1.

0 OBJECTIVE

To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Apply knowledge in solid determination 2. Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid. 3. Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems. 4. Develop their ability to work in group

3.0 THEORY

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. Generally, total solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C. Total solids include total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. Total suspended solids is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved solids is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal pore size under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500C 50 C for 15 minutes).

The weight loss on ignition is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settleable solids is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.

Settleable solids

Imhoff cone

Samples

Microwave (at 103C - 105C)

Total solids (TS)

Filter paper

Fibre glass filter ( 2.0m)

Dissolved Solid

Microwave (at 103C - 105C)

Microwave (at 180C 2C)

Suspended solids (SS)

Dissolved solids (DS)

Muffle furnace (at 500C 50C)

Muffle furnace (at 500C 50C)

Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

Fixed suspended solids (FSS)

Volatile dissolved solids (VDS)

Fixed dissolved solids (FDS)

Total volatile solids TVS = VSS + VDS

Total fixed solids TFS = FSS + FDS

Total solids (TS)

FIGURE 1.0: TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

4.0 EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL

1. Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high-silica glass. 2. Muffle furnace for operating at 500 oC 50 oC 3. Steam bath 4. Desiccator

5. Drying oven 6. Analytical balance 7. Magnetic stirrer 8. Graduated cylinder 9. Wid-bore pipet 10. Low-form beake

5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 Total Solids (TS) i. The equipment and materials was prepared and labeled that were for sample A and B. ii. Then, weight of evaporing dish was measure with balance.

iii. Sample was shake before it can be used. iv. 5ml volume of sample were included in both labled dish that is sample A and B.

v. Weight of sample with dish has been measured. Then, weight of sample was calculated for both sample.

vi. Both sample were placed in the drying oven with 105oC for about 1hour.

vii. After 1 hour, cooled it in dessicator before the weight of sample with dish was measured and the total solid was calculated with total suspended solid and total vollatile solid.

5.2 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

i. Sample was labled in A and B at two plate. ii. Weight of filter paper with plate was measured for both sample A and B. then, weight of filter paper was calculated. iii. The equipment that been used was rinsed one by one before it connect to the vacum.

iv. Select a sample volume (max. of 200 mL) that will yield not more than 200 mg of total suspended solids.

v. Place the filter on the base and clamp on funnel and apply vacuum. Wet the filter with small volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.

vi. Shake the samples vigorously and quantitatively transfer required volume (mL) of samples to the filter using a large orifis, volumetric pipette. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.

vii. Rinse the pipette and funnel onto the filter with small volume of distilled water. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through. viii. Carefully remove the disc filter from the base. Dry for at least one (1) hour at 103oC - 105oC. Cool in a desiccator and weigh.

5.3 Total Volatile Solids

i. If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A and B is ignited at 500oC 50oC for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cool in desiccator to balance temperature and weigh. ii. Repeat cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight change less than 4% of the previos weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. Store in desiccator until needed.