1.

a. The control volume is the metal tank. For an ideal gas internal energy depends only on temperature and there are no flowing streams so this will reduce to:

b. The control volume is the turbine. The turbine and surrounding pipe are well insulated so it can be assumed that this is an adiabatic process. It can be assumed that this turbine will be operating at steady state so that all of the energy produced from the change in enthalpy of the flowing streams will be converted into shaft work. Potential energy and kinetic energy can be considered negligible because of the large change in enthalpy of the system. Thus we have:

We can assume that there are no leaks in the turbine so that the mass flowing in will equal the mass flowing out. Thus the final solution is:

c. The control volume includes the turbine and stretches vertically from the top of the dam to the outlet stream. This is so that we can assume there is no pressure change between the atmospheric conditions on both sides of this volume. If we had chosen just the turbine we would have to include the increased hydrostatic pressure of the water flowing in. There is most likely no significant temperature change so there will be negligible heat loss as there is no gradient to drive it. As in part b it can be assumed that this will operate at steady state with no mass accumulation. Because the water enters and exits at the same temperature and pressure there is no change in enthalpy. Thus we have:

The efficiency can be factored in by thinking qualitatively about whether more or less work should be obtained from the system if not all of the energy is converted:

d. The control volume includes both tanks and connecting pipe. The flow occurs very rapidly so most likely there will not be enough time for significant heat transfer to occur. There are no moving parts that are acting on the system so shaft work is 0. Because both tanks are included in the control volume there are no flowing streams going into or coming from the control volume. Assuming that the potential and kinetic terms are negligible:

e. The control volume is the flame. The process is adiabatic so there is no heat transfer (There is obviously heat transfer from a flame but it is negligible compared to the rate of enthalpy change from combustion). The flame is burning at steady state (it does not cool down or heat up with time). There are no moving parts so the shaft work is 0. Again assuming that kinetic and potential terms are small compared to the enthalpy change we have:

f. From the energy balance obtained they must be the same sign. Thinking in terms of work, energy must be supplied to the system to compress the gas so the shaft work will be negative. Thinking in terms of heat, during a compression the gas will increase in temperature unless heat is taken out of the system so the sign of heat flow will be negative to maintain a constant temperature

2.

e. Using the ideal gas law:

In an isothermal process PV will be constant. In an adiabatic expansion the temperature will decrease so for a constant pressure drop V will not increase as much as in the isothermal case

3. The control volume is the heat exchanger. Starting with an energy balance:

There is no shaft work, Q is given in the problem statement and is out of the system (negative), and the exchanger operates at steady state

The enthalpy change can be broken up into enthalpy changes for the water stream and gas stream:

The enthalpy change of the water can also be further broken into the enthalpy change going from a subcooled water at 25 to a saturated liquid at 100 plus the enthalpy change going from a saturated liquid to superheated steam:

Looking up some values from the steam tables:

Our completely reduced energy balance:

Now we can move on to an entropy balance: The process is reversible so the total change in entropy will be 0. Similar to the energy balance we can split the entropy change into water, gas, and heat terms:

When calculating enthalpy changes only the difference in temperatures matters so Celsius or Kelvin can be used interchangeably. For entropy the ratio of the temperatures is important so Kelvin must be used

We can solve this equation for either variable and then plug into the reduced energy balance:

4a.

b. As the pressure gets very large the first term (containing the parameter a) will be negligible:

As the pressure becomes very large the molar volume will become the parameter b. Thus it must represent a term for the volume taken up by the gas molecules when they cannot be further compressed. 5.

The volume will be:

Similarly:

So using the rate law:

So to find the concentration after 5 minutes:

Solving this with a program: