CCNA Practice Questions

1. Which one of the following is a Class C IP address? 10.10.14.118 135.23.112.57 191.200.199.199 204.67.118.54

Short answer: 204.67.118.54

Long answer: IP addresses are written using decimal numbers separated by decimal points.This is called dotted decimal notation of expressing IPaddresses.The different classes of IP addresses as per IP v4 specification is as below: Class Format A B C N.H.H.H N.N.H.H N.N.N.H Leading Bits 0 10 110 Network address 0 126 128 191 192 223 127 16,384 2,097,152 Max.nets Max hosts

16,777,214 65,534 254

D Not Applicable 1110 Address range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Class D multicast address space is 2^28 or 268,435,456 multicast groups.) E Not Applicable 1111 Address range: 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

Network address of all zeros means "This network or segment". Network address of all 1s means " all networks", same as hexadecimal of all Fs. Network number 127 is reserved for loopback tests. Host (Node) address of all zeros mean "This Host (Node)". Host (Node) address of all 1s mean "all Hosts (Nodes)" on the specified network. Class D is a special multicast address and cannot be used for networks.The 4 high-order bits are always 1110, and the remaining 28 bits allow for more than 268 million possible addresses.There is

no concept of network and host address ranges in Class D.Class E is reserved for experimental purposes. The first four bits in the address are always 1111.

Q2. You are asked to evolve a TCP/IP addressing scheme for your Organization. How many network numbers (subnet number) must you allow when you design the network for your organization?

One subnet for each Host One for each subnet, one for each WAN connection One for each network card One for each WAN connection only

Short answer: One for each subnet, one for each WAN connection

Long answer: IP network number is assigned by IANA to organizations.Given and IP network, one need to understand the organizations requirement for subnets and hosts.For examples, take an IP address 202.196.3.0 assigned by IANA to American Corp. (assumed name). The company American Corp can subnet the Class C network assigned to it depending on its organizational requirement. Basically, it is determined by the following factors: 1. 2. Number of subnets required within the major network, Maximum number of hosts within each subnet.

Assume that the maximum number of hosts in any subnet is 18. Then you need to assign x number of bits in the IP address host portion to accommodate at least 18 hosts. Writing the last octet of dotted decimal in binary form, 202.196.3.00000000 Note that the first three are represented in octets and the last octet is expanded to show binary digits. The number of bits required for 18 hosts is 5, so that 2^5 (=32). Note that if we take only 4 bits for host portion, then the maximum number of hosts that could be accommodated are 2^4 (=16) which is less than 18. Therefore, you need at least 5 bits for host portion. This leaves three bits for network portion as show in the following expression:

202.196.3.nnnhhhhh Another way of calculating the subnets and hosts is by knowing the number of subnets required. Suppose, you need 14 subnets, the it is less than 2^4. Therefore, you need at least 4 bits of the last octet towards subnetting. That leaves 4 bits for host portion which can accommodate up to 16 hosts (actually (16-2) or 14 hosts, leaving all zeros and all ones hosts). This can be represented as follows: 202.196.3.nnnnhhhh Therefore, you need to optimize based on your requirement of hosts and subnets.

3. You have an IP of 156.233.42.56 with a subnet mask of 7 bits. How many hosts and subnets are possible assuming that subnet 0 is not used?

126 subnets and 510 hosts 128 subnets and 512 hosts 510 subnets and 126 hosts 512 subnets and 128 hosts

Short answer: 126 subnets and 510 hosts

Long answer: Class B network has the form N.N.H.H, the default subnet mask is 16 bits long. There is additional subnet mask of 7 bits long.

7 bits of subnet mask corresponds to (2^7)=128. 9 bits (16-7) of host addresses corresponds to (2^9-2)=512-2 = 510 hosts (note that all ones and all zeros bits are reserved). Some times, the subnet mask is specified with the bits available in the default subnet mask. In this case the bits available in default subnet mask is 16. Therefore, total number of bits available in the subnet mask are 16+7=23. If you are given a subnet mask of 23 bits long for a class B address, it is understood that it contains the bits from the default subnet mask as well.

4. You find that one of the serial interfaces on your router is not forwarding traffic. You have given "show ip interfaces" command. In the response, you observed the following entries against that interface: Serial 0 is up, line protocol is down. What is the likely problem?

There is a problem at physical layer There is a problem exchanging the routing information The link was administratively down There is a problem with the route both at physical and protocol layers

Short answer: There is a problem exchanging the routing information

Long answer: The interface is working properly at physical layer. There is problem at the protocol level. Also, if the administrator has disabled the interface, a message saying the interface is administratively down will be displayed.

5. A client workstation is connected to a DHCP server through a switch and a router, The client machine has been able to access the network resources without any problem. However, after the recent configuration change on the DHCP server, the client workstation is not able to access any network resources. What is the likely solution.

Clear arp cache on the router Use ipconfig command with /release and /renew options Reset switch MAC address table Issue a tracert command to DHCP server

Short answer: Use ipconfig command with /release and /renew options

Long answer: It is likely that the DHCP information available with the client workstation had become obsolete. Issuing ipconfig command with /release and /renew commands will enable the client workstation to obtain latest changes to the DHCP server.

6. Two sub layers of OSI Data Link layer are which of the following?

Logical Link Control, Data Link Control Media Access Control, Physical Layer Control Logical Link Control, Media Access Control Data Link Control, Physical Layer Control

Short answer: Logical Link Control, Media Access Control

Long answer: The OSI model was designed to facilitate open specification for connecting to systems conforming to OSI model. These systems are designed to be open for communication with almost any other system. OSI model breaks down each functional layer so that overall design complexity could be lessened. OSI model primarily consists of seven layers for the flow of information. This is shown in the figure below. The Data Link Layer corresponds to layer 2 of OSI reference model. This layer is further divided into two sub-layers: 1. Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer, and 2. Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer. The LLC sub-layer handles error control, flow control, framing, and MAC sub-layer addressing. The MAC sub-layer is the lower of the two sub-layers of the Data Link layer. MAC sub-layer handles access to shared media, such a Token passing or Ethernet.

7.Match the following: A. Repeaters B. Bridges C. Routers 1. Data Link Layer 2. Network Layer 3. Physical Layer

A --->2, B--->3, C--->1 A--->3, B---->1, C---->2 A--->3, B----->2, C---->1 A---->1, B---->2, C---->3

Short answer: A--->3, B---->1, C---->2

Long answer: The most frequently used network devices may be categorized as repeaters, hubs, switches, and routers. These devices let you connect computers, printers, and other devices to communicate with each other.The medium that is used for communication is usually cable (optical or copper) and air (Wifi, bluetooth, etc.). A repeater is a basic device that simply amplifies the input signals and retransmits. It is used to extend the range of a network segment. For example, the range of a 10BaseT network segment is 100meters by default.If the end devices are at a distance more than 100 meters, you will require a repeater so that the transmitted signals are received at the destination device without losing any information.

A bridge/switch essentially forwards the frames that come from one port to other ports.A switch is used to connect two or more network segments. A switch learns the physical addresses of sending devices by reading the MAC address and mapping it to the port number through which the frame had arrived. This way, it will quickly learn which MAC address belongs to which switch port, and stores the information in a table (called MAC table). Then onwards, it will send aframe only to the port that connects to the destination device (as specified in the frame). MAC addressesare layer-2 addresses. Because a switch works on MAC addresses, we can classify switches as Layer-2 devices.

A router is used to route packets by connecting two or more networks together.They work at layer-3

of the OSI model.They route packets based on the IP addresses where as a switch forwards packets based on the MAC addresses. A router needs to disseminate an incoming packet down to its IP address and route it to destination based on information available in its routing table. Switches maintain a MAC table where as routers maintain a routing table. When a switch sends a packet (usually called a frame when sent by a switch) it iscalled forwarding.A router reads the destination IP address of the incoming packet, finds out which interface it needs to go to reach desired destination (which may be several hops away) and routes the packet appropriately.

8. Match the following: 1. Segments A. Associated with Data Link Layer 2. Packets B. Associated with Network Layer

3. Frames

C. Associated with Transport Layer

1--->A; 2---->C; 3 --->B 1--->C; 2---->A; 3 --->B 1--->C; 2---->B; 3 --->A 1--->A; 2---->B; 3 --->C

Short answer: 1--->C; 2---->B; 3 --->A

Long answer: The terms Frame, Packet, and Segment are used frequently in TCP/IP framework to distinguish between different layers of TCP/IP (or OSI). An Ethernet "Frame" is the layer 2 frame that is received by the NIC (Network Interface Card) of your computer for processing. A Frame typically contains MAC address or any physical address of the next hop interface. An IP "Packet" is the information packet that contains the IP header, and includes all upper layer protocol information. A Packet contains the logical address (also called IP address in TCP/IP) of source and destination. And, a TCP segment, encapsulates all higher-level protocols above it so that it is ready for transmission over the network. When a packet comes in to the NIC, the Datalink layer takes the "Frame", and removes the mac address information, and forwards the "Packet" to the IP layer. The destination host, then removes the Packet header and forwards the information Segment it to Transport layer for further processing. The transport layer forwards the information to upper layers of the TCP stack for identification of the application. After TCP is processed, the TCP header is removed completely, and the data is sent to the application. In general, a Frame is associated with Datalink Layer, a packet is associated with Network Layer, and a segment is associated with Transport Layer. Note that the information is called with different names to distinguish one TCP/IP layer from another.

9.Please see the figure below. Host A is trying to telnet to Host B. However, the Ethernet interface fa0/0 on RTC is not functioning. Which of the following statements are true? (choose 2 best answers)

http://www.certexams.com/cisco/ccna/questions/ccna_5.jpg

RTB will send a destination unreachable message to RTA RTC will send a destination unreachable message RTC will inform RTA that Host B is unreachable RTC will inform Host A that Host B is unreachable

Answer: Router RTC will send 1. Destination Unreachable message type, and 2. Inform Host A that Host B is unreachable.

10. Which of the following is true of a Switch?

Switches forward packets based on IP address.

Switches forward packets based on MAC address. Switches forward packets based on IPX address. Switches forward packets based on Layer3 protocol.

Short answer: Switches forward packets based on MAC address

Long answer: A bridge/switch essentially forwards the frames that come from one port to other ports. However, a switch learns the physical addresses of sending devices by reading the MAC address and mapping it to the port number through which the frame had arrived. This way, it will quickly learn which MAC address belongs to which switch port,and stores the information in a table (called MAC table). Then onwards, it will send a frame only to the port that connects to the destination device (as specified in the frame). A switch is used to connect two or more network segments.MAC addresses are layer-2 addresses. Because a switch works on MAC addresses, we can classify switches as Layer-2 devices.