Covalent bond- The type of chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between two atoms.

Electronegative atom- The atom with the greater attractive force; the atom that can capture the major share of electrons of a covalent bond. Ion- An atom or molecule with a net positive or negative charge because it has lost or gained one or more electrons during a chemical reaction. Cation- An ionized atom or molecule with an extra positive charge. Anion- An ionized atom or molecule with a net negative charge. Ionic bond- A noncovalent bond occurring between oppositely charged ions, also called a salt bridge. Acid A molecule that is capable of releasing a hydrogen ion. Activation energy The minimal kinetic energy needed for a reactant to undergo a chemical reaction. Active site The part of an enzyme molecule that is directly involved in binding the substrate. Adenine Aerobic Organisms dependent on the presence of oxygen to metabolize energy-rich compounds. Allostery Modification of the activity of an enzyme through interaction with a compound that binds to a site other than the active site. Alpha and beta sugars Alpha helix One possible secondary structure of polypeptides, in which the backbone of the chain forms a spiral conformation. Amino acid stereoisomerism Amphoteric molecule Structural property allowing the same molecule to act as an acid or as a base. Anabolism Anaerobic Organisms that utilize energy rich compounds through oxygen independent metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and fermentation. Atp Nucleotide consisting of adenosine bonded to three phosphate groups; it is the principal immediate energy source for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Base Any molecule that is capable of accepting a hydrogen ion. Base pairing Beta sheet One possible secondary structure of a polypeptide, in which several beta strands lie parallel to each other, creating the conformation of a sheet. Carbohydrates Organic molecules including simple sugars and multisaccharide polymers, which largly serve as energy storage and structural compounds in cells. Catabolic pathway A metabolic pathway in which relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler products. Chemi-osmotic mechanism The mechanism for ATP synthesis whereby the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain results in establishment of a proton gradient across the bacterial, thylakoid, or inner mitochondrial membrane, with the gradient acting as a high energy intermediate, linking oxidation of substrates to the phosphorylation of ADP Cis and trans fatty acids

Cofactors The nonprotein component of an enzyme, it can be either inorganic or organic. Competitive inhibition An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate molecules for access to the active site. conformational change A predictable movement within a molecule that is associated with biological activity. Conjugate acid/base Paired form created when a bace/acid accepts/loses a proton in an acidbase reaction. Cristae The many deep folds that are characteristic of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which contain the molecular machinery of oxidative phosphorylation. Cytosine D vs. L amino acids D vs. L sugars Denaturation The unfolding or disorganization of a protein from its native or fully folded state. Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) A double stranded nucleic acid composed of to polymeric chains of deoxyribose containing nucleotides. The genetic material of all cellular organisms may be duplicated as in DNA replication and produced in large quantities of a specific segment as in DNA cloning. Endergonic Reactions that re thermodynamically unfavorable and cannot occur spontaneously, possessing a positive deltaG value. Endothermic Those gaining heat under conditions of constant pressure and volume. Enthalpy The change during a process in the total energy content of the system. Entropy A measure of the relative disorder of the system or universe associated with random movements of matter; because all movements cease at absolute zero(0 K), entropy is zero only at that temperature. Enzymes The vitally important protein catalysts of cellular reactions. Exergonic Reactions that are thermodynamically favorable, possessing a negative deltaG value. Exothermic Those releasing heat under conditions of constant pressure and volume. Fat Molecules consisting of a glycerol backbonelinked by ester bonds to three fatty acids, also termed triaclygycerols. Fatty acid Long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a single carboxylic acid group at one end. Feedback inhibition A mechanism to control metabolic pathways where the end product interacts with an enzyme in the pathway, resulting in inactivation of the enzyme. Fibrous protein One with a tertiary structure that is greatly elongated, resembling a fiber. First lot The law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Functional group Particular groupings of atoms that tend to act as a unit, often affecting the chemical and physical behavior of the larger organic molecules to which they belong. Furanose Gibbs free energy Globular protein One with a tertiary structure that is compact, resembling a globe. Glycolysis The first pathway in the catabolism of glucose, it does not require oxygen and results in the formation of pyruvate. Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) A group of highly acidic polysaccharides with the structure of a-ba-b, where a and b represent two different sugars. Glycosidic bond The chemical bond that forms between sugar molecules.

Gtp A nucleotide of great importance in cellular activities. It binds to a variety of proteins and acts as a switch to turn on their activities. Guanine Proteins that bind to a g protein, stimulating the exchange of a bound gdp with a gtp, thereby activating the g protein. Hydrogen bond The weak, attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and a second electronegative atom. Hydrophilic The tendency of polar molecules to interact with surrounding water molecules, which are also polar Hydrophobic The tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate so as to minimize their collective interaction with surrounding polar water molecules Inner boundary vs. cristal membranes Inner mitochondrial membrane Intermembrane space Kinase Kinetics of a chemical reationenzyme inhibitos Lipid Macromolecule Metabolism Mitochondria Mitochondrial matrix Molecular chaperones Monosaccharide stereoisomerism Noncompetitive inhibition Nonpolar molecule Nucleotide Oligosaccharide Outer mitochondrial membrane Oxidation Oxidative phosphorylation Peptide bond Phosphatase Phosphate transfer potential Phospholimid Polar molecule Polypeptide chain Polysaccharide Post-tanslational modification Protein Protein domains protein folding Protein subunits Purine Pyranose Pyrimidine Reduction Ribonucleic acid

Saturated fatty acid Second lot Self-assembly Side chain/ R group Stard free energy change Steroid Substrate Substrate level phosphorylation Thymine Transition state Tricarboxylic acid cycle Unsaturated fatty acid Uracil Van der walls force