Algebra - Combination

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Algebra 3
rd
secondary Combination - 81 -
Combination
n
n
r
r
P n
C
r n r r
= =
( )
( )
( )( )( )( )( )
7
7
3
3
15
15
4
4
n
n
1
1
n
n
2
2
n 3
n 3
5
5
P 7 6 5
C 35
3 3 2 1
P 15 14 13 12
C 1365
4 4 3 2 1
P n
C 1
1 1
n n 1
P n
C n 1
2 2 1 2
n 3 n 2 n 1 n n 1
P
C
5 5 4 3 2 1
+
+

= = =

= = =

= = =
= = =
+ + +
= =

In how many ways can we select a commitee each of which is formed from 5 persons taken
from 13 persons.
12
3
8
2
12 11 10
We can select 3 boys out of 12 boys : C 220 ways.
3 2 1
8 7
We can select two girls out of 8 girls : C 28 ways.
2 1
The number of ways to select the required set is 220 28 6160

= =

= =
=

As we said before A combination is " one or more elements selected from a set without regard
to the order"

General formula =

For examples :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)

Answer
13
13
5
5
P 13 12 11 10 9
Here,the number of ways is : C 1287 commitee
5 5 4 3 2 1

= = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
In how many ways can we select a set of 3-boys and two girls from 12 boys and 8 girls
Answer

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Algebra 3
rd
n
n n
4
4 4
n
4
r 24 r 4 3 2 1 r 4
P
C 15 15 P 15 4 360
4
P 6 5 4 3 n 6
= = =
= = = =
= =
n
n n
3
3 3
P
C 35 P 35 3 210 7 6 5 n 7
3
= = = = = =
n
n
r
r
n n
3 3
n 2 10
2r 6
P 336 336
C 56 r 6 r 3 2 1 r 3
r r 56
And P 336 P 8 7 6 n 8
C C 210
+
= = = = = =
= = =
= =
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
n 1 4 n 1 n 1 n n 1 4 n 1
n 2 3 n 3 2 3 2 n 2 n 3 n 3 2
n 1 n
4 n n 12n 24 n 11n 24 0
3 n 2
n 8 n 3 0 n 8 Or n 3 " check"
+ +
= =

+
= + = + =
= = =
Example (3)
n
3
If C 35 , Then find n. =
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
n n n 2
r r 2r
If P 336 and C 56 , Then find n , r and C
+
= =
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
n
r
if r 24 & C 15 , find n = =
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
n 1 n 1
3 2
If C 4 C , Then find n
+
=
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (7)
n n 2
4 3
If C : C 7 : 2 , Then find n
=
Answer

( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
n n 2 n n 5 3 7
7 : 2
n 4 4 n 5 3 n 4 4 n 2 2
n n 1 n 2 n n 1 n n 1
n 5 3 7 7 7
n 4 n 5 4 3 n 2 2 4 n 4 2 2 n 4 1
n( n 1) 14( n 4 ) n 15n 56 0 ( n 7 )( n 8 ) 0
n 7 or n 8

= =

= = =

= + = =
= =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)
2n 1 2n 1
n 1 n
If C : C 55: 21 , Then find n
+
=
Answer
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
n 1 n
55 : 21 55 : 21
n 1 2n 1 n 1 2n 1 n n n 1 n 2 2n 1
2n 1 2n 2n 1
2n 1 2n
n 55 55
n 2 n 1 n 2n 1 21 n 2 n 1 21
84n 42n 55n 165n 110 29n 123n 110 0
n 5 29n 22 0 n 5 only
you can use the formula to solve comp
+ +

= =
+ + +
+
+
= =
+ + + +
+ = + + =
+ = =
2
b b 4ac
licated factorization :
2a

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
n n
r n r
1) C C

=
( )
n n
n r r
n n
Proof : C C
n r n n r n r r
= = =

20 20
18 2
200 200 200
197 200 197 3
n n
3 n 3
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
n 1 2n 1 n 1 n
20 19
For example: C C 190
2 1
200 199 198
C C C 1313400
3 2 1
C C
C C C
+ + +
+ +
= = =

= = = =

=
= =
n n
n o
2 ) C C 1 = =
n n n n
n n n 0 n
n n
Proof : As C C C and hence C 1
n n n n 0
= = = = =
n 5 8 n 2
1 1 1 1
Note that : C n C 5 , C 8 and C n 2 and so on.....
+
= = = = +
n n
x y
3) if C C , Then x y Or n x y = = = +
7 7
2x 5 x 3
2) If C C , Then find x
+
=
As TOP TOP
2x 5 x 3 2x x 3 5 x 8 " refused"
Or
2x 5 x 3 7 3x 7 2 x 3 " agreed"
=
= + = + =
+ + = = + =
n 1 n 1 15 n
8 5 n 12
3) If C C , Then find C and C
+ +
=
15 15 15 12
n 12 3 12
As TOP TOP n 1 8 5 13 n 12
15 14 13
C C C 455 And C 1
3 2 1
= + = + = =

= = = = =

Other Rules on Combination

1
This law is Called the simplification Rule and we use it when r n
2
>

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 8 12 12
8 0 12 0
For example : C C 1 and C C 1 = = = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n n
7 10
for example : 1) if C C , 7 10 , Then n 10 7 17 = = = + =


Algebra 3
rd
( )
20
9
20
8
21
9
20
8
20
9
20
5
n 2
r
n 2
r 1
C 20 9 1 12 4
C 9 9 3
C
Can' t be solved by this law as 21 20
C
C
Can' t be solved by this law as 9 5 1
C
n 2 r 1
C n r 3
,
C r r
+
+
+
= = =
=
=
+ +
+
= =
n n n
r r r 1
n n n
r 2 r 1 r 2
C C C n r 1 n r 2
SO:
C C C r r 1

+ +
= =
4) The ratio between two successive bases of combination

n
r
n
r 1
C n r 1
C r
+
= where r is the big base

Proof
( )
n n
r r 1
n
r
n
r 1
n
r
n
r 1
n n n
C .....( 1) and C
r n r n ( r 1) r 1 n r 1 r 1
r 1 n r 1 n r
C n r 1 n r 1 r 1 n r 1
C r n r n r n r r r 1 n r
C n r 1
C r
= = =
+
+
+ +
= = =

+
=

For example :

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
very important note
15
7
15
5
15 15 15
7 7 6
15 15 15
5 6 5
15
7
15
5
C
While in we can not use the above rule directly for 7 and 5 are not successive numbers
C
C C C
But we can make as to use the rule above .
C C C
C 15 7 1 15 6 1 9 10 15
C 7 6 7 6 7
+ +
= = =

13 13 13
8 8 7
13 13 13
6 7 6
C C C 13 8 1 13 7 1 3
Again :
C C C 8 7 4
+ +
= = =


Algebra 3
rd
n
n n
12
12 11
n
11
C n 12 1
C C 1 1 n 11 12 n 23
C 12
+
> > > > >
15
x
15
x 1
n n n n
x x 5 5 10
C 15 x 1 11 80
75 5x 5 11x 16x 80 x 5
C x 5 16
And C C C C n 5 10 15
+
+
= = + = = = =
= = = + =
Example (9)
n n
12 11
If C C , Then prove that n 23 > >
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
15 15 n n
x x 1 x x 5
If C : C 11: 5 and C C , Then find n
+
= =

Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (11)
n n n
r r 1 r 2
If C : C : C 5: 10 : 14 , Then find n and r
+ +
=
Answer
( )
( )
( )
n
r 1
n
r
n
r 2
n
r 1
n r 1 1
C 10 2 n r
2 n r 2r 2
C 5 r 1 1 r 1
n 3r 2....( 1)
n r 2 1
C 14 7 n r 1 7
And 5n 5r 5 7r 14
C 10 r 2 5 r 2 5
5n 12r 19.....( 2 )
From( 1),( 2 ) and by simultanous n 3r 2 -5 5n 15r 10
5n 12r 19
+
+
+
+ +

= = = = +
+ +
=
+ +

= = = = +
+ +
=
= + =
=
( )
1 5n 12r 19
3r 9
r 3
Substitute in any equation n 11
=
=
=
=

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
n n
n n n n n
5 7
6 6 5 7 6
n n
5 7
n n
6 6
2 2
2 2
6 C 7 C
For Arithmetic sequence : 7 C 14 C 6 C 7 C C
2
7 n 7 1
6 C 7 C 6 6 36
14 14 14 n 6
C C n 6 1 7 n 5
36 n 5 n 6
36 n 11n 30 n 11n 66
14 14 14
n 5 n 5 n 5
14n 70 n 11n 66 n 25n 136 0 n 8 n 17
+
= = +
+
= + = + = +
+
+
+ + +
= = =

= + + = = 0
n 8 Or n 17 = =
13 13
r 2 r 1
13 13
r 1 r
C C 7
If , Then find r.
C C 8
+ +
+
+
=
+
13 13 13 1
r 2 r 1 r 2
13 13 13 1
r 1 r r 1
14
r 2
14
r 1
C C C 7
" By using the additional law "
C C C 8
C 7
C 8
14 r 2 1 7
" By using the ratio law "
r 2 8
13 r 7
104 8r 7r 14 15r 90 r 6
r 2 8
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
= =
+
=
+
=
+
= = + = =
+
Example (12)
n n n
5 6 7
If 6 C , 7 C , 7 C form an Arithmetic sequence , Then find n
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5) The Addition between Two successive bases of combination

n n n 1
r r 1 r 1
C C C
+
+ +
+ = where r is the big base

Proof
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
n n
r r 1
n 1
r 1
n n n n
C C
r n r n r 1 r 1 r n r n r 1 n r 1 r 1 r
r 1 n n r n r 1 n n r n
r 1 r n r n r 1 n r n r 1 r 1 r r 1 r n r n r 1
n r 1 n r
n 1 n
n 1
C
r 1 r n r n r 1 r 1 r n r n r 1 r 1 n r
+
+
+
+ = + +
+ +
+ + +
+ =
+ + +
+ + (
+
+

= = =
+ + +

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (13)

Answer


Algebra 3
rd
Example (14)
n n n n 2 23 23 23
r r 1 r 2 r 20 19 18
Prove that : C 2 C C C , and hence find the value of C 2 C C
+

+ + = + +
Answer
n n n n n n n
r r 1 r 2 r r 1 r 1 r 2
n n n 1
r r 1 r
n n n 1
r 1 r 2 r 1
n 1 n 1 n 2
r r 1 r
23 23 23 23 2 25
20 19 18 20 5
C 2 C C C C C C
By using the Additional rule of C C C
By using the Additional rule of C C C
C C C R.H.S.
C 2 C C C C

+
+

+ + +
+
+ + = + + +
+
+
+ = =
+ + = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of all rules in combination

n
n
r
r
n
r
n n
r n r
n n
x y
n
r
n
r 1
P n( n 1)( n 2 )..... ( n r 1)
1) C , r n " Permutation law "
r r( r 1)( r 2 ) ..... 3 2 1
n
2 ) C " Factorial law "
r n r
3 ) C C " Simplification law "
4 ) If C C , Then x y or n x y
C n r 1
5 ) , r is the big " Ratio l
C r
+
= = s

=
=
= = = +
+
=
n n n 1
r r 1 r 1
n n
n o
aw "
6 ) C C C , r is the big " Addition law "
7 ) C C 1
+
+ +
+ =
= =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
n
n n
r
r r 1
n
r 1
C 7
If C C and , Then find n and r.
C 6
+
= =
m n n
m 4 m m 1
If C 35 , Then find m , andif C C , Then find n
+
= =
( )
m
m m m
4
m 4 4 m m 4
m m
4 4
n n
m m 1
P
C 35 C 35 C 35 35
4
P 35 4 840 P 7 6 5 4 m 7
And C C m m 1 n n 2m 1 n 15

+
= = = =
= = = =
= + + = = + =
18 13
2r 2r 5
2r
5
2r 2r
5 5
10 10 10
4 4 4
10 10 10
6 4 4
18 153 13 18 153 13
C 153 C
2r 18 2r 2r 5 18 2r 2r 2r 5
2r 18 2r
and P
2r 5 153 13 2r 5
18 18 17 16 15 14 13
P P 6720 8 7 6 5 4
153 13 153 13
P P 4 P
2r 8 r 4 4 24
C C P
= = =

= =

= = = =
= = = = = =
Mixed Examples
Example (15)

Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (16)
18 13 10 10
2r 2r 5 r 10 r
If C 153 C ,Then find r and calculate the value of P : C

=
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (17)
24 24 6
2r 1 r 4 r
If C C , Then find C
+
=
Answer
6 6 6
r 5 1
6 6
r 7
Either 2r 1 r 4 r 5 OR 2r 1 r 4 24 r 7
When r 5 C C C 6
When r 7 C C is undefined.
= + = + + = =
= = = =
= =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (18)

Answer
n n
r r 1
n
r
n
r 1
C C r r 1 n 2r 1 n n 2r 1.....( 1)
C 7 n r 1
and 6n 13r -6 ......( 2 )
C 6 r
By solving ( 1)and ( 2 ) we get : r 12 and n 25
+
= + + = + = =
+
= = =
= =


Algebra 3
rd
( )
n n n
r r 1 r 1
n n
r r
n r 1 1
C C C r 1 r 1 n r n 1
1
C C r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
n 1 7
3n 3 63 3n 60 n 20
9 3
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
= + = + = =
+ + + +
+
= + = = =
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
r 2 r
n n
r 1 r 1
2
2
2 2 2
2
n r 2 1 n r 1
C C
1 1
C C r 2 r
n r 1 n r 1 r r 2 n r 1 r 2r
n r r 2r 1 n r r 1 n r r 1 n 2r 1
+
+
+ +
> >
+
(
+ > + > +

> + + > + > + > +
Example (19)
n n n n
r r 1 8 9
n n
r 8
C C n 1 C C 7
Prove that : and hence find n if :
C r 1 C 3
+
+ + +
= =
+

Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (20)
n n n n
r 2 r r 1 r 1
If C C C C , Then prove that n 2r 1
+ +
> > +
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (21)
+ x x x x
y y 1 y y 1
Find x , y Z from the two equations : C 2 C and C C
+
e = =
Answer
( )
x
y x x
y y 1 x
y 1
x
y x x
y y 1 x
y 1
C
y 1 y 1
C 2 C 2 2 2
C x y 1 1 x y
2x 2y y 1 2x 3y 1............ (1)
C
x y 1
And C C 1 1 x y 1 y
C y
x 2y 1 ............ (2) Then from (1) and (2) : By simultanous : x 5 and y 3
+
+
+ +
= = = =
+ +
= + =
+
= = = + =
= = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 3 2 2 3 2
3 2
n n 1 n 2 n 3 n n 1 n 2
n n
L.H.S.
3 n 3 2 n 2 3 2 n 3 2 n 2
n n 1 n 2 n n 1 n n 1 n 2 3n n 1
3 2 2 3 2 3 2
n 1 n 2n 3n n 1 n n 2 3n
n n 1 n 2 3n n 1
3 2 3 2 6
n 1 n 5n n 5n n 5n n 6n 5n
1 5
n n n
6 6 6 6 6
L.H.S.

( (

( ( ( + +

= = = +
=
3 2 3 2
1 5 1 5
R.H.S n n n n n 5 n 5
6 6 6 6
n 6
+ = + =
=
( ) ( )
n 2
n 2 n 2 n 2
r
r r r
n 2
n 2 n 2
r
r r n 2
r
n
r 1
n
r
2n 14
n r 5
P
C P r C
r
r C 2
P : C 2 : 1 r 2 r 2
C 1
C n r 1 1 n 2 1 1
5 5 5
and
C 3 r 1 3 2 1 3
n 3 1 5
n 2 5 n 7
3 3
Then C C 2002
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
= =
= = = =
+ + + +
= = =
+ +
+
= = =
= =
n
5
n n
5 5
5 n 5 n
Multiply both numerator and denominator by 5 : L.H.S. 5 C
5 4 n 5 5 n 5
280
5 C 280 C 56
5
= = =

= = =
Example (22)
n n 3 2
3 2
1
If C C n n 5 , Then find the value of n .
6
= +
Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (23)
n
5
n
If 280 , Then find the value of C .
4 n 5
=

Answer

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (24)
n 2 n 2 n n 2n
r r r 1 r n r
If P : C 2: 1 and C : C 5: 3 , Then find C
+ +
+
= =

Answer

Algebra - Combination

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4) The ratio between two successive bases of combination

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