International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

MODELLING RECTANGULAR GROUNDING AND SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE USING THE SIMULINK SOFTWARE PLATFORM
Spomenko NIKI1, Mio GAANOVI2
Abstract: This paper presents the mathematical modelling of rectangular grounding and its implementation in the software package MATLAB / Simulink, v6.0(R14). Simulated the atmospheric discharge phenomena in the rectangular grounding using Simulink software platform, v6.0(R14). The result is a change in voltage, current and impedance earthing shock at the site of injection current lightning and their dependence on parameters of the environment where the grounding. Keywords: Rectangular grounding, atmospheric discharge, impedance earthing shock, soil resistivity, soil ionization

I N TR O D UC TIO N
Behavior groundings when taking lightning current defined his impact characteristics. Calculation of the impact characteristics of grounding is a complex problem because of the large number of different factors that affect them. The most important influence on these characteristics are constructive parameters earthing, electrical characteristics of the soil, as well as shape, amplitude and place of injection current pulses[1]. The complexity of soil structure and shape of groundings initiated the development of two sets of numerical methods for calculation of characteristics. The first group of methods refers to the determination of the impact characteristics of a simple form of grounding in single-floor. The second group of methods including numerical methods for calculation of the impact characteristics of groundings in the form of complex networks in single-floor[1]. When injecting high currents into concentrated groundings may appear soil ionization around grounding. Injection impact current in the grounding leads to the appearance of time-variable voltage and current along the grounding. Impact impedance earthing is determined as the ratio of voltage to node in which current is introduced and injected current[1], as in Eqn. 1.
Fig. 1. Time-variable voltage and current along the grounding

In practice often uses the term conventional impedance earthing Zk[1], as in Eqn. 2.

Zk =

Um Im

(2)

The paper presents a procedure of forming the dynamic model of grounding in the impulse regime. Showing different types of equivalent scheme, which is modeled linear element grounding and mathematical method of determining the parameters of equivalent schemes[1]. The ionization influence is modelled as the effective radius values increase. The proposed mathematical models are incorporated into a software tool Simulink in which the experiments made calculation of individual characteristics. Quantification of characteristics was made in the function of the parameters of atmospheric discharges, soil characteristics and the critical electric field strength[2].

M A TH EM A TIC A L

MO D E L

u (t ) z (t ) = J g (t )

MODELING PARAMETERS GROUNDING Generally speaking, each grounding can be dismantled on a number of linear elements. Each linear element can be modeled concentrated parameters with the appropriate replacement scheme (G, , T - replacement scheme). Fig. 2 shows the rectangular grounding with marked linear element i (kl)[1].

(1)

t - observed moment in time u(t) - voltage at the site of injection at the time t Jg(t) - lightning current that is introduced into the grounding z(t) - impact impedance grounding at the time t

University of Banjaluka, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Patre 5, 78000 Banjaluka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, E-mail: nspoma@gmail.com
2

University of Banjaluka, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Patre 5, 78000 Banjaluka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, E-mail: bilchy@blic.net

International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

Ls =

l li2 ii + 8

(4)

Transverse conductance element is determined on the basis of resistance grounding element[1]:

Gi =

1 R

(5)

Transverse capacitance element is determined by the equation[1]:

Ci = Gi

(6)

For grounding in inhomogeneous soil must be in addition to geometric parameters of grounding, taking into account the soil structure with different resistance of layers soil[3]. Laurent proposed formula for calculation of earth resistance horizontal grid earthing passed to the upper layer of soil resistance z1 under which the second layer of soil resistance z2[3], as in Eqn. 7:

R = z 2 z1 + z1 2 Dr z 2 L
g= 2H , A Dr = 1.13 A

(7)

(8)

where: A- area which includes the rectangular grounding Dr- radius of the circle of equivalent area A H- thickness of upper layer L- total length of elements grounding MODELING THE INFLUENCE IONIZATION AROUND
GROUNDING

Fig. 2. a) Rectangular grounding with marked elementi i; b) T replacement scheme; c) G replacement scheme; d) replacement scheme[1]

Ri - serial resistance element Ls - self inductance element Gi - transverse conductance element Ci - transverse capacitance element The parameters are determined by the procedure described in detail in [1], but here are given only the basic relation. Functional dependence of parameters on the structure of soil which was passed groundings, including through the cases single and double layer of soil[1]. Serial resistance of conductors of arbitrary cross-shaped cross-section when flowing DC determined using the following equatin[1]:

Ri =

l i S

(3)

Under certain conditions, can cause electrical discharge in the soil around the groundings. This nonlinear effect arises when the injection current high amplitude in the grounding which is located in a poorly conductive soil[1]. When the electric field strength exceeds a critical value, leads to the formation of highly conductive channel around grounding. The influence of the ionized zone can be modeled using a fictitious increase in radius element grounding. According to the results of theoretical and experimental research, soil ionization around the earthing leads to a reduction in shock impedance.[1] At this place, used the procedure of calculation of radius of equivalent element grounding. Under this procedure, when determining the radius of the equivalent linear element proceeds to the assumption that the current is taken to the ground along a deliberate element of approximately constant.[1] Surface density current is determined by the equation[1]:

Self-inductance Ls straight wire can be determined using the following eqaution[1]:

Ji =
Ji - surface density current

I moi 2 ai li

(9)

International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

Imoi - maximum value of the current drainage ai - equivalent radius of the element li - length element grounding The criterion for ionization is defined by the Eqn. 10[1]:

Ei =

I moi Ek 2 ai li

(10)

ae - equivalent radius of all elements of grounding lu - total length of the earthing Im - maximum value of the injected lightning current Without reducing generality calculation procedure is the determination shown by the example of the current horizontal grounding of the square in Fig. 4.

Ek - critical electric field strength. Grounding equivalent parameters are shown in Fig. 3 and is determined by the following equation [1]:

aei =

I moi 2 li Ek

(11)

Soil

Fig. 4. Determine the current draining from the elements grounding, a) Horizontal rectangular grounding; b) T replacement scheme grounding with indicating the current drainage Imoi, [1]

Fig. 3. The effect of soil ionization around grounding[1] Table I. Experimentally determined values of critical electric field strength, depending on the type of soil and time to ionization[1] Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Type of soil Sand Sand The analysi Yellow clay Vegetable humus Red clay Red clay ti (s) 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 Ekmin (kV/m) 1300 1200 1300 1100 900 800 800

MODELING SOURCE Current waveform that is injection in groundings, shown in Fig.5, can be represented as a double exponential function, as in Eqn. 14[1]:

J g (t ) = I m (e t e t )

(14) (15)

0.693 2.746 ; = Tzn Tcn

Current wave atmospheric discharge standard is set in a maximum declared value and duration of the forehead and tail, Jg=Jg(Im, Tcn/Tzn).Current wave form is shown in Fig. 1.

For practical application of the proposed value of the critical field strength of 300 kV / m, and 400 kV / m. Calculation of the prime characteristics of grounding with the inclusion of ionization soil around grounding is done in the following steps[1]: - The first step is the calculation of the prime characteristics of grounding without consideration of potential. Determine the maximum value of current drainage with certain elements of grounding. - In the second step of checking the condition[1]:

E X P ER IM E N T -

TH E R E S U LT O F P E R FO R M E D C A LC U LA T IO N S

RESULTS OF CALCULATION IMACT IMPEDANCE In accordance with the procedure described for the calculation of model parameters, model rectangular grounding is incorporated into Simulink software platform, v6.0(R14), and then performed a simulation of atmospheric discharges in the corner of grounding. In this paper we restrict to - alternative scheme, which we modeled grounding. The analysis was performed for different values of soil resistivity, (m)={100, 300, 600, 1000}. Position in the soil analyzed groundings, in experiment performed here, is shown in Fig. 5. Air Soil

I moi Ek 2 li ai

(12)

If the condition (10) is true, calculates the equivalent radius for each element of the grounding, the Eqn. 9. - The third step is the calculation of the impact characteristics of grounding on the basis of model whose parameters include the value of a single equivalent radius for the grounding as a whole[1]:

ae =

Im 2 lu Ek

(13)

Fig. 5. The position of the analyzed groundings, according to Hypothesis 1.

International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

Hypothesis 1.: Assume that the earthing works lightning current shape 1.5/30 s / s and amplitude of Im = 5 kA. Earthing is made of copper rope SCu = 50 mm2, resistivity Cu = 0.0178 mm2/ m. Length side of the rectangular is l = 10 m.

Fig. 6. Place lightning current injection, according to Hypothesis 1. Fig. 9. Current waveform at the site of injection, according to Hypothesis 1.

i(t)

I(t)

s -

i + -

G1

C1 C1 L4 R4 4

Current wave

G4

1 u u(t) + v -

C4 R1 L1 G2 2 L3 R3

R2

L2

C2

G3

C3

Fig. 7. Grounding according to Hypothesis 1., modeled in Simulink, v6.0(R14), analysis performed using -replacement scheme

Fig. 10. Wave forms impact impedance earthing in the function of soil resistivity , according to Hypothesis 1.

Results from the Hypothesis 1.: in Fig. 8, 9, 10 are shown, the resulting calculation, wave forms of voltage, current and impact impedance earthing on the place injection lightning current - respectively.

In Fig. 11 shows the position of groundings in the twolayer soil, representing inhomogeneous structures. Upper layer resistivity 1, and the bottom layer resistivity 2. Air Soil

Fig. 11. The position of grounding in two-layer soil, according to Hypothesis 1.

For the case in Fig. 10 wave forms of voltage and impact impedance of the lightning current injection site, obtained by calculation, are shown in Fig. 11 and 12 respectively.

Fig. 8. Wave forms voltage at the site of injection current of lightning in the function of soil resistivity , according to Hypothesis 1.

International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

Table III. The results of calculation the values of equivalent radius calculated by the Eqn. 9. (m) Ek (kV/m) Im Tcn/Tzn a (mm) ae2 (mm) ae3 (mm) ae4 (mm) (kA) (s/s) e1 1,5/30 4.3549 800 1,5/30 43.5388 23.1173 22.6995 23.1173 800 1,5/30 9.3384 9.2867 9.2867 9.2867 1200 1,5/30 93.3444 92.8669 92.8669 92.8669 1200 1,5/30 28.5744 28.5744 28.5867 28.5744 1300 1,5/30 285.5 285.744 285.744 285.744 1300 Lightning current Equivalent radius ith element

50 10 50 100 300 10 300 100 1000 10 1000 100

Fig. 12. Wave forms voltage at the site of injection current lightning in the function of the relation soil resistivity 1 / 2, according to Hypothesis 1.

Table IV. The results of calculation the value current drainage of individual elements and the equivalent radius in function of soil resistivity and lightning current amplitude Current drainage Lightning current with the ith element (m) Im Tcn/Tzn Imo1 Imo2 Imo3 Imo4 (kA) (s/s) (kA) (kA) (kA) (kA) 50 50 300 300 1000 1000 10 100 10 100 10 100 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 4.378 43.77 2.347 23.46 2.334 23.32 2.325 23.24 2.334 23.34 2.334 23.34 2.281 22.82 2.334 23.34 2.335 23.34 Ek (kV/m) 800 800 1200 1200 1300 1300

ae (mm)

2.325 2.4868 23.24 24.868 2.334 9.9472 23.34 99.4718 2.334 30.6067 23.34 306.0672

Grounding model implemented in Simulink, v6.0(R14), whose elements are modeled T-replacement scheme, shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 13. Wave forms impact impedance earthing in the function of the relation soil resistivity 1 / 2, according to Hypothesis 1.
Io1
I(t)
s + + i -

i i(t)
+ i -

i1
G1

CALCULATION OF INFLUENCE IONIZATION Based on the described procedure carried out a systematic analysis of the influence ionization soil on the impact impedance earthing. Assumed the depth of taking the grounding of 0.5 m, while the 8 mm diameter elements. Relative dielectric constant of soil is r = 10. The results of calculation, the experiment conducted here and by hypothesis 1., as shown in the following tables (II, III, IV).
Table II. The results of calculation the maximum value of electric field strength on the surface of groundings, depending on soil resistivity and lightning current amplitude Lightning current Im (kA) 10 100 10 100 10 100 Ek (kV/m) Tcn/Tzn E1 E2 E3 E4 (s/s) (kV/m) (kV/m) (kV/m) (kV/m) 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 1,5/30 873 464 455 464 8731 4636 4552 4636 2809 2793 2793 2793 28078 27934 27934 27934 9311 9311 9315 9315 93033 93113 93113 93113 800 800 1200 1200 1300 1300 Electric field strength

Current wave

C1 C1

u u(t) Io2 i2

+ v -

L1/2

L1/2

Io4
L2/2 L4/2 i + -

i4

i + L2/2

L4/2 L3/2 L3/2 4

G2

G4

C2 3

C4

G3

i + C3

(m)

Io3

i3

50 50 300 300 1000 1000

Fig. 14. Grounding according to Hypothesis 1., modeled in Simulink, v6.0(R14), analysis performed using T-replacement scheme

In Fig. 15 and 16 are shown, obtained by calculation, wave forms of impact impedance earthing in the function of soil resistivity and current values of lightning.

International PhD Seminar on Computational electromagnetics and optimization in electrical engineering CEMOEE 2010 10-13 September, Sofia, Bulgaria

R E FE R EN C ES
[1] M.Savi, Z.Stojkovi, Tehnika visokog napona: Atmosferski prenaponi, Elektrotehniki fakultet, Beograd, 2001. [2] Z.Stojkovi, M.S.Savi, Dinamiki model udarnih karakteristika uzemljivaa dalekovodnih stubova, Elektroprivreda, vol. 54, br. 3, str. 50-56, 2001. [3] F.Majdandi, Uzemljivai i sustavi uzemljenja, Graphis, Zagreb, 2004. [4] Y.Liu, Transient Response of Grounding Systems Caused by Lightning: Modelling and Experiments, Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1015, Uppsala, 2004.
Fig. 15. The results of calculation waveform impact impedance in function of soil resistivity and the value of lightning current, = 50 m 1) model without the ionization soil, I = 10 kA, I = 100 kA, 2) model with the ionization soil, I = 10 kA, 3) model with the ionization soil, I = 100 kA

A U TH O R S
Spomenko Niki was born in Zavidovici on March 16, 1983. He graduated Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Banja Luka, B. Sc., department of power engineering, Bosnia and Hercegovina in 2009. He entered the master study in Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banjaluka, in 2010. Dr. Mio Gaanovi was born in 1952. He is recognized and known internationally as a scientist in the field of applied electrostatics, where he has given his contribution through original solutions, which are patented in 136 countries throughout the world and applied in production. He received many prestigious world-known awards and certificates for his creative work. Hence, he is included in the work of world groups of creativity, research and new technology in Brussels, Moscow, Pittsburgh and other world cities. He is also involved in research projects from the field of theoretical electrical engineering in Germany, Belgium and Russia.

Fig. 16. The results of calculation waveform impact impedance in function of soil resistivity and the value of lightning current, = 1000 m 1) model without the ionization soil, I = 10 kA, I = 100 kA, 2) model with the ionization soil, I = 10 kA, 3) model with the ionization soil, I = 100 kA

C O NC LU S ION
This paper presents the use of Simulink software platform for modeling elements and phenomena in electric power system. The results of a calculation for a given hypothesis, given in the paper, in order to obtain the analysis of the influence of soil resistivity on the impact characteristics of the grounding, and the influence of nonlinear phenomena, soil ionization, around grounding on the impact characteristics of the grounding. The contribution given in this paper through experimental research may be the application of engineering practices in order to assess temporal changes in the impact characteristics discussed here grounding.