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Formula
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including
Engineering
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Computer Algebra
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Introduction
This handbook was designed to provide engineering students at Aberdeen College
with the formulae required for their courses up to Higher National level (2nd year
university equivalent).
In order to use the interactive graphs you will need to have access to Geogebra
(see 25). If you are using a MS Windows operating system and you already have
Java Runtime Environment loaded then no changes will be required to the registry.
This should mean that no security issues should be encountered. For Mac and Linux
(and for MS Windows if you have problems)
see http://www.geogebra.org/cms/en/portable
It is typed in Open Office.org. The print version may lag a bit behind.
Future developments will include more hyperlinks within the handbook and to other
maths sites, with all the illustrations in it produced with Geogebra (see 25) or OOo.
Any contributions will be gratefully accepted and acknowledged in the handbook.
If you prefer, you can make changes or add to the handbook within the terms of
the Creative Commons licence
. Please send me a copy of your work and be
prepared to have it incorporated or adapted for inclusion in my version.
My overriding concern is for the handbook to live on and be continuously improved.
I hope that you find the handbook useful and that you will enjoy using it and that
that you will feel inspired to contribute material and suggest hyperlinks that could
be added.
Many thanks to my colleagues at Aberdeen College for their contributions and help
in editing the handbook. Special thanks are due to Mark Perkins at Bedford College
who adopted the handbook for his students, helped to format the contents and
contributed to the contents. Without Mark's encouragement this project would
have never taken off.
If you find any errors or have suggestions for changes please contact the editor:
Peter K Nicol. (p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk) (peterknicol@gmail.com)
Contents
6th Edition b IV/MMXI
Contents
1 Recommended Books........................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Maths........................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering ............................................................................3
2 Useful Web Sites..................................................................................................................4
3 Evaluation............................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.1 Accuracy and Precision................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Units.................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.3 Rounding............................................................................................................................................ 6
7 Combinational Logic............................................................................................................ 15
7.1.1 Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols........................................................................................15
9 Laws of Mathematics........................................................................................................... 18
9.1 Algebra sequence of operations.................................................................................19
10 Changing the subject of a Formula (Transposition)................................................................20
11 Simultaneous Equations with 2 variables.............................................................................21
12 Matrices ......................................................................................................................... 22
13 The Straight Line ............................................................................................................. 24
14 Quadratic Formula .......................................................................................................... 25
15 Areas and Volumes........................................................................................................... 26
16 The Circle......................................................................................................................... 27
16.1.1 Radian Measure........................................................................................................................... 27
17 Trigonometry.................................................................................................................... 28
17.1.1 Notation for Trigonometry...........................................................................................................28
Notation
Computer Input
22 Calculus .......................................................................................................................... 42
22.1.1 Notation for Calculus....................................................................................................................42
23 Statistics.......................................................................................................................... 56
23.1.1 Notation for Statistics................................................................................................................... 56
24 Financial Mathematics.......................................................................................................62
25 Recommended Computer Programs...................................................................................63
26 Computer Input ................................................................................................................ 64
26.1 wxMaxima Input........................................................................................................ 65
26.1.1 Newton Raphson..........................................................................................................................65
26.1.2 Differential Equations................................................................................................................... 65
26.1.3 Runge-Kutta.................................................................................................................................. 65
Notation
Computer Input
1 Recommended Books
referred to by author name in this handbook
1.1 Maths
General pre-NC and NC : Countdown to Mathematics; Graham and Sargent
Vol. 1 ISBN 0-201-13730-5, Vol. 2 ISBN 0-201-13731-3
NC
K Singh
www.palgrave.com/science/engineering/singh
J Bird
Degree
Mechanical Engineering
NC and HN
Electrical Engineering
NC and HN
Contents
Notation
Computer Input
Freestudy
matek.hu
Mathcentre
MC
QuickMath
Mathway
Mathsnet
BetterExplained
BE
WolframAlpha
Khan Academy
Contents
Notation
Computer Input
www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/course/y162.htm#course- content
Plus Magazine
If you come across any Engineering or Mathematics sites that might be useful
to students on your course please tell me (Peter Nicol) - p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk
Contents
Notation
Computer Input
3 Evaluation
3.1.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.2
Units
3.1.3
Rounding
Do not round calculations until the last line.
Round to significant figures preferably in engineering form
2
Example:
d
where d =40
A=
4
3
A=1256.637061
A=1.25663706110
3
A=1.25710 rounded to 4 sig fig ( A=1257 )
Notation
Computer Input
R T =R1 R 2R 3 .
Parallel Resistors
1
1
1
1
= .
R T R1 R2 R 3
Potential Difference
V =I R
Power
V2
P= I V or P= I R or P=
R
W =P t
J or kWh
Frequency
f=
1
T
Hz
-------------------------------------------------------
4.2 Electrostatics
Series Capacitors
1
1
1
1
= .
CT C1 C2 C3
Parallel Capacitors
C T =C 1C 2C 3 .
Charge
Q=I t or Q=C V
Capacitance
C=
A A 0 r
=
d
d
12
08.85410
Absolute Permittivity
F/m
------------------------------------------------------4.3 Electromagnetism
Magnetomotive Force
F=I N
Magnetisation
H=
Reluctance
S=
At or A
IN
At/m or A/m
l
l
=
A o r A
At/Wb or A/Wb
0=4 10
Absolute Permeability
H/m
-------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
Computer Input
4.4 AC Circuits
Unit Symbol
Force on a conductor
F =B I
Electromotive Force
E= B v
Instantaneous emf
e= E sin
Induced emf
e= N
RMS Voltage
V rms=
Average Voltage
2
V AV = V peak
Angular Velocity
=2 f
d
dt
e= L
di
dt
1
V
2 peak
V rms0.707 V peak V
V AV 0.637 V peak V
rad/s
17.7
Transformation Ratios
V s Ns I p
=
=
V p N p Is
Potential Difference
V =I Z
Power Factor
pf =cos
Capacitive Reactance
X C=
1
2 f C
Inductive Reactance
X L=2 f L
Admittance
Y=
True Power
P=V I cos
Reactive Power
Q=V I sin
VAr
Apparent Power
S=V I *
1
Z
= P j Q
VA
Contents
Notation
Computer Input
5 Mechanical Engineering
[K Singh pp 2 98 especially 32 40 and 69 - 73]
5.1.1
Linear
Angular
(m)
s= displacement
= angular displacement (rad)
1= initial velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
u= initial velocity
2= final velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
v= final velocity
2
(m/s )
(rad/s2)
a= acceleration
= acceleration
(s)
(s)
t = time
t= time
-------------------------------------------------------5.1.2
Conversions
Displacement
s=r
Velocity
v=r
Acceleration
a=r
v=
s
t
360
o
2 radians = 1 revolution = 360 , i.e. 1 rad =
57.3 see 17.4.1
2
2 N
If N = rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm), then =
rad/s
60
o
--------------------------------------------------------
Angular
v=ua t
2=1 t
1
s= uvt
2
1
= 12 t
2
1
s=ut a t 2
2
1
=1 t t 2
2
v 2=u 22 a s
22= 212
a=
vu
t
21
t
-------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
Computer Input
Angular
F =ma
T=I
where T = F r , I =m k 2
and k = radius of gyration
--------------------------------------------------------5.3.1
Centrifugal Force
m v2
CF=
r
CF=m 2 r
--------------------------------------------------------
Work Done
Linear
Angular
WD= F s
WD=T
Work done
Time taken
Fs
=
t
=F v
P=
Power
P=T
--------------------------------------------------------
5.5 Energy
Linear
Angular
Kinetic Energy
1
KE= m v 2
2
1
KE= I 2
2
1
KE= m k 2 2
2
Potential Energy
PE=m g h
Contents
Notation
10
Computer Input
Angular
Ft=m2 v m 1 u
Tt= I 2 2 I 1 1
F = m g cos m g sin m a
F =m gm a=m ga
F = m gm a
T app =T F F r I
Winch drum torque
--------------------------------------------------------
E= Stress / Strain
F
A
l
x
or =
l
l
E=
Bending of Beams
M E
= =
I
y R
b d3
I=
A h2
12
Torsion Equation
T G
= =
J r
L
D4 d 4
J=
32
32
Notation
11
Computer Input
m=
A V , or
Bernoullis Equation
p C2
z = constant
g 2g
or
m=
AC
p 1 C 21
p 2 C 22
z 1=
z 2z F
g 2g
g 2g
Q=A v
2gh
A1
1
A2
Efunda Calculator
2gh
Q= A0 c d
V D
v
4 f l v2
,
h=
2gd
Re=
Reynolds number
Darcy formula for head loss
m
1
f
m
1
f
4
D
1 0
D1
VD
Efunda calculator
4 f l v2
energy loss
h=
2d
Re=
Efunda Calculator
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 R 1 h 1 2 k 1
2 k 2 2 R 3 h 3
Q=
Through a slab
Through a composite
Through a cylindrical pipe
where
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
12
Computer Input
5.11 Thermodynamics
Boyles Law
p 1 V 1= p 2 V 2
Charless Law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
p1 V 1 p 2 V 2
=
T1
T2
Perfect Gas
pV =m R T
m=
AC
Polytropic Process
pV n = constant
Isentropic Process
(reversible adiabatic)
pV = constant
Gas constant
R=c p c v
Enthalpy (specific)
h=u p v
C2 C1
m
Q=
h 2 h 1 g z 2 z 1 W
2
2
Vapours
v x= x v g
where =
cP
cV
u x =u f x u g u f
h x =h f xh g h f
or
h x =h f x h f g
___________________________________________________________________
Thanks to Richard Kaczkowski and Scott Smith, Aberdeen College.
Contents
Notation
13
Computer Input
a to the base n
a 10
decimal; denary
( a d)
a2
binary
( a b)
a 16
hexadecimal
( a h)
a8
octal
( a o)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 3
(1000)
10 6
kilo
2 10
1024
kilobyte
Mega
2 20
1024 2
megabyte
Giga
2 30
1024 3
gigabyte
Tera
2 40
1024 4
terabyte
but
10
1012
5
Peta
petabyte
2 50 1024
_____________________________________________________________
6.1.1
Notation for Set Theory and Boolean Laws
1015
universal set
A={ a , b , c }
a A
a is a member of A
{ }
B A
E
A
.a
.b
.c
B A
E
A
B is a subset of A
A B A B
Set theory
Boolean
union
OR
intersection
AND
E
A
A B AB
E
A'
complement of A
NOT
A'
Contents
Notation
14
Computer Input
7 Combinational Logic
A0= A
A0=0
A1=1
A1= A
AA= A
A A= A
A A=0
A A=1
A= A
AB=BA
A B= B A
A BC = AB AC
A BC = A B AC
A BC =C AB
A BC=C AB
A AB= A
A AB= A
De Morgan's Laws
ABC...= ABC...
A BC...= ABC...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.1.1
Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols
Start / End
Input / Output
Action or Process
Connector
Decision
Flow Line
______________________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
15
Computer Input
p
; p , q
q
therefore
w.r.t.
with respect to
not equal to
approximately equal to
a xb
ab
abbreviation for ab or ab or ab
a10n
n!
n factorial
Contents
nn 1n 2n3...1
Notation
16
Computer Input
AB
infinity
implies
-------------------------------------------------------8.1.1
Notation for Indices and Logarithms
an
k a
k th root of a number a .
ex
log e x
log 10 x
see 21
1
2
x= x = x 0.5
3 8=2 k a=a k .
-------------------------------------------------------8.1.2
Notation for Functions
f x
f 1 x
g f
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
17
Computer Input
9 Laws of Mathematics
Associative laws - for addition and multiplication
abc=abc
a b c=a b c
ab=ba
but
a bba
a b=b a
but
a b
b a
bc b c
=
a
a a
a bc=a ba c
-------------------------------------------------------Arithmetical Identities
x 0= x
x0=0
x 1=x
-------------------------------------------------------Algebraic Identities
K Singh pp 73 75
ab2=abab=a 22 a bb 2
a 2 b 2= abab
a
a 1
=ab=
b
1 b
a b=ab
ab=ab=ab
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
a c a d b c
=
b d
bd
a c ac
=
b d bd
see 22.3.8, 4
a c a d
=
b d b c
MC
FOIL
--------------------------------------------------------
MC
Contents
Notation
18
Computer Input
Division
comes before
------------------------------------------------------------------
Addition
comes before
Subtraction
-------------------------------------------------------------------
x squared
times a
plus b
right bracket
sine of the result ( sin a x 2b )
times 3
minus 5
Contents
Notation
19
Computer Input
5a - 7
3b
You cant move a term (or number) from one side of the equals sign to
the other.
You must UNDO it by using the correct MATHEMATICAL operation.
UNDO
with
AND
with
UNDO
with
AND
with
UNDO
with x 2
AND
x2
with
UNDO
xn
with
AND
with
xn
UNDO
UNDO
ex
with ln x
ln x with
UNDO
10 x
dy
dx
UNDO
with
dx
AND
AND
ex
log 10 x with 10 x
dy
dx with dx
etc
Generally (but not always) start with the terms
FURTHEST AWAY from the new subject FIRST.
Think of the terms in the formula as layers of an onion
- take the layers off one by one.
a x 2 b
Try http://www.mathsnet.net/algebra/equation.html for getting started.
MC
Contents
Notation
20
Computer Input
MC
y2
a 2 xb 2 y=c2
y1
x1
x2
Notation
21
Computer Input
12 Matrices
[K Singh pp 507 566]
Notation:
[ ]
1 0 0 ..
0 1 0 ..
Identity =
0 0 1 ..
. . . ..
a ij
a 11 a 12
b 11 b12
and B=
a 21 a 22
b 21 b 22
If
A=
then
A B=
and
A B=
[
[
a 11b11 a 12b12
a 21b 21 a 22b22
a 11 b11a 12 b 21 a 11 b 12a 12 b 22
a 21 b11a 22 b 21 a 21 b 12a 22 b 22
Columns A=Rows B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Solution of Equations 2 x 2
If A X = B then X = A1 B
If
A=
[ ]
a b
c d
A =
where
1
d b
, a d b c0
det A c a
det A=
a b
=ad bc
c d
--------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
22
Computer Input
Start with
]
[ ]
a 11 a12 a 13 1 0 0
a 21 a22 a 23 0 1 0
a 31 a32 a 33 0 0 1
1 0 0 b 11 b12 b13
0 1 0 b 21 b22 b23
0 0 1 b 31 b32 b33
b 11 b12 b13
1
where b 21 b22 b 23 = A
b 31 b32 b33
1
transpose of the co-factors of A [place signs!!]
det A
or for 3x3
A1=
where
a 11 a 12 a13
a
a 23
a
a
a
a
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 =a 11 22
a 12 21 23 a 13 21 22
a32 a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a33
a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32
+
detA=a 11 a 22 a 33 a 12 a 23 a 31 a 13 a 21 a 32
a 31 a 22 a 13 a 32 a 23 a 11 a 33 a 21 a 12
Thanks to Richard Kaczkowski, Aberdeen College.
Contents
Notation
23
Computer Input
( x2 , y2 )
+ve gradient
dy
y1
( x1 , y1 )
-ve gradient
dx
x1
x2
The general equation of a straight line of gradient m cutting the y
axis at 0, c is
y =m xc
where the gradient
m=
y2 y1
x 2 x 1
or
dy y 2 y 1
=
. See 22.1.1 and 17.3
dx x 2 x 1
Also:
A straight line, gradient m passing through a , b has the equation:
yb=m xa
Also see 27, back to 22.2.3, 22.5
MC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
24
Computer Input
14 Quadratic Formula
[K Singh pp 88 - 90 & 109 - 113]
x=
b
2a
x1
-ve a
y=a x 2b xc
+ve a
x2
c
Geogebra quadratic
2a
2a
b b2 4 a c
x=
or
2 a
Definition of a root:
The value(s) of x which make y equal to zero.
.........................................................................................................................
Also:
a x 2 b xc=0
b
c
2
x x =0
a
a
2
b
a
x
2
where
c
d 2=
a
b
a
2
see 22.4
d =0
Geogebra
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
25
Computer Input
Rectangle
A=l b
Triangle
1
A= b h
2
Circle
d2
A=
= r 2
4
r
d
C= d =2 r
Cylinder
side + 2 ends
d2
Total surface area = d h2
4
2 r h2 r 2
d2
V=
h= r 2 h
4
Cone
dl
= r l
2
= r l r 2
d 2 r2 h
V=
=
12
3
Total surface area = d 2 =4 r 2
Sphere
d
d 3 4 r3
V=
=
6
3
Contents
Notation
26
Computer Input
16 The Circle
A
Minor Sector
Minor Segment
C
A
D
Major Sector
Major Segment
-------------------------------------------------------y
(x,y)
r
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.1.1
Radian Measure
r
r
A radian: The angle subtended (or
made by) an arc the same
Contents
Notation
27
Computer Input
17 Trigonometry
[K Singh pp 168 - 176]
17.1.1
Labelling of a triangle
sin
cos
tan
=sin1 b
value is b . 90oo90 o or
2
2
=cos1 b
=tan1 b
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R 2=a 2b 2
or
R= a b
2
R
2
--------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
28
Computer Input
The Triangle
In a right angled triangle, with hypotenuse, (which is the longest side),
of length H ,
SOHCAHTOA
The other two sides have lengths
A (adjacent, or next to angle )
H
O
and O (opposite to angle )
then
A
sin =
O
H
cos =
A
H
tan =
O
A
MC
see also 20
and 13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[K Singh pp 187 - 192]
A
b
-------------------------------------------------------17.2.1
Sine Rule
Sine Rule
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
or
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/seigen/seigen.html
-------------------------------------------------------17.2.2
Cosine Rule
b 2c 2 a 2
cos A=
2b c
a 2=b 2c 2 2 b ccos A
or
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/yogen1/yogen1.html
-------------------------------------------------------17.2.3
Area formula
Area =
b c sin A
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
29
Computer Input
y=sin x o
Calculator answer
Geogebra Sine wave slider
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphSinX/graphSinX.html
y=cos x o
Calculator answer
Geogebra Cosine wave slider
Contents
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphCosX/graphCosX.html
Notation
30
Computer Input
y=tan x o
Calculator answer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17.3.1
Degrees - Radians Conversion
0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 225, 240, 270, 300 315, 330, 360
2 3 5
7 5 4 3 5 7 11
2
6 4 3 2 3
4
6
6
4
3
2
3
4
6
Degrees to radians
x 180= rad
r
Radians to degrees
rad 180=x
=1 radian
see 5.1.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BE degrees and radians
Contents
Notation
31
Computer Input
tan A=
sin A
cos A
cot A=
1
cos A
=
, (the cotangent of A )
tan A sin A
--------------------------------------------------------
sec A=
1
1
, (the secant of A ), cosec A=
, (the cosecant of A )
cos A
sin A
-------------------------------------------------------2
tan Atan B
1 tan A tan B
tan A B=
tan Atan B
1tan A tan B
tan 2 A=
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
---------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
32
Computer Input
Products to Sums
1
sin A cos B= sin ABsin A B
2
1
cos Asin B= sin ABsin AB
2
1
cos Acos B= cos A Bcos A B
2
1
sin Asin B= cos ABcos A B
2
--------------------------------------------------------Sums to Products
A B
A B
cos
2
2
AB
A B
sin
2
2
AB
A B
cos
2
2
A B
A B
sin
2
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period =
= phase angle
[Frequency = 2 ]
= phase shift
Notation
33
Computer Input
18 Complex Numbers
[K Singh pp 464 - 506]
symbol representing
a j b
=arg z =tan1
Argument,
b
a
(or angle)
Re
Argand Diagram
Addition
a jbc j d =ac j bd
Multiplication
a jbc jd
Division
a jbc jd
c jd c jd
Polar Multiplication
z 1 z 2=r 1 1r 2 2=r 1 r 2 12
Polar Division
z 1 r 1 1 r 1
=
= 12
z 2 r 2 2 r 2
r = r 2
http://www.justinmullins.com/home.htm
____________________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
34
Computer Input
19 Vectors
Notation for Graphs and Vectors
x , y
AB
a vector
a i b j
a
b
---------------------------------------------------------
Vectors
y
x (a,b)
bj
ai
A vector v=
A point a , b
a
c
ac
=
b
d
bd
Vector Addition
a
or v=r
b
Geogebra
ab=abcos
b
Dot Product
ab=a 1 b 1a 2 b 2a 3 b 3 ...
b1
a1
b
a
where a= 2 and b= 2
a3
b3
.
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
35
Computer Input
Rectangular to Polar
P to R
Polar to Rectangular
r to
x
to r ( x jy to r )
y
x
( r to x jy )
y
x SHIFT , y ) =
r
out
x
out
y
R to P SHIFT Pol(
R to P SHIFT Pol(
or
MATH
P to R r 2ndF ,
or
MATH
2ndF r
1
out
2ndF x y
2
r out
x out
x out 2ndF
y out
y out
P to R r SHIFT P R
Contents
Notation
36
Computer Input
Texet - albert 2
R to P x INV x y y
P to R r INV x y
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
Pol(
x , y ) EXE r , out
R to P OPTN F2
Texas - 36X
R to P x
x y y 3rd R P r out
x y out
P to R r
x y 2nd P R x out
x y y out
Contents
Notation
37
Computer Input
R Pr ( x , y ) ENTER r out
2nd Angle R P (
x , y ) ENTER out
P to R 2nd Angle P R x (
r , ) ENTER x out
2nd Angle P R y (
r , ) ENTER y out
Sharp Graphics
R to P MATH (D)CONV (3) xy r ( x
MATH (D)CONV (4) xy (
y ) ENTER r out
y ) ENTER out
) ENTER x out
) ENTER y out
Insert the keystrokes for your calculator here (if different from above)
R to P
P to R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Degrees to Radians
180 Radians to degrees
180
_____________________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
38
Computer Input
Rules of Indices:
[K Singh pp 224 - 245]
notation 8.1.1
MC
1.
a a
=a
mn
2.
am
an
3.
a m n
4.
= a
5.
k an
=a m n
=a mn
m
n
a = a
1
n
k
an
Also,
1
2
a 0=1
x= x = x 0.5
a 1=a
a=b bn =a
and
a= a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.1.2
Definition of logarithms
If N =a n
then
n=log a N
--------------------------------------------------------21.1.3
Rules of logarithms:
MC
1.
2.
log
3.
log A n
=n log A
4.
log a N
A
B
=log A log B
log b N
log b a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
exp xe x
log e xln x
log 10 xlg x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
39
Computer Input
21.1.4
Infinite Series
[K Singh pp 338 - 346]
x x2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 x7
e =1 ...
1! 2! 3 ! 4 ! 5! 6! 7 !
x
for x
sin x=
jx
e e
j2
jx
e e
cos x=
2
=x
jx
x
x
x
...
3! 5! 7 !
2
x
x
x
=1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x1 x12 x13
ln x=
...
1
2
3
for x
for x
for 0 x2
--------------------------------------------------------21.1.5
Hyperbolic Functions
- definitions
[K Singh p 246]
pronunciation
x
sinh x=
e e
2
x
=x
e e
cosh x=
2
x
x
x
...
3! 5! 7!
2
x
x
x
=1 ...
2! 4! 6!
e x e x
tanh x= x x
e e
shine x
cosh x
thaan x
______________________________________________________________
y = cosh x
y = ex
y=x
y = sinh x
y = ln x
y = tanh x
y = tanh x
y = sinh x
Contents
Notation
40
Computer Input
21.1.6
y=a x 3b x 2c xd
y=a x 4b x 3c x 2d x f
a
y= b
x
y=x 2 and y= x
y=k 1e t
Contents
y=k e tb
Notation
41
Computer Input
22 Calculus
22.1.1
Differentiation
dy
dx
f ' x
D u
d2 y
dx 2
f '' x
z
x
dy
dy
of
dx
dx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Integration
f x dx
f x dx
F x
L[ f t]
Notation
discovring pi - betterexplained.com
42
Computer Input
dy
or f ' x
dx
y or f x
________________________________________________
xn
n x n1
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
ex
ex
ln x
1
x
________________________________________________
k xn
k n x n1
sin a x
a cos a x
cos a x
a sin a x
ea x
a ea x
ln a x
a 1
=
ax x
________________________________________________
k a xbn
k n a a xbn1
k sin a xb
k a cos a xb
k cosa xb
k a sin a xb
k tan a xb
k a sec 2 a xb=
k e axb
k a e ax b
k ln a xb
ka
a xb
ka
cos a xb
2
________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
43
Computer Input
dy
dx
y or f x
______________________________________________
f ' x
f x
ln [ f x]
sin1
x
a
1
,
2
2
a
x 2a 2
x
a
1
,
2
2
a x
x 2a 2
x
a
a
a x2
cos
tan
sinh a xb
a cosha xb
cosh a xb
a sinh a xb
tanh a xb
a sech 2 a xb
sinh
cosh
tanh
x
a
x2a2
x
a
1
,
2
2
x a
x
a
a
,
2
a x
2
x 2a 2
x 2a 2
_____________________________________________________________
Differentiation as a gradient function (tangent to a curve).
y=k x n c
dy
=k n x n1
dx
c
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
44
Computer Input
22.2.1
dy
= f ' x=0
dx
Determine the nature (max, min or saddle) of the turning points by evaluating
gradients locally (i.e. close to turning point).
MC
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.2.2
Differentiation Rules
[K Singh pp 274 285]
For D read differentiate
D [k f x]=k f ' x ,
k a constant
MC
D uv=
Addition Rule
du dv
=u ' v '
dx dx
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
D uv=v
Product Rule
du
dv
u =v u ' u v '
dx
dx
MC
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
du
dv
u
u
dx
dx vu ' uv '
D
=
=
2
v
v
v2
Quotient Rule
MC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
45
Computer Input
22.2.3
Set
xn
f x n
f x 0 f ' ' x 0
[ f ' x 0]2
see 13
see 8 - modulus
f x n
f ' x n
(where f ' x n 0 )
f ' xn
x n1= x n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.2.4
Partial Differentiation
[K Singh pp 695 - 704]
If z= f x , y then a small change in x , named x (delta x) and a small
change in y , named y etc. will cause a small change in z , named z
z
z
z
x
y... where
is the partial derivative of z
x
y
x
z
w.r.t. x and
is the partial derivative of z w.r.t y .
see 8
y
such that z
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.2.5
Implicit Differentiation
z
x
dy
If z = f x , y then
=
dx
z
y
Also dy = 1
dx
dx
dy
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.2.6
Parametric Differentiation
[K Singh pp 291 - 296]
x=
f
t
y=g
t
If
and
dx
dy
= f ' t and
=g ' t
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
dy g ' t
dy
f ' t , 0
=
=
or
MC
dx
dx f ' t
dt
dx
dt
______________________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
46
Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
y or
f x dx
or F x + c
____________________________________________________
x n1
n1
cos x
sin x
ex
xn
sin x
cos x
ex
1
= x1
x
ln x
n1
(when n=1 )
____________________________________________________
kx
kx n1
n1
cos a x
a
sin a x
a
ax
e
a
k xn
sin a x
cos a x
e ax
k
=k x1
x
k ln x
n1
(where n=1 )
___________________________________________________
k a xb
k a xbn1
n1a
k cos a xb
a
k sin a xb
a
k tan a xb
a
a xb
ke
a
k ln a xb
a
k sin a xb
k cos a xb
k sec2 a xb
k e a xb
k
a xb
n1
n=1
_____________________________________________________
Contents
Notation
47
Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
or F x + c
________________________________________________________
dy
dx
y
y or
f ' x
f x
f x dx
ln f x
1
2
2
,
x
a
a 2 x 2
1
2
2
a x
sin1
ln y
x
a
1
x
tan1
a
a
1
cosh a xb
a
1
sinh a xb
a
1
tanh a xb
a
x
sinh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
x
cosh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
a x
1
x
1
tanh1
ln
or
a
a
2 a a x
xa
1
x
1
coth 1
ln
or
a
a
2 a xa
sinh a xb
cosh a xb
sech 2 a xb
1
, x 2a 2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
a x
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
2
______________________________________________________________
Addition Rule
f x g x dx= f x dx g x dx
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.3.1
Integration by Substitution
[K Singh p 368]
f g x dx
f u du
MC
du
du
= g ' x and dx=
g ' x
dx
x=b
u when x=b
f g xdx to
x=a
f udu
u when x=a
du is a function of u or du
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.3.2
Integration by Parts
[K Singh pp 388 - 395]
see 22.6
u dv=u v v du
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
48
Computer Input
22.3.3
Indefinite Integration
dy
= f x
dx
dy= f x dx
1dy= f x dx
y=F xc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y
22.3.4
Area under a Curve
y = f(x)
- Definite Integration
[K Singh p 442]
b
f x dx
a
=[ F x c ]a
= F bc F ac
F(b) - F(a)
a
Procedure
Plot between limits - a and b
Check for roots ( R1 , R 2 .. R n ) and evaluate
See Newton Raphson 22.2.3
Integrate between left limit, a , and R1
then between R1 and R 2 and so on to
last root R n and right limit b
Add moduli of areas. (areas all +ve)
y
+ve
+ve
R1
-ve
R2 b x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.3.5
Mean Value
[K Singh p 445]
y
If y= f x then y ,
y = f(x)
the mean (or average) value of y
over the interval x=a to x=b is
y
b
1
y=
y dx
ba a
a
x
b
-------------------------------------------------------22.3.6
1
2
y rms=
y dx
ba a
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
49
Computer Input
22.3.7
Volume of Revolution
around the x axis
b
V = y dx
[J Bird pp 207-208]
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.3.8
Centroid
[J Bird pp 208 - 210]
The centroid of the area of a lamina
y
bounded by a curve y= f x and
y = f(x)
limits x=a and x=b
has co-ordinates x , y .
b
x y dx
x=
and
y=
1
2
y dx
2 a
y dx
y dx
Centroid = (x, y)
x
b
a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22.3.9
Partial Fractions
[K Singh pp 397 - 402]
f x
A
B
see 8
xa xb x a x b
f x
A
B
C
xa2 xb xa xa2 xb
f x
Ax
B
C
2
2
x a xb x a x a xb
2
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
50
Computer Input
22.3.10
22.3.10.1
Simpson's Rule
y = f(x)
yn
y1 y2 y3
yn-1 yn
x1 x2 x3
a
b
xn-1 xn
b
f x dx Area 3 y 14 y 22 y 32 y n14 y n y n1
a
( n is even)
Multiplier m
Product m y n
1 y 1
1
1
4 y 2
2
4
2 y 3
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
y n1
2 y n1
.
2
n1
yn
4 y n
.
4
n
y n1
1 y n1
1
n1
b
Sum =
w =
3 =
---------------------------------------------------------
22.3.10.2
xn
a
aw
a2w
yn
y1
y2
y3
Trapezium Method
f xdx w y 12 y 22 y 3......2 y n y n1
a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
51
Computer Input
L[ f t ] is defined by
f t est dt
0
f t
1
tn
ea t
1ea t
t ea t
t n ea t
sin t
cos t
10
1cos t
11
t sin t
12
sin t t cos t
13
e a t sin t
14
e a t cos t
15
ea t cos t
sin t
16
17
a
sin t )
ea t
Contents
a
sin t cos t
Notation
52
and is written as F s
L[ f t]
1
L[0]=0
s
1
s2
n!
s n 1
1
sa
a
ssa
1
sa2
n!
san1
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
s 22 2
2 2 s
s 22 2
23
s 22 2
2
2 see 14
sa
sa
2
2
sa
s
2
2
sa
ssin cos
2
2
s
a 22
sa s 22
Computer Input
f t
18
sinh t
19
cosh t
20
ea t sinh t
21
ea t cosh t
L[ f t]
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
2
sa
sa
2
2
sa
[ ]
dy
=s L[ y ] y 0 where y 0 is the value of y at t=0
dt
see also 26.1 Diff Eq
[ ]
2
d y
dy
L
=s 2 L[ y ] s y0 y ' 0 where y ' 0 is the value of
at t =0
2
dt
dt
MC
Efunda Calculator
Efunda - Laplace
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
y 1= y 0h y ' 0
13
Range x=ahb
where h is the step size
a and b are limits
x0
y0
y ' 0
y1
Contents
Notation
53
Computer Input
2
T
where
a 0=
1
T
T
2
f t dt
T
2
see 22.3.9
a n=
b n=
2
T
2
T
T
2
f t cos n t dt
n=1, 2, 3
f t sin n t dt
n=1, 2, 3
T
2
T
2
T
2
an
bn
Notation
54
Computer Input
22.6.1
T 2 1
,
,
and
2 T T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!!
use (type as w ) in input, not a number.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
an
2
f t cosn w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
T
T
and 0 and 0 and
2
2
or smaller intervals
bn
2
f tsin n w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
1
f t
T
Integrate between
T
T
and
2
2
0 to
T
2
Notation
55
Computer Input
23 Statistics
[K Singh pp 726 - 796]
23.1.1
sample size
x
xi
a population statistic
frequency
df
x!
x x1 x2 x 31, x
Range
Quartiles
k
1
n .
100
2
Mode
Notation
56
Computer Input
fx
f
or x=
xi
f is frequency
n is the sample size
BE - averages
x i x2
f d2
f
n
d = xi x
s=
xi x2
n1
f xi
x x
f xx
f xx 2=
f xi =
x =
f xi =
s=
f xx 2 =
n1
-------------------------------------------------------Coefficient of Variation
s
100
x
of a sample (as a %)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIR=
Semi-interquartile Range
Q 3Q 1
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents
Notation
57
Computer Input
23.2.1
Regression Line
- see 13 and 27
a=
y b x
b=
n xy x y
2
n x x
r=
n xy x y
n x 2 x
n y 2 y
1r1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z=
Z Scores
e x
P X = x=
x!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T Test
1 sample
s
n
x
t=
SE x
SE x=
s1 s 2
n1 n2
x x 12
t= 1 2
SE x 1 x 2
SE x 1x 2=
n 1 1 s 1n2 1 s 2
sp=
n1n 22
1 2
SE x 1x 2=s p
n1 n 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
Notation
58
Computer Input
23.2.2
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9990
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
z
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
1
P{Z to } Z
Z
P{Z to } Z
P{Z to }
2.0 0.02275
3.0 0.001350
4.0 0.00003167
Z
P{Z to }
5.0 2.867E-7
2.1 0.01786
3.1 0.0009676
4.1 0.00002066
5.5 1.899E-8
2.2 0.01390
3.2 0.0006871
4.2 0.00001335
6.0 9.866E-10
2.3 0.01072
3.3 0.0004834
4.3 0.00000854
6.5 4.016E-11
2.4 0.00820
3.4 0.0003369
2.5 0.00621
3.5 0.0002326
2.6 0.004661
3.6 0.0001591
2.7 0.003467
3.7 0.0001078
2.8 0.002555
3.8 0.00007235
4.8 7.933E-7
9.0 1.129E-19
2.9 0.001866
3.9 0.00004810
4.9 4.792E-7
9.5 1.049E-21
Notation
59
Computer Input
23.2.3
2 sample test
1-tailed testing
0.05 0.01
df 0.1
5
2.015 2.571 4.032
0.1
0.05
0.01
1.476
2.015 3.365
1.440
1.943 3.143
1.415
1.895 2.998
1.397
1.860 2.896
1.383
1.833 2.821
10
1.372
1.812 2.764
11
1.363
1.796 2.718
12
1.356
1.782 2.681
13
1.350
1.771 2.650
14
1.345
1.761 2.624
15
1.341
1.753 2.602
16
1.337
1.746 2.583
17
1.333
1.740 2.567
18
1.330
1.734 2.552
19
1.328
1.729 2.539
20
1.325
1.725 2.528
21
1.323
1.721 2.518
22
1.321
1.717 2.508
23
1.319
1.714 2.500
24
1.318
1.711 2.492
25
1.316
1.708 2.485
26
1.315
1.706 2.479
27
1.314
1.703 2.473
28
1.313
1.701 2.467
29
1.311
1.699 2.462
30
1.310
1.697 2.457
40
1.303
1.684 2.423
50
1.299
1.676 2.403
60
1.296
1.671 2.390
80
1.292
1.664 2.374
1.290
1.660 2.364
1.289
1.658 2.358
1.282
1.645 2.327
http://facultyweb.berry.edu/vbissonnette/tables/tables.html
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23.2.4
y=
1
2
x
2 2
1sd68%
2sd95 %
3 sd99.7 %
Geogebra Normal Dist slider
Geogebra Skewed Dist
---------------------------------------------------------------------------23.2.5
Binomial Theorem
n
x y =
k=0
x yn= x n
n nk k
x y
k
where
n!
n
=
k k ! n k !
n!
n!
n!
x n1 y 1
x n2 y 2...
x 1 y n1 y n
1!n1!
2 ! n2!
n1! 1!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23.2.6
Permutations and Combinations
The number of ways of selecting r objects from a total of n
BE - permutations and combinations
Permutations
Repetition allowed
P r =nr
No repetition
Pr=
n!
nr !
No repetition
Cr=
n!
r !nr !
Repetition allowed
Cr=
nr1!
r !r1!
Combinations
______________________________________________________________
Thanks to Gillian Cunningham, Aberdeen College.
Contents
Notation
61
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24 Financial Mathematics
Notation for Financial Mathematics
Principal
Accrued amount
Amount
Sn
NPV
irr
r=1i
A= P 1i n
A= P 1 d n
a r n 1
S n=
r1
a1r n
S n=
1r
or
a 1 rn
P=
r1
(annuities)
BE - visual guide to interest rates
Efunda Calculator
______________________________________________________________
Contents
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62
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http://wxmaxima.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Windows: download maxima 5.19.2 (or later version)
http://portableapps.com/node/18166 (portable application)
A open source free download computer algebra system. It is being constantly
updated.
You are not allowed implicit multiplication.
5e 2t3sin
Contents
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63
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26 Computer Input
wxMaxima and Geogebra are recommended .
Most of this also applies to spreadsheets and online maths sites.
Spreadsheet programs are not recommended (except for statistical
calculations).
Calculator key
x2
(Shift 8)
/
/
/
^2
^2
^2
(Shift 6 then 2)
(Shift 6 then 2)
x or ^ or x y
or y x
sqrt() (also on
drop down list)
sqrt( )
5sin x o30o
(1)
ln
100.7
sin1 0.5
n
1
1
^
^
x
x
Calculator toolbar
o
o
5sin x 30
5*sin(x/180*%pi+
o symbol from 5sin x deg 30 deg
30/180*%pi)
ln
CTRL g
10 CTRL g*0.7
%e^( )
or
exp( )
log
%pi
10*%pi*0.7
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
means
arcsin(0.5)
(1) As all programs work in radians by default you must change every input
into degrees (if you have to work in degrees).
(2) Also available on toolbars.
(3) Only x allowed as variable
(4) See also 17.5
(5) In wxMaxima typing pi will produce as a variable NOT 3.1415...
The same is true for e .
Back to 2 Web Sites
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Notation
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Assign
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ][ ]
Matrix multiplication
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26.1.1
Newton Raphson
load(newton1)
newton f x , x , x 0, p . Start with precision p=0.1 and then
p=0.01 etc. until outputs are identical to
significant figures required
--------------------------------------------------------26.1.2
Differential Equations
see also 22.4 (2nd page)
dy
dx
typed as
diff(y,x)
d2 y
typed as
d x2
diff(y,x,2)
rk f x , y , y , y 0, [ x , x 0, x end , h]
To plot result:
22.5
wxplot2d([discrete,%o#],[style,points])
you can replace points with line. %o# is a previous output line.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents
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65
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m
s2
f x := function in terms of x
symbolic units
Implicit multiplication: This is allowed but only with variables that cannot be
confused with units.
For example, 3 x is fine but 3 s must be typed as 3s .
When editing expressions use the Ins key to change from editing to the left
to editing to the right of cursor.
Also see Mathcad Notes
_____________________________________________________________
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x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
etc
etc
All data
Insert
(or chart symbol)
Chart
XY (Scatter)
Give graph and axes titles
As New Sheet (optional)
Format Plot Area
Click to white
Add Trendline
Choose most appropriate
Display equation on chart
Display R 2 value on chart
E)
E)
E)
R 2 value should lie between 0.95 and 1. The closer to 1 the better. Right
click on trendline to change to a better type.
The equation displayed is the formula for the data
All instructions necessary for MS Excel (E). Open Office Calc will provide the
same answers but in a slightly different format.
Mathcad and Maxima can be used but are more complicated mathematically
but will be more accurate. Geogebra can be used to match a line to data.
Note:
Contents
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28 Calibration Error
Outpu
t
Outpu
t
IDEAL
Input = Output
Zero Error
Input
Input
Outpu
t
Outpu
t
Linearity Error
Span Error
Input
Input
Outpu
t
Outpu
t
Linearity Error
Zero-Span
Error
Input
Input
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multiple
1000000000000000
1000000000000
1000000000
1000000
1000
1
1015
1012
109
106
103
100
1000
prefix
Peta
symbol
kilo
P
T
G
M
k
10 3
milli
1000000
10 6
micro
1000000000
109
nano
1000000000000
1012
pico
Tera
Giga
Mega
30 Electrical Tables
Table of Resistivities
Material
Resistivity
m at 20o C
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Gold (Au)
Tungsten (W)
Nickel (Ni)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Carbon (C)
15.9109
17.2109
24.4109
56.0109
69.9109
100109
220109
35000109
Dielectric
Constant r
1
1.00054
5.5 - 10
3 - 15
10 - 15
11.68
Permeability
(H/m)
Electrical Steel
Ferrite (Nickel Zinc) (Ni Zn)
Ferrite (Manganese Zinc) (Mn Zn)
Steel
Nickel (Ni)
Aluminium (Al)
5000106
20 800106
800106
875106
125106
1.26106
Notation
69
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A
B
E
Z
H
I
K
M
N
Examples of use
Alpha
Beta
angles
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
efficiency, viscosity
Theta
Iota
inertia
Kappa
compressibility
Lambda
Mu
Nu
velocity
Xi
damping coefficient
Omicron
Pi
PRODUCT, 3.141592654...., C= d
Rho
density, resistivity
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
admittance
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
_____________________________________________________________
This work, to be attributed to Peter K Nicol, Aberdeen College is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ (click on icon below) or send a letter to
Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Contents
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70
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