Introduction to Microcontroller

Introduction
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single Integrated Circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals

ATmega16

Desktop PC

Clock Frequency CPU data size RAM

ROM I/O Power Consumption Society Of Innovative Electrical
Professionals

16 MHz 8 bits 1KB

16KB 32 pins 20mW

3GHz 32bits 1GB

160GB keyboard 65W
3

Microprocessor
CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate

Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip

designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose

fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O port Less expensive for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

Features
Microcontrollers are electronic circuits that can be programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks Multifunction, Bi-directional General Purpose I/O ports with configurable, built-in pull-up resistors In-System Programmable using ISP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

Why use a microcontroller?

It is programmable A code decides what it does (controll) Very easy to write a code then design and make a custom circuit for complex jobs example : Micromouse Robotics Solar panels Automation Hundreds of other application

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

AVR Microcontroller
Lots of microcontroller families 8051 , PIC , AVR ,ARM , etc. http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-choose-aMicroController/ Cost: AVR = PIC > 8051 (by 8051 I mean the 8051 family) Availability: AVR = PIC <8051 Speed: AVR > PIC > 8051 ( preferred in Robotics) Efficient RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture, almost 10 times faster than CISC
less instructions you don't need complex instruction decoder, so RISC cores need less transistors (chip area), less power (excelent for mobile units) and higher core speeds than CISCs for same technology.
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

AVR Microcontroller
Atmel's AVR microcontrollers have a RISC core running single cycle instructions and a well-defined I/O structure that limits the need for external components. Internal oscillators, timers, SPI, pull-up resistors, pulse width modulation, ADC, analog comparator and timers are some of the features you will find in AVR devices. Apart form this almost all AVRs support In System Programming (ISP) i.e. you can reprogram it without removing it from the circuit . Also the programmer used for ISP is easier to build compared to the parallel programmer required for many old uCs.
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 8

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

Software

Software we are going to use are 1. AVR Studio 2. Win AVR (Packaged with AVR Studio 5) 3. Extreme Burner-AVR or Pony Prog For Simulation and Lab Experiments Proteus 7.1 or above

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

10

Different AVRs
AVRs are generally classified in four board groups tinyAVRs megaAVRs XMEGA AVRs Application Specific AVRs program memory Pin packages

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

11

Different AVRs

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

12

Software Required
AVR Studio 4 : we generally use AVR Studio for this Many other software are also available for the purpose like MikroC you can use any of them The greatest advantage of AVR Studio is that it is provided by Atmel as a freeware AVR Studio 4 provides a complete set of features including debugger , Debugging is mostly not available in other software

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

13

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

14

Pin Description
Vcc: Digital Voltage GND: Ground PortA (PA7 ..PA0): Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit) Alternate Functions of Port A Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 15

 PortB (PB7 ..PB0) , PortC (PC7 ..PC0) , PortD (PD7 ..PD0) Common Features These all ports are 8-bit bi-directional I/O port Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit) PB3: Output pin for PWM PB2: INT2, External Interrupt Source 2 PB1: T1, Timer/Counter1 Counter Source PB0: T0, Timer/Counter0 Counter Source
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 16

 PD7: OC2, Output pin for PWM mode timer function (Generated by timer 2) PD5: OC1A,Output pin for PWM mode timer function (Generated by timer 1) PD4: OC1B,Output pin for PWM mode timer function (Generated by timer 1) PD3: INT1, External Interrupt Source 1 PD2: INT0, External Interrupt Source 0
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 17

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

18

 XTAL1:

External Crystal is connected

XTAL2: AVCC: It is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a lowpass filter.

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

19

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

20

Pin Description
Following pins are used for programming of AVR MOSI, PB5 MISO, PB6 SCK, PB7 RESET AREF Care should be taken while using these pins for different purposes If these pins are used as an input and are connected to some sensor or a switch and while programming these are being pulled low or high controller will not be programmed So if these pins are being used for some purpose and are connected to some sensor/switch it should be disconnected while programming
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 21

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

22

I/O Ports

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

23

I/O Ports
There are three registers associated with each port DDRx (Data direction Register ) PORTx (PORTA for portA, PORTD for portD) PINx (Port Input Pins ) These registers have individual bits assigned to each pin of the port For Example: Bit DDA1 of Register DDRA is associated with the direction of pin 1 of port A Similarly bit PORTB6 is associated with the pin 6 of port B.
More Details on Page 48 of Datasheet

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

24

Port A Data Register PORTA

Port A Data Direction Register DDRA

Port A Input Pins Address PINA

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

25

 Configuring the pin of a port Each port pin consists of three register bits DDxn PORTxn PINxn

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

26

 DDxn: The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one, Pxn is configured as an output piin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input piin.

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

27

Configuring the I/O Ports (PORTxn)

PORTxn: If a pin is configured as output then If we write logic one, the pin is set high(one) If we write logic zero, the pin is set low(zero)

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

28

Configuring the I/O Ports (PINxn)

PINx: Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, The port pin can be read through the PINxn Register bit. So while using it as input read PINxn Register bit to get the input DDRA=0x00 PORTA=0x30 x=PINA

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

29

DDRx(Data Direction Register) is first given the appropriate value to set the different pins of the port input or output Example: DDRA=0b00001111 now this means that first four pins of port A are input configured and last four bits are output configured PORTx Register is used to output the desired data on the port Example: PORTA=0b11000011 now first two pins of port A which are input configured are pulled high where as the last two pins of port A which are output configured give output of logic one
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 30

 when ever we have to read a port whether it is input or output configured we read the PINx register of that port Example: x=PINA now what ever is the data at port A it is stored in variable x

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

31

Example 1
Take input from PORTA add it with 5 and send it as an output on port D void main() {DDRA=0b00000000; //configures Port A as input DDRD=0b11111111; //configures Port D as output unsigned int x; //declare variable x x=PINA; //reads and stores input at Port A in variable x PORTD=x+5; //Multiply x with 5 and outputs it on Port D }

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

32

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

33

 Compilers produce Hex files that is loaded in the microcontroller Size of this Hex file is one of the main concern for microcontroller programming because microcontrollers have limited on-chip flash Assemble language produces Hex file which are much smaller than C, but programming in Assembly is often tedious and time consuming C programming is less time consuming and is much easier to write but the Hex file produced is much larger
Society Of Innovative Electrical Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals Professionals 34

Programming in C
Following are the few main reason for programming in C rather then in Assembly It is easier and less time consuming C is easier to modify and update You can use codes available in function libraries C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little or no modifications

Society Of Innovative Electrical Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals Professionals

35

C data type for AVR C in AVR GCC

Society Of Innovative Electrical Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals Professionals

36

C language Statements
Following are the statements which are most commonly used while microcontroller programming in C For loop While loop Do/while If/else statements Switch statement

Society Of Innovative Electrical Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals Professionals

37

 Write a program which outputs AA (binary 10101010) on the port B

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

38

 Write a program which outputs AA (binary 10101010) on the port B #include<avr/io.h> //standard AVR header int main(void) { DDRB=0xFF; //Setting Port B as output PORTB=0xAA; }

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

39

Example
Write a AVR program to get a byte of data from Port B, and then send it to Port C.

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

40

 Write an AVR program to get a byte of data from Port C. If it is less then 100 send it to port B otherwise, send it to Port D

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

41

 Write an AVR program to get a byte of data from Port C. If it is less then 100 send it to port B otherwise, send it to Port D

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

42

Bit wise operators in C

Following are the bit wise operator in C which are widely used for embedded systems programming AND(&) OR(|) EX-OR(^) Inverter(~) Shift right(>>) Shift left(<<)

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

43

 AND(&) It should not be confused with the logical AND(&&) operator 0x35 & 0x0F = 0x05 00110101 & 00001111=00000101 OR(|) It should not be confused with logical OR(||) operator 0x04 | 0x68=0x6C 00000100 | 1101000=1101100
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 44

 XOR(^) 0x54 ^ 0x78 = 0x2C 1010100 ^ 1111000 = 0101100 Inverter(~) ~0x55 = 0xAA ~01010101 = 10101010

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

45

Reading or writing a bit in a Register

Consider 8-bit variable x and y In order to send 0 to a bit 7 of register x we use bit wise AND (&) operator x=x&0b01111111; In order to send 1 to a bit 7 of register x we use bit wise OR (|) operator x=x|0b10000000; If we want to read only bit 7 of variable x in another variable y we use bit wise AND (&) operator y=x&0b10000000;
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 46

 A door sensor is connected to the bit 1 of Port B, and an LED is connected to bit 7 of Port C. Write an AVR program to monitor the door sensor and, when it opens, turns on the LED

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

47

Bit wise operator on C (Shift operator)

Shift right Symbol >> Format of Shift Operator data>>number of bit to be shifted Example 0b00100000 >> 3 = 0b00000100 Shift left Symbol << Format of Shift Operator data<<number of bit to be shifted Example 0b00010000 << 3 = 0b10000000
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 48

 Take input from the first four bits of Port A and output it to last four bits of Port A

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

49

#include<avr/io.h> unsigned char x; int main(void) { DDRA=0b11110000 while(1) { x=PINA&0b00001111; x= x<<4; PORTA=x&11110000; } }
Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals 50

 It was just basic intro about Microcontroller .. If you want to learn it in detail we recommend you to study from AVR Microcontroller by Mazidi . (you can take this book from me in soft ) for more help contact SIEP

Society Of Innovative Electrical Professionals

51