
yarn in
color.
at
The name
home.
is literal,
spun
and made
Make
of
your business a mistress,

for herself.
and love her

Applied
to plain or twilled mixtures,
Digour-
woven
of
undyed natural wool yarns.

spinners found that the
eouy
The French
strongest yarns
were those
of
the un-
dyed wool; sometimes two or more

shades
thread.
or
tones
are
spun
into one
for strong.
The name is French

love your business
To
one
is
to
have
of
the
ingredients
25
of
success.
Names.
The
others are
knowledge and
first.
appli-
cation; they follow the
fl>ru-
Fine
twilled
worsted cloth
Originally
of
a
for
nelle or
wiry
texture.
made
prunella
gaiter or shoe tops.
The name
the
cloth
pru-
nelle
is
French
in
for
plum.
Plum-color
for
was most
shoe tops.
It
favor in
was estimated
it
in the seventeenth
century
a ton of
took 10,000
men
to convert
wool
into cloth in a day.
We
and
do
it
now
with
machinery
1,000 men.
Cbeviot
is
Rough-finished twilled cloth, either

in solid colors or mixtures.
The wool
of
from a breed
of
mountain sheep
the Cheviot
Hills between England
and Scotland.
Past success furnishes both the means
and motion
for future progress.
Soft cotton muslin of
fine
quality,
flDull
made
first
in India,
26
later in
Switzer-
Names.
land.
The name
soft,
in
Hindoo
is
mal
fIDUll
mal, meaning
pliable.
life
Live your business

with those you can
the
alone,
or
of
trust.
Beware
stranger
who
for
wants
to entertain
you.
"Nothing
nothing."
"Rien
pour rien," the French say, means a

great
deal.
Know
more
your associates.
of
You
will learn
your business
and have
Cloth
less to regret.
of
undyed, or natural wool.

is
ffcclQC
True beige
weave.
cloth
of
a plain pick-and-pick
is
Cashmere beige
same order.
twilled
is
The name
"natural."
of
the French
word
for
Twilled
dust color,
in
cotton cloth
first
brown
IftbaM
used for men's clothing,

the Anglo-
India.
Taken up by
Indian army for uniform cloth.
The
or
word khaki
dust-colored.
is
Indian
for
earth,
Rough, unfinished
cotton
fabric of
of
wool or
yarn
of
Qyoee'b
and
wool, usually
27
Textiles
ZTVPCCfc)
two
or
more shades,
originally
the
of
product of the weavers on the banks

the river
Tweed
a
in Scotland.
What
keeps,
man
gives out, not
what he
determines his appearance in

Beauty, bright-
the eyes of the world.
ness, color consist not in
what
a thing
keeps, but in
what
of
it
gives
out.
well-known law
optics teaches us
that a thing is seen not in the color
which
it
takes in
and keeps, but
in
that color
which
it
gives back again.

is
The
is,
thing
we call
red
the one
which
takes
for
in
one sense, blue; that
is, it
in the blue rays

itself,
and keeps them
but gives back the red in color.

all
Gold has kept
the green rays,
and gives back the yellow, so

it
as yellow.
The
object
we see we call
and
give
black takes in every ray
of light,
keeps them
all
for itself,
so
we
black the mark and sign

object
of
of evil.
The
them
we
call
white keeps nothing

rays,
the
sun's
28
but
gives
Textiles
all
it
out
again, and
all
we
say of white,
symbolizes
purity and good.
Coarse, heavy cloth, with curly surface,
3fret3e
made
is
first of
lamb's wool.
The
to
name
curl.
from the French Friser,
Measure thy
gain;
not
life
by
loss instead of
by the wine drunk, but

forth.
by the wine poured

strength
For
life s
stand eth
in
life's
sacrifice,
and
who
gives the most has the most
to give.
Is
the yarn or thread running lengthof the pieee.
XPdlatp
wise
"
J^
but try to keep
Run
if
you
like,
your breath.
Work
like a
man, but don't
be
worked
to death."
HOLMES.
Applied to a twilled, unshearedface cloth
to
;
JfOUlC
that
is,
the face appears
be unsinged, and shows the woolly

29
Names.
JfOUlC
roughness
cloth,
in
a slight
in
degree.
the
The
is
when woven
gray,
fulled or shrunken in width,
by soakit,
ing in soapsuds
and passing
while
wet, through holes of different sizes

in
steel
plate.
The
holes
are
graded to give different percentages

of
shrinkage.
The name
is
from
Fouler, French, to full or shrink.
"A man's character

ow,
is
like his shad-
which sometimes follows and

is
sometimes precedes him, which
oc-
casionally longer, occasionally shorter
than he
CftSfo"
is."
Cloth
made
goat.
of
the
hair
of
the
ntCCC
cashmere
The
face of the fab-
ric is twilled, the twills
being uneven
and irregular because

of the yarn.
of
unevenness
first
Cashmere yarn was
handspun.
The
cloth
was
originally
made
as the
groundwork
for
Broche
their
of
India shawls.
The
sheep, for
in
wool,
were grown
in the
30
the
Vale
Cashmere
Himalaya Mountains.
Names.
"Some
men, like pictures, are
fitter
for a corner than a full light."
-SENECA.
Is
the yarn or thread crossing the
"flXHeft
or
piece and binding the
warp from
sel-
JfillillQ
vage to selvage.
"It
is
another's fault
if
he be unif
I
grateful,
but
find
it
is
mine
do not
I
give.
To
one thankful man
will
oblige
many
that are not so."
SENECA.
A fabric woven
of the
wool
of the
flDCtlflO
Merino sheep, twilled on both

the twills being uneven.
the
sides,
Merino was
hand-woven
origin of cashmere.
of
The standard twills

henriettas are
cashmere and
follows
Gwill0
accepted as
French, from 12 twills, up or down,

regulates
the
range
price
German
1
henriettas are
twills.
usually rated from

is
This grading
merely to give
of twills,
prices for
whole ranges
such
as a line of blacks,
from 12 to 20
31
Names.
{VPUl$
twills in
any weight.
The
count
of
twills will not
compare different makes,
as the weight has all to
do with
the
value.
The
writer
saw
a piece of
cashmere
at the
Paris Exposition of
1889, which counted 100 twills.
By
no counting
of the twills could
its
value
be estimated.
"As
steel
is
the
sword
of the best
tempered
the most flexible, so the truly
generous are most pliant and courteous

to their inferiors."
Gftft)C&
Differs from worsted,
in that
it
is
XKHOOl
drawn
out into fibers on an appliance
called a card, which
may be
a leather
band
fitted
with steel hooks or points,
or a board studded with metal points.
Carding
for
is
applied to the softer wools

flannel
cashmere and
weaving.
He who
that
knows not and knows not

not,
is
he knows
a fool
avoid
him.
32
Textiles

in
Twilled wool fabric

twills are very even
which the
IDcitC'
and regular, may

twill.
in
U8tt
be single or double
is
The
cloth
milled
or
is
cropped
finishing.
The name
from Venice.
He who
he knows
knows not and knows
that
not, is simple
teach him.
imparting a
or
cloth
C. Ahnert, of Paris, has received

a patent for a
silky
method
of
gloss to cotton
yarn
without
submitting
is
to tension.
if
He
the
claims tension
cotton
at
is
unnecessary
well boiled in a soap solution

F.,
122
and put through an alkali
bath of a concentration of
25
to
35
to
Baume
104 F.
about
at
a temperature of
86
The
cotton
is
taken out in
2^
hours, rinsed with water, to

It is
which acid may be added.

bleached.
then
He who knows
he knows,
is
and knows not that
asleep
wake him.
33
Names.
IDOCSMtt
Of
the broadcloth range,
made with
as the
shiny-napped face,
pelt of a doe.
soft finish,
He who
knows,
3Bt0ftfc"
is
knows and knows
that he
a wise
man
follow him.
Originally
Plain-faced cloth of wool or worsted,
ClOtfo
with twilled back.

in
made
wear.
England
in
2 7-inch for men's

is
The name
literal,
and
is
now
applied to the plain-faced, widefor
width cloths
women's wear.
applied to fabrics
3LCU0
This name
first
woven
cotton.
in stripes of
It is
open-lace effect in
to designate the
in silk,
is
now used
open-mesh
stripes
and checks
linen and mohair.
The name
French
defor
rived
from
the
linon,
linen lawn.
IflHnUCl
of
The
first
stage and simplest form

cloth,
weaving wool
usually pre-
sented in an almost unfinished state.
The weave may be

34
plain or twilled.
Names.
The
fabric
is
finished
by pressing, no
necessary.
jflaiWel
other
treatment
being
Name
"
fice
from the French flannelle.
He who
pleasure
can, at all times, sacrito
duty,
approaches
sublimity."
A plain,
hair,
even thread weave
of
mofor
BUttttttQ
wool or worsted, used most

flags.
making
The name seems
to
be
derived from the German, bunt, meaning variegated or gay-colored.
Was first
or
silk
a bright-colored,
checked
and
flDafcra0
striped,
fabric,
plain-faced
cotton
made
in
Madras, India,
for sailors' head-dresses.
The name
shirt-
has fallen on cotton ginghams,

ings,
etc.,
probably because
of
the
colorings.
Choose your pleasures

of rest
in the line
and recreation
leave out the
expensive and straining kinds.

35
Textiles
Textiles
Similar to a poplin;
twisted
made
and
of hard-
J6rn=
worsted
filling
cotton
PCC90
VL-lOlD
warp.
Was made
a success in the
early seventies of the last century

the
by
Empress Eugenie
of
France.
Em873.
press cloth
was
a staple in all well1
regulated dress goods lines in
"Mens
sana in corpore sano," a

in a
sound mind
sound body.
Keep
ju-
your body clean and sound by

dicious exercise, and your
mind
will
be
in
working order.
of
A manufacturer
fore the
shoddy was be-
2>b0bfr\)
Ways
and Means Committee
during the construction of the Dingley

tariff.
On
to
being asked what shoddy
was,
replied:
"Anything
long
also
enough
have two ends."
He
said he sold his
shoddy
to almost all
the wool manufacturers, and further

stated
that as
in
much
as
80 per
cent,
was used
woolen
making some so-called
cloths.
Shoddy
37
is
made from
Names.
5bObb)j)
old
woolen stockings or rags, shredded

or
or picked by hand
machine,
to
render the yarn or threads suitable for

spinning into yarn a second time; or
to give a fiber that
can be woven or
felted in
with a wool or cotton warp.

is literal,
The name
meaning, in
its
adverbial sense, cheap,
make
believe.
"We
own
usually judge others by our

;
standard
and although
we
in-
dulgently forgive our

ings in them,
for lack of
own
shortcom-
we condemn them harshly our own special virtues."

BALZAC.
cotton or silk and
flDOrCCTl
Heavy mohair,
cotton cloth, with watered or

face.
moire
is
The making
of
moreen
cloth
is
in-
teresting.
its
The undyed
to as
placed
length of piece in a trough in lay-
ers,
from two
many
is
layers as
will take the finish,

to the cloth
which
imparted
by placing between the
layers of cloth sheets of manila paper

the contents of the trough are then satu38
Names. flDOreeil
rated with water; a heavy- weighted

roller
is
then passed over the wetted
paper and cloth.
The movement
of
the roller gives the cloth a watered

face.
It
can then be dyed

If
and re-
finished.
you examine moreen you

marking
differ-
will find the design or
ent
on every piece.
for upholstery
is still
Moreen was
made
and drapery use
at first;
used to cover church

It
seat cushions.
was found
to
give
a rustle sound or "froufrou," similar

to
silk,
so
was taken up
is
for
under-
skirts.
The name
probably from
moire, French for watering.
"A
rank
the
man can
shine in the second

totally eclipsed in
who would be
first."
-BALZAC.
to a
silk
This name has been applied

range
fabrics
of
paiMC
satin-faced
velvet
or
which show a high

is
luster,
which
produced by pressure.
is
The
word Panne
French for plush.

39
Names.
Ibetv*
A
silk
twilled cashmere of light weight

finish, originally
rietta
and high
made with
in
Clotb
warp and wool

England.
filling
Yorkis
shire,
This name
all
now
applied generally to
the cashmere
weaves and weights.
The name was

Charles
given in honor of Henrietta Maria of
England, Queen
silk-warp,
first
of
I.
The
was
1
hand-woven
fabric
produced about the year
660.
When the all-wool cloth was promoted

in the
United
States,
the
name was
wrongly thought
to
have been taken

in
from a play popular
1884.
Eleventh Commandment:
"Mind
your
own
business."
Gartans
Plaids of the Scottish clans
worn
by men
in the
Highlands
of
Scotland
as a scarf, the
from the shoulder under each clan had a distinctive

plaid.
arm
tartan
or
The
name
was
adapted from the Spanish Tiritana,

a thin woolen-checked cloth.
40
Names.
Help
weak man and you

;
create
an enemy
help a strong one and you
gain strength.
Heavy, coarse linen

and
cloth,
stiff
gummed
texture;
3BUCR
^
finished to a firm,
am
the fabric
was
first
made
in
Bokhara,
Tartary, as a foundation for a special

floor covering,
and the name
is
de-
rived from Bokhara.
There are men who have been

helped
who
wish, from pure hatred,
for the downfall of the
one
who
aided
them, even should his downfall

their
mean
own
ruin.
Satin-faced cloth,
woven with
fine
GjOlCXl
line or stripe running lengthwise of
the piece
usually in solid colors and

Soleil
is
piece-dyed.
French
for sun,
and applies
to the brightness of the
finished cloth.
When
heed
you have learned
to give
no
to those
who do
not heed you;

41
Textiles

learned
when you have
that,
no matter
how
a
high a man's head, his feet are on
level
with
your
own
when you
have learned not

the
of
to put confidence in
warm days
of winter, in the sleep

flattery
your enemies, or the
of
friends, then are
you rich
in learning.
(Tnn\>3$
Coarse,
plain
is
weave
of
hempen
yarn; the name

technical
from canabis, the
name
of
hemp.
Carelessness
will
work
as
much
harm
>att@"
Iter
as malice.
Plain
fabric of
wiry worsted or
mohair yarn, closely woven, with a

rough-finished
surface.
Sanglier
is
French
for wild boar, the hairy,
wiry
cloth resembling the coat of the animal.
The most
that in which
utterly lost of all
days
is
we have not once laughed.
dftcnii"
fcittC
Originally a plain, open-work netlike fabric of silk, mohair,
cotton or
wool, such as were firmly made so as

42
Names.
not to slip on the

iron frame.
in
warp
were called
grenadines
(BfCnft
OltlC
Now we have
jacquards and set patterns.

is
The
name
"I
an adaptation of Grenada.
believe
that
don't
harmless
cheerfulness
and
good
humor are
thought
greater sins in heaven than
shirt collars are."
DICKENS.
Plain weave of silk and wool, or
silk
(5l0tt8
and cotton
first
made
for
um-
brella covering.
The name
is literal,
meaning
bright, praiseworthy.
Mr. Carnegie observes, "There

very
little
is
success
where there
is little
laughter."
Twilled cloth
of
silk
and wool
SultHflC
finished in the rough,
not singed or
sheared.
the
first
The name
is
from Sultana,
wife of the Sultan.

to
Render your account
God. Call
God what you
please
Supreme Be43
Names.
Universe,
ing,
Grand Master
good
will,
of the
the
that
is
in
yourself
what
you
only render an account
ask yourself
how you
stand
CrCpCOt CnipC
Thin, gauzy fabric, woven
in loose,
even threads
of silk, heavily sized or

in
gummed,
drying.
crimped or craped
the
Crape was
first
used in black
;
only as a badge of mourning
it
is
now,
ric,
however, an accepted dress fabin colors
made
and white, and of

signifies
many
to
materials.
The name
crimp or crape with a hot iron.
Who
lives
without folly
is
not so
wise as he thinks.
Cloth of a fuzzy or
face
;
CbCnillC
fluffy
woven
of cotton, silk
or
wool
;
used
sometimes
for dress
goods
more gen-
erally for curtains
and table covers.

for
caterpillar,
Chenille
is
French
which
insect the single thread of the
cloth resembles.
44
Names.
The
inches.
basis of the metric system of
flDetre
measurement, equivalent to 39 37/100
Long
before the oldest book in the
XittCIt
world was written the Egyptians cultivated flax for

its
fiber.
its
We
C,
read
in
and get the

the Bible,
first
idea of
utility
Exodus 9th
31st:
"And
smitten
the flax and the barley

;
were
for the barley

flax
was
in the ear
and the
beautiful
was boiled."
Note the
texture and fineness of the
linen winding cloths of the Egyptian
mummies.
Ages before
the
French
made cambric at Cambrai, before the Lowlanders made lawn, Egypt had
fine linen cloth.
To-day
linen
is
the
fabric chosen
is
when
firmness of
weave
where
desired,
is
more
particularly
white
lars,
used, as in shirt bosoms, col-
napery, etc.
time of
The French, Napoleon I, made great

in
45
in the
progof
ress in the spinning

flax,
and weaving
which they used
making
fine
Textiles
XitlCn
sheer fabrics for
women's and men's

linen
is
wear.
The name
linon,
from the
French
lawn.
equivalent to English
Most
of the
French weavers
used flax for the lighter lawn textures.
Eltna
Cloth, double twilled from

right diagonally
;
left
to
first
made
in
black
only as a special mourning fabric.
The
name
to a
is
from the Egyptian, as applied

at funerals.
mourner or singer
of
(IDOir C
Watered design
first
any material
is
made
in
silk.
Moire
French
for watering.
2>Wi00
From
Switzerland, where the plain
Swiss net and figured
cambric
is
specialty in the St. Gall district.
Business
is
sensitive
it
goes only
only
where where
it
is
invited,
and
stays
it is
well treated.
%HWn
Fine linen cambric, used
now
to
for
women's dress
bine with
silk
first
made
comfor
and drap
d'ete
46
Names.
clerical
garb.
The name
is
from
XaWU
Laon, a place near Rheims, France, where lawn was extensively made.
Plain, sheer, soft-finished fabric of
silk or cotton.
CbtttOH
The name
is
applies to
the
finish,
and
the French
word
for rag.
Applied
nomer.
in
to
cotton cords
is
a mis-
pique
Pique was
originally
woven
diamond-shaped designs
to imitate
for
quilting.
quilting.
The name
is
French
Soft
wool
cloth of the cheviot order,

;
H)|Ô0UC
with teazled face

of the vicuna, a
made from the wool

Vigogne
South American ani-
mal
is
of the
camel species.
the French
name
for the animal.
French name
cloth
;
for bolting or sifting
]t&-
made
to
of silk for sifting
flour
mine Or
fiSto'
applied
mesh or net weaves
in
America; accorded a
our
tariff
special duty in
of cotton.
47
mine
when made
Textiles
flDOftaiC
The
rics
hair of the
Angora
goat.
Fab-
made
of this hair are called

is
mo-
hairs.
The name
from the Arabic,
mukay-yar, cloth
of goat's hair.
ZTcrr\>
A pile fabric,
pile
with the loops
of the
ClOtD
drawn through
a foundation and
is
uncut.
inal
Turkish toweling
the orig-
terry.
The name
draw
is
from the
French,
tirer, to
or pull.
Study the errors

thereby
get,
;
of others
and
profit
fools laugh at
them and
for-
and are forever
fools.
Cb&lliC
Originally challis.
Soft wool cloth,

Challis, as
figis
plain, printed or figured.

first
made, was
in
of
silk
and wool
ured
small design.
The name
from the Anglo-Indian shalee, a

cotton cloth.
soft
Could any
this
tariff
law have made for
country a Morse, a Whitney, an

?
Edison or a Bell
48
Names.
Yarn-dyed
linen or cotton cambric.
Cfoam=
The name is from Cambrai,

town where chambray was
to
the
French
made,
bra$
first
be used for sunbonnets.
A fine
Organdie
sheer fabric of cotton or

is
silk,
râitvtC
French
for
book muslin.
Corded or ribbed
inally of silk
cloth;
made
orig-
Ipopltfl
and worsted.
Double
filling
poplins have double

Irish
warp and
poplin,
filling
single-warp
;
silk
and
of
worsted
silk
Norwich
poplin,
is
and
linen.
The name
made
1
French,
popeline, to designate the weave.

cloth
The
was
first
in
;
Avignon,
France, about A.D.

in
500
was taken
1775
to
Ireland
by the French
Ireland has since
it.
Protestant refugees.
excelled in making
"Be
blamed
not so severe
for
it,
that
you are
nor so gentle, that you
are trampled on for it."
TURKISH PROVERB.
49
Names.
COVCrt
Heavy
twilled
;
cloth
in
in
natural,
for
undyed shades
used
England
men's overcoats,
worn while
riding to
covert in fox-hunting.
(BnitlitC
The name
of a
weave resembling
the markings of granite stone.
jHC"
Designs on any kind of fabric woven
QUHtO
on a loom having a chain
of
cards
through which pass wires or cords,

the lifting or dropping of the
of
which
raises
warp threads
to
allow the passing
the shuttle for the weft.
Joseph
of the
Marie Jacquard, the perfecter
card appliance to looms for the weaving of flower or irregular designs,
was
752.
a
born
in
Lyons, France, July
7,
He
inherited
two old looms and
small
sum
of
money from
the looms he
the
his father.
Working on
ress
made progof
his
toward
perfection
to
idea.
He
for
was
called
I,
Paris
in
1801
by Napoleon
his
50
and given a
medal
invention,
which did
Textiles
the
work
of
one man
less
per loom.
1
3&C"
The
appliance was perfected in

in
1
804.
QUarb
Jacquard died
834.
The
city of
Lyons erected a
beautiful
statue in
memory
of
his
great service to the
silk-weaving industry.
Dress contains two codes

ity
is
of
moral-
private
that
and public.
Attention
;
the duty
we owe
which
to others
cleanto
liness
we owe
our-
selves.
Printed cotton cloth; large, manycolored

designs,
(J)|nt0
used
in
Western
countries for furniture covering.
The
Hindoos wear
Chints
is
it
as a
body drapery.
the
Hindoo word meaning
variegated.
Knit cloth
of
fine
combed wool;
of Jersey for
^CVQC^
ClOtl)
made
first
in the Island
fishermen's
wear;
back.
sometimes
made
call
with fleeced
stockinette
is
What we
Jersey cloth.
51
Names.
patlJMTl8
The
ama
plain,
;
simple
the
weave
of
the
straw plaiter
weave
of the
Pan-
hat makers.
is
"Experience
the best teacher;
only the tuition fees are heavy."
Sicilian
Heavy-weight cotton warp, mohairfilled
cloth.
Sicilienne, the proper

in
name,
was made
the
Island
of
Sicily as a heavy-ribbed, all-silk
stuff.
HullC
Open-work
silk net
made on
the
pillow as lace, by the young

of Tulle,
women
France.
lesser misfortunes
"Our
come from
;
thinking too well of our fellows
our
greater from thinking too well of ourselves."
SETH
figures
LEE.
36tOCftbC
Raised
on a plain ground.
to
Early writers were wont

or
brocade
flour-
ornament
their
work with
ishes.
"Dissipation
there are
is
a lottery in
which
no prizes."
52
Names.
A kind
ery and
of
brocade, used for drapusually
BtTOCatel
upholstery;
raised
wool
figures
on a
silk
ground.
little
Cotton muslin, with
dressing
percale
and
slightly
finished
face;
when
origin
is
printed, used for shirting.

of the
The
name
to
is
doubtful, and
of
sup-
posed
be North
England
dialect,
ell.
meaning long
cloth, sold
by
the
Highly
cale;
finished
and dressed per-
petcaline
sold in solid colors for lining.
"The world
But
I
o'erflows
its
cup
of
woe,
;
Each heart has felt the

would have my
is
knife of pain
soul to
know
That all
best, that
God doth reign."
_R. W. GILDER.
Hard-twisted worsted
solid
is
twills, either
TObtpcorfc
or
mixed
colors.
The name
fiber lash of a
from the hard-twisted
whip.
Plain
silk
cloth,
sold
for
as
dress
jfoularb
goods
originally
made
53
handker-
Names.
JfOUlatb
chiefs only.
silk
The name
is
French
for
handkerchief.
A
(31&CC
thousand
misfortunes
are
less
affecting than a single kindness.
Plain,
lustrous
silk,
yarn-dyed
of another.
all
is
warp
of
one color, weft

is
The name
applied to
fabrics
having two tones.

for icy, having
Glace
French
an icy appearance.
CniCfclC
Weave, showing
in glass, china, etc.;
the effect of cracks
sometimes applied
to
an imitation crepon.
(BftlfttCR
Blue and white

linen twill
suits.
;
striped
cotton or
used for children's sailor
Galatea was a sea
nymph
in
Grecian mythology.
"Laugh and
you,
the world
laughs with
Weep
and you weep alone."
ELLA WHEELER WILCOX.

54
Textiles
Thin cotton
cambric.
is
If
fabric,
heavier
than
side
JaCOflCt
properly
is
made one
glazed.
Jaconet
derived from
the French, Jaconas.
Cotton or woolen sheer cloth having raised dots or figures in relief on

plain ground.
flMuiTlC"
ti0
The
as
design shows a
in
is
feathery
effect,
embroidery
tambour.
this
The name
French
is
for
kind of embroidery, and
derived
from plume, French for feather.
HOPE.
"The rainbow to the storms of life; The evening beam that smiles the
clouds away,
And
tints
to-morrow with prophetic
ray."
byron.
make water-
Any
proof
cloth treated to
Cravenette
by the Cravenette Company.

of
Mr. Craven,
Bradford, England,
copyrighted a process of treating with

parafine and
naphtha, and gave his
name
to
it.
55
Names.
CbCnC
Sometimes applied
to glace silk, or
cotton two-toned effects.

is literal,
The name
bright,
meaning shiny,
hav-
ing a sheen.
"Originality
stantly
is
thing
we
con-
clamor
for,
and
constantly
quarrel with."
CARLYLE.
weave
in
ntbfC
Design
of
stripes
effect
or
waves, showing
shaded
from
dark
is
to light in
same
stripe.
Ombrer
French
"If
for shaded.
the
best
his
man's
faults
it
were
would
written
on
forehead
make him
pull his hat
over his eyes."
GAELIC PROVERB.
CtCPOU
Large
designs
in
figured
crepe.
The name
the finish.
crisp.
applies to the crispiness of
French
Crepon,
to
make
SOUtflC
is
The
largest designs of crepon
show
a raised or puffed appearance.
Souffle
French
for puffed up.

56
Names.
Applied
to
hairy,
rough-faced
Souffle,
3B0UtrC
weaves
we
have
Bourre
is
hairy crepons.
hairy.
Bourre
French
for
Herringbone weaves
meeting
at
show
bars
CbCVCOIl
an angle, as the markings

of
on the sleeves
military uniforms,
or the bones of a herring.
Cut cashmere
is
a cashmere weave,
COUpUfC
showing
lines cut
through the twills
lengthwise of the piece.
Coupure
is
French
for cut through.
Cashmere
of cloth
;
twill
on one side or face
Gasb-
poplin cord on reverse.
"Call not that man wretched who,
mere Double
Whatever
ills
he
suffers,
has
child to love."
southey.
Bebforb Gorb
Cashmere, or worsted twilled-face

cloth,
with cords woven in the warps,
are imitation of
habits.
corduroy for riding
Bedford, a
its
town
to the
57
in
Eng-
land, gives
name
weave.
Names.
for riding
CotC CbCV&l
In France,
corded cloth
as Bedford
costumes, such
cord,
is
called cote cheval.
The
application
;
being through cheval, horse

ribbed or lined.
cote,
HUTIC
up
French measure equaling
forty-five
inches, used in folding silk in putting

in pieces.
Superseded
in
measur-
ing
by
the metre.
JEW
In
Measure formerly used

England
forty-five
for cloth.
inches, Scot;
land thirty-seven inches
rarely used
now,
as
the
thirty-six-inch
yard
is
the accepted measure.
l^Htb
Thirty-six inches in America.
The
English yard
is
a standard established
by the government, indicated by two

marks on a metal rod embedded
the
in
masonry
of the
Houses
of
is
Parsup-
liament.
The American yard
posed
to be 1-100,000 longer than

is
the English, but
not fixed by gov-
ernment standard.
58
Names.
French measure
dredth part
of a
the
one
hun-
Ccntl
tUCtte
metre.
"Good
where,
to
breeding shows
itself
it
most
an ordinary eye,
appears
the least."
ADDISON.
Weave showing
of
the
raised
lines
IbOttCV)"
the
bee's
comb
in
or nest.
Called
COlttb
Nid d'Abeille
bee's nest.
French, meaning
Open mesh weave

ton,
of
coarse cot-
TTarlc-
used
mostly
for
is
in
fruit
packing;
drapery.
Jjm
sometimes
dress
and
The
name
from
Tarlantanna,
of
Milanese for coarse weave
linen
and wool.
Twill-faced cloth with cord or cut

across the warp.
^^hogtODOl
The name
is
from
Sevastopol, the Russian fortified
town
captured by the English and French

in
1855.
59
Textiles
lEOlt 8"
Sheer cloth
of
silk, silk
and wool,
cord
CtinC Of
or silk and cotton,
woven
in fine
HeOliatl
e ff ect
of the
F rom
tne
Greek Aeolus, God

the name.
Winds, comes
Ap-
plied in the sense of a light zephyr
weight.
(BnilftC
Geometrical designs, puffed up
in
weave, as the markings

iron.
of
a waffle
Gaufre
is
French
for waffle.
360UClC
Curled hair or wool, woven

cloth
to
in
any
show
is
the
curl,
is
boucle.
The word
French
for curl.
"A man
more
right
has no more right to say

;
an uncivil thing than to act one

to
no
to
say a
rude thing
another than to knock him down."
JOHNSON.
Jfloren-
Heavy
twilled
mohair
fabric for
Italy
tine
men's wear.
Sold
largely to
is
and Spain.
ence, Italy.
The name
from Flor-
60
Names.
Textiles
COft)U"
T0\)
Heavy
name
roy
cotton
corded
stuff,
used
originally for servants' livery.

is
The
from the French, Cord-ducords.
king's
The
king's out-
door servants wore the
cloth.
"The manners which

as
trifles
one neglects
are often precisely that
by
which men decide on you favorably

or the reverse."
$e\t
Fabric made by rolling or pressing

a pulpy mass
or mixture of hair or
wool
into a
flat
mat.
The name
felt, is
is
from the process.
To
to
mix
and press into shape.
Xinse^
Textiles
Originally a hand-knitted woolen

fabric,
XTflCOt
plain
or
of
ribbed,
used
in
for
shawls.
Most
is
the
tricot
use
to-day
made on
as
old shawl looms,
and finished
dress goods.
The
name
knit.
is
from the French,
tricoter, to
Heavy
in
cross weave, as the sacking
which hops are packed.

Sheer
as etamine, with in-
iDOpSaCK
lIMStf HI
fabric,
terwoven, uneven threads, or nubbed yarn

in
the
warp.
for
Mistral
is
the
French name
west wind.
the
strong north-
Silk fabric,
made with warp and

size.
tCjan-
weft of same
Organzine
is
the
3WC
name given
Italy,
the twisted silk thread in

it is
where
made.
" Genius and brilliancy do not

sure success
;
in-
close application and
continued
effort yield best results."
63
Names.
rlcatt0
Cloth of cotton warp and bright
wool
filling;
made
at
one time
of
in
Orleans, France.
called alpacas
Many
the so-
and mohairs
of to-day
are Orleans.
CrO00
2)\>C0
Fabrics
with warp
;
and
weft
of
different shades
after
weaving they
to
are
crossdyed,
or
redyed,
give
solid colors
and glace
effects.
Moway.
hairs are mostly treated in this
SncMtlC?
Plain, solid color flannel in special
shades for women's dressing sacks

also applied to a fabric of
hemp
for
grain sacks.
BlbH"
ttO60
Sheer fabric with fleecy surface.
The name is taken from the bird whose downy breast the finish of the
fabric resembles.
H0traftban
Curly-faced
pelt of a
cloth
resembling the
breed
of Persian
sheep called
Astrakhan.
64
Names.
Textiles
ilfr&tC"
Quilted
designs
in
any fabric;
stuff
I&66C
from the French, matelasser, to

or pad.
1kenje
Heavy
beaver
cloth
for
coating,
satin
of
the
range.
first
High
Kersey,
center.
finish.
Made
in
England,
woolen goods
C&0i =
UlCrC
Twilled
stuff in
is
men's wear weight.
The name
Cassimere,
a variation of cashmere.
when
properly made,
is
of
cashmere wool.
flDOtl-
Heavy nubbed
French montagne
overcoating.
for
The
is
t&Qtl&C
mountain
the
origin of the name, being for

tain wear.
moun-
CHStOr
Same
Beaver
as beaver, of a lighter weight.
fur is
sometimes called castor.
CMn-
Names.
Names.
Names.
Te.x
Names.
PEOPLE WE MEET IN DAILY BUSINESS LIFE

One who
believes in the
first
per-
^tfoefgt
sonal pronoun.
Blood brother
to a parrot.
180?C
One who
Always
company.
in
is
fond of
facts.
CWUC
mat
agreement with present
One who
going to
jail.
steals
enough
to afford
jlTl
\)C&\ZX
JfOOl
The
other fellow in an argument.

is
One who
enough
to
sure
of
and strong
(3cnlU0
be himself.
he has a right to
ffjCatbCll
One who thinks his own God.
The man whom you

you.
think dislikes
Ufriot
person
who
helps
lawyers
to
JuÔt
pervert justice.
71
7Y.1
Names.
Names.
CONCLUSION
Dan Hix was
where
I
a village character
lived as a boy.
He
was
stupid old fellow
who owned
a
a box-
bed
wagon and
this
outfit
scraggly
horse.
With
he hauled
kindling
wood from
the
the sawmill and ashes to
dump.
boys
of
The
the village
were
talk-
ing one evening of
Dan's stupidity.
One
name
ventured the opinion,
Dan could
offered to
spell
it
not be taught to spell his very short

in a
week.
Another
wager he could teach Dan to

right off in that time.
Small wagers
were made
sition.
for
and against the propo-
Dan, on being asked

like to be
how
it
he
his
would
able to
spell
own name, promptly agreed

be the one thing desirable.
the boys
would
of
One
was
told off to arrange for
the test at the week's
end, and the
teacher
started
with
Dan.
Along
about the third night the report came,

74
Names.
"Dan
made.
can spell his name."

the test
Saturto
day night came;
was
be
The
teacher told with pride

to spell
"Dan
his
had not only learned
name, but had learned the alphaas
bet
well."
All
the
boys
who
de-
knew
cision
of the affair
were on
the village
common.
Dan,
Whichever way
feast
the
went a bean
was
to folpile
of
low.
mounted on a
I
lumber, poor, simple Dan.

his grin
of pride in his
can see
accomplish-
ment now.
The boy
a
the
teacher started
at
Dan
to
spell,
letter
first
time.
Now, Dan,
letter.
"D,"
said Dan, and on he

I,
went
if
to
and
the
then hesitating, as
in
doubt;
teacher urged him with,
what's
the last letter?
"Why, Dan, You had it
pat an hour ago."
Dan's face bright-
" ened as he yelled, " Izzard, be gosh!
and
lost for
his backers.
Poor Dan
it
was
was
overtrained, and
possible to
showed how
too much.
know
75
36 91
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(1906) Megraw, Robert H. - Textiles, and The Origin of Their Names

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(1906) Megraw, Robert H. - Textiles, and The Origin of Their Names

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TS 1449

ROBERT H. MEGRAW New York

wUo ttelped and tntouv* aged me in compiling and

tUt memortj of mtj son

JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD

/IY reason and excuse

to learn the details of

by study and research,

and better men, and

and the Origin of Their Names.

means every kind

matter of what material,

whether the threads be spun from the

mineral kingdom; sheep's wool, goat's

hemp, mallow, the fibrous

cocoons, as the silkworm, of gold, silver

bred for their wool

torn from the sheep's

the living animal

procuring the fleece however procured,

wool was, from the

Before weaving by hand was known

and the Origin of Their Names.

part of the fruit or seed of the cotton

All lands produce food vege-

some kind, but few grow

abundance those convertible

to-day the most impor-

cotton plant does not appear to

have been known as one

before the discovery of America,

and has been developed as such since

read of cotton cloth in Chinese

the throne arrayed in a

until the eleventh

did cotton become of use in China as

China was the

manufacture cotton cloth, she has never

and the Origin of Their Names.

wall was too strong a proIt

for the South-

ern United States to

and gather the crop, cotton soon became

his invention of the

separating the fiber from the seed.

power and progress

than Peter the Great did for Russia's

king; but the

war with him.

continue our prohibitive duties on

compelled to consume most

produce. There are other cotton-growing countries, fast reaching a point in

production where they will

All the Nile valley needs

the cotton market of the world

and the Origin of Their Names.

the black did for us he can

railroad will help in bringing the

the king will

a market for the 65 per

cent, of our crop

emission of the glands of a

China, which bred and