Lebanese French University Applied statistics : Allen L.

Webster International editions 1998

Chapter one: Tabulation of data Chapter two: measures of central tendency Chapter three: measures of dispersion Chapter four: regression and correlation Chapter five: time series Analysis

{}.

Measures of central tendency These are identifying the center of data set or the point around which the data are clustered. These measures are : I. The mean { M, } The mean or arithmetic mean is the measure of central tendency commonly thought of as the average . If X1 , X2 , .. Xn are n observations in a sample data set , them the mean of these observation is : = 1 + 2 + . . + =
<1

Example (1) A sample of monthly sales revenues in thousand of dollars for five months is found to be ( 56 , 67 , 52 , 45 , 67 ) the mean is :

56: 67: 52:45:67 5

= 57.4

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II.

The median { Me ,

The median is the value lie exactly in the middle of the data set after the observations have placed into an ordered array . one - half of the observations will be above the median and one half will be below the median . (1) the data have been put into an ordered array . (2) the median position (order) is found as median position =
:1 2

value will be the value lie in the middle in case an odd number of Val case of even number of values . Example (2) Find the median of values : X = 45 , 52 , 40 , 46 , 25 , 30 , 18 Solution: i. ii. iii. Data in order : 18 Median position = Median = X4 = 40
2

25
:1

30
7:1 2

40

45

46

52

Example (3) Find the median for the data set : X = 1.4 , 2.6 , 5.4 , 3.0 , 6.4 , 7.0 , 8.2 , 10.0 Solution: i. ii. iii. Data in order : 1.4 , 2.6 , 3.0 , 5.4 , 6.4 , 7.0 , 8.0 , 10.0 Median position = Median value =
8:1 2 : 2

= = .5
2

5.4 : 6.4 2

11.8 2

= .

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III.

The mode {

The modal observation is that observation that occurs with the greatest frequency . some data sets consists of more than one mode . Example (4) Find the mode of each set of data : = X1 = 4 , 12 , 16 , 8 , 4 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 4 , 20 , 4 , 22 , 4 , = X2 = 1 , 3 , 11 , 3 , 8 , 8 , 16 , 3 , 12 , 8 , 14 , 8 , 3 , = 1 2 X3 = 12 , 8 , 4 , 16 , 12 , 4 , 8 , 12 , 14 , 18 , No mode exist IV. If The weighted mean { X1 , X2 , . Xk } are values with corresponding
: : : :..

Weights W1 , W2 , Wk then the weighted mean if given by

Given by =

Example (5) : The following data represents the sales volumes in cans (W) along with the
profit per can (X):

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

i. ii.

Simple mean = Weighted mean

Profit X 2.00 3.50 5.00 7.50 6.00 24.00 24

Sales volume W 3 7 15 12 15 52

X i Wi 6.00 24.50 75.00 90.00 90.00 285.50

= =

.
285.5 52

The weighted mean is higher than the simple arithmetic mean because Paul sells more of the types of cleaner with a higher profit margin.
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V. The Geometric mean The geometric mean can be used to show percentage changes in a series of positive numbers As such , it has wide application in business and economic since we one after interested in determining the percentage change in sales , gross nation product , are other economic series . The . . . Measure of the average change in a series of numbers .

the geometric mean is :

1 2.

=[

[]

Example (6): An Airline company wishes to determine the average growth rate in revenue based on the figures in the table:
Year Percentage growth 1993/2 1.10 1994/93 1.20 1995/94 0.91 1996/95 1.30

Growth Rate GM= . Exercises :

= 1.1179

Compute the mean , median , mode for the following data : X1= 3.2 , 5.4 , 1.8 , 4.3 , 4.1 , 5.2 , 1.7 , 6.1 , 1.9 X2= 10 , 6 , 4 , 8 , 6 , 12 , 8 , 6 , 10 , 6 II. Computer the i) Arithmetic mean ii) Geometric mean iii) the median for the following data: X = 12.3 , 21.6 , 22.3 , 18.0 , 14.3 , 20.0 III. Computer the weighted mean for the following data
Xi Wi 220 12 140 28 180 30 300 16 280 8 160 6

I.

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tendency for Grouped data . 1. The mean If X1 , X2 , .. , Xk are the class mart of K classes with corresponding weights (frequencies) F1 , F2 , Fk , then the mean is :

: :

: : : :

Or

Example (7): find the mean for the following data distribution :
class 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 Total Frequency Fi 3 7 18 12 8 2 N= 50 = Fi Class mark Xi 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 104.5 Xi Fi 163.5 451.5 1341.0 1014.0 756.0 209.0 3935.5

3935 5

2. The median : to find the median for grouped data is computed by : i) ii) iii) Median position =
2 2

The median class is that class consist of the value of The median is obtained by the formula

1+ [

]*C

L1 = lower boundary of the median class F1 = cumulative frequency precede median class Fm = frequency of median class C = median class width

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Example (8) find the median for the frequency table in Example (7) : Solution: i) ii) iii) Median position = median = + [
2 5 2

median class (70 - 79)

25;1 18

](10)

= 78.33 3. The mode : to find the mode for grouped data : i) We determine the model class (with highest frequency) ii) We find the mode using the formula : = Where Lo = Lower modal class D1 = difference between modal class frequency and that proceeding it D2 = difference between modal class frequency and that follows C = model class width Example (9) find the mode for the frequency distribute given in example (7) 1) Model class is (70 - 79) 2) Model = +[
:

+ [11:

18;7 18;12

= 76.47
Exercises: 1) Find the mean, median and mode for the following distribution :
Class 5-7 frequency 4 7-9 8 9-11 12 11-13 8 13-15 5 15-17 3 Total 40

2) Find the mean, median mode for the following data distribution : Class 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 frequency 6 9 10 12 60-69 11 70-79 8 Total 56

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