LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals to yield Molecular Orbitals) For (Second Row) Homonuclear Diatomic

c Molecules (X2 ) - the following LCAO-MOs are generated: LCAO MO symbol 1sA + 1sB 1 s 1sA - 1sB 2sA + 2sB 2sA - 2sB 2px , A + 2px , B 2px , A - 2px , B 2py , A + 2py , B 2py , A - 2py , B 2pz , A + 2pz , B 2pz , A - 2pz , B 1 s* 2 s 2 s* 2 p 2 p* 2 p 2 p* 2 p 2 p*

For the above LCAO-MO combinations, the coordinate system is chosen such that the z axis is along the horizontal direction and is considered the internuclear (bond) axis. Here, the y-axis is considered to be along the vertical direction and the x-axis is considered to be perpendicular to the plane of the page. This choice is, of course, arbitrary. The correlation diagrams showing the energy ordering and relationship between the Atomic Orbitals (AOs) and resultant Molecular Orbitals (MOs) for several situations are listed below. Each MO can maximally contain two (2) electrons - with opposite spins () - as required by the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP). Also, degenerate MOs - when occupied - will follow Hunds Rule in order to achieve a ground state (energy-preferred) electron configuration. There are two schemes - I and II below. Scheme I applies for Li through N (and their ions), inclusive and Scheme II applies for O through Ne (and their ions), inclusive. As can be seen, the difference lies in the relative energy ordering of the 2p MOs versus the 2p MOs. For Z 7 atoms, the (degenerate) 2p MOs are lower in energy than 2p MO. For Z 8 atoms, the (degenerate) 2p MOs are greater in energy than 2p MO. The reason has to do with energy stabilization by attenuation of electron-electron repulsion. In Scheme I, the 2p MOs are filled before the 2p MO because the electron density in the 2p MOs are concentrated (between the atoms) away from (i.e., above and below) the internuclear axis. This leads to a reduction in the electron-electron repulsions. This is particularly important since the electrons in the already - occupied 2s - 2s* MOs will interact less strongly with electrons in the 2p MOs than those in the 2p MOs (electron density also directed along the internuclear axis). In Scheme II - followed by atoms toward the end of the second row - the already occupied 2s - 2s* MOs are drawn closer (tighter) due to the greater nuclear charge (Z). For Z 8, this is enough so that the 2p MOs will interact less strongly with the 2s - 2s* MOs. Hence, the 2p MO will be lower in energy than the 2p MOs. [After discussing Scheme II, your text sometimes follows Scheme I - for simplicity - for all second row diatomics (and their ions) in some of the homework problems.] By paying attention to the PEP and Hunds Rule - as mentioned above - we fill the MOs from bottom - up in an Aufbau manner for our chosen MO scheme. This will give us ground state (MO) electron configurations. 1

Homonuclear (Second Row) Diatomic Molecules (X2 ) - or their ions Scheme I - X = Li, Be, B, C, N; i.e., Atomic # Z 7 (Energy increases vertically up the page)
*2p * 2pz,A 2py,A 2px,A 2p 2p *2s 2sA 2s 2sB 2p
2p

*2p 2pz,B 2py,B 2px,B

*1s 1sA 1s 1sB

Homonuclear (Second Row) Diatomic Molecules (X2 ) - or their ions Scheme II - X = O, F, Ne; i.e., Atomic # Z 8 (Energy increases vertically up the page)
*2p * 2pz,A 2py,A 2px,A 2p 2p *2s 2sA 2s 2sB 2p
2p

*2p 2pz,B 2py,B 2px,B

*1s 1sA 1s 1sB

Boundary Surface Diagrams (BSD) for the LCAO-MOs formed from 2s, 2px , 2py , & 2pz AOs of second row homonuclear diatomic molecules. 2s Atomic Orbital (Bonding & Antibonding) Combinations:

2s Bonding:

+
2sA

+ +
2sB

Bonding Combo

2s

2s Antibonding:

+
2sA

2sB

Antibonding Combo

2s

 2p Atomic Orbital Combinations along BOND AXIS: 2p Bonding (Along Bond Axis):

2pzA

+ +

+
2pzB

Bonding Combo

2p

2p Antibonding (Along Bond Axis):

2pzA

2pzB

Antibonding Combo

2p
4

 2p Atomic Orbital Combinations PERPENDICULAR TO Bond Axis: 2p Bonding (Perpendicular to Bond Axis):

+
Bonding Combo

2pyA

2pyB

2p

2p Antibonding (Perpendicular to Bond Axis):

Antibonding Combo

2pyA

2pyB

2p

&SIMILARLYfor2px A&2px B-Bonding&AntibondingM.O.s (These M.O.s will be perpendicular to the plane of the paper.)

Where are the bonds?? In order to determine how many bonds will form between the atoms of the diatomic molecule (in the spirit of the Valence Bond - localized electron pair bond model), we define the parameter BOND ORDER: BOND ORDER = B.O. ({#ofe sinBondingMOs}{#ofe sinAntibonding(* )MOs}) 2 Prove for yourself that the Bond Order for N2 , with a ground state valence shell electron configuration of: 2 s2 ( 2 s* ) 2 2 p4 2 p2 is 3.0, i.e., a triple bond. Note, this is exactly what the Valence Bond model would also predict! If a molecule has a bond order of ZERO (0), then M.O. theory is telling us that the MOLECULE WILL NOT FORM (i.e., no bonds will be created, since the number of electrons in antibonding M.O.s exactly cancels the number of electrons in bonding M.O.s). For example: He2 and Be2 have B.O. = 0, so these molecules will not form, i.e., they are not energetically stable. Finally, if a molecule has an odd number of electrons, such as CN (a radical), then we can have a fractional bond order. Prove for yourself that CN, with M.O. ground state valence shell configuration: 2 s2 ( 2 s* ) 2 2 p4 2 p1 , has a bond order of 2.5. Bond orders can be used to predict the relative STRENGTH and relative LENGTHS of BONDS. The relationship is: THE GREATER THE BOND ORDER, THE SHORTER AND STRONGER THE BOND. Hence, B2 , C2 , and N2 ,which have bond orders of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, respectively, have BOND LENGTHS of 159 pm, 124 pm, and 110 pm, respectively. The BOND ENERGIES of B2 , C2 , and N2 are: 289 kJ/mol, 599 kJ/mol, and 941 kJ/mol, respectively. Paramagnetism & Diamagnetism: It is important to realize that M.O. theory allows a molecule with an EVEN (as well as an odd) number of electrons to have unpaired electrons. According to the Valence Bond model all molecules with an EVEN number of electrons will have the electrons either PAIRED in bonds or in lone PAIRS and are predicted to be DIAMAGNETIC. Thus, Valence Bond Theory predicts that O2 (with 16 total electrons or 12 valence electrons) will have a double bond plus two (2) lone pairs around each Oxygen atom. According to M.O. theory, the ground state valence shell electron configuration is: 2 s2 ( 2 s* ) 2 2 p2 2 p4 ( 2 p* ) 2 - where each of the two (2) electrons in the 2 p* M.O. are UNPAIRED - according to Hunds Rule. Hence, Valence Bond theory would predict that the oxygen molecule is DIAMAGNETIC (no unpaired electrons); whereas Molecular Orbital theory would predict that the oxygen molecule should be PARAMAGNETIC (two (2) unpaired electrons). Experiment tells us that O2 is attracted by a magnetic field, i.e., it is PARAMAGNETIC. Thus, in this case, M.O. theory better rationalizes the bonding picture in O2. Note that both V.B. theory and M.O. theory predict that the oxygen atoms are attached by a double bond - check this for yourself by drawing the Lewis structure and also by calculating the bond order from the ground state M.O. electron configuration (listed above).

Molecular Orbitals for CO Atomic orbitals for C Less electronegative E N E R G Y

2p z

2p x 2p y
2pC

Atomic orbitals for O More electronegative

2pO

2p z

2p x

2p y

2s

2sC

Bond Energy = 1074 kJ/mol

2sO
7 2s

HydrogenFluoride(HF)LCAO-MODiagram

(antibonding)
H atom

E N E R G Y

1sH

F atom

2pxF

2pyF

(nonbonding)

2pF

(bonding)

2s (nonbonding) 8

2sF

ORBITALS FOR HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (HF):

1sH

- 2pzF

= 1sH - 2p zF

Antibonding

+
+ 2pzF

1sH

= 1s H + 2pzF

Bonding

+ +
Nonbonding (phases cancel)

1sH 2pyF or 2pxF

&

+
2sF

Nonbonding (negligible overlap far apart in energy)

1sH 9