AMR000155

Computational models for sandwich panels and shells
Ahmed K Noor and W Scott Burton

Center for Advanced Computational Technology, University of Virginia, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton VA 23681
Charles W Bert
School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019-0601
The focus of this review is on the hierarchy of computational models for sandwich plates and shells, predictor-corrector procedures, and the sensitivity of the sandwich response to variations in the different geometric and material parameters. The literature reviewed is devoted to the following application areas: heat transfer problems; thermal and mechanical stresses (including boundary layer and edge stresses); free vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bifurcation buckling, local buckling, face-sheet wrinkling and core crimping; large deflection and postbuckling problems; effects of discontinuities (eg, cutouts and stiffeners), and geometric changes (eg, tapered thickness); damage and failure of sandwich structures; experimental studies; optimization and design studies. Over 800 relevant references are cited in this review, and another 559 references are included in a supplemental bibliography for completeness. Extensive numerical results are presented for thermally stressed sandwich panels with composite face sheets showing the effects of variation in their geometric and material parameters on the accuracy of the free vibration response, and the sensitivity coefficients predicted by eight different modeling approaches (based on two-dimensional theories). The standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-dimensional thermoelasticity solutions. Some future directions for research on the modeling of sandwich plates and shells are outlined. 1 INTRODUCTION Sandwich plates and shells are multilayered structures consisting of one or more high-strength, stiff layers (facings), bonded to one or more low-density, flexible layers (core). The facings provide the primary load carrying capability, while the core serves to transfer the load between the facings. The concept of sandwich construction has been traced back to'the middle of the last century [Fairbairn (1849)], although the principles of sandwich construction may have been applied much earlier. The wide introduction of the sandwich concept in aircraft structures started at the beginning of World War II. Sandwich panels and shells combine light weight with high stiffness, high structural efficiency and durability, and therefore, have been widely used in the aerospace, shipbuilding, construction and other industries. Early sandwich constructions used in aircraft structures had their facings made of plywood, wood pulp fibers, and their core made of cork, balsa wood, and synthetic materials such as cellulose acetate. Later aircraft and spacecraft applications had the faces and cores made of aluminum alloys, titanium and stainless steel. A great variety of design configurations have been used for sandwich cores. These include solid lowdensity material (eg, solid foam, flex and syntactic film of thermosetting resins containing lightweight fillers); expanded, high-density material in cellular form (eg, honeyTransmitted by Associate Editor Isaac Elishakoff ASME Reprint No AMR186 $32 Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996
comb or web core); and expanded, high-density material in corrugated form (eg, truss, hyperbolic paraboloid and corrugated sheet). Among the high-density materials used for the core are aluminum, titanium, steel, and fibrous composites. Typically, the face sheets are bonded to the core with adhesives (see Fig 1). In the case of metallic core and face sheets, welding or brazing is used. The expanded application of fibrous composite materials has included the use of laminated composites as face sheets for sandwich structures. This results in lowering the thermal conductivity through the thickness, increasing the service temperature, and increasing the strength at elevated temperature. Therefore, sandwich plates
Fig 1. Sandwichpanel with honeycombcore and adhesivelayers.
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1996 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells
Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996
and shells with composite face sheets are candidates for use in future high-speed aircraft, hypersonic aerospacecraft, and spacecraft with stringent precision requirements (eg, communication satellite antennas and reflectors of terrestrial systems). Three categories of sandwich construction can be identified, namely: 1) ordinary sandwich, which consists of two outer facings surrounding a single lightweight core; 2) openface sandwich, or semi-sandwich, which consists of only one facing and a core; and 3) muitilayer sandwich, which consists of multiple cores and multiple facings. Some of the sandwich concepts and core configurations are shown in Fig 2. Ordinary sandwich structures, which are the focus of this survey, behave like l-beams. The outer face sheets (or skins) correspond to the flanges, and carry most of the direct compressive/tensile bending load. The lightweight core corresponds to the I-beam web. It supports the skins, increases the bending and torsional stiffnesses, and carries most of the shear load. Modeling and analysis of multilayer sandwich structures have been studied by Bolotin (1963), Liaw and Little (1967), Azar (1968), and Chan and Foo (1977). A considerable body of literature exists on the modeling, analysis and design of sandwich panels and shells. Lists and reviews of the many contributions on the subject are given in monographs [Aiexandrov, Bryuker et al (1960); Allen (1969); Plantema (1966); Kabulov and Babamuradov (1970); Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1973); Stamm and Witte (1974); ll'Gamov, Ivanov et a! (1977); Bolotin and Novichkov (1980); ll'Gamov, Ivanov et al (1987); Eltyshev (1981); Hoff (1986); Zenkert (1995)]; bibliographies and survey papers [Solvey (1955); Garber (I 961 ); Bauer (1962); Graziano (1962); Kurshin (1962); Foss (1962); Ha (1990); Habip (1964); Habip (1965); Vinson and Shore (I 965); Bert and Egle (1969); Bert (1991a); Bert (1991b); Bert (1995); Bert and Francis (1974); Foral (1961); Vinson (1993b); and Yu (1989)]; conference proceedings and handbook [Olsson
and Reichard (1989); Olsson and Weissmann-Berman (! 992); and Zenkert (1993)]. Most of the early publications on sandwich panels and shells were limited to sandwich construction with thin isotropic face sheets, and were largely concerned with predicting gross response characteristics (average through-the-thickness displacements and rotations, vibration frequencies and buckling loads). The cited survey papers and monographs have not adequately described the diverse recent advances in sandwich plates and shells with multilayered composite face sheets. The present paper attempts to fill this void. Specifically, the objectives of the paper are to: a) classify the various computational models used for predicting the response of sandwich plates and shells; b) review the literature devoted to various problems of sandwich plates and shells; c) assess the accuracy of the vibrational response predictions of several computational models of sandwich shells and plates; and d) identify future directions for research which have high potential for improving our predictive capabilities for the response and failure of sandwich plates and shells. Extensive numerical results are presented for the free vibrations of ordinary sandwich panels with laminated composite face sheets. Both unstressed curved panels and thermally stressed flat panels are considered. Perfect bonding is assumed between the layers of the face sheets as well as between the face sheets and core. The individual layers of the face sheets are assumed to be homogeneous and orthotropic. The core is modeled as an equivalent homogeneous orthotropic continuum. A vast amount of literature has been accumulated on the diverse aspects of sandwich plates and shells. The cited references are selected to illustrate the points discussed and are not necessarily the only significant contributions on the subject. The discussion is kept, for the most part, on a descriptive level, and for all the mathematical details, the reader is referred to the cited literature. 2 HIERARCHY OF SANDWICH MODELS Extensive work has been devoted to the develprnent of computational models for studying the various phenomena associated with the response, life, failure and performance of sandwich panels and shells. The phenomena involved cover a wide range of length scales from local to global structural response. Within each category has evolved a number of models with several levels of sophistication, for each of the core, face sheets and adhesive layers, as well as for the entire sandwich structure. The modeling approaches used for sandwich panels and shells are reviewed in this section. Modeling of the sandwich core and characterization of the sandwich properties is described in the succeeding section. The modeling approaches used for sandwich panels and shells can be divided into four categories: detailed models; three-dimensional continuum models; two-dimensional plate and shell models; and simplified models. The four categories are described subsequently. Note that if each of the core, face sheets and adhesive layers is modeled as a continuum, then from an analysis point of view, the sandwich structure is the same as a hybrid laminated structure.
a) open face sandwich
d) corrugated cell core
b) triangle tube core

sandwich
e) plastically formed core
c) multMayer tube core

sandwich
f) honeycomb cell core
Fig 2. Somesandwich conceptsand core configurations.
Noor et af. Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells
157
Detailed models. Three-dimensional detailed finite element models of sandwich panels with honeycomb metallic core and laminated composite face sheets were presented by Chamis, Aiello et al (1986); Chamis, Aiello et al (! 988); and Elspass and Flemming (1990). In these models the actual geometry of the honeycomb core was represented; the adhesive layers on both sides of the core and the face sheet layers were each treated as a single layer of homogeneous material. Three-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional continuum models. In these models the core and the face sheets (or each layer of them) are replaced by equivalent homogeneous curvilinearly anisotropic continua. Analyses based on three-dimensional continuum models include the analytic solutions presented by Burton and Noor (1994) and the finite element solutions of Hanagud, Chen et al (1985), Chamis, Aieiio et al (1988), and Jeusette and Laschet (1990). In quasi-three-dimensional models, dimensional reduction is possible because of the special geometry and loading of the structure (eg, axial symmetry, or relatively small spatial extent in one direction of the panel), but no a priori assumptions are made about the distribution of the different response quantities in the thickness direction [see, for example, Bhimaraddi and Chandrashekhara (1984)]. Two-dimensional plate and shell models. Most of the two-dimensional sandwich plate and shell models presented in the literature are based on the method of hypotheses, in which basic assumptions are made regarding the variation of the displacement and/or stresses through the thickness. Several classifications have been proposed for two-dimensional plate and shell models [see, for example, Noor and Burton (1989), and Noor and Burton (1990)]; however, for the purpose of the present paper it is convenient to divide the two-dimensional models into the following three categories: global approximation models; discrete layer models and predictor-corrector approaches. In the global approximation models the sandwich is replaced by an equivalent singlelayer anisotropic plate or shell, and global through-the-thickness approximations for the displacements, strains and/or stresses are introduced. Consequently, the order of the governing differential equations is independent of the number of layers in the face sheets and/or the core. Examples of these theories are the first-order shear deformation theories based on linear distribution of the in-plane displacements in the thickness direction, and higher-order theories based on a nonlinear distribution of the displacements and/or strains in the thickness direction. Since in the first-order shear deformation theories, the transverse shear strains or stresses are assumed to be constant within the thickness of the sandwich, correction factors have to be used in order to adjust the transverse shear stiffnesses. The range of validity of the first-order shear-deformation theory is strongly dependent on the factors used in adjusting these stiffnesses. Several approaches have been proposed for calculating the correction factors for laminated composites and sandwich structures. Most of these approaches are based on matching certain gross response characteristics, as predicted by the first-order theory, with the corresponding characteris-
tics of the three-dimensional continuum theory. However, except for Burton and Noor (1995), all the other shear correction factors are calculated a priori and are, therefore, functions of the lamination and sandwich parameters only. They do not account for the differences in the distribution of the transverse shear strains in the thickness direction resulting from different loading conditions. In discrete-layer models, the sandwich is divided into three or more layers, and piecewise approximations are made for the response quantities in the thickness direction in each layer. The core and each face sheet can be treated as one layer or divided into more layers. In general, the order of the governing equations in these theories is dependent on the number of layers of the sandwich. Most of the discrete-layer models reported in the literature are extensions of Grigolyuk's theory for three-layered sandwich shells with isotropic face sheets based on piecewise linear approximation for the in-plane displacements, and constant transverse displacements in the thickness direction [see, for example, Grigolyuk (1957), Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1966); Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1973), Plantema (1966), Allen (1969), Monforton and lbrahim (1975), Kanematsu, Hirano et al (1988), Mukhopadhyay and Sierakowski (1990a), Mukhopadhyay and Sierakowski (1990b), and Lee, Xavier et al (1993)]. A few applications have been reported of discrete layer models with higher-order displacement approximations through each layer [see, for example, Mushtari (1960), Chan and Foo (1977), Gutierrez and Webber (I 980), Kutylowski and Myslecki (1991), Liu and Chen (1991), Lee, Xavier et al (1993) and Paimushin (1990) and Paimushin (1993a), lvanov and Paimushin (1994b), Orlov, Paimushin et al (! 994), and lvanov and Paimushin ( 1995)]. The predictor-corrector procedures are iterational processes in which the information obtained in the first (predictor) phase of the analysis is used to correct key elements of the computational model, and hence, improve the response predictions. Two predictor-corrector procedures have been developed by Noor, Burton et al (1994) for the analysis of laminated composite and sandwich structures. Both procedures use first-order shear deformation theory in the predictor phase, but differ in the elements of the computational model being corrected, namely: a) correcting the transverse shear stiffnesses; or b) correcting the thickness distribution of displacements and/or transverse stresses. The predictor phase in both procedures consists of using the two-dimensional plate or shell theory to calculate initial estimates for the gross response characteristics of the structure (vibration frequencies, buckling loads, average throughthe-thickness displacements and rotations), as well as inplane stresses. Then three-dimensional equilibrium equations and constitutive relations are used to calculate the transverse shear and the transverse normal stresses and strains. In the corrector phase, the first procedure calculates a posteriori estimates of the composite correction factors and uses them to adjust the transverse shear stiffnesses of the structure. By contrast, the second procedure calculates a posteriori the functional dependence of the displacement components on the thickness coordinate. The corrected quantities
158
Appl Mech Rev vol 49. no 3. March 1996 Table 2. References on thermal and mechanical stresses in sandwich plates and shells (including boundary layer and edge stresses) Model Three-dimensional Quasi threedimensional First-order shear defermation Higher-order Three-layer (classical sandwich theory) ~ I Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders 68,87,88, 193,211,331, 87,88,331 338, 547, 710 18, 97, 98, 303,304, 305, 101,795 306, 307, 309, 525,586, 635,677, 812, 813,816 44, 51, 52, 88, 143, 144, 88, 331 177, 196, 221,331,345, 347,361,455,459, 460, 535, 547, 583,585, 63 I, I 632, 684, 715, 716 ] 88, 331,345,347,459, 88, 331 460, 547, 710 8, 9, 16, 17, 22, 24, 26, 37. 2, 8, 88, 100,192, 46,68,85.88,105,106, 245,246, 109 118,119,128,143, 154 163,164,173,179, 292,293, 294,331, 221 231,241,242,251, 261 262,263,267,268, 348,356, 427,568, 292 293,294,297,306, 308 311,329,330,331, 569,646, 692,712 340 342,349,350,351, 364 392,396,398,409, 424 433,434,447,448, 463,485,486,487,488, 489,507,508,524,552, 556,557,559,563,573, 603,612,621,666,680, 692,700,717,718,723, 724,726,731,732,776, 780,798,800 88,497, 88,117,184,185,187, 189,190,424,429,443, 644 497,540,562,582 Plates and Beams DoublyCurved Panels 87,88
Table I - References on effective core properties Properties In-Plane Experiments 91,157, 208, 209, 210,432,689 4, 10, 103,209, 327, 360, 403,408, 432, 527,565,675, 688, 689, 782 197,209, 403,408, 519, 625,675.688, 689 80, 209 Analytical Models 97, 98. 157, 161,208, 209,210,291,295,301, 388,432, 765 10, 97, 98, 103, 161, 209, 360, 379, 388, 432, 501,565,721,722, 727, 728 97, 98, 161,209, 379, 388, 519, 625, 638, 764 169, 209, 271 Finite Element Models 97, 98
Transverse Shear
97, 98, 225
Transverse Normal Heat Conduction
97, 98
88
88 2.8, 88, 136, 156, 191, 192, 239, 292. 293, 356, 445, 464, 620, 646, 658, 692, 771, 778, 779 88,232, 233, 579, 580, 622, 644, 645, 646 88 341 264,
are then used in conjunction with the three-dimensional equations to obtain 1setter estimates for the response quantities. Numerical experiments have shown that generally only one iteration is needed (in the correction phase) to obtain highly accurate response quantities. Simpl~ed Models. These are specialized models used for simulating a specific behavioral mode of the sandwich (eg, global buckling, or panel buckling, face sheet wrinkling, or face dimpling). In general, these models are not capable of simulating several behavioral modes. Among the early simplified models reported in the literature are those representing the global bending of sandwiches with weak core in which each of the face sheets is treated as a membrane (with negligible bending and transverse shear deformation); and the stress state in the core is assumed to be antiplane (with negligible inplane stresses). Models based on these assumptions can be considered as a subcategory of the discrete three-layer models, and include small deflection theories of plates and shells [Libove and Batdorf (1948); Heft ( 1950); Reissner ( 1950); Stein and Mayers (1951 )]; and large deflection theories of plates and shells [Reissner (1948); and Wang (1952)].
3 C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N OF SANDWICH PROPERTIES
Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory)
The reliability of the response predictions of the various 647,761 665 computational models for sandwich plates and shells is criti395 Experimental 24,32,44,86,128,159, 394 Studies 175,248,305,307,308, cally dependent on the accurate characterization of the prop325,338,342,361,404, erties of the face sheets, core and adhesive layers. A number 433,441,442,461,479, of procedures have been proposed to predict the effective 509,562,610,731,732, properties of specific types of sandwich cores in terms of 798,800 their geometric and material characteristics. The procedures vary in their level of sophistication and can be classified into Among the reported test methods for characterization of the following categories: a) test methods and measuring core properties are those of Smallen and Roberts (1961); techniques including NDE; b) analytical methods which in- Lifshitz (1983); Weissberg and Cioclia (1984); Feichtinger clude mechanics of materials and other simplified models; (1989); and Adams and Maheri (1993). The analytical and and c) discrete element methods. Most of the reported stud- simplified models exploit the spatially periodic structure of ies focused on metallic and nonmetallic honeycomb cores. the core and provide expressions for the effective thermomeHowever, the effective properties of some of the other core chanical, thermal and hygrai core properties in terms of the configurations (eg, foam and corrugated sheets) have been geometric and material characteristics of a typical cell (or a given in the literature. Table ! categorizes somereferences repeating element). Among these studies are those by Kelsey in which effective in-plane, transverse shear, transverse nor- and Gellatly (1958); Chang and Ebcioglu (1961); Penzien mal and thermal characteristics of the core are evaluated and Didriksson (! 964); EI-Sayed, Jones et al (1979); Gibson using the aforementioned procedures. and Ashby (1982), Gibson, Ashby et al (1982); Fairbanks
PredictorCorrecter Classical Plate Theory Others
88 143,221,341,457, 547 1,150,159,205,526,621,
88 203
Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

Table 3. References on free-vibrations of sandwich plates and shells
159
Table 4. References on transient stresses, damping and viscoelastic response in sandwich plates and shells
Model Three-dimensional Quasi threedimensional First-order shear deformation Higher-order Three-layer (classical sandwich theory)
Plates and Beams 516, 605, 710 677, 789 112, 147,344, 378, 458, 516, 583, 584, 614 344, 449, 458, 516, 710 8,49,124,128,238,241,252, 253,255,257,258,259,260, 286,342,364,368,453,476, 481,500,508,554,555,575, 576,605,608,609,611,629, 655,660,669,699,767,807
Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders
DoublyCurved Panels
Model
Plates and Beams 223,435, 456, 624, 634 343 19,45,49,66,76,115,123, 151,247,313,337,353,368, 390,391,411,425,468,469, 473,494,591,592,593,594, 595,636,656,660,673,806 40,237,279,367,510
Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders
147, 148
First-order shear deformation Higher-order Three-layer (classical sandwich theory) 2,8,39, 110,136, 249,250, 254,256, 450,483, 577,667, 670,735, 784
DoublyCurved Panels 6
244,273, 278,335, 676
2, 8, 201, 676
13,136, 155, 200, 243, 735
Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory) Experimental Studies
588
Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theo~) PredictorCorrector Experimental Studies
296
5,65,133,287,368,425,435, 454,456,473,566,642,708, 808
516 65, 128, 342, 368, 453, 611, 614, 699, 767 201 64.613
(1982); Ueng (1983), Ueng. and Kim (1983); Gibson and Ashby (1988); Bowles and Vannucci (1989); and Bhat and Wang (1990). Evans (1991) has shown that the equivalent homogeneous material of a honeycomb with a re-entrant cell geometry, such as a dovetail pattern has a negative Poisson's ratio which results in a synclastic (dome-shape), rather than anticlastic curvature of a fiat panel. The effective transverse shear moduli predicted by most of the analytic models are accurate in only some special cases. To alleviate this problem, some studies replaced the simple mechanics of material models with detailed finite element models to obtain effective properties. These studies include the works of Ginty and Endres (1986), Chamis, Aiello et a! (1986), Chamis, Aiello et a l (1988), Chang and Kao (1988), and Grediac (1993).
4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
response with respect to each of the geometric and material parameters of the sandwich. For sandwich panels subjected to thermal and mechanical loads sensitivity coefficients calculated using three-dimensional equivalent continuum elasticity models were presented by Noor, Peters et a l (1994) for plates and by Burton and Noor (1994) for curved sandwich shells. Recently, a computational procedure has been developed by Noor (1995) for evaluating the hierarchical sensitivity coefficients of laminated composite panels with respect to parameters associated with three different length scales, namely: a) panel stiffnesses and thermal coefficients; b) thermomechanical properties of individual layers; and c) constituent properties of the composite (viz, fiber, matrix and interface properties). The procedure can be applied with any of the two-dimensional global approximation models for laminated plates and shells. The same methodology can be adapted to sandwich structures if the constituent properties include the geometric characteristics of the core layer and the micromechanical model includes a procedure to evaluate the effective core properties (see Fig 3).
Although considerable work has been devoted in recent years to the development of efficient techniques for calculating the sensitivity of the structural response to variations in design variables, only a few applications have been made to sandwich plates and shells. Herein sensitivity analysisrefers to the evaluation of the derivatives of the different response quantities with respect to the geometric and material parameters of the structure. These derivatives are henceforth referred to as sensitivity coefficients and are used for: a) assessing the effects of uncertainties in the geometric and material parameters on the response of the sandwich structure; b) predicting the changes in the structural response to changes in the parameters; and c) guiding the development of effective properties for the core and face sheets used in two-dimensional computational models. Analytic sensitivity coefficients for the response can be obtained by differentiating the governing equations for the
Laminate)
{Ply)
eL' ~T' h{/}' 0~1
,o--,, [21
mstituents)
% 'm' vf
11
Fig 3. Hierarchical sensitivity coefficients for composite panels (or composite face sheets of sandwich panels).
160
Table 5. References on Bifurcation Buckling in sandwich plates and shells a) Global buckling b) Local buckling, face-sheet wrinkling and core crimping
Model
Plates and Beams
Three281,331,516, 517,682 dimensional Quasi t h r e e 141,272,282, 677 dimensional First-order 57,58, 142, 144, 331,478, 516, shear 518,626,664 deformation Hil~her-order Three-layer (classical sandwich theory) 331,346, 516 8,16,22,27,31,49,73,77, 102,104,109,121,123,135, 139,140,154,165,173,176, 199,207,218,220,241,275, 277,281,282,316,317,318, 323,328,331,332,353,374, 380,381,382,383,385,386, 387,393,407,465,502,542, 543,553,564,596,598,601, 609,627,641,650,651,652, 653,655,669,692,709,718, 745,747,752, 755,780, 790, 791,799 99, 188,216, 320, 367, 414, 540, 672, 734
Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders 331,713 38 111,142, 283,331, 597,602, 604 331 8,15,41, 50,60,139, 140,158, 201,240, 331,393, 423,427, 499,615, 616,627, 657,691, 692,698, 703,704, 711,762, 811
DoublyCurved Panels
Model Threedimensional Quasi threedimensional First-order shear deformation Three-layer (classical sandwich theory)
Plates 768 30, 36. 589, 677, 686, 788 144, 310
Cylindrical DoublyPanels or Curved Cylinders Panels
8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 29, 60, 239, 324, 445, 544, 690, 692, 796
Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory) PredictorCorrector Classical Plate Theory Experimental Studies
233, 234, 319, 320, 534 7, 89, 142, 203 42,59,60, 137,201, 206,466, 627
135,145,166,176,198,199, 204,219,220,302,310,311, 336,409,465, 560,564, 641, 650,686,738,740,741,742,. 743,744,745,746,747,748, 755,773,792,793 265,414,562 Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory) Classical Plate Theory Others 125,290,462,759,809,810 Experimental 36,149,175,290,336,479, Studies 561,562,641,770, 793, 810
145,158, 240,749, 750,792
410
234, 319, 320 7, 89 206
alphabetically at the end under the heading, Additional Bibliography. 5.1 Heat transfer problems Although extensive work has been devoted to the determination of the heat transfer characteristics and thermal response of laminated anisotropic plates and shells [see, for example, Noor and Burton (1992)], only a few studies have been reported on heat transfer in sandwich plates and shells. Most of the reported studies on heat transfer and thermal modeling of sandwich structures have focused on modeling heat transfer parallel to the surface coordinate directions. Analytical formulas have been developed for representing the heat flow in honeycomb-core, corrugated core and cellular-framed plastic core of sandwich panels parallel to the surface coordinates of the panel [Swann (1958), Swann (1959), Swarm and Pittman (1961); Sauer and Nevins (1964); Kendall and Gonzales (1964); Minges (1966); Harding (1964); and Hammond (1968)]. Experimentally measured thermal conductivities of graphite honeycomb are given by Borris, Caldweli et al (1989). Analytic expressions are given by Fairbanks (1982) for the effective thermal conductivity of square-cell cores in the transverse direction. The formulation is based on a thermal model involving lineafized radiation and solid conduction only. An effective view-factor correlation is used which allows a radiative conductance to be isolated as a component acting in parallel with a solid conductance. 5.2 Thermomeehanical stress analysis Extensive literature is available on stress analysis of sandwich plates and shells with various geometries and core configurations subjected to mechanical, thermal and hygrometric Ioadings. A variety of computational models and analysis
516 3, 142, 384,600 31,32,58,77,323,325,357, 404,407,416,478,561,627, 641,653,797
28,42, 60,152
5 R E V I E W OF A P P L I C A T I O N S R E P O R T E D IN T H E L I T E R A T U R E Many problems of sandwich panels and shells have been addressed in the literature. For the benefit of the reader, the literature devoted to ten classes of problems is categorized in Tables 2-7 and is briefly described subsequently. The ten classes of problems are: heat transfer problems; static thermoelastic stress problems (including boundary layer and edge zone stresses); free vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bifurcation buckling, local buckling, face sheet wrinkling and core crimping; large deflection and postbuckling problems; effects of discontinuities and geometric changes; damage and failure of sandwich structures; experimental studies; and optimization and design studies. For each of the ten categories, the model used in the analysis is identified in the table. A partial list of references on a number of topics of current interest on sandwich panels and shells, not covered in the present survey, is given in Table 8. Also, additional references not cited in the paper, on various aspects of sandwich structures, are listed in Table 9. For convenience, the references in Table 9 are divided into groups according to the topic and the publication date, and are listed
161
Table 6. References on nonlinear and static postbuckling responses in sandwich )lates and shells Model Threedimensional Quasi threedimensional First-order shear deformation Higher-order Three-layer (classical sandwich theory) Plates and Beams 331,682 18,272,305,589,590 221,331,347,478,518, 583,584,585,631 331,347 16,17,26,109,221, 231,242,277,311,331, 340,351,392,409,434, 444,447,448,524,539, 564,573,619,648,656, 660,692,700,718,724, 780,807 414, 562, 734 331 331 15,50,331, 646,692, 712,763 6 Cylindrical Doubly-Curved Panels or Panels Cylinders 331 ]
Table 7. References on the effects of holes, cutouts, stiffeners, tapered thickness and damage on sandwich plate and shell responses Plates and Beams Attribute Edge Effect Joint Taper 9, 185, 186, 219, 241,267, 309,525,526,586,606,635 186,606 214,251,252,253,255, 257,258,259,260,263, 294,329,330,354,378, 433,452,453,490,551, 552,553,554,555,556, 557,559,563,595,666,699 372, 373,701,802, 803,804 145, 186, 282, 325,326, 468, 570, 578, 606, 673,788 53,86,95,96,173,175, 186,248,303,307,308, 310,311,312,357,366, 367,370,371,439,505, 511,538,539,562,566, 682,797,812,813,816 Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders 2,420 294,568 DoublyCurved Panels 2 110,256, 579,580, 613
11,12,13,14, 155,156,191, 239,319,324, 410,445,446, 646,658,690, 692,778,779 233,645,646
Holes Stiffeners Delamination
i 7, 50, 89, 111,145, 296 217, 711
395, 729, 733 62, 178, 613
Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory) Classical Plate Theo~ Others Experimental Studies
221,341 761 149,305,478,562,648 817
341
Table 8. Partial list of references on topics of current interest on sandwich panels covered in the present survey Concept, Process 34,35,59,72,74,75,80,108,116,122,126,127, 129,131,146,160,171,172,180,192,202,226, Development 276,322,352,363,389,397,399,400,401,421, and 422,428,437,484,509,541,545,549,550,567, Application 572,574,628,637,649,663,678,720,730,731, 732,737,774,775,785,787,794 3,5,7,23,25,31,33,71,84,90,94,116,130, Design and 132,134,135,143,144,145,153,170,176,183, Optimization 199,213,276,280,284,285,298,299,300,333, 334,359,365,372,375,401,402,405,406,418, 438,457,472,475,492,504,520,521,522,523, 532,536,537,548,558,559,581,587,599,607, 617,618,627,628,640,649,661,662,671,679, 697,706,722,725,738,739,740,741,742,743, 744,745,746,747,748,749,750,752,753,755, 756,769,772,787,801 69,70,82,120,138,153,182,230,245,246,355, Plasticity 369,376,379,380,418,428,440,467,470,471, 480,491,493,503,532,581,617,653,654,661, 664,665,705,719,721,722,725,727,728,736, 757~766r781 ImpactDamage 53,61,74,83,92,93,95,96,113,114,127,175, 186,194,212,215,222,227,228,247,248,310, and Impact 311,325,326,357,358,370,371,377,391,397, Tolerance 412,417,419,425,436,451,474,479,503,505, 506,511,528,529,533,539,546,562,566,567, 623,630,633,643,659,674,682,693,711,714, 730,737,786~812,813,816 5.3 Vibration and damping Vibrations of sandwich plates and shells has been the subject of several investigations. Table 3 lists some of the references on the subject. Early studies have neglected in-plane and rotatory inertia. For homogeneous plates these effects are only important at high frequencies. However, as shown by Rao
techniques have been used in these studies. Table 2 gives a partial list of the references on thermomechanical stress analysis of sandwich plates, cylindrical panels and shells, and doubly-curved panels. The computational models used in the cited studies include the simplified two-dimensional models in which the face sheets are treated as membranes; the discrete three-layer model in which the extensional, bending and transverse shear effects of the face sheets and core are incorporated; first-order (Reissner-Bole'-Mindlin type) and higher-order global approximation models; quasithree-dimensional; and three-dimensional models. In most of the reported studies, perfect bonding is assumed between the core and face sheets and the core is replaced by an equivalent homogeneous material. The analysis techniques used include analytic and series solutions for plates with simple geometries and boundary conditions, asymptotic solutions and numerical solutions (mostly finite elements). Analytic and series solutions are presented for circular sandwich plates [Kao (1970), Kao (1973), Gupta and Jain (1982), Gupta and Sharma (1982b)]; rectangular sandwich plates [Monforton and lbrahim (1975)]; and circular cylindrical shells [Holt and Webber (1982)]. Gfigolyuk and Kornev (1976) presented asymptotic expansions for the solution of sandwich plates and shells. The small parameter in the expansions was selected to be the transverse shear stiffness of the sandwich. Interlayer slip between the core and face sheets (which may occur in high temperature applications, due to the bonding flexibility and creep of adhesive under sustained loads and environmental effects), has been studied by Hussein (1984a). In the cited reference, both experimental and finite element solutions were presented.
162
Noor et at Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells
Topic Static Loading Torsion Lateral (transverse) Thermal Stresses Beams Vibrations Plates
II
Table 9. Additional references not cited in the paper. 1960-1969 [ 1970-1979 Pre-1960 ;andwich Platesand Beams A-464 A-545,558 A-37,98,280,469,470,471 A-322 A-62,63,64 A-292 A-17,46,210,261,262, 282,517 A-86,122,185,225,379, 459 A-2,16,34,58,75,121, 155,157,206,226,228, 243,288,332,350,394, 405,412,503,516,548, 549,550,552,553 A-24,44,48,79,91,93, 147,169,209,214,337, 355,365,368,432,479, 484 A-30.177,180,349 A-I1,56,65,183,199, 217,281,533
1980-1989
A-219 A-3,15,25,60,61,66,126, 267,268,346,380,381, 395,423,467,480 A-33,53,68,69,70,97,99, 100,150,154,168,200, 208,237,289,308,333, 334,335,455,457,487, 489,501,502,544 A-20,59,67,97,154,260, 263,305,323,324,326, 327,329,336,338,345, 383,401,424,445,446, 448,457 A-104,506 A-85,146,173,466
A-40,43,52,72,186,257 A-39,136,144,233,234,417, 419,436,475,476,534 A-77,78,101,170,171,172, 197,296,307,325,357,358, 389,390,421,433,434,527
A-399,547
Beams
A-242,246,340
A-71,88,89,112,123,167, 181,201,202,244,287,364, 440,447,450,518,543
Buckling General & Wrinkling Uniaxial Loading In-PlaneShear Combined Loads CompositeFacings Beams Large Deflections Isotropic Facings CompositeFacings Misc. Topics Isotropic Facings CompositeFacings Finite Element Analyses
A-117,153,372,439,508, 512 A-47,114,151,211,272, 321,331,374,397,398, 462,463,514,532,546 A-279 A-36,42,240,241,269, 373,376 A-191
A-286
A-179,298,465
A-295
A-182 A-14,220,485,486,496, 497 A..497
A-96,232 A-103,218,219,224,362, 507 A-218,294 A-18,236,386,396,400, 488 A-21,28,238,276,449, 495,559 A-27,84,85,87,124,188, 198,237,351
A-523 A-90,94,125.184,195 A-363,418,420
A-141,273,290,303,430, 542,545
A-83,102,149,161,247, 271,536 A-57,178,292,293,366, 367,371,387,477
A-196,215,245,248,249, 250,299,415,438,509,522 A-31,205,212,343,437,523 A-45, 143
and Nakra (1973), for sandwich plates they can be important at relatively lower frequencies. A variety of plate and shell geometries have been considered, including circular plates [Mirza and Singh (1974a)], annular plate with linear thickness variation [Paydar and Adams (1989)], rectangular plate with composite face sheets [Rao and Meyer-Piening (1991)], cylindrical and conical shells [Wilkins, Bert et al (1970)], deep spherical shells [Mirza and Singh (1974b), and Lizarev and Rostanina (i 978)], and doubly-curved panels [Ahmed (1971)]. Free vibrations of prestressed sandwich plates and shells have been studied by Rao and Sinha (1974) and Sinha and Rath (1974), who considered rectangular plates with uniaxial and biaxial compression, respectively; and by Baker (1968), who considered circular cylinders. A few studies have been reported on the free vibrations of damped sandwich plates. These include plates made up of a thin viscoelastic layer sandwiched between two elastic layers
[Lu, Killian et al (1979)]; rectangular plates consisting of alternate elastic and viscoelastic layers [Alam and Asnani (1984)]; and doubly-curved sandwich panel with viscoelastic core [Vaswani, Asnani et al (1984)]. Transverse deflections which are of the order of the plate thickness, or greater, cause additional stiffening of the plate and result in equations of motion which are nonlinear. Nonlinear vibrations of sandwich plates have been studied by Rajagopal, Singh et al (1987a), Rajagopal, Singh et al (1986), and by Shahin (1974). 5.4 Transient dynamic response The analysis of dynamic and impact response of sandwich plates and shells has been the subject of several investigations. The reported studies can be classified into three general categories: forced vibration response; wave propagation; and dynamic buckling. A partial list of the references in the first two categories are given in Table 4.
163
Table 9. Continued.
Sandwich Cylindrical Shells and Curved Beams General Axial Compression External Pressure Misc. Loading Composite Facings Curved Beams Vibrations Cylindrical Shells A-116,118,317,319,530 A-428,429,431 A-139,140,174,318,320, 529,530 A-370,492 A-12,49,131,132,138, 265,274,284,285,392, 393,537,557 A-133,278,339,382,416, 483,510 A-132,229,230,311,392, 500,511,531 A-23,107,375,403 A-513,524,526 A-I19,127 A-5,13,61,145,255,310, 347,478,498 A-26,38,41,109,309,460, 519 A-193,256 A-7,22,95,110,160,176, 231,266,328,384,404, 406,422,461,515 A-6,8,92,306,451,452, 491 A-137, 164, 301,344 A-10, 473 A-9, 251,313, 377,442, 460, 473,474 A-258,259, 270, 359, 414 A-129, 385 A-348,360 A-54,55,165,409,411 A-51,264,315,499
Curved Beams
A-35,73,74,76,115,130, 156o187,194,207,213. 216,388,391,493,551, 554,555 A-453 Sandwich Shells A-252,253,505, 538, 539, 540, 556 A-80, 81,297, 402,444 A-158, 352
A-50,203,204,407,408, 410,456
A-435,521
Vibration 'l~uckling Large Deflections Isotropic Facings Misc. Topics lsotropic Facings Thermal Stresses C r ~ and Viscoelasticitt ._. Heat Transfer Misc. Topics General Multicore Circular Planform
----i A-528
A-32, 128, 239, 300, 302, 472, 481,520 ---
._. ---
A-4, 108, 159, 162,291, A-113, 142, 148, 163, 312, 330, 361,443, 500, 535 314, 341,458, 468 A-105, 227, 354, 413,541 A-504 Additional~ics for Sandwich Structures A-254,427 A-29,166,378,482,525 A-490 A-235 A-111,134,135,275,369, 454 A-120 A-221,222,342,353,494 A-106,152,175,277 A-1,223,356,425,426 A-283
A-192 A-304,441
A-19,82,189,190,316
A-558
The studies in the first category include axisymmetric forced motion of shallow spherical shells by Cuikowski and Reismann (1971); dynamic response of a rectangular sandwich plate with viscoelastic core and orthotropic facings, subjected to harmonic transverse loads by Mukhopadhyay and Kingsbury (1976); and the application of mode superposition technique, in conjunction with a higher-order global approximation model, to study the dynamic response of sandwich plates by Kant, Arora et al (1992). The wave propagation studies include the application of Reissner-Bole'-Mindlin theory to the ProPagation of plane harmonic waves in sandwich plates [Yu (1959)]; the use of three-dimensional elasticity equations to derive analytical frequency equations for plane waves [Lee and Chang (1979)]; and the use of experimental techniques to determine the phase velocity of flexural waves traveling along a sandwich panel with honeycomb core [Thompson, Alers et al (1975)]. Among the dynamic buckling studies mention can be made of dynamic stability of multilayer sandwich plates [Salama and Chen (1973)]. Akkas (1974) showed that the dynamic snap-through behavior of sandwich spherical cap subjected to uniform step pressure is similar to that of the corresponding homogeneous cap. Adi Murthy and Alwar
(1976) showed that the dynamic snap-through loads of sandwich panels with initial curvature can be estimated directly from the static snap-through loads without actually resorting to dynamic analysis. Kar and Sujata (1991) determined the regions of parametric resonance for sandwich beams subjected to pulsating axial force. Chen and Chen (1991), and Chen, Chen et al (1991) determined experimentally the effect of various impact energies and impact tup sizes on the residual compressive strength of composite sandwich panels. Jegley (1993) studied the response of thermoformed sandwich and semi-sandwich panels with a trapezoidal corrugation subjected to lowspeed impact damage. Bernard and Lagace (1989) studied
general (panel) buckling
shear crimping
face wrinkling
face dimpling
Fig 4. Instability modes for sandwich panels.
164
the impact resistance of composite sandwich panels impacted at a low-energy level. 5.5 Global and local stability problems The instability modes for sandwich plates and shells include the following four (see Fig 4): a) general, overall or panel buckling; b) shear crimping, or core shear instability - a form of general buckling which occurs in the shear mode; c) face wrinkling which is a local or short-wave length buckling phenomenon; and for cellular core configurations d) face dimpling which is a general buckling phenomenon involving the facing material covering a single cell. Extensive literature has been devoted to the general buckling of sandwich plates and shells subjected to various combinations of mechanical loads (see Tables 5a and 5b). In most of these studies the core was replaced by an equivalent homogeneous material and perfect bonding was assumed between the face sheets and the core [see, for example, Habip (1965); Volmir (1967); Gfigolyuk and Chulkov (1973); II'Gamov, lvanov et al (1977)]. Mixed-mode local buckling of three-layered shells is studied by Ivanov and Paimushin (1994b) and Golovanov, lvanov et a! (1995). Interlayer slip between the core and face sheets (which may occur in high temperature applications, due to the bondir.g flexibility, and creep of adhesive under sustained loads and environmental effects) has been studied by Hussein (1984a). In the cited reference both experimental and finite element solutions were presented. Buckling analysis of sandwich shells with an adhesion-failure zone between the core and one of the face sheets is studied by Golovanov and Paimushin (I 993). The effect of the temperature on the interaction curves of panels subjected to combined inplane and compressive loadings has been studied by Ko and Jackson (1991a). As to be expected, as the temperature increases, the stability boundary moves inward. Singh, Rao et al (1990) and Noor and Burton (1992) studied the effect of face to core thickness ratio on the critical temperature of sandwich plates with composite face sheets. In both studies an opposite trend was found to that observed for mechanical compressive loads; namely, as the face thickness increases, the critical temperature Tcr decreases (see Fig 5).
5.6 Large deflection and postbuclding problems

In comparison with the literature on large deflection and postbuckling analysis of homogeneous plates and shells, little is available on the nonlinear analysis of sandwich plates and shells (see Table 6). Among the early nonlinear and postbuckling studies are those of Akkas and Bauid (1971a) on the initial axisymmetric postbuckling response of shallow spherical shells; Tatarinov (1972) on pure bending of sandwich plates with corrugated core; and Dorr (1969) in which a mathematical model was developed for the local postbuckling strength of flat truss core sandwich panels loaded in compression. Most of the reported studies on nonlinear analysis of sandwich plates and shells used the finite element method [see, for example, Sharifi and Popov (1972), Rothschild (1991); Hanagud, Chen et al (1985); Jeusette and Laschet (1990), Kutyiowski and Myslecki (1992), and Kuhhorn (1993)]. Finite difference method was used by Chang (1992) to study the overall buckling and postbuckling of beamlike sandwich plates, and the boundary element method was used by Kamiya, Sawaki et al (1983) to study the large deflections of heated sandwich plates and shallow shells. Experimental measurements were made by Hussein and Fazio (1985a) to ascertain the nonlinear thermal behavior of sandwich panels with interlayer slip.
5.7 Effects of discontinuities and geometric changes
Structural tailoring which is often used for weight reduction may lead to sandwich structures with nonuniform thickness. Moreover, tapered sandwich structures are used in many applications such as trailing edges of aircraft lifting surfaces, and transition regions between sandwich panels and other structural components. Sandwich structures with nonuniform thickness have received less attention in the literature than those of uniform thickness. Most of the reported studies on sandwich structures with nonuniform thickness are for the case of sandwiches with gradually varying thickness. In sandwich structures with tapered geometry a coupling exists between a) the core shear strains and the normal displacements of the face sheets, and b) the membrane forces in the face sheets and the transverse shear forces. Computational models which account for these couplings were developed by Libove and Lu (1989), Paydar and Libove (1986), Paydar and Libove (1988), Lu and x= Libove (1991), Jeon and Hong (1992a), and Jeon and Hong (1992b). .06 2hl/h Taber and Viano (1982) studied the free .05 - - 0 - - o.lrs vibrations of linearly tapered sandwich 0.3 %,~,%,., beams, by replacing the beam with a series of oo/Ef r .03 ~Tor uniform segments and using the transfer matrix technique. Soovere (1986) used a semiempirical method for predicting the rootmean-square strains in the face sheets of stif0.0 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .05 .10 .15 .20 fened honeycomb panels subjected to ranh/L~ dom acoustic loading. The effect of the beh/L 1 Fig 5. Effect of face sheet thickness and plate thickness on the values of the uniform tempera- veled edges (close outs) on the honeycomb ture, To,, and the uniaxial edge compression of sandwich plates with graphite-epoxy cross-ply panel strain distribution was studied in the cited reference. Other reported studies on face sheets and an orthotropic core.
.3~ 6
165
tapered sandwich plates include dynamic stability of tapered sahdwich beams by Kar and Sujata (1991), free vibrations / ~ n d buckling of annular plates by Paydar (1988b), Paydar / (1990), Paydar and Adams (1987), Paydar and Adams f / (1989), free vibrations of annular sandwich plates and semiinfinite plates by Gupta and Bhargava (1992b), Gupta and ,lain (1982); beamlike bending and free vibrations of sandwich plates with thickness variation in one direction by Libove and Lu (1989), and Lu and Libove (1991); and bending of sandwich plates with thickness variation in two directions by Paydar and Libove (1988).
buckling of corrugated web sandwich panels [Craig, Hanagud et a! (1986)], spherical shells with cutout [Kotelnikov and Tarasenko (1985)], and impact damage resistance of panels [Lagace, Williamson et a! (1993)], and use of nondestructive measurement of vibrational response of panels in determining the bond strength of honeycomb sandwich panels [Thompson, Thompson et a! (1974)].
5.10 Optimization and design studies Since the 1940's several studies have been devoted to the structural optimization of sandwich panels. Review of the early studies and their limitations is given in Vinson and 5.8 Damage and failure Shore (1965). More recently, minimum weight optimum deThe presence of defects in a sandwich can result in degrada- sign of flat sandwich panels and shells with composite face tion in the stiffness; reduction in the load-carrying ability; sheets, and a given set of planform dimensions and applied and deterioration in the structural integrity. Some studies loads, has been studied by Vinson. Various sandwich conhave been made to assess the effect of defect sizes and loca- figurations were considered; namely, honeycomb core (with tions on the performance, damage tolerance, and failure of hexagonal and square cells), truss core, corrugated core, web the sandwich structure. Interracial defects may result from core and solid (or foam) core [Vinson (1985) and Vinson poor bonding in the manufacturing process, environmental (1986a)]. In the cited references explicit expressions were and aging effects during operation of the structure; and im- derived for determining each geometric variable of the optipacts of foreign bodies in delivery and service. Some of the mized minimum weight panel. Five modes of failure were defects may already exist in the structure prior to its loading; considered, namely: overall panel buckling; core shear instaothers may develop during the service loading. Interracial bility; face wrinkling; face dimpling or monocell buckling defects essentially represent delaminations within the sand- (for honeycomb sandwich construction); and overstressing. wich and have received increasing attention in recent years. Adali and Duffy (1990) showed that the thermal stability Experimental and analytical investigations have been made of laminates can be improved by using a hybrid (sandwich) on the effects of initial predetermined delamination defects construction of high-modulus material in the outer layers and on the delamination growth, buckling, postbuckling, and ul- low-modulus material in the inner layers. They presented nutimate strength of sandwich structures. merical results for the optimal ply angles for graphite/glass Impact damage was found to be the most critical damage, and boron/glass material combinations. since it causes a bigger strength reduction than holes, cracks, Adams, Ni et al (1984) showed that the flexural modulus delaminations or porosity regions of the same size. A num- of glass reinforced plastic panels can be significantly inber of studies have been devoted to the effect of low velocity creased, and their density reduced by adding carbon fiber reimpact damage on the strength of sandwich structures. Palm inforced plastic outer layers. (1991) determined experimentally the effect of low energy impact damage on edgewise compression strength of graph6 NUMERICAL STUDIES ite/epoxy panels. Kassapoglou and Abbott (1987) presented The accuracy of the response predictions of various compua semi-imperical method to predict compressive buckling of tational models of sandwich panels and shells is strongly sandwich panels with low-speed impact damage. dependent on a number of parameters, including: 5.9 Experimental studies geometric parameters (eg, panel (or shell) geometry, face sheet and core configurations and thicknesses, or presence The reported experimental studies for sandwich plates and or absence of discontinuities); shells were done at three different levels: a) laboratory tests on small specimens to obtain material data; b) subcomponent material properties of the core, adhesives and face sheets tests to obtain and/or validate analytical and computational (viz, effective core and face sheet properties, and for models for effective properties of different core configuralaminated face sheets, number of layers, stacking setions; and c) component tests to validate computational moquence, degree of orthotropy, and fiber orientation of difdels, and to uncover phenomena not considered in the maferent layers); thematical model (eg, phenomena associated with response type and rate of variation of external ioadings; and damage). The third category includes buckling of sandwich cylin- boundary (or support) conditions. Due to the large number of these parameters and the fact ders and cones [Baker (1968), Baker and Herrmann (1966)], buckling of sandwich panels with composite face sheets that closed form (or analytic) solutions are only obtainable [Pearce and Webber (1973)], sandwich panels subjected to for panels (or shells) with simple geometries, loading and combined edge compression and thermal gradient [Chang boundary conditions, it is impractical to present quantitative and Timmons (1962)], large deflections of sandwich plates results of a general nature. [Bau-Madsen, Svendsen, et al (1993)], static and dynamic
166
Some studies have made comparisons between the re- shear stiffnesses are adjusted, and in the second procedure sponses of panels and shells obtained by different two-di- the thickness variations of the displacement components\JR mensional models [see, for example, Bhimaraddi and adjusted. The modeling approaches are listed in Table 10"~N, Chandrashekhara (1984), Pandya and Kant (1988), Jeusette and will henceforth be referred to as models 1-8. The ~,, and Laschet (1990), and Burton and Noor (1995)]. However, standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-di"~\ except for the study by Burton and Noor (1995), which was mensional thermoelasticity solutions. The panels considered limited to static stress response and sensitivity analysis, all in the numerical studies and the sign convention for the disthe other studies were limited to a small number of models; placements, stresses, and stress resultants associated with the confined to a small range of geometric parameters or; in first-order shear deformation model are shown in Fig 6. some cases, lacked a three-dimensional analytic solution as a standard for comparison. To the authors' knowledge, no assessment has been made as yet, of the x3 x3 accuracy of the vibrational response X3 and sensitivity coefficients obtained by the wide range of available two-dimensional models for sandwich panels and X1 X2 2 11 12 shells. w,2 Herein, the results of parametric studies are presented for fiat, cylindria) Global Geometry of plate, cylindrical and spherical sandwich panels used In the present study. cal and doubly-curved sandwich panels with composite face sheets. These stuX3 W w dies were conducted to provide some insight into the efffects of variations in X3 hl x1 the geometric parameters of the sandwich on the accuracy of the critical O33 ,I temperature, vibrational response and hf sensitivity coefficients predicted by 013~ 023 0 1 1 ~ 0 2 2 eight different modeling approaches 0t2 based on two-dimensional theories of the sandwich panel (or shell). The b) Local Geometry and sign conventions used In the present study. modeling approaches can be divided Fig 6. Sandwich panels and sign convention used in the present study. into three categories: global approximation models (two models), discrete three-layer models (four models), and prex~ dictor-corrector procedures (two procedures). The two glo-0020 14 08 02 h/L~ h/LI h/~ bal approximation models are: a) Minimumvibrationfrequency a first-order shear deformation model, and a higher-order model. The four discrete three-layer models are: a simplified model based on a membrane face sheet assumption, one i R2/R, t.0~___~-L~-~20. ~ 517O20o 14 08 ' 2hr/h' ~ ~ 2 20 14 08 model based on a Kirchhoffh/L, h/L, h/L, Love assumption for the face b) Energyratio Ul/U sheets; one model based on the ht first-order shear deformable face sheets and core; and one ' model based on three-layer higher-order piecewise disL .-in R~/R '14 ~o( e I So ' .o2o.o 2h,/h .3 .20 :14 .OS .020"0 ~/L, ~Soo~l.~7--~--n2' .2o .14 .os .0 placement approximations h/L, h/L, h IL, through the thickness. The two c) Energyratio U~U predictor-corrector procedures differ in the quantities adjusted Fig 7. Effectof geometricparametersof the panel on the minimum vibration frequencyand the associated strain in the corrector phase. In the energy component ratios U~/Uand U2/U obtained by the three-dimensional model. Symmetricstructural sandfirst procedure the transverse wiches with ten-layercross-plyface sheets and orthotropiccore, hb = h t = hr, L2 = I, R~ = I. Roman numerals I, Ii and I11denote the regions for which .75 < Ui/U < 1.0, .5 < UdU < .75 and .14 < Ui/U < .5, respectively.
Zi::Oo o.oio

Model Model
Noor eta/: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Table l 0. Modeling ApproachesUsed in the Numerical Studies Through-the-Thickness Transverse Shear Number of
167
No. I A-B 2
Description First-order shear deformation theory ~ Lo-Christensen-Wu type theory Membrane face sheets Piecewise linear displacements, Kirchhoff-Love face sheets Piecewise linear displacements Discrete higher-order theory First-order shear deformation with a posteriori adjusted transverse shear stiffnesses 4 Thickness displacement approximations obtained a posteriori from predictor phase
Displacement Assumption linear ~ , constant w cubic u~, quadratic w
Stress Assumption none none
Constraints cr33=0 none
Parameters 3 5 II
a) GIobal Approximation Models
b) Discrete Three-Layer Models 2
u~ linear in core and constant in face sheets constant w u, piecewise linear constant w
t~3=0, (a = 1,2) in face sheets none
o,=0
or,=0 7 transverse shear compliances of face sheets ~ 0 os3=0 none 9 27
5 6
u~ piecewise linear constant w u~ piecewise cubic quadratic w Predictor phase: linear ~ constant w Correcter phase: linear ~ constant w
none none
c) Predictor-Correcter Approaches
none
033=0
none
o33=0
Notes:
Predictor phase: linear u~ none o33=0 constant w Corrector phase: u~, w dependence on xs none none obtained by piecewise integration of threedimensional equations I ) In model I A, shear correction factors are k; = k2 = 5/6 and in model I-B they are computed assuming a cylindrical bending state (see Whitney (1973)). 2) In the discrete three-layer models, each of the top, bottom face sheets and core is treated as a single equivalent anisotropic layer. 3) Number of parameters associated with each model's respective first-order system of governing partial differential equations in curvilinear coordinates x~ and x2. 4) In model 7, shear correction factors are determined a posteriori as described in Whitney (1973).
12
T h e s a n d w i c h panels and shells c o n s i d e r e d herein are c o m p o s e d o f ten-layer cross-ply c o m p o s i t e face sheets and a l i g h t w e i g h t h o n e y c o m b c o r e m a d e o f a titanium alloy material. Perfect b o n d i n g is a s s u m e d b e t w e e n the layers o f the face sheets, as well as b e t w e e n the face sheets and the core. T h e principal material directions o f each face-sheet layer c o i n c i d e with the c u r v i l i n e a r coordinate directions xl, x2 and x3 (see Fig 6). The fiber orientation o f the layers o f the bott o m face sheet is [00/90]5, with the fibers o f the bottom layer m a k i n g 0 with the xl coordinate. The total thicknesses o f the top and b o t t o m face sheets are h t and hb and are ass u m e d to be equal, ie, h b = h t = hr. The layers o f the top face sheet are positioned, with respect to the sandwich middle surface (x3 = 0), so as to m a k e the sandwich lamination orientations s y m m e t r i c . The thermoelastic properties o f the face-sheet layers are selected to be typical o f a high m o d u l u s transversely isotropic material, namely: G [ T / E ~- = 0.52, t~[T = 0.32, ~ r E[/E~ = 19.0, =
i 0 -3. The transverse shear m o d u l u s is g i v e n by G ~ 1/[2(1 + u ~ ) ]
/ E~ =
= 0.338, where subscripts L and T refer to
the fiber and transverse directions, respectively, and superscript f refers to the face sheets. The h o n e y c o m b core is a p p r o x i m a t e d by a single layer o f curvilinearly orthotropic c o n t i n u u m with thickness hc. T h e principal material directions 1, 2 and 3 c o i n c i d e with the c o ordinate directions, xl, x2 and x3, respectively. T h e t h e r m o elastic properties o f the core, with subscripts representing global coordinate directions, are selected as follows: E~ / E~ = 3.2 x 10-5,E~ / E~ = 2.9 x 10-5,E~ / E~ = 0.4, G~3 / E~ = 6.6 x lff2,G~3 / EfT = 7.9 x 10-2 ,G~2/E-~ = 2.4 x 10-3, O~3 = 3.0 X 10-5,U~3 = 3.0 10-5,0~2 = 0.99, C~ /CtfT =Ct~ /Ct-~ =Ct~ /CtfT = 1.36.
= 0.49, and t z [ / ~
168
Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 3

U =
The equivalent continuum core properties selected in this study lead to a positive-definite material stiffness matrix. All the response quantities are assumed to be periodic in x~ and x 2 with periods 2L~ and 2L2. For the three-dimensional solutions, the following conditions are satisfied: u2 = w = O , o ~ = O a t x t = 0 , L~ 0 < x2 < L2 -h/2 < x 3 < 13/2 ~22 = 0 at x2 = O, L2 0<x~<L~ -h/2 < x 3 < h/2 For each o f the two-dimensional models, the corresponding (equivalent) conditions are satisfied. Four parameters were varied, namely: the total thickness to side length ratio o f the panel, h/L2; the face sheet thickness to the total thickness ratio 2h/h; the aspect ratio L2/L~; and the curvature ratio R2/R ~. The total thickness ratio was varied between 0.02 and 0.2; the face sheet thickness to the total thickness ratio was varied between 0.05 and 03; the aspect ratio was varied between 0.5 and 1.0; and the curvature ratio was varied between 0 and 1.0. As a step towards establishing the range o f validity of the different models, the total strain energy associated with each o f the vibration modes o f the panel was decomposed into three components as follows: u~ = w = O ,
E
i=l
Ui.
In all the panels considered the energy component U3 was very small. The effect o f variation o f the geometric parameters on the minimum frequency o f vibration, and the associated energy ratios Ui/U and U2/U, obtained by the three-dimensional model is shown in Fig 7. As can be seen from Fig 7, the minimum frequency increases monotonically with the increase in both the thickness ratio h/Li and the curvature ratio R2/Ri. For the purpose of identifying the effect o f the different geometric parameters on the energy ratios, three regions are identified in Fig 7b: Region I with .75 _< Ui/U _< 1.0; Region II with 0.5 < UffU < 0.75; and Region II1 with 0 < UffU < 0.5. The energy ratio Ui/U increases monotonically with a) the increase in R2/R i and L2/Li; and b) the decrease in h/Li. An increase in Ui/U is associated with a decrease in U2/U and vice versa. The effects o f the thickness ratios, h/Li and 2h/h, and the temperature change T on the minimum vibration frequencies obtained by the three-dimensional model, for square flat thermally stressed sandwich panels are shown in Fig 8. For all the sandwich panels considered the relation between the frequency of the thermally-stressed panels co, and the tern-
u,
and
=f o,%dV,
U2 = 21--~voap 2e3adV
0,)2 __ 1.00
/f
x=
/ /" /./"
o 2S-L.-
h
x=
U3 = 2!fv (~33933dV where a repeated index ct or 13 denotes summation over the range 1, 2. The total strain energy is given by
R2/R 1 .5 t".20 .t4 08 2 " h/L1
,S5 /
0.00 .0S .10 .lS .20

WL 1
';I
R= ~ / ~ /R~ ' "
a) Minimum vibration frequency

1,0 / /
/ /'/
.-~ ....... . p / ....... .--------o

........
"300
.300
+i
.22
.Ss ~
..... "~ . . . . I-A
0.0
RzJR1 .5
Ullexact
,oo
| ~. I 95 / "k\,l I " 0.00 .05 .10 .lS h/L 1
,=B
....... ~> 3 ......
...... -C"...... 4 ...... "O ...... 5
1"020 .14 .08 .02

h/L1
.20
oso ~ X
r<~....~
~
BZ ~
.o~
I/.oo~
080 ~
b) Energy ratio U1/U 1.05

+
~T
I.~o~---:_.~
-
I/.11
p(o=L~/E~ O,00
o-TT
U.__~ 1.oo
"300
0,0.~5 2 Rz'R 1
%'20
~
14 .08 .B2 h/L 1
U21. . . .
|/
.95 |
/' /,/
,/i
! /
r i ,
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20

h/L 1
050 ~ _ ~ _ . . . , - . - ' ] " ~ ' ~ .84

" 1.~s-"~-~" p~o'L~/E~ O'Oo 4r
.86
c) Energy ratio U~/U

h r ..~o
4T
T h~
Fig 8. Surface plots depicting the effects of the thickness ratios, h/L and 2hr/h, and the temperature change T on the minimum vibration frequencies obtained by the three-dimensional model. Thermally stressed symmetric sandwich plates with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hl~,L2 = 1.
Fig 9. Effect of thickness ratio of the panel on the accuracy of the minimum vibration frequencyand the associated strain energy components obtained by the different two-dimensional computational models Surface plots on the left are three-dimensional model for symmetrical structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h~ = hr, L2 = 1, RI = I, m = n = 1. Associated two-dimensional model accuracy for R2= 1 are shown in the line plots on the right
169
perature c h a n g e T can be a p p r o x i m a t e d by the simple formula:
= 1
38 40
Ter
where COois the f r e q u e n c y o f the u n h e a t e d panel (T = 0); and Tcr is the critical temperature o f the panel. An indication o f the a c c u r a c y o f the m i n i m u m v i b r a t i o n frequencies, and the associated e n e r g y c o m p o n e n t s U I, U 2,
Global Approximation Models Discrete Three-Layer Models Predictor-Corrector
Models
.25
2O
x3
Maximum
Percent Error 10 5 ~vI I.~ I ~

0
1-A 3 2
~5
~- o.oo
-.25
Region 3 ~lP'fJ~:~"JJ-~fl['~1~/J'~J/'~'~'., Z/ Region 2

Region1
7 8 1-B 4 5 6
~ L ~ ' ~ ~ . J ~
-.50 -1.25
'~ 0.00 1.25 -1.25 0.00 1.25 -1.25 o11/I0,, . . = l ~ x o~I/IOH .=1~.
o,,110.
0.00 ,.=1~,
1.25
Model Number a) Minimum Vibration Frequency
5 70 25
"-%.~ :o.o
1..
3.~ . .
o.o
31~ .1..
o.o
1..
3.~
Maximum 20
Percent 15 Error 10 Region 3 s 1"1 1.11 1.11--1 ~f~.,~-~y,-~,.~,~_..,/.,~.~-~,r~ Region 2 0 I / t - - - I ' ~ l ' J l ' - ' J ~ , I ~ 1 ~ , ~ - - ~ , ~'J~ Region1
1-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
Model Number b) Strain Energy Component U~
"'%.o-2.0.1.o
o3z/Ioa= ,=1~,
o.o 1---~o .3.o .2'.o . . o
o3=11%~ o==1~,
o.o
1.o .3.o-2'.o .,.o 0:,
oaallo33,,~tl~,
1.o
Fig 12. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of stresses obtained by different computational models. Spherical sandwich panel with ten5O
layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core

,g
Percent 20 Error
10
Region 3
,1/ 1:0,1/R2=1
h.
I I I J~ I ~ I Ju~,~'v'f~"~fZ~'v'~--f,~'w~'-w~/ Region 2 0 ~.~__I,~L__~.~L_J,~I__~, ~ , ~ , I . J ~ . , J f Region1 1-A 3 2 I-B 4 5 6 7 8 Model Number C) Strain Energy Component U2 Fig I0. Maximum percent errors in the prediction of the minimum vibration frequency and the associated strain energy components obtained by the different two-dimensional computational models over the range of geometric parameters shown in Fig 2. Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h~ = hr, L2 = 1, R~
=l.
.3
O.O
.t
.2
.3
0.0
2hf/h
.1 .2 2hf/h
.3
Global Approximation DiscreteThree-Layer

Models Models
Predictor-Correcter
Models
O
.9
Lz/L,= 1.
h/L, = .02
L2/L = 1. ,
h/L, = .20
Whitney [1973]
.25 X3 0.00 -.25 ".50 .15 t .25 ~~ , ~ . ~ .35 .45 .15 .25 .3S .45 .15 .25 .35 .45 1= ~, IJ. C
IlIRa=l/R2=1 I
O .7
~ x O
"
I:~1/R2=1
xm
u,/lw,,=l~,
. x~ ,
uJIw,==l~,
.
uJIw,==l~,
.s
u)
.3
I I r
,,C
x3 -~-o.
!5
0.0
s~ 9r ~8 ~ s ~ OOlO~
.1
2hf/h
.2
.3
0.0
.1
2hf/h
.2
.3
.~e .~
.~s . s s ~ . o o ~ . o l .se .~7 .~a . s s 1.oo~.o~
w/Iwo==l,~,
w/Iwo==l~,
w/Iw,~l~
Fig 11. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of displacements obtained by different computational models. Spherical sandwich panel with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core.
Fig 13. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the values of the composite correction factors used in the first-order shear deformation theory (models 1B and 8). Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hf, L2 = I.
170
Geometry Model 1-A

.5
xs
Transverse Shear Strain Energy Density Ushl / Ushl,exact Imax' Ushl = 1/231 (2"31) Model 7*
Exact
xl
x2
x3 h
o.o
0.0
0.0
o.5
II/R1 = 1/R2 = 01
X3
0.0
.5
1.0
2.0
i f 3.0
-.5
f
0.0
-.5
f 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5
.5
1.0
1.5 ,5
X3 ~ 0.0 X l ~
R2 -.5
0.0
0.0
l_
I
II/R1 :
-.5
f
0.0
t
.5
~
1,0
p
1.5
-.5
f
0.0
i
.5 1.0
I 1.5
o, R 2 : 11
X3
0.0
.5
1.0
2,0
3.0
.5
X3 '~"
X X2
0.0
0.0
vw 7,
R 1 = R 2 = 11
-.5 0.0 1.0 2.0
-,5
f
0.0
L
I I
0.0
~ N
-.5
f 0.0
i .5
i 1.0
I 1.5
3.0
.5
1.0
1.5
* O b t a i n e d f r o m integrating t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l e q u a t i o n s of m o t i o n f o r linear elasticity.
Fig 14. Through-the-thickness distribution of transverse shear strain energy density obtained by models I A and 7. Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hr, L2 = I.
predicted by the two-dimensional models listed in Table 10 is given in Fig 9. The maximum percent errors in the predications of the minimum vibration frequency and the associated strain energy components obtained by the different two-dimensional models are shown in Fig 10. Regions I, II and III are identified by the magnitude of the energy ratio U1/U as obtained by the three-dimensional model (see the projections shown on the middle row of Fig 7). As can be seen from Figs 9 and 10, the most accurate predictions of the global response quantities are those of models 5, 6 and 8, and the least accurate predictions are those of models l-A, 3 and 2. An indication of the accuracy of the thickness distributions of the modal displacement components u I and w; and the modal stress components a II, a13, ~33, associated with the minimum frequency, and obtained by the eight models is given in Figs 1 1 and 12. As can be seen from Figs 1 1 and 12, the most accurate displacement and stress distributions are generally those predicted by model 8, and the least accurate are those predicted by models I-A, 2 and 5. The accuracy of the predictions of the first-order shear deformation theory is critically dependent on the selected values of the composite shear correction factors kl and k 2. Figure 13 shows the effect of the geometric parameters
xs h
.5 .4 E~.~ f 2/oo2 .3
OEL .2 .1 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .4
~ xa
xl xz
2hf/h
.05 |
------0----- .10 -----'f>-----.15 I
2o I
.25 |
.30 ji
h/L 1 .4 .3 f ~9U1 .2 EL~L/U .1

0.0
-,1
f ~U2 EL~L/U .2 .1
P 0.00 .05
0.0 0.00 .05
.10 .15 .20 hiLl
.10 .15 .20 h/L 1
Fig 15. Effect of sandwich thickness and face sheet thickness on sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequency and associated strain energy components obtained by the three dimensional model. Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hr, L~ = L 2 = 1, Ri =Rz = 1 , m = n = I.
171
L2/Lb h/L~ and 2he'h on the values of k~ and k2, for flat, cylindrical, and spherical sandwich panels, generated by two different approaches: the cylindrical bending assumption proposed by Whitney (1973) and the first predictor-corrector approach (model 7). Note that the values of kl for the spherical sandwich panels are more sensitive to variations in L2/Li and h/L~ than for the corresponding fiat and cylindrical panels. The basis for computing k] in model 7 is the equivalence of the transverse shear energy of the two-dimensional model and that obtained by piecewise integration, in the thickness direction, of the three-dimensional stress equations of motion (used in a post-processing mode). Comparison of the thickness distributions of the component of the trans-
verse shear strain energy density Ush, = ~o31 2~31 obtained by models I A, 7, and the three-dimensional model are shown in Fig 14. Figures 16, 17 and 18 show surface plots of the sensitivity coefficients, depicting the effects of variations in the normalized sensitivity coefficients of the minimum frequency
~3CO2
--/co c3L
, and the energy ratios Z. cgU~ / Uct (ix = 1,2); for tg~
Z. = E r f andG~y The effect of plate thickness, h/Lt, and L,GET face sheet thickness, 2htCh, on geometric parameters R2/R=, h/L=, 2h~/h and L2/L are shown in Fig 15. Note that for the range of parameters considered, the largest normalized sensitivity coefficient of (o2 is that with respect to
0.00
0.0 =JR~ ~,. go 3a' "
0.0 (
.o5o
. .
@0
.5 . ' .
h/L~ a) Z,= E[ -/o)~ ~.0 I

8
.5
G[T. It increases monotonically with a) the increase in R2/R b 2h~h and L2/Lb and b) the decrease in h/L]. The corresponding largest valI I
I
ues
of
c3Uct
3~
/Uct are associated
.6
0.0 R dH " 0.0 0.0
.5o
' 'L ~ 0 ~ , ~ "15.
o.o
.@ '0 .4
~ ~.o~~o ~ ~"
WL~
2h
. . 'l.
' h/L~
~ ~ ~.0 .l.05~ ' WL,
.2 I oo I
b) K = G[T
hc
0 -0( . L~.~ ~'0".~0 "~'* "h/L~ .o5 o. o
hf
c) x [] G~
Fig 16. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequency obtained by the three-dimensional model Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h~ = hr, L2 = 1, R~ = 1.
x3
R= o~ ..~
~'~
'l"~ .
.o5
R~/R~ ~ ~ ~
h/L,
2hf/h
~o ~o :~e,. h/'L~ a) Z : E [
~C;.~V:;~o~ ~ i_z/L~ ~,o~ 5o .~" h/L,
r'~/U 4 .3
au~ ..
0.0 --I . I
o.o
o.o . . .
.0sO
o .00
x~
J5 ~ , , , L i ~ . o g .
Re,R1 ~t so ~
WL~
2hJh "~ .g~ :~ WL~

b) Z, = G~3
LdL, ~'~ .~oa~ h/L,
hf
Fig 17. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the strain energy component U~, associated with the minimum vibration frequency, obtained by symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h, = hr, L2 = I, R~ = I.
with E[ (for c~ = 1) and G~3 (for oc = 2). An indication of the accuracy of the sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequencies and their associated energy components is given in Fig 19. The maximum percent errors in the predictions of the sensitivity of the minimum vibration frequencies by the two dimensional models listed in Table 9 are shown in Fig 20. As can be seen from Figs 19 and 20, the most accurate sensitivities are those at models 5, 6 and 8 and the least accurate are those at models I-A, 3 and 2. Note that the accuracy of the sensitivity coefficient predictions are generally lower than those of the associated responses themselves. An indication of the accuracy of the thickness distributions of the sensitivity coefficients of the displacement and stress components predicted by the different computational models is given in Figs 21 and 22. As for thickness distributions of the displacements and stresses, the most consistently accurate thickness distributions of the sensitivity coefficients are those predicted by model 8; and the least accurate ones are those predicted by models I-A, 2 and 5.
172
FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH
x=
The expanded use o f sandwich plates and shells, particularly those x, x= with c o m p o s i t e face sheets is likely to accelerate in the next few years. K ",~i / I m Therefore, there is a need for ex~/U 0.O O.00 ploiting the significant advances in I .60 computational techniques and test R=/R~ ~.0 ~o .~ . 2h /h .~ so.~ "h/L~ WL~ .45 methods to improve the current prea) Z. = EL .30 dictive capability o f the response, life, performance, and failure o f .15 sandwich plates and shells. This is 0.00 5o particularly true for structures made -.15 o f n e w materials, have n e w core oo o .050 o.~5 configurations, and that are subjected to severe environments. Exam2h~/h .s0 .~o '~ "WL~ L~JL~ ~.~.~o .~ h/L~ h h= WL1 ples o f the n e w materials are smart/h~ b) ~ = G~3 intelligent materials, and composites Fig 18. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the strain energy with three-dimensional reinforcements (as occurs with automated component U~, associated with the minimum vibration frequency, obtained by symmetric structural textile processes such as three-di- sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h, = hr, L~ = 1, R~ = I. m e n s i o n a l w e a v i n g , stitching, knitting, and braiding, w h i c h place reinforcing fibers through the thickness o f the material to lock the composite plies into 140 ~ _.t;:~ifm I place and suppress delamination). The key tasks for the ac3040 [] curate m o d e l i n g o f sandwich plates and shells are: x,.u
Percent n .i ,~
Error
20
10"1"J I ~ I ~ - - r ) i " ~ J " z ~ : : ) ' k ' ~ 7 ~ ' t " ~ Z I " y R e g 0 ~'--~ ~ . ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ 1.~ ~(/" I-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
Region 3
Ion2 Region 1
.~o
'Z~ 0"00 R~JR1 "u"~O'" ,~
~=
-~'l 1.00
= J /'o.Z. . . . . . . . . .
Model Number
a) Sensitivity Coefficient
//
3(o2
Et
h/L,
/ .90 t i , s , ~~(a, 0.00 .05 .1h0/L:15 .20 ~
"I ', Jl "'1

"5 [ .,d"~\",~
Maximum'TI I lillll
0 P"'---'~ ~ I-A 3
"re' lo_H JIiJM'l__--____, 'TI ~ Error ,

I J 131 I ) l ~ - f Y / - ~ _ , - ~ r ~ " ~ - - " ~ J
~ 2 ~, 1-B ~ 4 ~ , ~ [ 5 6 7 8
'1NIl il
IRegion 3
Region1
f -~-I
1.00 ]- " . , , ~ = . ~ : . . , . ~ .
.....~ ..... 2 :
Region2
RE/n1 ' e.~o .,~ ~/LI
"~ ~,,l~'~'oe.e~
0 r ' 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20

h/L1
. . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . ..
.....-<3 ....... 6 '.~ ;
,"
Model Number
b) Sensitivity Coefficient
~(o2
b) X = G[T
.~
OG~3
1.oo
0.00
~.
.05
C) ~ = G~3
R~RI ll'~"~'O"~ h/L~
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 hiLl
'
~/
/
Maximum Percent Error

3
i
1-A
1-B
Model Number
c) Sensitivity Coefficient f f ~
Fig 19. Effect of thickness ratio of the panel on the accuracy of sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequency obtained by different twodimensional models Surface plots on left are three-dimensional model sensitivity coefficients for symmetrical structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hr, Li = L2 = 1, R~ = I, m = n = I. Associated two-dimensional model accuracy for R2 = 1 are shown in the line plots on the right.
Fig 20. Maximum percent errors in the prediction of the dominant sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequencies obtained by different two-dimensional computational models. The range of geometric parameters considered is shown in Fig 2. Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = he, L2 = 1, Rl= I.

Global Approximation Models Discrete Three-Layer Models Predictor-Correcter Models
173
I. Computational material modeling. The reliability of the response, life and failure predictions of sandwich plates and shells is critically dependent on the accurate description, and numerical simulation, of the different phenomena associated with each of the aspects of material behavior. Material characterization of the face sheets, core and adhesive layers is the major pacing item for the accurate prediction of the response and failure of sandwich plates and shells. 2. Exploration of fundamental theories to accurately represent the physics governing the sandwich plate (or shell) behavior through the entire range of operating environment (eg, temperatures, strains and stresses). This includes, among other things, the coupling between the temperature field and the strain field; effect of stress on thermal properties.
,25
K o.oo
-.25 -.50 -.07 O.O0 .07 -.07 GI 3 ~ x= t~ ' 0.00 -- ' .07 -.07 0.00 x, .07
X3
llWexactlmnx
3. Formulation and implementation of effective computational strategies and numerical techniques for the efficient
::i2F
-.01 0.00 .01 -.01
,
0.00 .01 -.01 c 3W G'z ~/Jwe=ctlmax 0.00 .01
generation of the response, and for the simulation of failure of the structure. This includes, among other things, develFig 21. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of the sensitivity opment of: coefficients of the displacementcomponentsobtained by different compua) hierarchical modeling and analysis strategies for sandtational models. Sandwich cylindrical panel with ten-layer cross-ply face wich plates and shells with complicated geometry (eg, thicksheets and orthotropiccore. ness discontinuities, presence of cutouts and stiffeners) in which Global Approximation Discrete Three-Layer Predictor-Corrector different computational models Models Models Models are used for different regions of the structure, and are adaptively .so 2 ? 2 3 refined as needed. Adaptivity in .25 MODEL J MODEL the strategy minimizes reliance x + M~DEL J .... ~'"+ 1-A on a priori assumptions about the x...3 0.00 .....~ - - - 4 ....~ ..... 1-e | h .....O 5 - Exact response. - - - V -.--+ 2 Exact .....~ ...... 6 -.25 - - E x a c t The use of object-oriented interactive environment can allow ~1 ii I , I "'50-.8 0.0 .8 -.8 0.0 .8 0.0 .8 -.8 the use of different numerical alX3 G c 011 gorithms in different parts of the 13~ " /JOll exactlmax v~,-13 structure, as well as dynamically h changing the algorithms during .S0 -~ the computation. ...... -i~.F+.? i++ xI x2 'b$ b) practical models and nu.25 merical techniques for predictxa ing, in measurable and controila"~" 0.00 ble parameters, the damage in~:..< -.25 i itiation and propagation in sand-.50 .5 1.0 wich plates and shells subjected .5 1i0 0.0 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5 0.0 ".5 to combined loading conditions. GC ~G~- /1031 exactJmax 13 ~031 ~ These models must incorporate X3 local physics (eg, microstructural .50 effects such as fiber-matrix interface debonding, progressive da.25 mage and failure processes, and x3 h' / / nonlinear, cyclic and history de"fi" 0.00 pendence of material behavior). -.25
l
o 0% G13 0G---~ /1%exacdmax dition to developing practical error estimates and selecting a Fig 22. Accuracyof through-the-thicknessdistributions of the sensitivitycoefficientsof the stress components benchmark set of sandwich plate obtained by different computational models. Sandwich cylindrical panel with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and shell problems for assessing and orthotropic core.
4. Quality assessment, adaptive improvement and validation of numerical simulations. In ad-
-.50
-.S
-.4
0.0
-.6
"&i
-.4 -.2 0.0
-.6
-.4
-.2
0.0
.2
174
new computational strategies and numerical solutions, a high degree of interaction and communication is needed between computational modelers and experimentalists. Carefully conducted experiments are required not only to validate the computational models, but also to understand the physical phenomena associated with the plate and shell behavior under complex loading conditions. 5. Non-deterministic analysis and modeling techniques. These are needed to account for uncertainties in material properties, geometry, loads and boundary conditions, as well as to quantify inherent uncertainties in the response, performance and failure of sandwich plates and shells. Depending on the nature and extent of the uncertainty present, three approaches can be used for the modeling of sandwich plates and shells. If the sandwich parameters are treated as random variables with known probability distributions, the response of the structure can be determined by using probabilistic analysis and stochastic modeling techniques. If only fragmentary information on the sandwich characteristics are known, it is possible to establish upper and lower bounds on the maximum response or failure loads using convex analysis (anti-optimization approach). On the other hand, if the sandwich parameters are described in linguistic or imprecise terms (eg, through membership functions, which represent a gradual transition from membership to nonmembership), fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory can be used to predict the response. The principal benefit of using any non-deterministic analysis consists of the insights into engineering, safety and economics that are gained in the process of arriving at those quantitative results and carrying out reliability analyses. As future multilayered plate and shell structures become more complicated, failure mechanisms will be based on non-deterministic models from the beginning of the design process, and potential design improvements will be evaluated to assess their effects on reducing overall risk. The results, combined with economic considerations, will be used in systematic cost-benefit analyses (perhaps also done on a non-deterministic basis) to determine the structural design with the most acceptable balance of cost and risk. 6. Multidisciplinary analysis and design optimization. The realization of new complex sandwich plates and shells (eg, those made of piezoelectric materials and new core configurations) requires integration between the structures discipline and other traditionally separate disciplines such as heat transfer, electromagnetics, aerodynamics and acoustics. This is mandated by significant interdisciplinary interactions and couplings which need to be accounted for in predicting response, as well as in optimal design of these structures. CONCLUDING R E M A R K S A review is made of recent developments in the computational modeling of sandwich plates and shells. Discussion focuses on hierarchy of computational models; characterization of sandwich properties; sensitivity of the sandwich response to variations in material and geometric parameters. The literature devoted to ten categories of problems of sand-
wich plates and shells is reviewed. The ten categories are: heat transfer; thermal and mechanical stress analysis; free vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bifurcation and local buckling; large deflection and postbuckling problems; effects of discontinuities and geometric changes; damage and failure; experimental studies; and optimization and design studies. Some of the future directions for research on sandwich plates and shells are outlined. Extensive numerical results are presented for fiat, cylindrical and doubly-curved sandwich panels with composite face sheets showing the effects of variations in the geometric parameters of the sandwich on the accuracy of the predictions of eight different modeling approaches based on twodimensional theories. The critical temperature, free vibrational response and sensitivity coefficients are calculated. The modeling approaches considered can be divided into three categories: global approximation models, discrete three-layer models, and predictor-corrector procedures. The standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-dimensional thermoelasticity solutions. For all the problems considered, the predictor corrector procedure based on correcting the thickness distribution of the displacement components, resulted in the highest accuracy of the response quantities and their sensitivity coefficients. Reasonably accurate predictions for the global response quantities can be obtained by using the first-order shear deformation model, based on linear displacement variation through the entire sandwich, provided proper values are selected for the composite shear correction factors. However, accurate predictions of transverse stresses require the use of three-dimensional equations. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The present research is partially supported by NASA Cooperative Agreement NCCW-0011, by NASA Grant NAG1- i 162 and by Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant AFOSR-F49620-93-1-0184. The authors are indebted to Tom Bitzer, Hexcel Corp, Dublin, CA, David Bushnell of Lockheed Palo Alto, RMM Hussein, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, WL Ko, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA, T Lewinski, Warsaw University of Technology, L Librescu, VPI&SU, R-H Lin, Shanghai University of Technology, C-H Lu, University of Memphis, VN Paimushin, Kazan State University, Russia, M DiSciuva, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, JH Starnes Jr, NASA Langley Research Center, EE Theotokoglou, Technical University of Athens, CES Ueng, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Jack R Vinson, University of Delaware for supplying several references.
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A-557. Zahn JJ and Kuenzi EW (1963), ClassicalBucklingof Cylindersof Sandwich Constructionin Axial Compression - Orthotropic Cores, US Forest Products Lab, Madison WI, FPL-018. A-558. Zaid M (1954), Symmetrical bending of circular sandwich plates, Proc2nd USNatl Congressof Appl Mech,413-422.
A-559. Zubchaninov VG (1972), Elastoplastic stability of glass-reinforced plastic plates with a central metal layer, PolymerMech 5(5), 802-807 (in Russian).
A hmed K Noor is Ferman W Perry Professor of Aerospace Structures and Applied Mechanics. He is also the Director of the Center for Advanced Computational Technology at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. Noor received his BS degree with honors from Cairo University (EgypO in 1958, and his MS and PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1961 and 1963, respectively. He taught at Stanford University, Cairo University (EgypO, University of Baghdad (Iraq), the University of New South Wales (Australia), and George Washington University before joining the University of Virginia. He has edited 20 books and authored over 350papers in the ftelds of structural mechanics, computational mechanics, and new computing systems. Currently, he is the Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Engineering Software published by Elsevier Science Ltd, the Associate Editor o f Applied Mechanics Reviews published by ASME, and serves on the Editorial Board of several international journals. He is a Fellow offour professional societies: the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Academy of Mechanics. He is a founding member of both the International and US Associations of Computational Mechanics (1.4CMand USA CM), and the President of USACM. He served on a number of committees of the National Research Council~NationalAcademy of Engineering including Large Space Systems, Computational Mechanics, and Aeronautical Technology in the year 2000. He served on the NSF High-Performance Computing Panel He has been active in AIAA, ASME, and ASCEfor many years and served as the chairman of the Committee on Computing in Applied Mechanics, ASME. He received a number of awards including the 1989 ASCE Structures and Materials A wardfor exceptional contributions to the advancement of aerospace technology in civil engineering, and the 1995 Technical Achievement A ward from the National Academy of Engineering.
W Scott Burton is a research scientist at the University of Virginia Center.for Computational Structures Technology at NASA Langley Research Center. He wasformerly a research scientist at the George Washington University Joint lnstitute for Advancement of Flight Sciences, and a senior engineer with Boeing Services International at the US Bureau of Mines, Mine Equipment Test Facility. He is a member of ASME.
Charles W Bert holds the Benjamin H Perkinson Chair and is a George L Cross Research Professor in the School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1963. He received BS and MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University and a PhD degree in Engineering Mechanics from the Ohio State University. Prior to the joining thefaculty at Oklahoma, he was a junior design engineer at American Flexible Coupling Co, a project officer (Lt, USAF) at the Air Force Armament Center (Eglin AFB, FL), an aero design engineer at FairchiM Aircraft, and a principal engineer through program director at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. He is the author of over 200 refereed journal papers, over 100 other papers, and eight book chapters. His research emphasis has been in solid mechanics, especially mechanics of composite structures, structural dynamics, and most recently, computational mechanics. He serves on editorial boards for Advanced Composite Materials, Applied Mechanics Reviews, Composite Engineering, Composite Structures, Journal o f Sound and Vibration, and Mechanics o f Composite Materials and Structures. Bert is a Fellow of AAAS, AAM, AIAA, ASME, SEM, and SES.

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Computational models for sandwich panels and shells

Ahmed K Noor and W Scott Burton

Fig 1. Sandwichpanel with honeycombcore and adhesivelayers.

1996 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

a) open face sandwich

d) corrugated cell core

b) triangle tube core

e) plastically formed core

c) multMayer tube core

f) honeycomb cell core

Fig 2. Somesandwich conceptsand core configurations.

Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

Noor et af. Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

97, 98, 225

Transverse Normal Heat Conduction

Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory)

PredictorCorrecter Classical Plate Theory Others

88 143,221,341,457, 547 1,150,159,205,526,621,

Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders

Cylindrical Panels or Cylinders

244,273, 278,335, 676

13,136, 155, 200, 243, 735

Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theory) Experimental Studies

Three-layer (higher-order sandwich theo~) PredictorCorrector Experimental Studies

5,65,133,287,368,425,435, 454,456,473,566,642,708, 808

eL' ~T' h{/}' 0~1

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

Plates and Beams

Cylindrical DoublyPanels or Curved Cylinders Panels

145,158, 240,749, 750,792

234, 319, 320 7, 89 206

516 3, 142, 384,600 31,32,58,77,323,325,357, 404,407,416,478,561,627, 641,653,797

Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

11,12,13,14, 155,156,191, 239,319,324, 410,445,446, 646,658,690, 692,778,779 233,645,646

Holes Stiffeners Delamination

i 7, 50, 89, 111,145, 296 217, 711

395, 729, 733 62, 178, 613

221,341 761 149,305,478,562,648 817

Noor et at Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

A-40,43,52,72,186,257 A-39,136,144,233,234,417, 419,436,475,476,534 A-77,78,101,170,171,172, 197,296,307,325,357,358, 389,390,421,433,434,527

A-71,88,89,112,123,167, 181,201,202,244,287,364, 440,447,450,518,543

A-117,153,372,439,508, 512 A-47,114,151,211,272, 321,331,374,397,398, 462,463,514,532,546 A-279 A-36,42,240,241,269, 373,376 A-191

A-182 A-14,220,485,486,496, 497 A..497

A-523 A-90,94,125.184,195 A-363,418,420

A-83,102,149,161,247, 271,536 A-57,178,292,293,366, 367,371,387,477

A-196,215,245,248,249, 250,299,415,438,509,522 A-31,205,212,343,437,523 A-45, 143

Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

A-32, 128, 239, 300, 302, 472, 481,520 ---

general (panel) buckling

Fig 4. Instability modes for sandwich panels.

Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells

Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

5.6 Large deflection and postbuclding problems

5.7 Effects of discontinuities and geometric changes

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