Communications 301

Establishing effective communications is the most important element in successfully combating casualties.
Emergency 211 Pilot house 7018 Damage control central 7561 Quarterdeck 7663

Types of communication
A. B. C. D. E. F. sound-powered phones integrated voice network net j-dial 1mc Wireless information communication system (Hydra) Messenger

Sound-powered phones This device Require no external source of energy other than the phone talkers voice. Sound powered phone system circuits are classified according to function.
Primary Auxiliary supplementary emergency

Primary these circuits provide communication for primary control

and operating functions associated with ship control, weapons control, aircraft control, engineering and damage control. Auxiliary these circuits provide alternate means of communication for certain of the principal primary circuits in the event of damage to either a portion of a circuit or to the entire circuit. Supplementary these circuits provide a means of communication for various subordinate control, operating, and service functions. Emergency these circuits provide communication for information required by the engineer and damage control officer during emergencies, either to establish temporary communication required because of damage or for the control of emergency equipment.

Integrated voice network net

This device is Composed of a series of nets (circuits) with interconnecting related stations throughout the ship. It is also dependant upon ships electrical power. *net 80 and up are principle damage control nets

j-dial this is not a reliable source of communication for damage control purposes due to the vulnerability of the wiring and likelihood of damage.

General announcing system (1mc)

The 1mcProvides a means of transferring general orders, information and alarm signals to all areas of the ship.

Wireless information communication system (hydra)

This device is electrically powered and used a key element for watchstander communication.

Messenger
A messenger is used as a last resort. Effective messengers possess a strong knowledge of standard damage control symbology and locations of all key damage control stations.

Phone talking procedures

1. name of station being called 2. name of station calling 3. message Example: if reporting to dc central from repair 5m that 12 personnel from the primary attack team lit off scbas at 0956. You would report it as such: dc central, 5m. 12 personnel from the primary attack team lit off scbas at time 0956. Response: if the message was understood, you would respond by repeating the message, say your station, and say aye If the message is not understood, respond by saying repeat your last or say again If you need to correct a previous message, say belay my last Yes = affirmative no = negative

Damage control symbology (shorthand) used to communicate & plot

damage throughout the ship.

Fire symbology class alpha, bravo, Charlie, and delta fires should be written as such: a b c d Boundaries fire boundaries = FB flooding boundaries = flb Smoke boundaries = sb casualty boundaries = cb When plotting, should look like this =

fb

Spps 1111 322 1 05 1 7

First aid 302

3 objectives of first aid
save life prevent further injury prevent infection

A-b-cs of first aid

A- Airway B Breathing C Circulation

State the methods of controlling bleeding. Direct pressure apply pressure directly over the site of the wound using
sterile dressing. Elevate Pressure points pressure points refer to areas of the body where blood vessels lay near a bone. Apply pressure to blood vessel reducing the flow of blood to the wound. Use of pressure points reduces the flow allowing the natural clotting process to occur. Tourniquet apply a constricting band to cut off the flow of blood to the wound. Used only as a last resort to prevent death. A medical officer is the only person authorized to order the loosening of a tourniquet once applied. Cells and tissue deprived of blood suffer irreversible damage.

Treating for electrical shock Personnel rescue - The rescue of a person who has received an electric

shock is likely to be difficult and dangerous. Extreme caution must be used, or the rescuer may also be electrocuted. YOU MUST NOT TOUCH THE VICTIM'S BODY, WIRE, OR ANY OTHER OBJECT THAT MAY BE CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY. Look for the switch, first, and turn off the current immediately. If you cannot find the switch, try to remove the wire from the victim with a dry broom, handle, branch, pole, oar, board or other non-conducting object. It may be possible to use a dry rope or dry clothing to pull the wire away from the victim.

Treatment - Administer artificial ventilation immediately after freeing the

person from the wire if the electric shock caused breathing to stop. Check the pulse since electric shock may cause the heart to stop. If you feel no pulse start CPR immediately. Get the victim to a medical facility immediately.

Treatment for shock

Shock, as applied to personnel casualty, refers to a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system which results in inadequate circulation. Symptoms pale, cool clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; rapid shallow breathing Treatment maintain body temperature (using blankets). Elevate the feet above level of head

Symptoms and treatment for heat related casualties Heat stroke heat stroke is considered to be the most fatal form of heat

casualties. A very serious condition caused by a breakdown of the sweating mechanism of the body. Treatment: Reduce the heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water. Apply wet, cold towels to the body and move the victim to the coolest possible place. Heat exhaustion - In heat exhaustion there is a serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart and lungs. The skin is cool, moist, and clammy ad the pupils dilated and normal or subnormal body temperature. Usually the victim is sweating profusely. Treatment: Move the victim to a cool or air conditioned area; loosen clothing; apply cool wet cloths to the head, groin, and ankles. Heat stress painful cramps to the arms, legs, and body muscles. Sweating will occur. Treatment: cool the victim and provide plenty of drinking water.

3 classifications of burns First degree - mildest, producing redness, increased warmth, tenderness
and mild pain.

Second degree - red and blistered skin; severe pain. Third degree - destroyed tissue, skin and bone in severe cases. Severe
pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed.

Types of fractures Closed/simple fracture - one which is entirely internal, that is, the bone
is broken, but there is no break in the skin. Open/compound fracture - one in which there is an open wound in the tissue or skin. The bone may be protruding through the skin.

Types of stretchers Stokes a tubular metal frame. Does not provide enough support for spinal

injury victims. In case of spinal injury, stabilize with miller board and transport patient. Transport feet first, except when going up ladders.

Miller board yellow, rigid plastic, equipped with head harness and Velcro
straps to secure/immobilize victim. Use miller board to transport victim from spaces via vertical access/escape trunks. Neil-Robertson - The Neil Robertson stretcher wraps around the casualty, providing protection without bulk. It is thus an excellent stretcher for use in confined spaces or where egress is difficult.

Basic firefighting 303

Breathing equipment
Self contained breathing apparatus (scba)
o o o o o Replacement for the a-4 oba Two sizes onboard: 30 minute and 45 minute Holds 4500 psi compressed air First stage regulator reduces cylinder pressure to about 100 psi and sends to second stage regulator Minimum allowable pressure for scba is 4000 psi

o Provides breathable air (grade d) to firefighter

Emergency escape breathing device (eebd)

o o o o Provides 10 minutes of air Shelf life of 15 years Unit automatically activates when removed from plastic case. Not used to fight fires. Should only be used to escape from a smoke filled environment

Water management techniques

When the fire team is attacking the fire, the extinguishing agent must be conserved, even if it is water. The agent must be applied as much as possible to the seat or source of the fire. Excessive use of water may create large amounts of steam that may render a space untenable in a short period.

Naval firefighter thermal imager (nfti) isg k90 talisman Battery operation includes rechargeable ni-Cad batteries or 10 aa batteries

Fully charged battery gives up to 4 hours of continuous use. On-screen battery level indicator the center of internal monitor image will display crosshairs indicating the bore sighting of the internal DDT pyrometer. In effect, the temperature of all objects that are inside the crosshairs at any given time, are indicated numerically in the upper right hand corner of the screen. Also locates hot spots, and injured personnel

Fire chemistry
Fire triangle and fire tetrahedron are simple geometric figures used to illustrate fire chemistry and extinguishing methods. The three sides of a fire triangle represent: Fuel heat oxygen This is acceptable for describing the requirements for surface glowing or smoldering, it does not completely describe the requirements for flaming combustion. The fourth requirement for flame to exist is an uninhibited chemical chain reaction, and the fire tetrahedron illustrates this uninhibited

chemical chain reaction in the combustion process. Therefore, the four sides or faces of the fire tetrahedron are: Fuel heat oxygen uninhibited chemical chain reaction

Heat transfer Conduction heat is transferred through physical contact Convection heat is transferred through the motion of circulating gases or
Class
a b c d

liquids i.e. heated smoke, hot air, etc. Radiation heat is transferred from the source across an air space.

Fuel
Anything that leaves an ash Flammable liquid electrical equipment Batteries, white phosphorus, magnesium

Primary extinguishing agent

water Afff Co2 Jettison

Smoke
White/light gray Heavy black Bluish white

Side effected
Cools, removes heat Vapor barrier removes oxygen Smothers, removing oxygen

Fire extinguishing agents Carbon dioxide (co ) is a primary extinguishing agent for class c fires
2

because it is non-conductive, non corrosive, and leaves no residue. It displaces oxygen concentration, and smothers the fire. Aqueous film forming foam (afff) is comprised of 94% water and 6% afff concentrate. It creates a vapor seal, separating the fuel and associated free radicals from the air above it, and smothers the fire. Purple k dry chemical powder (pkp) is a potassium bicarbonate based dry chemical powder. It chemically interrupts the combustion chain reaction of burning free radicals, interrupting the chemical chain reaction. Bromotrifluoromethane (halon 1301) chemically interrupts the combustion chain reaction of burning free radicals, interrupting the chemical chain reaction Aqueous potassium carbonate (apc) chemically smothers an organic fat/grease fire in the galley deep fat fryers and the exhaust ducting. It smothers the fire with soap like layer removing the oxygen. Water (fire hoses) cools the fire thus effecting the heat side of the tetrahedron. 1. 1 inch hose inside the skin of the ship, not including the hangar bay, are rated at 95 gpm. 2. 1 inch hose inside the hangar are rated at 125 gpm. 3. 2 inch hose outside the skin of the ship are rated at 95 gpm

3 Patterns of a vari-nozzle

1. wide angle fog/low velocity fog (wide v) used a shield for team 2. Narrow angle fog/high velocity fog (narrow v) used for class a and b
fires.

3. solid stream used when overhauling a fire 4. flush used to clean debris out of the nozzle

Portable fire extinguishing agents

Agent
15 lb. Co bottle 18 lb. pkp bottle 27 lb. pkp bottle 2 gallon afff bottle
2

Effective range
4-6 feet 19 feet 21 feet 15 feet and decreasing with use

Duration
40-45 seconds 10 seconds 11 seconds 55-65 seconds

Reflash protection
None None None Small amount

Hose handling A 1 inch hose can be deployed and controlled by one person in an initial
quick attack. Sustained operation requires one hoseman backing up the nozzleman to assist in nozzle handling, and additional hosemen to tend the hose and operate the fireplug. A 2-1/2 inch hose can be deployed and controlled by two persons in an initial quick attack. Sustained operation requires that one or two hosemen back up the nozzleman to assist in nozzle handling, and that additional hosemen tend the hose and operate the fireplug.

Ventilation Supply supplies weather air to ventilated spaces and replenishment air to
recirculation systems Exhaust takes air from ventilated compartments and removes stale air from the areas served with recirculation systems. Recirculation removes air from a space or a group of spaces.

Portable ventilation
Ram fan 2000 a. rated at 2,000 cubic feet/minute b. can be used to desmoke a space with combustibles present c. 140-180 psi d. Firemain driven Box fan a. Electrical motor driven 115 volts b. Rated at 3200 cubic feet/minute

Portable equipment Portable exothermic cutting unit (pecu) - The PECU contains all the

equipment needed to perform exothermic cutting operations for Damage Control emergencies, such as personnel rescue and providing access to damaged or burning compartments. A carrying case is provided to transport the PECU; its size allows it to be moved up or down inclined ladders or through escape scuttles and up or down vertical trunk ladders.

P-100 no electrical parts, fueled by jp-5/diesel fuel marine (dfm). Primary

use is for firefighting. Secondary use is for dewatering.

Portable hydraulic actuated rescue system (phars) a hydraulic

rescue system comprised of fluid reservoir.

Fire overhaul
Overhaul of a fire is an examination and cleanup operation. It includes finding and extinguishing hidden fire, and determining whether the fire has extended to other parts of the ship. Check for all possible areas of fire spread, including behind electrical outlets or cables, inside vent ducts, in thermal or acoustic insulation, and in concealed spaces. Clues to concealed fires are smoke creeping out of openings, bulkheads hot to the touch, and results from the NFTI. These clues can be used to trace hidden fire. If necessary, pull down material, bulkhead sheathing, false overheads, etc. to discover and extinguish all remaining fire. Overhaul may be accomplished by the original attack team or by a designated reflash watch and overhaul men, depending on conditions and the physical state of the team.

Boundaries when discussing a fire or flooding the first thing to be considered is

control of the situation, by ensuring that the affected space is properly isolated to prevent its spread. To accomplish this, become familiar with these terms: Primary boundaries decks and complete bulkheads that immediately confine a casualty (fire or flooding) to a specific area. Must be physical boundary for a fires, fume tight for machinery space and water-tight for flooding Secondary boundaries these boundaries are set in the event that the primary should fail. Fire boundaries control and contain fires by removing combustible material away from the bulkheads around the fire and the deck above. Fire boundaries are usually set by placing personnel adjacent to all bulkheads and decks to prevent the spread of fire. Personnel should be equipped with a fire extinguishing source. smoke boundaries limit the spread of smoke and provide controlled areas for staging fire fighting personnel. The buffer zone is established by closing hatches and doors immediately adjacent to the access for the affected space.

Material for smoke boundaries

smoke curtains and blankets are used when access is used by firefighters

Firefighting techniques Direct firefighting consist of the fire team approaching the fire from the

most advantageous point, and applying the extinguishing agent to the area of the fire while maintaining fire boundaries. Indirect firefighting in advanced stages of fires where heat, gasses or smoke, and structural damage are in affect, a direct approach may be difficult. Indirect methods include spraying agent from the access into the space while cooling the boundaries until the intensity of the fire is reduced to the point that a direct approach is possible.

Firewatch stander 304

Firewatch a watch that is required when hot work is being conducted. Hot work any type of flame heating, welding, torch cutting, brazing or carbon
gouging that produces temperatures of 400 degrees or greater.

Firewatch qualifications
Basic dc qualified Set watch on all 6 sides Must maintain watch and welder communication Must have ppe: flash gear Portable extinguisher or fire hose Watch stander must stay on station at least 30 minutes after hot work is complete AND surface is cool to the touch.

Gas free engineering (gfe) program

Each ship will have one gfe. The gfe performs oxygen, explosive and toxic atmospheric test on confined or enclosed spaces to certify them safe for personnel and/or hot work prior to entry. Depending on size and requirements the commanding officer may designate a gas free engineering assistant (gfea). Additionally, one gas free engineering petty officer (gfepo) per ships import duty section.

Enclosed/confined spaces a space that lacks ventilation, and has

limited and restricted openings. A confined space would also include a space with equipment or structural barriers that prevent fast entrance or exit. Lower explosive limit (lel) the concentration of a gas or vapor, below which the mixture is too lean to burn, and above which is within the explosive range. Upper explosive limit (Uel) the concentration of a gas or vapor, below which the mixture is too rich to burn, and below which is within the explosive range. Toxic material or substance capable of producing a harmful effect on some biological mechanism. Immediately dangerous to life or health (idlh) the presence of toxins above a level that would not allow personnel to escape within thirty minutes without impairment or irreversible health effects. Flash point the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form a flammable mixture with the air above the liquid. Fire point the temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to continue burning after ignition. Ignition point minimum temperature required to initiate or cause selfsustained combustion independent of heating or a heated element. Auto-ignition point minimum temperature required to ignite gas or vapor without the presence of a spark or flame.

Chemical, biological, and radiological defense (cbr-d) 305

Advanced chemical protective garment (acpg) a charcoal impregnated
hooded blouse and trousers with zippers, elastic and Velcro closures that is also equipped with glove and boots.

Mcu-2/p Series Mask - is designed to protect the face, eyes and respiratory tract
of the user from tactical concentrations of chemical and biological agents, toxins and radioactive fallout particles. The mask has a silicone rubber face piece and a single flexible lens bonded onto the face piece.

C2 canister the MCU-2/P Series Protective Mask uses a single filter canister,
designated C2. This canister has a NATO standard thread and screws into the inlet valve body. The C2 canister has an operational service life as follows based on a worst case environment. In the absence of agent, shipboard personnel can retain canisters for operational use for 60 days after the seal is removed from the packaging. Canisters open for more than 60 days shall be retained for training only or discarded. It is necessary to identify training canisters that have exceeded 60 days of operational use. A white stripe painted around the rim of each canister is recommended. Canisters are good for one attack of blood agent, after which they shall be replaced. Canisters are good for 30 days following exposure to other chemical threat agents, as long as the 60-day limit after removal of the packaging seal is not exceeded.

Mission oriented protective posture (mopP) coordinates individuals and

systems into effective countermeasure against CBR threats. Establishes a different level of readiness dependant upon intelligence information Mopp level 0 everyday operation. No suspicion of a threat Mopp level 1 a threat is suspecting. Protective equipment is issued to all personnel. Mopp level 2 there is a possibility of an attack. Gas mask should remain in carry, but on personnel. Mopp level 3 the attack is more probable. Designated personnel will don ACPG suit, but keep hood down. Counter measure washdown (CMWD) will be activated intermittently. Mopp level 4 imminent attack. All hands are required to don mask CMWD is activated.

Decontamination stations in the even that personnel become contaminated,

they must get decontaminated. Decontamination stations consist of 4 distinct/segregated chambers with the decontamination station: 1. OCUA outer clothing undressing area 2. ICUA inner clothing undressing area 3. SA shower area 4. CPL contamination purge locker

Chemical warfare chemical warfare is the use of chemical agents to injure,

incapacitate, or kill. Chemical agents enter the body through ingestion, the respiratory system, eyes, and skin contact. Most common chemical agents: Blood blister nerve choking M-256/m-256a1 chemical detector kit. Detects chemical agents in a vapor form M8/m9 paper a very sensitive detection system that is easy to use; however the paper dye may cause cancer. Always wear protective gloves and ensure no paper is placed in or near your mouth or bare skin.

Biological warfare biological warfare can be so devastating that the u.s.

government has denounced its use, and will not use it under any condition. Biological agents fall into two categories: Pathogens toxins Pathogens living micro organisms that cause disease in man, animals, and plants, i.e. bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pathogens enter the body through the respiratory and digestive tract, mucous membrane, and breaks in the skin. Toxins poisonous substances produced as waste/by products of pathogens, plants, and animals. Some toxins can be chemically synthesized, some can be artificially produced. Toxins kill or incapacitate by interfering WITH CELL OR TISSUE FUNCTIONS.

RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION IS HARMFUL TO

HUMAN HEALTH. RADIACS AND DOSIMETERS PLAY MAJOR ROLE IN DETECTION AND MEASURING OUR EXPOSURE TO ITS HARMFUL EFFECTS. THERE ARE THREE METHODS TO HELP PERSONNEL MINIMIZE THEIR EXPOSURE TO RADIATION PRIOR TO AND AFTER A NUCLEAR DETONATION: TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING

EFFECTIVE AGAINST ALL FORMS OF RADIATION. THE PRIMARY FORMS OF RADIATION ARE: ALPHA RADIATION A VERY LOW ENERGY RADIATION THAT DOES NOT TRAVEL FAR AND CANNOT PENETRATE EVEN THE OUTER LAYER OF UNBROKEN SKIN, SO IT IS NOT HARMFUL TO US, UNLESS INGESTED. BETA RADIATION LIKE ALPHA, ONLY POSES A PROBLEM IF INGESTED. BETA IS ALSO A VERY LOW ENERGY RADIATION THAT TRAVELS AT 10 FEET IN AIR. MOST SHIELDING SUCH AS CLOTHES, COVERALLS, RAIN GEAR PROVIDE ENOUGH PROTECTION. GAMMA RADIATION IS A VERY PENETRATING RADIATION THAT CAN TRAVEL thousands of miles. TIME DISTANCE AND SHIELDING ARE CRUCIAL FACTORS USED TO MINIMIZE EXPOSURE. NEUTRON RADIATION BASICALLY HAS THE SAME PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS AS GAMMA RAYS. EMITTED WITHIN THE FIRST MINUTE OF DETONATION and can charge objects with gamma radiation.

Basic damage control 306

Material conditions of readiness
All u.s. navy ships operate under the following three material conditions of readiness: A. X-ray provides the least watertight integrity and the greater ease of access throughout the ship. It is set when the threat is minimal. Condition x-ray is set during working hours when the ship is in no danger of attack or heavy weather. B. Yoke - provides a greater degree of watertight integrity than condition xray, but a lesser degree than the maximum condition. Yoke is normally set at sea and in port during wartime, and after normal working hours. When set, all fitting marks with a black x and y, circle x and circle y are closed. C. Zebra provides the greatest degree of subdivision and watertight integrity to the ship. Set automatically when general quarters is sounded. When set, all fittings marked with a black x and y, circle x and circle y, circle z, red z and dog z are closed. In addition to the above material conditions of readiness, the following modifications and special settings were devised to meet specific needs during the setting of material conditions. A. Modified zebra modified zebra is less restrictive and will readily allow the accomplishment of certain operational requirements. Modified zebra is usually set during underway replenishments, vertical replenishments, or amphibious operations. B. Circle x-ray and yoke normally closed when condition x-ray or yoke is set. They may be opened without special authority when going to or securing from general quarters.

C. Circle zebra fittings are closed when zebra is set. They may be opened
with the permission of the commanding officer during extended periods of general quarters for the preparation and distribution of battle messing. Circle zebra fittings are marked with a red z in a circle. D. Dog zebra fittings are secured whenever condition zebra is set and when darken ship is ordered regardless of the material condition that is set. During darken ship, they are closed to prevent light from Inside the ship from showing outside. E. William William fittings are vital sea suction, cps zone ventilation fittings and valves. F. Circle William circle William fittings are normally opened but are secured for protection in cbr attack.

Damage control closure log

Log of all fittings open in violation of set material condition of readiness. Maximum number of regulations allowed is regulated by the commanding officer. Fittings cannot be logged open for more than 24 hours. There are only 5 violations allowed per zone

Compartments and meanings

4-31-0-Q

Decks numbered sequentially starting with the main deck and continuing
down.

Levels first deck above the main deck is the 01 level. The next deck will be
the 02 level. It continues going up.

4-31-0-Q
Frames numbered sequentially starting from forward to aft. Each frame
averages to approximately 7 feet. The forward most bulkhead in a space provides the space frame number.

4-31-0-Q

Relationship to the centerline port = even, starboard = odd. Zero =

the centerline of the ship.

4-31-0-Q
Letter
A E F M L T Q V W

Use
Stowage Engineering Fuel Ammunition magazine Living space Trunk Miscellaneous Void Water/sewage

Compartment check-off list (ccol)

Every compartment or weather deck where a damage control fitting is located will have a ccol posted. It shall consist of an itemized list of all fittings with damage control characteristics and other fittings useful for damage control. Master ccol maintained by the dca Individual for space with only one access Duplicate for space with more than one access Partial for an alcove

Color coded hand wheels

System
Steam Hydraulic oil Potable water Refrigerant Nitrogen Firemain Oxygen Afff mixed

Color
White Orange Dark blue Dark purple Light gray Red Green Red & green

System
Sewage Seawater Halon Fuel Afff concentrate Lube oil Jp-5 Lp air

Color
Gold Dark green Gray & white Yellow Light blue & red Yellow & black Purple tan

Manning battle stations

The route for manning battle stations is: Up, forward, starboard Down, aft, port

Proper battle dress

Steel-toe boots Coveralls Pant leg tucked in socks Sleeves rolled down top buttoned all the way to protect the neck flash gear (hood & gloves)

basic damage control study guide

School Of The Ship

Uss Bataan fire department