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1op|c 2:

Systemat|cs & hy|ogenet|c


8|o|ogy
Cut||ne
Pow blologlsLs Lrace phylogeny - evoluLlonary hlsLory
hylogeneLlc Lrees
1raclng hylogeny or ConsLrucLlng hylogenles:
- lossll records
- Pomologles
- Morphology and 8ehavlour
- 8lochemlcal 1ralLs
uarwlnlsm: uarwln's Lheory by
_______________
AccepLed Lheory by sclence
Called uarwlnlsm or _________ LvoluLlon
now b|o|og|sts trace phy|ogeny -
evo|ut|onary h|story
Medlcal SLudenL
lnLeresL ln medlclne waned
lnLeresL ln naLural hlsLory
grew
LaLer aLLended Cambrldge
AccepLed poslLlon as
naLurallsL for voyage of
dlscovery on P.M.S. _______
Charles uarwln
voyage of Lhe 8eagle
uarwln's voyage
lnlLlally convlnced LhaL specles dld noL ______
Cbserved many phenomenon
_______ of exLlncL anlmals
Slmllar _______ areas had dlfferenL specles
8egan Lo change hls ldeas abouL specles change
uarwln's llnches:
opulaLlon changes as lL occuples
dlfferenL hablLaLs wlLhln a
reglon (naLural selecLlon)
Specles
Croup of _____________ naLural populaLlons LhaL are
reproducLlvely lsolaLed from oLher such _______
lossll 8elaLlves
Slmllar Specles, ulfferenL laces
Calapagos flnch Malnland flnch
uarwln's Concluslon
lndlvlduals wlLh aLLrlbuLes well sulLed Lo Lhelr
envlronmenL are more llkely Lo survlve and pass
Lhose aLLrlbuLes Lo _______
____________: naLurally occurrlng herlLable
LralLs, favorable Lo survlval and reproducLlon
LvoluLlon by ______________:
- opulaLlons change over Llme
- Change ls drlven by naLural
selecLlon for besL adapLed
lndlvlduals
- uescenL wlLh modlflcaLlon
from common __________
uarwln's llnches sLlll Lvolvlng
8osemary & eLer CranL's work
_________ lsland of uaphne Ma[or
uocumenLed evoluLlon of __________
Cbservlng evoluLlon ln progress
LvoluLlon 8efore uarwln
uarwln was noL Lhe flrsL Lo observe evoluLlon
!ean-8apLlsLe ______ (1744-1829)
lnherlLance by acqulred characLerlsLlcs
lnLroduce Lhe ldea LhaL llfe mlghL noL have been flxed slnce ______.
As organlsms adapLed Lo Lhelr surroundlngs, naLure also drove Lhem
lnexorably upward from slmple forms Lo lncreaslngly complex ones.
Lamarck belleved LhaL llfe had begun Lhrough sponLaneous
___________.
Alfred 8ussell Wallace
lndependenLly dlscovered naLural selecLlon
lnfluenced by same facLors as _____
________ worklng ln Malaysla
!olnLly presenLed Lheory wlLh uarwln
uarwln's 8ook
Oo tbe _______________ by Meoos
of Nototol 5electloo
ubllshed ln ______
SLarLed many debaLes
Lvldence conLlnues
overwhelmlng supporL
hy|ogenet|c 1rees
- hylogeneLlc Lrees are used Lo place dlfferenL ________
schemes LogeLher, and Lo show connecLlon beLween
classlflcaLlon and _________.
-Maps Lhe geneLlc relaLlonshlp of all specles (pasL & presenL) on
earLh.
1lps represenL ____
8ranches represenL
_________ over Llme
nodes represenL
common _______
hylogeneLlc Lree - a _______ dlagram
LhaL shows a hypoLhesls abouL
evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps among
organlsms.
ln order Lo classlfy organlsms & Lo
consLrucL a phylogeneLlc Lrees, lL ls
requlred Lo deLermlne Lhe characLers of
varlous Laxa - _________ (dlrecLlon of
evoluLlonary LransformaLlon), prlmlLlve
Lo _______.
MeLhods Lo ConsLrucL hylogeny
ComparaLlve _________
_______ lnformaLlon
Llnklng ClasslflcaLlon and hylogeny
SysLemaLlsLs deplcL
evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps
ln branchlng
________________
lootbeto
potJos
(leopard)
Mepbltls
mepbltls
(sLrlped skunk)
lotto lotto
(Luropean
oLLer)
cools
fomlllotls
(domesLlc dog)
cools
lopos
(wolf)
lootbeto Mepbltls lotto cools
lelldae MusLelldae Canldae
Carnlvora
C
rd
e
r
I
a
m
||y
G
e
n
u
s
S
p
e
c
|e
s
Descent with modification:
Evolutionary tree of elephant family, based on fossil evidence)
Lach branch polnL
8epresenLs Lhe dlvergence of ____________
Leopard uomesLlc caL
Common ancesLor
______" branch polnLs
8epresenL progresslvely
greaLer amounLs of
dlvergence
Leopard uomesLlc caL
Common ancesLor
Wolf
1rac|ng hy|ogeny or
Construct|ng hy|ogen|es
hylogenles are based on common ancesLrles
lnferred from ______, morphologlcal, and _______
evldence.
CrlLerla for Lraclng or consLrucLlng phylogenles:
- lossll records
- __________
- SLrucLure and _______
- 8lochemlcal 1ralLs
8ock layers provlde an ordered record
new layers deposlLed on Lop of old layers
rovldes for _____________
lossll records
A fossll ls any recognlzable sLrucLure from an organlsm, or any
lmpresslon from such a sLrucLure, LhaL has been preserved.
A good fossll record helps reveal ___________.
asL llvlng forms can be observed
Change Lhrough Llme can be documenLed
1hough __________
fosslls are Lhe mosL
common. __________
sLudy a wlde varleLy of
fosslls.
(a) ulnosaur bones belng excavaLed
fromsandsLone
(g) 1usks of a 23,000-year-old mammoLh,
frozen whole ln Slberlan lce
(e) 8oy sLandlng ln a 130-mllllon-year-old
dlnosaur Lrack ln Colorado
(d) CasLs of ammonlLes,
abouL 373 mllllon
years old
(f) lnsecLs
preserved
whole ln
amber
(b) eLrlfled Lree ln Arlzona, abouL
190 mllllon years old
(c) Leaf fossll, abouL 40 mllllon years old
The excellent fossil
records of horses
show those modern
horses, which have
________ on each
foot, evolved from
ancestors that had
___________.
A trait, such as the
modern horses
single toe, that
differs from the
ancestral trait in the
lineage is called a
______________.
ulrecL daLlng meLhods are avallable
Lxample: ________________
Clves accuraLe Llme relaLlonshlp
Shows LhaL Llme exlsLed for organlsms Lo
develop from _________ forms
Pomologles
Pomologles are __________ feaLures of dlfferenL organlsms
LhaL have a slmllar appearance or funcLlon because Lhey
__________ from a common ancesLor LhaL also had Lhem.
8elaLed organlsms have same sLrucLure as common ancesLor
(e.g. forellmb of bear, wlng of a blrd, human arm)
ModlflcaLlons reflecL adapLaLlons
___________ sLrucLures: sLrucLures LhaL are slmllar ln
dlfferenL specles of common ancesLry
Same __________ orlgln
Same underlylng anaLomy, dlfferenL funcLlon
Analogous SLrucLures
Analogous sLrucLures may look slmllar Lo one anoLher, buL are
___________ from a common ancesLor. 1hese are ln conLrasL
Lo homologous sLrucLures.
lound ln organlsms LhaL do noL share _________ orlgln or
underlylng anaLomy
Examples of an analogous structure in two distantly related plants
ConvergenL LvoluLlon
When Lwo organlsms have analogous sLrucLures, Lhls ls an example
of convergenL evoluLlon ___________ developmenL of slmllarlLy
beLween specles due Lo slmllar selecLlon pressures.
CreaLes analogous sLrucLures
Change ln organlsms wlLh dlfferenL ancesLors - sLrucLures appear
________
ConvergenL evoluLlon occurs when slmllar envlronmenLal pressures
and naLural selecLlon
roduce slmllar (__________) adapLaLlons ln organlsms from
dlfferenL evoluLlonary llneages
Morphology and 8ehavlour
Morphology
Lhe sclence of sLrucLure, lncludes ______ (Lhe
sLudy of cell sLrucLure), ________ (Lhe sLudy of
Llssue sLrucLure) and anaLomy (Lhe sLudy of gross
sLrucLure)
8ehavlour
response Lo exLernal and lnLernal sLlmull based
on sensory, neural, endocrlne & _________
componenLs. Pas a geneLlc basls, can evolve &
can be modlfled by learnlng.
Slmllar Specles, ulfferenL laces
Galapagos finch Mainland finch
ComparaLlve Lmbryology
SlmllarlLles among embryos polnL Lo common ancesLors
Slmllar genes wlLh new lnsLrucLlons over Llme
8lochemlcal 1ralLs
1he molecules of organlsms consLlLuLe Lhelr
__________ [usL as shapes of body parLs
consLlLuLe Lhelr gross morphology.
Among Lhe mosL lmporLanL blochemlcal LralLs
of organlsms are Lhelr nuclelc aclds-unA &
_______ and Lhe proLelns whose synLhesls are
dlrecLed by Lhe __________.
roLeln Comparlsons
More preclse lnformaLlon abouL phylogenles can be
obLalned by comparlng Lhe amlno acld sequence of
________.
1he dlfferences ln amlno acld sequence of Lhe blood
proLeln hemoglobln &
___________, an anclenL
proLeln common Lo all
aeroblc organlsms, were
shown Lo be greaLer Lhe
more phylogeneLlcally
dlsLanL Lhe ________.
1he sLrucLure of Lhe genes - provldes Lhe mosL dlrecL
________ of evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps among organlsms.
unA can be compared, even lf Lhe preclse sequences of Lhelr
bases are noL known, by a process called
nuclelc acld _____________.
Measures Lhe exLenL of hydrogen
bondlng beLween slngle-sLranded
unA LhaL came from ___sources.
1he LlghLness of unA of one specles
blnd Lo Lhe unA of Lhe oLher depend
on Lhe ____________ as base palrlng
beLween compllmenLary sequence holds
Lhe Lwo sLrands LogeLher.
nuclelc Acld SLrucLure
nuclelc Aclds
Composed of nucleoLldes
SLores lnformaLlon
lorms of nuclelc Acld
unA = __________ acld
8nA = __________ acld
All llfe has unA as heredlLary maLerlal
Specles wlLh slmllar _____ are closely relaLed
Much of an organisms evolutionary history is documented in its ______.
Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness is a
valuable tool for tracing organisms ______________________.
1 8 5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 ( 1 )
- - - - - - M A A A N A P F A L V S R L S S P A A R L P I R A W R A A R P A P L G A G - - - - - - - - R A R P L T T A S A S Q D N R D N - S V D V Q V S Q N G G G - - N Q A. s t ol e n i fe r a 1 ( 1 )
- - - - - - M A A A N A P F A L V S R L S S P A A R L P I R A W R A A S P A P L G A G - - - - - - - - R A R P L T T A S A S Q D N R D N - S V D V Q V S Q N G G G - - N Q A. s t ol e n i fe r a 2 ( 1 )
- - - - - - MAA ANAPF AL VSRL SSP AT RL PARAWRAARPAPVAAG- - - - - - - - RT RPL T T ASASQENRDN- S VDVQVSQNGG- - - NQ A. s t ol e n i fe r a 3 ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - MAL ARL AL RNL QQKL SPSL MGQSCERGL VGNRHN- - - - - - PMKL NRF MAT SAGEQEDKMNT EVSVSE KK- - - - SP A. t h al i a n a ( 1 )
- - - - MASST AKSGF HT F MEAL T GAGREPVT AVSCRP PCYGF RR- - - - - - - L AVVSS SQQENAS ENSDRSL T QL PRQDGGSR- - SP F . h yg r o m et r i c a ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GGDNKDN- S VEVQHVS KG- - - - DQ G. m a x ( 1 )
- - - - - - MAA AT APF AL VSRL S- QAARL PI RAWRAARPAPL WT G- - - - - - - - RT RPL SVASAAQEDRDN- S VDVQVSQARNAG- NQ H . v ul g a r e ( 1 )
- - - MAYT SL T SSPL VS NVSVGGT SKI NNNK - - VSAP CSVF VP- - - - - - SMRRPT T RL VARAT GDNKDT - S VDVHHSS AQGG- NNQ L . e s c u le n t u m ( 1 )
- - - - - L T CS AASPL SNVVNVSAA SSRSNNR- - VT AP CSVF F P- - - SACNV KRPASRL VAQAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSS GQGGNNNQ N . s y l v es t r i s ( 1 )
MACKT L T CS AASPL - - VVNGVT A SSRSNNR- - VAAP F SVF F P- - - ST CNV KRPASRL VVEAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSS GQGGNNNQ N . t ab a c u m ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - MAAPF AL VSRVS- P AARL PI RAAWRSE PT VGL PS S- - - - - - GRARQL AVASAAQENRDNT A VDVHVNQDGG- - - NQ O . s at i v a ( 1 )
MACKT L T CS ASPL VS- - NGVVSA T SRT NNK KT T T AP F SVCF PY - - SKCSV RKPASRL VAQAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSNNNQGGNNQ P . h yb r i d a ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - MAQSVSL S T I ASPI L SQKPGSS VKST PP CMASF PL RRQL PRL GL RNVRAQAGGDGDNKDN- S VEVHRVNKD- - - - DQ P . s at i v u m ( 1 )
- - - - - - MAA ANAPF AL VSRL S- P AARL PI RAWRAARPAPL ST GG- - - - - - - RT RPL SVASAAQENRDN- S VDVQVSQAQNAG- NQ T. a e st i v u m ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - MAAAPF AI AGRL S- P VARL PVRAWRPAHGF ASSGR- - - - - - - - - ARSL AVASAAQENRDN- S VDVQVSQNGGN- - RQ Z. m a y s ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A . a m e r ic a n a ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a l bu m M S ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a l bu m N Y ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F . w is l i z en i i ( 1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S . a lt e r n if lo r a ( 1 )
A AP L A R R A R A A DNRD S VDV VS NQ C o n s en s u s ( 1 )
8 6 1 7 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 1 6 0 (8 6)
Q G N A V Q R R P R - R A G F D V A P - - - - - - - F G L V D P M S P M R T M R Q M L D T M D R L F D D - A V G F P T T R R S - P A A A S E A P R M P W D I V E D D K E V K M R F D A. s tol en ife ra 1 (6 9)
Q G N A V Q R R P R - R T G F D V A P - - - - - - - F G L V D P M S P M R T M R Q M L D T M D R L F D D - A V G F P T T R R S - P A A A S E A P R M P W D I V E D D K E V K M R F D A. s tol en ife ra 2 (6 9)
QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- T V GF PT T RRS - PAT A SEVP RMPWDI ME DDKEV KMRF D A. s tol en ife ra 3 (6 8)
RQNF PRRRGRKSL WRNT DDHGYF T P T L NEF F PPT I GNT L I QA T ENMNRI F DN- - F N- - - - - - - - - - - - VNPF QL MGQVKE QDDCY KL RY E A. t hal ia na (6 6)
GPRRPMGL RRGDT RRDL T SS- - - - - L F DI WDPF I GDRS L KQML NT V DRL F A DPF F GSPP S- - - - - - AT AL DL RT PWDVKE DADAY KL RF D F. h ygr om etr ic a (7 3)
G- T A VEKK PR- RT AMDI SP- - - - - - - F GI L DPWS PMRS MRQI L DT MDRVF E D- T MT F PGRN- - - - - I GGGEI RAPWDI KDEEHEI RMRF D G. m ax (2 0)
QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MKQMSDT MDRL F DD- AV GF PT ARRS PAAAA GEMP RMPWDI ME DDKEV KMRF D H. v ulg ar e (6 9)
G- T A VERRPT - RMAL DV SP- - - - - - - F GVL DPMS PMRT MRQMI DT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGRNRA - - - SGT GEI RT PWDI HDDENEI KMRF D L. e scu le ntu m (7 3)
GST S VQRRPR- KMAL DV ST - - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGSNR- - - - AS T GEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D N. s ylv es tri s (7 5)
GST S VDRRPR- KMSL DV SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL L E D- T MT F PGRNRS - - - SA VGEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D N. t aba cu m (7 8)
QGNA VQRRPR- RS SAF GRHL - - - - - PF GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRMF DDVAL GF PA T PRR- - SL A T GEV RMPWDVME DDKEV RMRF D O. s ati va (6 7)
G- SA VERRPR- RMAL DV SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGSRN- - - - RGT GEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D P. h ybr id a (8 1)
G- T A VERK PR- RS SI DI SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPWS PMRS MRQML DT MDRI F E D- AI T I PGRN- - - - - I GGGEI RVPWEI KDEEHEI RMRF D P. s ati vu m (7 3)
QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- AV GF PT ARRS - PAAA SET P RMPWDI ME DEKEV KMRF D T. a est iv um (7 0)
QGNA VQRRPRRAT AL DI SPS- - - - - PF GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- AV GF PMGT RR- SPAT T GDV RL PWDI VE DEKEV KMRI D Z. ma ys (6 5)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMMDT MDRMF E D- AMT F PGSSRS - - - - T AGEI RAPWDI ME DEKEV KMRF D A. a mer ic ana (1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQML DT MDRL F E D- T MT VPT R- - - - - - - - MGEMRAPWDI ME DENEY KMRF D C. a lbu m MS (1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT VPT R- - - - - - - - MGEMQAPWDI MV GRERV QVGS T C. a lbu m NY (1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQML DSMDRL F E D- AMT MPG- - - - - - - - GMAEMRAPWDI VE DDNEV KMRF D F. w isl iz eni i (1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMI DT MDRL F DD- - - - - - - - - - - - - T MGCPPA RCGCRGT S RAT RK I CWL D S. a lte rn iflo ra (1 )
A V RRPR R A DI SP F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F E D MT F P R A GEI R PWDI ME DE EV KMRF D Co ns ens us (8 6)
1 7 6 2 6 5 1 9 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 (1 76 )
M P G L S R D E V K V M V E D D T L V I R G E H K K E V S E G Q G D G A E G Q G D G W W K E R S V S S Y D M R L A L P D E C D K S Q V R A E L K N G V L L V S V P K T E - - T E R K A. s tol en ife ra 1 (1 49 )
M P G L S R D E V K V M V E D D T L V I R G E H K K E V S E G Q G D G A E G Q G D G W W K E R S V S S Y D M R L A L P D E C D K S Q V R A E L K N G V L L V S V P K T E - - T E R K A. s tol en ife ra 2 (1 49 )
MPGL SRDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQGDGAEGQGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL T L P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - T ERK A. s tol en ife ra 3 (1 48 )
VPGL T KEDVKI T V NDGI L T I K GDHK AEEEK GSP- - - - - EEDE YWSS KSYGY YNT S L SL P DDAK VEDI K AEL K NGVL NL VI PRT EK - PKK N A. t hal ia na (1 42 )
MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDGDL VI RGEHNAEDQK EDS- - - - - - - - - - WSS RSYGS YNT RMAL P EDAL F EDI K AEL K NGVL YVVV PKSKK DAQK K F. h ygr om etr ic a (1 52 )
MPGL AKEDVKVSV EDDML VI K GGHK SEQEHGG- - - - - - - - DDSWSS RT YSS YDT RL KL P DNCE KDKVK AEL K NGVL YI T I PKT K- - VERK G. m ax (9 5)
MPGL SREE VKVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQGE AA- GGGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKRE- - T ERK H. v ulg ar e (1 50 )
MPGL SKEDVKVSV ENDML VI K GEHK - KEEDGR- - - - - - - - DK HSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVV KDKI K AEL K NGVL F I SI PKT E- - VEK K L. e scu le ntu m (1 50 )
MPGL SKEDVKVSV ENDV L VI K GEHK - KEES G- - - - - - - - - DDNSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVE K- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - N. s ylv es tri s (1 52 )
MPGL SKDE VKVSV EDDL L VI K GEYK - KEET G- - - - - - - - - DDNSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVE KDKI K AEL K NGVL F I SI PKT K- - VEK K N. t aba cu m (1 56 )
MPGL SREE VKVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEEGE GAE- - - - GSGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - VERK O. s ati va (1 49 )
MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDDV L VI K GEHK - KEES G- - - - - - - - - KDDSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVDKDKVK AEL K NGVL L I SI PKT K- - VEK K P. h ybr id a (1 57 )
MPGV SKEDVKVSV EDDV L VI K SDHR- - EENGG- - - - - - - - EDCWSRKSYSCYDT RL KL P DNCE KEKVK AEL K DGVL YI T I PKT K- - I ERT P. s ati vu m (1 48 )
MPGL SREE VRVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQG- - - - E GGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKRE- - T ERK T. a est iv um (1 50 )
MPGL ARDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEHK KEEGA EGGS G- - GDGDGWWKQRSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - VERK Z. ma ys (1 48 )
MPGMSKEE VKVSV EDNV L VI K GEHK AEEGE GEE- - - - GKDES WWRGKSSSNYDMRL ML P DNCE KDKVRAEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - A. a mer ic ana (4 8)
MPGL DKGDVKVSV EDNML VI K GERK - KEEGG- - - - - - - - - DDAWSK RSYSS YDT RL QL P DNCE MDKI K AEF K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a lbu m MS (4 4)
CRGS T RGMSRCRS RI T CL SSK ESARRKKEV T MHG- - - - - - - - - - VK EVI AHMI L GF NCL I I VS WI RL RPSSRT ECF Y- - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a lbu m NY (4 4)
MPGL SKEDVKVMV EDDML VI RGET K - KEEGG- - - - - - - - - DDAWKRRSYSS YDT RL QL P DDCE MDKI K AEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - F. w isl iz eni i (4 4)
MPGL ERDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEPK KEKGA EASG- - - - - - DGWWKE SSVSA YHMRL AL P EACDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - S. a lte rn iflo ra (4 0)
MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDDML VI K GEHK EEE G D WWK RSYSS YDT RL AL P DECDKDKVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKT ERK Co ns ens us (1 76 )
A||gnment of the der|ved am|no ac|d sequence
_________ are presenL ln all cells because Lhey are
lmporLanL ln proLeln synLhesls.
1he genes LhaL code for rlbosomal 8nA (r8nA) have
changed very slowly durlng evoluLlon as compared Lo
oLher _______.
1hus, lL ls belleved LhaL ___________
sequence of r8nA glve a rellable
lndlcaLor of Lhe slmllarlLy beLween
organlsms.
8nA Sequence Analysls
Nucleolus: Most cells have 2 or more;
directs synthesis of RNA; forms ribosomes.
Phylogeny can be inferred also from molecular
data
DNA and RNA sequences of _________ can be
compared to determine phylogeny.
Note that each change in a nucleic acid = one
evolutionary event! The more events, the more _______
related are the species.
_______ events means that a species is
more closely related.
Molecular Clock Analysls
Molecular clocks help _______ evoluLlonary Llme
ls a yardsLlck for measurlng Lhe absoluLe Llme of evoluLlonary
change based on Lhe observaLlon LhaL some _____ and oLher
reglons of genomes appear Lo evolve aL consLanL raLes
neuLral Lheory sLaLes LhaL
Much _________ change ln genes and proLelns has no effecL
on flLness and Lherefore ls noL lnfluenced by ____________
selecLlon
And LhaL Lhe raLe of molecular change ln Lhese genes and
proLelns should be regular llke a ______
uoes noL run as smooLhly as neuLral Lheory predlcLs
Applylng a Molecular Clock:
1he Crlgln of Plv
hylogeneLlc analysls shows LhaL Plv
ls descended from vlruses LhaL lnfecL ________
and oLher prlmaLes
A comparlson of Plv samples from LhroughouL
Lhe epldemlc
Pas shown LhaL Lhe vlrus has evolved ln a
remarkably ______________
kev|ew
Pow blologlsLs Lrace phylogeny - evoluLlonary hlsLory
hylogeneLlc Lrees
1raclng hylogeny or ConsLrucLlng hylogenles:
- lossll records
- Pomologles
- Morphology and 8ehavlour
- 8lochemlcal 1ralLs

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