Stokeslet The steady Stokes ow equations in two or three dimensions are p u = F u = 0 (1) (2)

where is the uid viscosity, p is the pressure, u is the velocity and F is the force. Let consider the general situation in which the forces are spread over a small ball centered at the point x0 which is given as follow F (x) = f0 (x x0 ) equation (1) becomes p u = f0 (x x0 ) Take the divergence of equation (3) ( p u) = ( p) (u) = (f0 (x x0 )) (f0 (x x0 )) (A) = (4) (5) (6) (3)

interchange the divergence and the laplacian and apply the identity A + A for is a scalar and A is a vector we have p ( u) = f0 + f0 (x x0 ) where f0 is a vector and (x x0 ) is a scalar. Since concentrating at one point then f0 = 0. Hence, p = f0 (x x0 )

u = 0 and F is an arbitrary force (7)

Denote G = (x x0 ) and H = G , thus G is the fundamental solution of the Laplace equation and H is the solution of the biharmonic equation H = (x x0 ) p = = = p = p = p = f0 (x x0 ) f0 ( G ) f0 ( G ) (f0 G ) + f0 (f0 G ) f0 G (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

The fundamental solution of the Laplaces equation is 1 G= 4r The pressure equation now becomes 1 1 1 p = f0 ( ) = f0 ( ) 4r 4 r 1 Apply the identity: (rn ) = (nrn1 ) (x x0 ), thus r f0 (x x0 ) p= 4r3 Substitute the pressure p = f0 G into equation (1), which leads to (f0 G) u = f0 (x x0 ) 1

(14)

(15)

Derivation of Stokeslet
32 to calculate G (x) and B (x) in R2 and R3 , for 2(r2 + 2 )5/2

Take example (x) =

r = |x| We consider the polar coordinate for R2 case, that is G = 1 2G 1 G 2G + 2 + r2 r r r 2

Since the diusion of any quantity is symmetric with respect to r, G does not depend on , thus G = 2G 1 1 G = + 2 r r r r r r G (r) r

With the given blob and the dierential equation above, we can nd the solution for G(x) as follow 1 r r r G (r) 32 = r 2(r2 + 2 )5/2 G (r) 3 r = r 2(r2 + 2 )3/2

Divide r for both sides and integrate the equation over r, we have G (r) = 1 2 r2 +
2

ln( (

+ r2 + )) + ln |r| + C

For C is an arbitrary constant, we can choose C in such a way that the solution of G (r) is of the form 1 G (r) = ln( 2 + r2 + ) 2 Take the limit of the function above as 0, the function G(x) is a smooth approximation of the Greens function with G(x) = 1 ln |x| 2

for r = |x|. We notice that, the solution B (x) is the solution of the biharmonic equation 2 B (x) = (x) or the solution of B (r) = 1 ln( 2
2

+ r2 + )

Apply the same approach as used in derivation of G (r) 1 r r r B (r) r = 1 ln( 2

2

+ r2 + )

After a few algebra steps, we obtain the solution for G(x) in approximation of G (x), with r = |x| B(x) = |x|2 [ln(|x| 1)] 8 2

In order to derive the solution G(x) and B(x) in R3 , we consider Laplacian in spherical coordinate, that is G = 1 sin G (r) 1 2 G (r) 2 G (r) 2 G (r) + 2 + 2 2 + r2 r r r sin r sin 2

But the blob (r) is independent of and , thus G = 1 2 G (r) 2 G (r) = 2 + 2 r r r r r r2 G (r)

The solution of G(x) and B(x) are derived exactly the same way as above, therefore, G(x) = Take the divergence of u = the pressure and the velocity p = F ) G f0 1 4|x| B(x) = |x| 8

p F and use the incompressible condition to obtain p = f0 G u = (f ) B (x x0 ) f0 G (x x0 )

u = (f

or or

If there are N forces, fk , centered at points xk , the pressure and velocity are given as
N

p(x) =
k=1

fk

G (x xk )
N

1 u(x) = U0 + Apply chain rule for B (f ) B =

[(fk
k=1

) B (x xk ) fk G (x xk )]

B and (f

) B for r = |x|

B r x =B r x r x = (f )(B ) r x1 xN = f1 B + + fN B x1 r xN r B B B B B B + f1 f 1 x2 3 + + f N xN + fN f N x2 3 = f 1 x1 1 N r r r r r r B (r) rB (r) B (r) = f + (f x)x r r3