Chapter 20 Electric Circuits

Ch20A: Sec. 1-6

This power point presentation is based on the supplement provided by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. for Cutnell & Johnsons Physics. It is provided for the students in College Physics II class of NC A&T by Dr. Y.-L. Lin and cannot be copied or distributed to any third party.

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

In an electric circuit, an energy source and an energy consuming device are connected by conducting wires through which electric charges move.

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

Within a battery, a chemical reaction occurs that transfers electrons from one terminal to another terminal. The maximum potential difference across the terminals is called the electromotive force (emf).

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

The electric current is the amount of charge per unit time that passes through a surface that is perpendicular to the motion of the charges.

q I= t

(20.1)

One coulomb per second equals one ampere (A).

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

If the charges move around the circuit in the same direction at all times, the current is said to be direct current (dc). If the charges move first one way and then the opposite way, the current is said to be alternating current (ac).

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

Example 1 A Pocket Calculator The current in a 3.0 V battery of a pocket calculator is 0.17 mA. In one hour of operation, (a) how much charge flows in the circuit and (b) how much energy does the battery deliver to the calculator circuit?

(a)

q = I (t ) = 0.17 10 3 A (3600 s ) = 0.61 C

Energy = (0.61 C )(3.0 V ) = 1.8 J Charge

(b)

Energy = Charge

20.1 Electromotive Force and Current

Conventional current is the hypothetical flow of positive charges that would have the same effect in the circuit as the movement of negative charges that actually does occur.

20.2 Ohms Law

The resistance (R) is defined as the ratio of the voltage V applied across a piece of material to the current I through the material. OHMS LAW The ratio V/I is a constant, where V is the voltage applied across a piece of material and I is the current through the material:

V = R = constant I

or

V = IR

(20.2)

SI Unit of Resistance: volt/ampere (V/A) = ohm ()

20.2 Ohms Law

A wire or an electrical device offers resistance to electrical flow, it is called a resistor.

For example, the filament in a light bulb is a resistor in the form of a thin piece of wire.

20.2 Ohms Law

Example 2 A Flashlight The filament in a light bulb is a resistor in the form of a thin piece of wire. The wire becomes hot enough to emit light because of the current in it. The flashlight uses two 1.5-V batteries to provide a current of 0.40 A in the filament. Determine the resistance of the glowing filament. Solution

V 3.0 V = 7.5 R= = I 0.40 A

(9/9/08)

20.3 Resistance and Resistivity

For a wide range of materials, the resistance of a piece of material is proportional to the length L

RL
and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area A

R 1/ A
Thus, we may write

L R= A

(20.3)

resistivity in units of ohmmeter

20.3 Resistance and Resistivity

L R= A

20.3 Resistance and Resistivity

Example 3 Longer Extension Cords The instructions for an electric lawn mower suggest that a 20-gauge extension cord can be used for distances up to 35 m, but a thicker 16-gauge cord should be used for longer distances. The cross sectional area of a 20-gauge wire is 5.2x10-7 m2, while that of a 16-gauge wire is 13x10-7 m2. Determine the resistance of (a) 35 m of 20-gauge copper wire and (b) 75 m of 16-gauge copper wire.

(a)

L (1.72 10 8 m)(35 m) R= = = 1.2 -7 2 A 5.2 10 m L (1.72 10 8 m)(75 m) R= = = 0.99 -7 2 A 13 10 m

(b)

20.3 Resistance and Resistivity

Reading Assignment

Impedance Plethysmography

L L L2 = R= = A Vcalf L Vcalf
volume

20.3 Resistance and Resistivity

The resistivity of a material depends on temperature.

= o [1 + (T To )]
(20.4) temperature coefficient of resistivity

Since R = L/A, (20.4) becomes

R = Ro [1 + (T To )]
(20.5)

20.4 Electric Power

Suppose some charge emerges from a battery and the potential difference between the battery terminals is V. energy

E (q )V q P= = = V = IV t t t
power time

(20.6a)

20.4 Electric Power

ELECTRIC POWER When there is current in a circuit as a result of a voltage, the electric power delivered to the circuit is:

P = IV
SI Unit of Power: watt (W)

(20.6a)

Many electrical devices are essentially resistors:

P = I (IR ) = I 2 R
V2 V P = V = R R

(20.6b)

(20.6c)

20.4 Electric Power

Example 5 The Power and Energy Used in a Flashlight In the flashlight, the current is 0.40 A and the voltage is 3.0 V. Find (a) the power delivered to the bulb and (b) the energy dissipated in the bulb in 5.5 minutes of operation.

Solution

(a)

P = IV = (0.40 A) (3.0 V) = 1.2 W E = Pt = (1.2 W) (330 s) = 4.0 10 2 J

Lec. 7 (2/5/09)

(b)

20.5 Alternating Current

In an AC circuit, the charge flow reverses direction periodically.

20.5 Alternating Current

Fig. 20.11

The voltage (V) produced by ac generator is

V = Vo sin (2 ft )
Peak voltage

(20.7)

Frequency (cycles/s or Hz) Period = 1/f

20.5 Alternating Current

In circuits that contain only resistance, the current reverses direction each time the polarity of the generator reverses.

t=0

t = 1/f

t = 2(1/f)

V Vo I = = sin (2 ft ) = I o sin (2 ft ) R R
peak current

(20.8)

20.5 Alternating Current

I = I o sin (2 ft )

V = Vo sin (2 ft )

P = IV = I oVo sin (2 ft )
2

(20.9)

Fig. 20.12

20.5 Alternating Current

I oVo I o Vo P= = = I rmsVrms 2 2 2
(20.10)

(20.11)

Root mean square

20.5 Alternating Current

Ohms law can be written as:

Vrms = I rms R

(20.14)

Average power can be expressed as:

P = I rmsVrms
2 P = I rms R

(20.15a)

(20.15b)

2 Vrms P= R

(20.15c)

20.5 Alternating Current

Example 6 Electrical Power Sent to a Loudspeaker A stereo receiver applies a peak voltage of 34 V to a speaker. The speaker behaves approximately as if it had a resistance of 8.0 . Determine (a) the rms voltage, (b) the rms current, and (c) the average power for this circuit.
Solution

(a) (b) (c)

Vrms =

I rms

34 V Vo = = 24 V 2 2 V 24 V = rms = = 3.0 A R 8.0

P = I rmsVrms = (3.0 A )(24 V ) = 72 W

(9/11/08)

20.5 Alternating Current

Conceptual Example 7 Extension Cords and a Potential Fire Hazard During the winter, many people use portable electric space heaters to keep warm. Sometimes, however, the heater must be located far from a 120-V wall receptacle, so an extension cord must be used. However, manufacturers often warn against using an extension cord. If one must be used, they recommend a certain wire gauge, or smaller. Why the warning, and why are smaller-gauge wires better then larger-gauge wires?

Answer The extension cord can be heated up when electric current passes through. The resistance of the wire must be kept small. Wires with smaller gauge (smaller cross section) are better because they offer less resistance than larger-gauge wires.

20.6 Series Wiring

There are many circuits in which more than one device is connected to a voltage source. Series wiring means that the devices are connected in such a way that there is the same electric current through each device.

20.6 Series Wiring

V = V1 + V2 = IR1 + IR2 = I (R1 + R2 ) = IRS

Series resistors

RS = R1 + R2 + R3 +
Equivalent resistance of the series circuit

20.6 Series Wiring

Example 8 Resistors in a Series Circuit A 6.00 resistor and a 3.00 resistor are connected in series with a 12.0 V battery. Assuming the battery contributes no resistance to the circuit, find (a) the current, (b) the power dissipated in each resistor, and (c) the total power delivered to the resistors by the battery.

20.6 Series Wiring

(a)

RS = 6.00 + 3.00 = 9.00

V 12.0 V I= = = 1.33 A RS 9.00

2

(b)

For 6 resistor: For 3 resistor:

P = I 2 R = (1.33 A ) (6.00 ) = 10.6 W P = I 2 R = (1.33 A ) (3.00 ) = 5.31 W

2

(c)

P = 10.6 W + 5.31 W = 15.9 W

20.6 Series Wiring

Reading Assignment

Personal electronic assistants.