Grammar Review Name

Present Simple

-1Structure Example
1. He lives in Prague. 2. I brush my teeth daily. 3. We love dogs. 4. Ice melts in the sun. 5. Class begins at 4pm 1. Im breathing air. 2. Hes taking a course. 3. People are spending less money these days. 4. Shes always yelling. 5. Were visiting France next year. I walked there yesterday. I was at the party. You were at the party. 1. This time last year I was lying on a beach while on holiday. 2. They were cooking dinner last night when the phone rang. 3. When I was leaving last year, my mom was hugging me and begging me not to go.

Function/Use
1. Permanent situations 2. Routines/Habits 3. State Verbs 4. Laws/Rules 5. Future w/ a timetable 1. Happening right now 2. Temporary situations 3. Trends 4. Annoying habits 5. Future plans Use for all completed actions in the past 1. To talk about an event in progress at a specific time in the past. 2. A past event was interrupted by another event. 3. Two continuous past actions that were happening at the same time. 1. Began in the past and is still true today. 2. Began in the past but in an unfinished time period. (this week/year) 3. Life experiences. 4. Things that have just happened. 5. Recent Events Used to talk about an ongoing activity that started in the past and leads up to now and probably continues.

Subject + present form (3rd person adds s to verb)

Present Continuous

Subject + present form of to be + present participle (verb + ing)

Past Simple

Subject + verb (in past form) Use was/were for to be

Past Continuous

Subject + to be (in past form) + present participle (verb + ing)

Present perfect simple

Subject + have/has + past participle Use when there is a link between the past and the present

Present perfect continuous

Subject +have/has + been + present participle (verb + ing)

1. Ive lived here for 3 years/ since 2007. 2. Shes sent fifty invitations this week. 3. Weve visited China three times. 4. Theres been an accident. 5. Ive been sick. Ive been walking all day. Theyve been celebrating on July 4th for decades now.

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Past perfect simple

Subject + had+ past participle Use when there is a link between events in the past

1. They had heard a lot about each other before they finally met. 2. The fish died because shed forgotten to feed it. 1. I had been working there 3 years when I finally decided to leave. 2. She was tired that evening because she had been working all day. I will have lived in Prague three years by next May. I will have been studying grammar for seven weeks by the time the test begins.

1. To show which of two past actions happened first. 2. To explain the reason for an event. 1. To talk about a duration before an event in the past 2. To describe a cause for an event in the past. Future action that will have been completed by a deadline!! Future activity that will have started before a deadline. Continues up to a deadline!! 1. Predictions 2. Expectations 3. Future facts 4. Instant decisions 5. Offers to help/assist 6. Promises/threats 7. Polite Requests 1. Pre-made plans 2. Future expectations with evidence. 1. Something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future. 2. Fixed future events 3. To predict something that is happening now.

Past perfect continuous

Subject +had + been + present participle (verb + ing)

Future perfect simple

Subject + will + have +past participle

Future perfect continuous

Subject + will + have +been + present participle

Other Future tenses: Future Simple: (Will/going to) Will

Will + inf. without to

1. Youll be rich one day. 2. Well arrive at 7 pm. 3. The snow will melt. 4. I think Ill stay here. 5. Shell do it for you. 6. Ill love you forever. 7. Ill have more, please. 1. I'm going to go later. 2. Look at the sky! It is going to rain! 1. This time next week Ill be running the marathon. 2. Well be meeting every Tuesday of the month. 3. You can call him, but he will probably still be sleeping.

Going to

Going to + inf. without to

Future Continuous

Will + be + present participle (verb + ing)

Present Simple Present Continuous

Subject + present form (3rd person adds s to verb) Subject + present form of to be + present participle (verb + ing) The bus leaves in five minutes. Im seeing my dentist on Friday afternoon.

Future with a timetable Planned arrangements at a scheduled time

Grammar Review
(Structures can be reversed, other modals can be used) If/When + present. present (Present. When/If + present) If + present .. will/may + inf. without to If + past simple Would/might/could+ inf. without to If + past perfect verb would have + past participle (Again, structures can be reversed and some other modals can be used) 2/3 If + past simple would+ have + past participle 1/3 If + present. Would/should + have + past participle 3/2 If + past perfect verb. would+ inf. without to State Verbs

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Zero Conditional First Conditional Second Conditional

When I eat peanuts, I get sick. (Im allergic) If I am late again, I will be fired. If I had a million dollars, I could help you. If you stopped smoking, you would feel better. If I had brought an umbrella, I wouldnt have gotten wet at the game. If I liked Jazz music, I would have gone to the show last night. If youre as clever as you say, you wouldnt have failed the test. If I had gone to the concert last night, I would be very tired now

Its always true or used for Laws/Rules A strong possibility in the future. Used for hypothetical situations, advice, or unlikely situations. Used to show regret or reflecting on imaginary events of the past. Present state that affected a past action Present state that affected a past action Past action that affected a present state

Third Conditional Mixed conditionals Relate a past event to something in the present or future

To love, to like, to own, to hear, to see, to be.

Countable and Uncountable nouns

Countable nouns can be made plural with s Chairs, rocks, pencils Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. There are two types of uncountable nouns: Mass nouns salt, grass Abstract nouns freedom, happiness Nouns that can be countable or uncountable: Hair, light, noise, paper, room, time, work, glass, experience Too much light hurts my eyes. I see many lights ahead.

Countable nouns: We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns: A dog is an animal. We can use some and any with plural countable nouns: I've got some dollars. Have you got any pens? We can use a few and many with plural countable nouns: I've got a few dollars. I haven't got many pens.

Verbs that deal with emotions and cognition or the senses. Usually not used in continuous forms. Im loving it. McDonalds is wrong! Uncountable nouns: We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an. We cannot say "an information". But we can say: a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice We can use some and any with uncountable nouns: I've got some money. Have you got any rice? We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns: I've got a little money. I haven't got much rice.

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Would vs Used to when used in the past

Would + inf. without to Used to + inf. without to

I would always go skiing with my dad when I was young. I used to love this song. If you say, I would love to go skiing with my dad, you are referring to the present or future.

Both deal with repeated past events that probably do not occur now. However, would cannot be used with state verbs in the past. It changes the meaning. Direct Speech Actual words spoken Reported Speech words we use to tell others what someone said. (Review the chart) Verb tenses shift back in time Pronouns change: I He/She We They Time and place also change Non-defining relative clause gives extra information. The sentence sill has meaning even without the clause in commas. Defining relative clause. The clause gives essential information. There are no commas The common order when you have a lot of different adjectives to describe a noun. We typically dont use more than three at a time. We use the passive when: 1. Subject is unknown 2. The agent is obvious 3. We dont want to

Reported Speech

Present past Will would Now Then

Im tired today. He said he was tired that day. I will do it tomorrow.

Past past perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Here there Today that day Tomorrow The next day We cant do it now. Yesterday The previous day A week ago A week before Relative clauses Relative clauses are used to link pieces of information together to avoid short and repetitive sentences. These are typically taught and used in writing. Relative pronouns: Who refers to people Which refers to things That refers to people or things They said they couldnt do it then. The teacher, who was wearing a blue dress, was doing a good job. He said he would do it the next day. It was cold here yesterday He said it had been cold there the day before.

The teacher who first entered the room was always my favorite.

Adjective order

Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose + noun (OSASCOMP)

The beautiful, large, old, round, blue, Japanese, leather, shopping bag

Active and Passive verb forms Passive voice may have an agent....

Active The person/thing who does the action is the subject : People visit the Charles Bridge everyday. Subject + verb+ object Passive The person/thing affected by the action is the subject.

1. The store was robbed by three masked men. 2. Oranges are grown in Florida. (by farmers) 3. The coffee pot was left

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something done by someone. The Charles Bridge is visited by many people everyday. Sub+ to be+ past participle on all night. Please remember to turn it off. blame anyone

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Functions of Like

Like and As: Like is not as literal as As She works like a dog. He works as a teacher.

If vs. Unless Until vs. When

These are conjunctions that are often used in conditional sentences to change meaning.

1. I like movies 2. I would like.. 3. I play sports like.. 4. My likes are 5. I like, cant believe it! 6. And I was all like, Oh no you didnt! 7. I look like my dad. 8. My house is like a mile away. If and unless are opposites If it rains, Ill stay home. Ill go, unless its raining.

1. A verb 2. A request 3. To give examples 4. A noun 5. A filler - informal 6. To quote - informal 7.Comparison/ preposition 8. An adverb Until and when are opposites Im not going, until hes here. When he gets here, Ill go. Regular Superlatives: - the hottest - the nicest - the prettiest - the most modern - the least expensive Irregular Superlatives: - the best - the worst - the furthest/farthest

Comparative Vs Superlative

Comparatives You compare only two items The cat is more playful than the dog. Superlatives You compare three or more items The hamster is the most playful of all the pets we own. (USE DEFINITE ARTICLE!)

Regular Comparatives: hot hotter (than) nice nicer pretty prettier modern more modern expensive less expensive Irregular Comparatives: good better bad worse far further/farther Offering/Requests Would Would you like more? Can Can you help me? May May I leave now? Could Could you give it to me? No Necessity or Obligation Neednt You neednt worry. Dont need to I dont need to stay. Dont have to I dont have to drive. Prohibition Mustnt You mustnt smoke here. Permission Could Can I borrow your car? May

Modal Verbs:

Ability Can I can ride a bike. Necessity/Obligation Must (internal) I must leave now. Have to (external) My doctor says I have to. Need to I need to clean this room. Advice Should You should really stop smoking. Would I would stop if I were you. Possibility Could May Might It rain tomorrow.

Auxiliary verbs that communicate how likely something is to happen.

Verbs which express the mood of another verb: will/would; shall/should; may/might; can/could; must, ought to, need to, dare, used to.

Grammar Review
Zero Article No article used *Plural countable nouns (in general) Dogs are smart. I cant find any markers. *Uncountable nouns (in general) I love coffee. We need milk. *Town, cities and most countries. Prague is great. Japan is an island. * Names of certain places. John is at university. I like my school. * With by in transport. I go by bus to work everyday. * States South Carolina, Hawaii *Single Mountains Mount Fuji, Mount Olympus Definite Article the * When it is known by all people. The party was great last night, wasnt it? *Something mentioned before. The cat we saw yesterday is back. *There is only one. The moon is bright tonight. * Superlatives. He is the smartest boy in class. * Oceans, rivers, seas, plural mountain ranges. The Atlantic, This Nile, The Red Sea, The Alps * Countries that are Kingdoms, Republics or combined states: The USA, the UK, the Republic of Ireland, the Dominican Republic. * Groups of islandsThe Hawaiian Islands, the West Indies *When being specific I need the blue marker. The dogs are barking again! Gradable and Ungradable Adjectives. Gradable Adjectives can have superlatives and comparisons, Gradable Adjectives can be altered in intensity Ungradable Adjectives cannot be altered, they are 100% The dog is gigantic. NOT The dog is very gigantic, or, The dog is the giganticest. Gerunds Present Participle (verb+ing) I like skiing. Dancing doesnt interest me. Thats the biggest dog. That dog is very big.

-6Indefinite Article a/an Use a before a hard consonant sound: A rope, a bead, a grape, a university Use an before a soft vowel sound: An hour, an apple, an opera, an honest days work, an umbrella *First time its mentioned Is that a new watch? *To classify objects I am a teacher. it is an apple. Hes an American. * With some numbers a million, a billion *When it doesnt matter which one Can you hand me a spoon, please?

Articles

Gradable adjectives can change because they are not extremes. HAPPY can be changed, ELATED cannot be changed because it is the extreme.

When we are using the present participle of a verb as a noun.