8|o|ogy Cut||ne Pow blologlsLs Lrace phylogeny - evoluLlonary hlsLory hylogeneLlc Lrees 1raclng hylogeny or ConsLrucLlng hylogenles: - lossll records - Pomologles - Morphology and 8ehavlour - 8lochemlcal 1ralLs uarwlnlsm: uarwln's Lheory by _______________ AccepLed Lheory by sclence Called uarwlnlsm or _________ LvoluLlon now b|o|og|sts trace phy|ogeny - evo|ut|onary h|story Medlcal SLudenL lnLeresL ln medlclne waned lnLeresL ln naLural hlsLory grew LaLer aLLended Cambrldge AccepLed poslLlon as naLurallsL for voyage of dlscovery on P.M.S. _______ Charles uarwln voyage of Lhe 8eagle uarwln's voyage lnlLlally convlnced LhaL specles dld noL ______ Cbserved many phenomenon _______ of exLlncL anlmals Slmllar _______ areas had dlfferenL specles 8egan Lo change hls ldeas abouL specles change uarwln's llnches: opulaLlon changes as lL occuples dlfferenL hablLaLs wlLhln a reglon (naLural selecLlon) Specles Croup of _____________ naLural populaLlons LhaL are reproducLlvely lsolaLed from oLher such _______ lossll 8elaLlves Slmllar Specles, ulfferenL laces Calapagos flnch Malnland flnch uarwln's Concluslon lndlvlduals wlLh aLLrlbuLes well sulLed Lo Lhelr envlronmenL are more llkely Lo survlve and pass Lhose aLLrlbuLes Lo _______ ____________: naLurally occurrlng herlLable LralLs, favorable Lo survlval and reproducLlon LvoluLlon by ______________: - opulaLlons change over Llme - Change ls drlven by naLural selecLlon for besL adapLed lndlvlduals - uescenL wlLh modlflcaLlon from common __________ uarwln's llnches sLlll Lvolvlng 8osemary & eLer CranL's work _________ lsland of uaphne Ma[or uocumenLed evoluLlon of __________ Cbservlng evoluLlon ln progress LvoluLlon 8efore uarwln uarwln was noL Lhe flrsL Lo observe evoluLlon !ean-8apLlsLe ______ (1744-1829) lnherlLance by acqulred characLerlsLlcs lnLroduce Lhe ldea LhaL llfe mlghL noL have been flxed slnce ______. As organlsms adapLed Lo Lhelr surroundlngs, naLure also drove Lhem lnexorably upward from slmple forms Lo lncreaslngly complex ones. Lamarck belleved LhaL llfe had begun Lhrough sponLaneous ___________. Alfred 8ussell Wallace lndependenLly dlscovered naLural selecLlon lnfluenced by same facLors as _____ ________ worklng ln Malaysla !olnLly presenLed Lheory wlLh uarwln uarwln's 8ook Oo tbe _______________ by Meoos of Nototol 5electloo ubllshed ln ______ SLarLed many debaLes Lvldence conLlnues overwhelmlng supporL hy|ogenet|c 1rees - hylogeneLlc Lrees are used Lo place dlfferenL ________ schemes LogeLher, and Lo show connecLlon beLween classlflcaLlon and _________. -Maps Lhe geneLlc relaLlonshlp of all specles (pasL & presenL) on earLh. 1lps represenL ____ 8ranches represenL _________ over Llme nodes represenL common _______ hylogeneLlc Lree - a _______ dlagram LhaL shows a hypoLhesls abouL evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps among organlsms. ln order Lo classlfy organlsms & Lo consLrucL a phylogeneLlc Lrees, lL ls requlred Lo deLermlne Lhe characLers of varlous Laxa - _________ (dlrecLlon of evoluLlonary LransformaLlon), prlmlLlve Lo _______. MeLhods Lo ConsLrucL hylogeny ComparaLlve _________ _______ lnformaLlon Llnklng ClasslflcaLlon and hylogeny SysLemaLlsLs deplcL evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps ln branchlng ________________ lootbeto potJos (leopard) Mepbltls mepbltls (sLrlped skunk) lotto lotto (Luropean oLLer) cools fomlllotls (domesLlc dog) cools lopos (wolf) lootbeto Mepbltls lotto cools lelldae MusLelldae Canldae Carnlvora C rd e r I a m ||y G e n u s S p e c |e s Descent with modification: Evolutionary tree of elephant family, based on fossil evidence) Lach branch polnL 8epresenLs Lhe dlvergence of ____________ Leopard uomesLlc caL Common ancesLor ______" branch polnLs 8epresenL progresslvely greaLer amounLs of dlvergence Leopard uomesLlc caL Common ancesLor Wolf 1rac|ng hy|ogeny or Construct|ng hy|ogen|es hylogenles are based on common ancesLrles lnferred from ______, morphologlcal, and _______ evldence. CrlLerla for Lraclng or consLrucLlng phylogenles: - lossll records - __________ - SLrucLure and _______ - 8lochemlcal 1ralLs 8ock layers provlde an ordered record new layers deposlLed on Lop of old layers rovldes for _____________ lossll records A fossll ls any recognlzable sLrucLure from an organlsm, or any lmpresslon from such a sLrucLure, LhaL has been preserved. A good fossll record helps reveal ___________. asL llvlng forms can be observed Change Lhrough Llme can be documenLed 1hough __________ fosslls are Lhe mosL common. __________ sLudy a wlde varleLy of fosslls. (a) ulnosaur bones belng excavaLed fromsandsLone (g) 1usks of a 23,000-year-old mammoLh, frozen whole ln Slberlan lce (e) 8oy sLandlng ln a 130-mllllon-year-old dlnosaur Lrack ln Colorado (d) CasLs of ammonlLes, abouL 373 mllllon years old (f) lnsecLs preserved whole ln amber (b) eLrlfled Lree ln Arlzona, abouL 190 mllllon years old (c) Leaf fossll, abouL 40 mllllon years old The excellent fossil records of horses show those modern horses, which have ________ on each foot, evolved from ancestors that had ___________. A trait, such as the modern horses single toe, that differs from the ancestral trait in the lineage is called a ______________. ulrecL daLlng meLhods are avallable Lxample: ________________ Clves accuraLe Llme relaLlonshlp Shows LhaL Llme exlsLed for organlsms Lo develop from _________ forms Pomologles Pomologles are __________ feaLures of dlfferenL organlsms LhaL have a slmllar appearance or funcLlon because Lhey __________ from a common ancesLor LhaL also had Lhem. 8elaLed organlsms have same sLrucLure as common ancesLor (e.g. forellmb of bear, wlng of a blrd, human arm) ModlflcaLlons reflecL adapLaLlons ___________ sLrucLures: sLrucLures LhaL are slmllar ln dlfferenL specles of common ancesLry Same __________ orlgln Same underlylng anaLomy, dlfferenL funcLlon Analogous SLrucLures Analogous sLrucLures may look slmllar Lo one anoLher, buL are ___________ from a common ancesLor. 1hese are ln conLrasL Lo homologous sLrucLures. lound ln organlsms LhaL do noL share _________ orlgln or underlylng anaLomy Examples of an analogous structure in two distantly related plants ConvergenL LvoluLlon When Lwo organlsms have analogous sLrucLures, Lhls ls an example of convergenL evoluLlon ___________ developmenL of slmllarlLy beLween specles due Lo slmllar selecLlon pressures. CreaLes analogous sLrucLures Change ln organlsms wlLh dlfferenL ancesLors - sLrucLures appear ________ ConvergenL evoluLlon occurs when slmllar envlronmenLal pressures and naLural selecLlon roduce slmllar (__________) adapLaLlons ln organlsms from dlfferenL evoluLlonary llneages Morphology and 8ehavlour Morphology Lhe sclence of sLrucLure, lncludes ______ (Lhe sLudy of cell sLrucLure), ________ (Lhe sLudy of Llssue sLrucLure) and anaLomy (Lhe sLudy of gross sLrucLure) 8ehavlour response Lo exLernal and lnLernal sLlmull based on sensory, neural, endocrlne & _________ componenLs. Pas a geneLlc basls, can evolve & can be modlfled by learnlng. Slmllar Specles, ulfferenL laces Galapagos finch Mainland finch ComparaLlve Lmbryology SlmllarlLles among embryos polnL Lo common ancesLors Slmllar genes wlLh new lnsLrucLlons over Llme 8lochemlcal 1ralLs 1he molecules of organlsms consLlLuLe Lhelr __________ [usL as shapes of body parLs consLlLuLe Lhelr gross morphology. Among Lhe mosL lmporLanL blochemlcal LralLs of organlsms are Lhelr nuclelc aclds-unA & _______ and Lhe proLelns whose synLhesls are dlrecLed by Lhe __________. roLeln Comparlsons More preclse lnformaLlon abouL phylogenles can be obLalned by comparlng Lhe amlno acld sequence of ________. 1he dlfferences ln amlno acld sequence of Lhe blood proLeln hemoglobln & ___________, an anclenL proLeln common Lo all aeroblc organlsms, were shown Lo be greaLer Lhe more phylogeneLlcally dlsLanL Lhe ________. 1he sLrucLure of Lhe genes - provldes Lhe mosL dlrecL ________ of evoluLlonary relaLlonshlps among organlsms. unA can be compared, even lf Lhe preclse sequences of Lhelr bases are noL known, by a process called nuclelc acld _____________. Measures Lhe exLenL of hydrogen bondlng beLween slngle-sLranded unA LhaL came from ___sources. 1he LlghLness of unA of one specles blnd Lo Lhe unA of Lhe oLher depend on Lhe ____________ as base palrlng beLween compllmenLary sequence holds Lhe Lwo sLrands LogeLher. nuclelc Acld SLrucLure nuclelc Aclds Composed of nucleoLldes SLores lnformaLlon lorms of nuclelc Acld unA = __________ acld 8nA = __________ acld All llfe has unA as heredlLary maLerlal Specles wlLh slmllar _____ are closely relaLed Much of an organisms evolutionary history is documented in its ______. Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness is a valuable tool for tracing organisms ______________________. 1 8 5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 ( 1 ) - - - - - - M A A A N A P F A L V S R L S S P A A R L P I R A W R A A R P A P L G A G - - - - - - - - R A R P L T T A S A S Q D N R D N - S V D V Q V S Q N G G G - - N Q A. s t ol e n i fe r a 1 ( 1 ) - - - - - - M A A A N A P F A L V S R L S S P A A R L P I R A W R A A S P A P L G A G - - - - - - - - R A R P L T T A S A S Q D N R D N - S V D V Q V S Q N G G G - - N Q A. s t ol e n i fe r a 2 ( 1 ) - - - - - - MAA ANAPF AL VSRL SSP AT RL PARAWRAARPAPVAAG- - - - - - - - RT RPL T T ASASQENRDN- S VDVQVSQNGG- - - NQ A. s t ol e n i fe r a 3 ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - MAL ARL AL RNL QQKL SPSL MGQSCERGL VGNRHN- - - - - - PMKL NRF MAT SAGEQEDKMNT EVSVSE KK- - - - SP A. t h al i a n a ( 1 ) - - - - MASST AKSGF HT F MEAL T GAGREPVT AVSCRP PCYGF RR- - - - - - - L AVVSS SQQENAS ENSDRSL T QL PRQDGGSR- - SP F . h yg r o m et r i c a ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GGDNKDN- S VEVQHVS KG- - - - DQ G. m a x ( 1 ) - - - - - - MAA AT APF AL VSRL S- QAARL PI RAWRAARPAPL WT G- - - - - - - - RT RPL SVASAAQEDRDN- S VDVQVSQARNAG- NQ H . v ul g a r e ( 1 ) - - - MAYT SL T SSPL VS NVSVGGT SKI NNNK - - VSAP CSVF VP- - - - - - SMRRPT T RL VARAT GDNKDT - S VDVHHSS AQGG- NNQ L . e s c u le n t u m ( 1 ) - - - - - L T CS AASPL SNVVNVSAA SSRSNNR- - VT AP CSVF F P- - - SACNV KRPASRL VAQAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSS GQGGNNNQ N . s y l v es t r i s ( 1 ) MACKT L T CS AASPL - - VVNGVT A SSRSNNR- - VAAP F SVF F P- - - ST CNV KRPASRL VVEAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSS GQGGNNNQ N . t ab a c u m ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - MAAPF AL VSRVS- P AARL PI RAAWRSE PT VGL PS S- - - - - - GRARQL AVASAAQENRDNT A VDVHVNQDGG- - - NQ O . s at i v a ( 1 ) MACKT L T CS ASPL VS- - NGVVSA T SRT NNK KT T T AP F SVCF PY - - SKCSV RKPASRL VAQAT GDNKDT - S VDVHVSNNNQGGNNQ P . h yb r i d a ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - MAQSVSL S T I ASPI L SQKPGSS VKST PP CMASF PL RRQL PRL GL RNVRAQAGGDGDNKDN- S VEVHRVNKD- - - - DQ P . s at i v u m ( 1 ) - - - - - - MAA ANAPF AL VSRL S- P AARL PI RAWRAARPAPL ST GG- - - - - - - RT RPL SVASAAQENRDN- S VDVQVSQAQNAG- NQ T. a e st i v u m ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - MAAAPF AI AGRL S- P VARL PVRAWRPAHGF ASSGR- - - - - - - - - ARSL AVASAAQENRDN- S VDVQVSQNGGN- - RQ Z. m a y s ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A . a m e r ic a n a ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a l bu m M S ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a l bu m N Y ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F . w is l i z en i i ( 1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S . a lt e r n if lo r a ( 1 ) A AP L A R R A R A A DNRD S VDV VS NQ C o n s en s u s ( 1 ) 8 6 1 7 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 1 6 0 (8 6) Q G N A V Q R R P R - R A G F D V A P - - - - - - - F G L V D P M S P M R T M R Q M L D T M D R L F D D - A V G F P T T R R S - P A A A S E A P R M P W D I V E D D K E V K M R F D A. s tol en ife ra 1 (6 9) Q G N A V Q R R P R - R T G F D V A P - - - - - - - F G L V D P M S P M R T M R Q M L D T M D R L F D D - A V G F P T T R R S - P A A A S E A P R M P W D I V E D D K E V K M R F D A. s tol en ife ra 2 (6 9) QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- T V GF PT T RRS - PAT A SEVP RMPWDI ME DDKEV KMRF D A. s tol en ife ra 3 (6 8) RQNF PRRRGRKSL WRNT DDHGYF T P T L NEF F PPT I GNT L I QA T ENMNRI F DN- - F N- - - - - - - - - - - - VNPF QL MGQVKE QDDCY KL RY E A. t hal ia na (6 6) GPRRPMGL RRGDT RRDL T SS- - - - - L F DI WDPF I GDRS L KQML NT V DRL F A DPF F GSPP S- - - - - - AT AL DL RT PWDVKE DADAY KL RF D F. h ygr om etr ic a (7 3) G- T A VEKK PR- RT AMDI SP- - - - - - - F GI L DPWS PMRS MRQI L DT MDRVF E D- T MT F PGRN- - - - - I GGGEI RAPWDI KDEEHEI RMRF D G. m ax (2 0) QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MKQMSDT MDRL F DD- AV GF PT ARRS PAAAA GEMP RMPWDI ME DDKEV KMRF D H. v ulg ar e (6 9) G- T A VERRPT - RMAL DV SP- - - - - - - F GVL DPMS PMRT MRQMI DT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGRNRA - - - SGT GEI RT PWDI HDDENEI KMRF D L. e scu le ntu m (7 3) GST S VQRRPR- KMAL DV ST - - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGSNR- - - - AS T GEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D N. s ylv es tri s (7 5) GST S VDRRPR- KMSL DV SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL L E D- T MT F PGRNRS - - - SA VGEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D N. t aba cu m (7 8) QGNA VQRRPR- RS SAF GRHL - - - - - PF GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRMF DDVAL GF PA T PRR- - SL A T GEV RMPWDVME DDKEV RMRF D O. s ati va (6 7) G- SA VERRPR- RMAL DV SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPMS PMRT MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT F PGSRN- - - - RGT GEI RAPWDI KDDENEI KMRF D P. h ybr id a (8 1) G- T A VERK PR- RS SI DI SP- - - - - - - F GL L DPWS PMRS MRQML DT MDRI F E D- AI T I PGRN- - - - - I GGGEI RVPWEI KDEEHEI RMRF D P. s ati vu m (7 3) QGNA VQRRPR- RA GF DI SP- - - - - - - F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- AV GF PT ARRS - PAAA SET P RMPWDI ME DEKEV KMRF D T. a est iv um (7 0) QGNA VQRRPRRAT AL DI SPS- - - - - PF GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F DD- AV GF PMGT RR- SPAT T GDV RL PWDI VE DEKEV KMRI D Z. ma ys (6 5) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMMDT MDRMF E D- AMT F PGSSRS - - - - T AGEI RAPWDI ME DEKEV KMRF D A. a mer ic ana (1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQML DT MDRL F E D- T MT VPT R- - - - - - - - MGEMRAPWDI ME DENEY KMRF D C. a lbu m MS (1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMMDT MDRL F E D- T MT VPT R- - - - - - - - MGEMQAPWDI MV GRERV QVGS T C. a lbu m NY (1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQML DSMDRL F E D- AMT MPG- - - - - - - - GMAEMRAPWDI VE DDNEV KMRF D F. w isl iz eni i (1 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MRQMI DT MDRL F DD- - - - - - - - - - - - - T MGCPPA RCGCRGT S RAT RK I CWL D S. a lte rn iflo ra (1 ) A V RRPR R A DI SP F GL V DPMS PMRT MRQML DT MDRL F E D MT F P R A GEI R PWDI ME DE EV KMRF D Co ns ens us (8 6) 1 7 6 2 6 5 1 9 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 (1 76 ) M P G L S R D E V K V M V E D D T L V I R G E H K K E V S E G Q G D G A E G Q G D G W W K E R S V S S Y D M R L A L P D E C D K S Q V R A E L K N G V L L V S V P K T E - - T E R K A. s tol en ife ra 1 (1 49 ) M P G L S R D E V K V M V E D D T L V I R G E H K K E V S E G Q G D G A E G Q G D G W W K E R S V S S Y D M R L A L P D E C D K S Q V R A E L K N G V L L V S V P K T E - - T E R K A. s tol en ife ra 2 (1 49 ) MPGL SRDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQGDGAEGQGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL T L P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - T ERK A. s tol en ife ra 3 (1 48 ) VPGL T KEDVKI T V NDGI L T I K GDHK AEEEK GSP- - - - - EEDE YWSS KSYGY YNT S L SL P DDAK VEDI K AEL K NGVL NL VI PRT EK - PKK N A. t hal ia na (1 42 ) MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDGDL VI RGEHNAEDQK EDS- - - - - - - - - - WSS RSYGS YNT RMAL P EDAL F EDI K AEL K NGVL YVVV PKSKK DAQK K F. h ygr om etr ic a (1 52 ) MPGL AKEDVKVSV EDDML VI K GGHK SEQEHGG- - - - - - - - DDSWSS RT YSS YDT RL KL P DNCE KDKVK AEL K NGVL YI T I PKT K- - VERK G. m ax (9 5) MPGL SREE VKVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQGE AA- GGGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKRE- - T ERK H. v ulg ar e (1 50 ) MPGL SKEDVKVSV ENDML VI K GEHK - KEEDGR- - - - - - - - DK HSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVV KDKI K AEL K NGVL F I SI PKT E- - VEK K L. e scu le ntu m (1 50 ) MPGL SKEDVKVSV ENDV L VI K GEHK - KEES G- - - - - - - - - DDNSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVE K- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - N. s ylv es tri s (1 52 ) MPGL SKDE VKVSV EDDL L VI K GEYK - KEET G- - - - - - - - - DDNSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVE KDKI K AEL K NGVL F I SI PKT K- - VEK K N. t aba cu m (1 56 ) MPGL SREE VKVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEEGE GAE- - - - GSGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - VERK O. s ati va (1 49 ) MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDDV L VI K GEHK - KEES G- - - - - - - - - KDDSWGRNYSS YDT RL SL P DNVDKDKVK AEL K NGVL L I SI PKT K- - VEK K P. h ybr id a (1 57 ) MPGV SKEDVKVSV EDDV L VI K SDHR- - EENGG- - - - - - - - EDCWSRKSYSCYDT RL KL P DNCE KEKVK AEL K DGVL YI T I PKT K- - I ERT P. s ati vu m (1 48 ) MPGL SREE VRVMV EDDA L VI RGEHK KEAGE GQG- - - - E GGDGWWKE RSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSQVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKRE- - T ERK T. a est iv um (1 50 ) MPGL ARDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEHK KEEGA EGGS G- - GDGDGWWKQRSVSS YDMRL AL P DECDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L VT V PKT E- - VERK Z. ma ys (1 48 ) MPGMSKEE VKVSV EDNV L VI K GEHK AEEGE GEE- - - - GKDES WWRGKSSSNYDMRL ML P DNCE KDKVRAEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - A. a mer ic ana (4 8) MPGL DKGDVKVSV EDNML VI K GERK - KEEGG- - - - - - - - - DDAWSK RSYSS YDT RL QL P DNCE MDKI K AEF K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a lbu m MS (4 4) CRGS T RGMSRCRS RI T CL SSK ESARRKKEV T MHG- - - - - - - - - - VK EVI AHMI L GF NCL I I VS WI RL RPSSRT ECF Y- - - - - - - - - - - - - C. a lbu m NY (4 4) MPGL SKEDVKVMV EDDML VI RGET K - KEEGG- - - - - - - - - DDAWKRRSYSS YDT RL QL P DDCE MDKI K AEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - F. w isl iz eni i (4 4) MPGL ERDE VKVMV EDDT L VI RGEPK KEKGA EASG- - - - - - DGWWKE SSVSA YHMRL AL P EACDKSKVRAEL K NGVL L - - - - - - - - - - - - - S. a lte rn iflo ra (4 0) MPGL SKEE VKVSV EDDML VI K GEHK EEE G D WWK RSYSS YDT RL AL P DECDKDKVRAEL K NGVL L VSV PKT ERK Co ns ens us (1 76 ) A||gnment of the der|ved am|no ac|d sequence _________ are presenL ln all cells because Lhey are lmporLanL ln proLeln synLhesls. 1he genes LhaL code for rlbosomal 8nA (r8nA) have changed very slowly durlng evoluLlon as compared Lo oLher _______. 1hus, lL ls belleved LhaL ___________ sequence of r8nA glve a rellable lndlcaLor of Lhe slmllarlLy beLween organlsms. 8nA Sequence Analysls Nucleolus: Most cells have 2 or more; directs synthesis of RNA; forms ribosomes. Phylogeny can be inferred also from molecular data DNA and RNA sequences of _________ can be compared to determine phylogeny. Note that each change in a nucleic acid = one evolutionary event! The more events, the more _______ related are the species. _______ events means that a species is more closely related. Molecular Clock Analysls Molecular clocks help _______ evoluLlonary Llme ls a yardsLlck for measurlng Lhe absoluLe Llme of evoluLlonary change based on Lhe observaLlon LhaL some _____ and oLher reglons of genomes appear Lo evolve aL consLanL raLes neuLral Lheory sLaLes LhaL Much _________ change ln genes and proLelns has no effecL on flLness and Lherefore ls noL lnfluenced by ____________ selecLlon And LhaL Lhe raLe of molecular change ln Lhese genes and proLelns should be regular llke a ______ uoes noL run as smooLhly as neuLral Lheory predlcLs Applylng a Molecular Clock: 1he Crlgln of Plv hylogeneLlc analysls shows LhaL Plv ls descended from vlruses LhaL lnfecL ________ and oLher prlmaLes A comparlson of Plv samples from LhroughouL Lhe epldemlc Pas shown LhaL Lhe vlrus has evolved ln a remarkably ______________ kev|ew Pow blologlsLs Lrace phylogeny - evoluLlonary hlsLory hylogeneLlc Lrees 1raclng hylogeny or ConsLrucLlng hylogenles: - lossll records - Pomologles - Morphology and 8ehavlour - 8lochemlcal 1ralLs