Agaricus Subrufescens

Agaricus subrufescens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_subrufescens
Agaricus subrufescens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Agaricus subrufescens (syn. Agaricus blazei, Agaricus brasiliensis or Agaricus rufotegulis) is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong or himematsutake (Japanese: , "princess matsutake") and by a number of other names. Agaricus subrufescens is a choice edible, with a somewhat sweet taste and fragrance of almonds. The fungus is also well known as a medicinal mushroom, for its purported medicinal properties, due to research which indicates it may stimulate the immune system.
Scientic classication Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus A. subrufescens
Contents
1 2 3 4 Taxonomy Description Distribution and habitat Edibility 4.1 Aroma 4.2 Commercial use 5 Research 5.1 Cancer research 5.2 Immune system 5.3 Direct antiviral properties 5.4 Other possible eects 6 See also 7 References
Binomial name Agaricus subrufescens

Peck (1893)
Synonyms Agaricus rufotegulis Nauta

(1999)
Taxonomy
Agaricus subrufescens was rst described by the American botanist Charles Horton Peck in [1] 1893. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was cultivated for the table in the [2] It was discovered eastern United States. again in Brazil during the 1970s, and misidentied as Agaricus blazei Murrill, a species originally described from Florida. It was soon marketed for its purported medicinal
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Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser,

M.Didukh, Amazonas & Stamets (2002) [nom. illegit., non A. brasiliensis Fr. (1830)]
Agaricus blazei Murrill (1945)
Mycological characteristics
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properties under various names, including ABM (for Agaricus blazei Murill), cogumelo do sol (mushroom of the sun), cogumelo de Deus (mushroom of God), cogumelo de vida (mushroom of life), himematsutake, royal sun agaricus, Mandelpilz, and almond mushroom.
gills on hymenium cap is convex hymenium is free stipe has a ring
In 2002, Didukh and Wasser correctly rejected the name A. blazei for this species, but spore print is brown unfortunately called the Brazilian fungus A. [3] a name that had already been brasiliensis, ecology is saprotrophic used for a dierent species, Agaricus edibility: choice brasiliensis Fr. (1830). Richard Kerrigan undertook genetic and interfertility testing on [2] and showed that several fungal strains, samples of the Brazilian strains called A. blazei and A. brasiliensis were genetically similar to, and interfertile with, North American populations of Agaricus subrufescens. These tests also found European samples called A. rufotegulis to be of the same species. Because A. subrufescens is the oldest name, it has taxonomical priority. Note that Agaricus blazei Murrill is a perfectly valid name, but for a completely dierent mushroom. Agaricus silvaticus Schae. is also a perfectly valid name for a common, north temperate, woodland mushroom. Neither is a synonym of Agaricus subrufescens.
Description
The cap is initially hemispherical, later becoming [4] convex, with a diameter of 5 to 18 cm (2.0 to 7.1 in). The cap surface is covered with silk-like bers, although in maturity it develops small scales (squamulose). The color of the cap may range from white to grayish or dull reddish-brown; the cap margin typically splits with age. The esh of A. subrufescens is white, and has the taste [4] The gills are of "green nuts", with the odor of almonds. not attached to the stalk (free), narrow, and crowded closely together. They start out whitish in color, then The occose stipe and later pinkish and nally black-brown as the spores annulus of A. subrufescens mature. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, dark purplish-brown when viewed microscopically, with dimensions of 67.5 by 45 m. The stipe is 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 5.9 in) by 1 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 in) thick, and bulbous at the base. Initially solid, the stipe becomes hollow with [4] The annulus is abundant and age; it is cottony (occose) to scaly towards the base. double-layered; it is bent downwards towards the stem, smooth and whitish on the upper side, and covered with cottony scales on the lower side.
Distribution and habitat

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Agaricus subrufescens forms fruitbodies singly or in clusters in leaf litter in rich soil, [5] Originally described from the northeastern United States often in domestic habitats. and Canada, it has been found growing in California, Hawaii, Great Britain, the [2] Netherlands, Taiwan, Philippines and Brazil.
Edibility
Aroma
Agaricus subrufescens is a choice edible, with a somewhat sweet taste and fragrance of almonds. The almond smell of the mushroom is mostly due to the presence of [6] benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzonitrile, and methyl benzoate.
Commercial use
Because Agaricus subrufescens contains a high level of beta glucans, compounds [7][8][9] the fungus is used in oncological known for stimulating the immune system, [10] In addition to beta glucans, the mushroom's eect on therapy in Japan and Brazil. the immune system is believed to be due to other polysaccharides, such as alpha [11] In Japan, Agaricus subrufescens is sold under the brand names Sen-Sei-Ro glucans. [12] In Japan, Agaricus Gold, and ABMK, and is used by an estimated 500,000 people subrufescens is also the most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by [13] Although Agaricus subrufescens is cultivated in the United States, cancer patients. the largest exporters are China and Brazil. As noted in a scientic review of A. [14] the range of quality in A. subrufescens cultivation can aect subrufescens research, the mushroom's ability to impact cells of the immune system. Recently, Watanabe et al. published a report in the Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin on a novel hybrid of A. subrufescens called Basidiomycetes-X (BDM-X) [15] and a [16] was issued on a novel hybrid of the A. subrufescens edible mushroom US patent which was crossbred (hybridized) with another medicinal mushroom, resulting in a new hybrid claimed to possess 10 to 3000 times the potency of similar but unpatented mushrooms.
Research
Many researchers have studied Agaricus subrufescens, as well as other medicinal mushrooms for close to 50 years, due to laboratory tests which show they may stimulate immune system cells and the production of immune system cytokines. Below is a [17] summary of this research, which is often based on animal or cellular models.
Cancer research
Animal and cellular research has shown that Agaricus subrufescens application or consumption appears to oer anticancer properties.
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Experimental model
Experimental eect (cell culture)
Experimental eect (animal research)
Experimental eect (clinical) Beneted hematological and immunological [18] parameters
Colorectal cancer
Fibrosarcoma Sarcoma Gynaecological cancer
Inhibited growth via apoptosis[19]
Inhibited growth[19] Inhibited angiogenesis, inhibited [20][12][21] growth Increased NK cell activity, quality of [22] life
Ovarian cancer
Inhibited growth and metastasis Inhibited metastasis, growth[23] via apoptosis [23] induction Inhibited growth [23] [24] Inhibited metastasis, growth via apoptosis Inhibited growth via apoptosis[25]
[26][27]
Lung cancer
Leukaemia Myeloma
Inhibited growth[25][28] Inhibited growth

[29]
Inhibited abnormal Hepatocarcinoma collagen [30][31] formation Stomach cancer Prostate cancer Inhibited growth via [24][33] apoptosis Inhibited growth via apoptosis[34]
Inhibited growth[32]
Inhibited growth[34] Inhibited growth [1] (http://www.atlasworldusa.com /nih_study.html) when applied orally or topically
Skin cancer
Immune system
Cellular and animal research has shown A. subrufescens may stimulate immune system
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cells and the production of cytokines, such as interferons and interleukins (reviewed by [35] G. Hetland).
Direct antiviral properties

Agaricus subrufescens mushrooms are known to have antiviral properties in cell [36][37] The ability of Agaricus subrufescens to inhibit viruses in the human body culture. has not been studied.
Other possible eects

Besides evidence Agaricus subrufescens may up-regulate the immune system, [38] additional research suggests the mushroom has a benecial eect on cholesterol, inhibiting pathogenic factors,[39][40][41][42] and inhibiting angiogenesis.[21][43] Limited clinical and animal research suggests Agaricus subrufescens consumption may [38][44][45][18] lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin resistance.
See also
List of Agaricus species
References
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Agaricus subrufescens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Binomial name Agaricus subrufescens

Synonyms Agaricus rufotegulis Nauta

Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser,

Agaricus blazei Murrill (1945)