Impulse and Momentum

The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity. Since velocity is a vector, so is momentum. Momentum of an object is always in the same direction as its velocity. The measurement unit of momentum is kgm/s.

Example: Martin who sprints with an instantaneous velocity of 8.0 m/s for 5 s has a mass of 77 kg. Determine his momentum at that instant. ( )( )

Compare this result to the momentum of a bus moving at 1 m/s. (mass of bus is approximately 17 tonnes) ( )( ) ( )

Conservation of Momentum The total momentum of all the objects in a system remains constant after the interaction of the objects: total momentum before the collision = total momentum after the collision. Example: Object A with a mass of 5 kg and an initial velocity of 12 m/s collides into object B with a mass of 3 kg and an initially velocity of zero. Given that after the collision, object B has a final velocity which is twice that of object As final velocity, determine object As final velocity after the collision. Total Momentum Before Collision = Total Momentum After Collision

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Completely Inelastic Collisions A completely inelastic collision occurs when the 2 objects become attached to each other after the collision. Maximum energy is converted to heat, sound, and deformation work done.

Question: A car of mass 1 300 kg moving at 5 m/s collides into a stationary car of mass 1 700 kg. The cars become attached and move with a combined velocity v. Determine v. Total Momentum Before Collision = Total Momentum After Collision

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Impulse Impulse is the product of contact force and contact time. It is measured in Ns. From Newtons Second Law:

( So Impulse = Ft = mv Example 1

You kick a stationary soccer ball (mass 420 g) with a force of 85 N and the contact time between the boot and the ball is 0.050 s. Calculate the velocity which the ball attains as it leaves the boot.

Example 2 In a tennis rally, the ball moves towards Mr. Cs tennis racket with a speed of 19 m/s and it is returned with a speed of 24 m/s. The contact time is 0.030 s. a) Calculate the change in velocity of the ball.

b) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball given that it has a mass of 56.1 g. ( )( )

c) Determine the average contact force applied on the ball. Gravitation The force of gravity on an object depends on three factors: 1. the mass of the object ( )( )

so force of gravity acting on is greater than the force of gravity acting on (Note: the force of gravity on an object is the objects weight, 2. the mass of the other object, M (eg. the Earth)

For example, the puppy weighs more on the Earth than on the moon because the Earths mass is greater than the moons mass. 3. the distance between the centre of mass of the two objects, d The puppys weight would decrease the farther it is from the Earth. Newtons Law of Gravitation where m and M are the two objects which mutually attracts each other and d is the distance between their centres of mass. FG is the gravitation force which they have on each other. From the Cavendish Experiment, this constant has been determined to be . It is called the Universal Gravitational Constant, .

Question Calculate the force of gravity which you exert on your friend who is sitting next to you. ( ( ) ) ) )( )( )

Momentum, : Product of Mass of Object and Velocity of Object ( Newtons Third Law states: (

where t is the contact time (of course ( ) ( ) )

To reduce the number of subscripts used, we can write it in this way:

We define the product ( ) as the momentum, , of the object: Conservation of Momentum:

. The equation * is the

(Total Momentum Before Collision) = (Total Momentum After Collision) Note: Momentum is only conserved if there are no external forces acting on the system (eg. friction) and nothing is added or taken away from the system - closed system. Gravitational Field Strength, g We know that on the surface of the Earth, g is 9.8 N/kg. This is the gravitational field strength on Earth. What happens, though, as we move away from the Earth?

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is the weight, mg, so

where M is the planets mass, d is the distance away from the centre of the planet, G is the Universal Gravitational Constant, . Question Calculate the gravitational field strength on the surface of the moon.

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