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BROWN COAL A FORTUNE IN CHANCERY
The discovery and use of coal has been one of the major factors in helping mankind develop todays highly industrialised society. Coal made it possible to make iron and steel, power the steam engines of the industrial revolution, and today provides most of the steam for electricity generation. Most of these changes have happened in the past 200 years, but the coal which made them possible first started forming between 20 and 300 million years ago. Essentially, all coals have been produced by the transformation of decaying vegetable matter by geological and chemical processes acting together over long periods of time. Generally speaking, the older the coal, the better its quality. Black coal has a lower moisture content and is easier to burn than the younger brown coals. Victoria has little usable black coal, and has had to turn to the brown coal deposits in the Latrobe Valley as one of its main sources of fossil fuel. Here, the poorer quality is partly compensated for by its very thick seams close to the surface, which make it easy and comparatively cheap to dig in large volume. Today, about 75 per cent of the States electricity generation relies on the brown power of the Gippsland fields. Latrobe Valley brown coal has a very complicated make up with many fossilised remains mixed in with the decomposed material. The recognisable remains are mainly fossil woods (trunks, branches and stems), fossil leave, bark, fruit, seeds, spores and pollen grains, and resign. Some of the fossils are so well preserved that scientists have been able to learn from them a lot about the early history of Australia. Some of the trees identified in the coal have not grown in Victoria for millions of years. Among the trees identified are Kauri, Celery Top Pine, King Billy Pine, Brown Pine, Sheoak and Banksia. The first records of the use of brown coal in Victoria date back to 1857 but the deposits were not explored in detail until the early 1900s, when Dr H Herman, the State Director of Geological Survey, began a broad survey of brown coal resources. The great Morwell Coal Mining Company did produce coal from the bank of the Latrobe River in the 1890s, and made about 2000 tonnes of briquettes. But in those days the new fuel could not compete with black coal, and the company was wound up in 1899. Other coal was mined at Lal Lal, near Ballarat, but it also could not compete with other fuels. Later investigations have shown that there are economical deposits of brown coal in Victoria at Anglesea, Bacchus Marsh and in the Latrobe Valley. The Latrobe Valley deposits are best suited to large scale mining. Latrobe Valley brown coal is young (20 to 50 million years old) and relatively soft. From Yallourn eastwards the coal belt is practically continuous for 50 kilometres, and for much of the distance is between 8 and 16 kilometres wide. Of the proved and estimated reserves of 112,000 million tonnes, some 35,000 million tonnes can be won at present day costs by the open cut method. In the most favourable areas coal seams ranging in thickness from 60 to 140 metres are covered by an easily removed layer of sand and clay averaging about 15 metres deep. Boring at one point has shown the coal bed, only 27 metres below the surface, to be 250 metres thick.
In its raw state the brown coal is a low-grade fuel comprising two-thirds water. But by using special burning techniques it can be used efficiently in power stations near the coal fields. Victorias generators are the biggest single coal winners in Australia. The Latrobe Valley coal fields produce most of Victorias electricity, as well as about a million tonnes of briquettes each year for use in homes and industry. In February 1921, under the eyes of the Electricity Commissioners, horsedrawn ploughs turned the first sod on the site of the first Yallourn power station. Nearby, the following April, teams of men and horses and drays and later steam shovels began clearing the soil to uncover the coal. Three years and two months later, on June 24, 1924, power began flowing down the transmission lines to Melbourne. Horsedrawn rail trucks were first used in the open cut to carry the coal to the power station bunkers. Today, giant bucket wheel and bucket chain dredgers win the coal in large quantities and it is carried by conveyor belts to the power station. Bucket wheel dredgers up to 12 storeys high and bucket chain dredgers 28 metres long dig up to 60,000 tonnes each of coal a day. Conveyors carry the coal out of the cut to bunkers at the power station. Other conveyors then take it into the power station boilers as it is required. On the way it is crushed and partly dried before being blown into the boilers as a fine powder. The two main open cuts, Yallourn and Morwell, yield more than 35 million tonnes of coal a year. The Latrobe Valley field is one of the largest single brown coal fields in the world. Because the coal seams are so thick, it has been able to develop large open cuts with high capacity dredgers and conveyor systems. Brown coal boilers need three to four times as much fuel to produce the same amount of electricity as black coal boilers. This is because of the high moisture content and low fuel value of brown coal. So the boiler plants where the coal is burnt are much larger than black coal boilers, with hundreds of kilometres of water and steam tubing. The chemical and moisture content vary throughout the coal field. This makes it necessary to design each boiler and operating technique differently for power stations based on different parts of the coal field.
Clean Coal Victoria and its vision for Victorias Coal Sector
Charlie Speirs Director, Clean Coal Victoria
Strategic Planning Government Programs & Policy Community Education
Clean Coal Victoria

Established in 2009 ($12.2M) Latrobe Valley based Part of DPI - 7 Staff Technical team
Role of Clean Coal Victoria

Confirming resource Developing strategic plan Community Engagement/Consultation Rehabilitation strategies Managing water resources associated with mining
Strip Ratio Vs Mining Cost (BWE's only - 30Mt product)

200
180
160
140 Mining Cost ($/product tonne)
120
100
Strip Ratio of 1:3
80
60
40 Strip Ratio of 3:1 20
0 Strip Ratio (coal:waste)
Brown Coal Mines in the World

Mine Loy Yang Mine New project in Latrobe Valley New Project in Latrobe Valley Hambach (Germany) Afsin (Turkey) Production (Mtpa) 30 40 Depth 220 m (plan 250 m) 300 m (plan 350 m) Strip Ratio (coal : waste) 4:1 3:1
30
350 m +
2:1
40
350 m (plan 500 m)
1:6
25
250 m
1:2
(Approx 13 billion tonnes)
Energy and Climate Change Policies

GHG Emissions to reduce by 60% on 2000 levels by 2050 CCS Legislation- State Government (Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 and Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2010) CCS Legislation under development Federal Government Government support for Clean Coal Technologies - ETIS (~A$475M) - Otway Basin CCS project - Clean Coal Victoria Brown Coal will be a part of the future energy mix.
What Does This Mean in 2050

1% Energy Growth = Extra 3000MW To get 60% Reduction in Power Sector
Stn 1 ( 1.4) replaced by IDGCC plant or cleaner coal plant (0.8) or Gas ( 0.7 ) Stn 2 and 3 ( 1.3 ) Replace with IDGCC or better ( 0.8 ) or CCGT Clean Gas ( 0.35 ) Replace remaining Stns by IDGCC with CCS or Clean Coal Plant ( 0.2 to 0.4) Energy Growth catered for by Renewables which have no carbon emissions (0)
Gasification
IDGCC
HRL Plant Morwell
Image courtesy of HRL
Range of Products from Coal
/M-fuel
Conceptual View of the Victorian CCS Network
ETIS RDD&D Continuum

Research & Development Research & Development Demonstration Demonstration Deployment Deployment
Strategic Strategic
Applied Applied
Pilot Pilot
Large Scale Large Scale
Market Market Supported Supported
Commercial Commercial
ETIS Facilitates a coordinated approach to the advancement of pre-commercial lowemissions energy technologies (LETs) across Brown Coal & Sustainable Energy Technologies . ETIS does not operate in areas that have no technical risk (commercial projects)
Victorian Government Financial Support ETIS1

A$180 million
ETIS 2
CCS - A$110 million over six years Sustainable Energy - A$72 million over six years Brown Coal Innovation Australia $A16 million over 4 years
Large Scale Solar

Up to A$100 million
Brown Coal Use into the Future

Power Generation Alternative uses Potential for growth in brown coal consumption
180km - Latrobe Valley to geosequestration sites
10
Brown Coal will be part of our sustainable future ensuring that its value is realised and its many uses are adequately explored. We are on a journey to sustain our community and enviornmental standards - the task is ahead of us all.
11
CO2CRC FACT SHEET 1
What is geosequestration?
The fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, currently supply around 85 per cent of the worlds energy needs. The International Energy Agency predicts that fossil fuels will continue to be heavily used for many years to come. The burning of fossil fuels is a major source of excess CO2, the most common greenhouse gas after water vapour, and the gas most likely to contribute to potential global warming. The urgent need to reduce the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 requires a portfolio of solutions including energy efficiency; using less carbon-intensive fuels; enhancing natural carbon sinks (vegetation); and harnessing renewable energy from the wind, sun and tides. Geosequestration is an important part of this portfolio. Geosequestration represents perhaps the only option for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions while using fossil fuels and retaining our existing energy-distribution infrastructure. Geosequestration is the deep geological storage of carbon dioxide from major industrial sources such as: fossil fuel-fired power stations, oil and natural gas processing, cement manufacture, iron and steel manufacture and the petrochemical industry. The CO2CRC research effort focuses developing efficient, economic and safe methods of capturing carbon dioxide and geologically storing or geosequestering it in the deep subsurface.
reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 2
Capturing CO2
The capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a stationary source, such as a power plant, involves trapping, or capturing, the CO2 rather than allowing it to be released to the atmosphere. The main sources potentially suitable for CO2 capture are: industrial processes; electricity generation; and, possibly in the future, hydrogen production. Industrial processes that may lend themselves to CO2 capture now include natural-gas processing; ammonia production; and cement manufacture, but the total quantity of CO2 produced by these processes is limited. A far larger source of CO2, accounting for approximately half of all CO2 emissions in Australia, is fossil-fuelled electricity generation, whether that be from coal, oil or natural gas. While the basic building block technologies exist for capture from these sources, and such a plant could be built today, more research is required on these capture technologies to reduce the power cost increases to the community resulting from emissions reductions. Technologies for capturing CO2 from electricity generation fall into three categories: postcombustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuel. In post-combustion capture CO2 is separated from the flue gas after fuel is burnt from conventional power stations, either coal or natural gas. During pre-combustion capture the fossil fuel is brought into contact with steam and oxygen, producing a synthetic gas (syngas), largely comprising carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide and hydrogen (H2). This syngas can then be combusted in power gas turbines to produce electricity such plants exist today. However, for maximum CO2 removal an additional reaction (water gas shift) is used to convert the residual CO to CO2 and additional hydrogen with water. The CO2 is then removed from the syngas before combustion in the power turbines. This process can be applied to all fossil fuels, but in the case of coal, the solid fuel is gasified in either an oxygen or air-blown gasifier. Examples of these are Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) or Integrated Drying Gasification Combined Cycle (IDGCC) an Australian developed technology. Oxy-fuel combustion capture is where fuel is combusted in pure oxygen. The process produces about 75 per cent less flue gas than air-fueled combustion and the exhaust consists of between 80 and 90 per cent CO2. The remaining gas is water vapour, which simplifies the CO2 separation step. An air separation plant is required to produce pure oxygen for the process from air.
CO2 capture practised commercially for many years

While the capture of CO2 for geosequestration is a relatively new concept, CO2 capture for commercial markets has been practised in Australia and overseas for many years. CO2 is captured from natural gas wells in South-East South Australia, near Mt Gambier and in Southern Victoria, near Port Campbell. The CO2 is then used for various commercial processes including carbonation of beverages and dry-ice production.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 2
Capturing CO2
In the United States, CO2 capture at power plants using chemical absorption based on the monoethanolamine solvent has been practised since the late 1970s, with the captured CO2 being used for enhanced oil recovery as well as smaller scale CO2 beverage manufacture. There are plans in the United States to build the worlds first integrated gasification combined cycle plant, known as FutureGen, that will not only produce electricity but also hydrogen fuel, with the CO2 generated in the process being captured and sequestered. Plans have been announced for similar plants here in Australia, including that of Stanwell Power in Queensland (ZeroGen project) and BP and Rio Tinto Kwinana Hydrogen Project in Western Australia.
CO2 Capture and Geosequestration

Following capture, CO2 is usually transported from a source, such as a power station, to the geological storage site in a compressed form via a pipeline (though other forms of transportation such as road, rail or ship are feasible and may well be economic in certain situations). CO2 is then injected deep underground into porous and permeable rocks within geological reservoirs between one and three kilometres beneath the surface. (See fact sheet 1, What is Geosequestration, and fact sheet 5, Storing CO2, for further information.)
Further CO2 capture fact sheets include: CO2 Capture Costs (fact sheet 3), CO2CRC Capture Research (fact sheet 4).
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 3
CO2 Capture Costs
The cost of capturing CO2 from a stationary industrial source today would range between $30 and $35/MWh for IGCC and between $35 and $45/MWh for post combustion depending on whether black or brown coal is used and where the geological storage location is sited. Given the base power generation costs from these different technologies this would result in overall increases in the cost of generation from a geosequestration-enabled power plant today of between $35-45/MWh.* Current research at CO2CRC, and other groups around the world, is aiming to reduce this cost increase to between $15 and $20/MWh*. * The cost of power generation in Australian has traditionally been approximately $30-35/ MWh while domestic users have paid $120-150/MWh. It should be recognised that there are emerging factors that will put pressure on the base power cost, unrelated to the needs for low emission power. Issues such as global material and skills shortages, and local factors, such as water availability, are beginning to manifest in higher base power costs. These will eventually affect the cost of all forms of both conventional and low/no emission power in the future. Confidence in the cost of any new power facility will only be gained through the next round of demonstration and/or commercial power installations.
Further CO2 capture fact sheets include: Capturing CO2 (fact sheet 3), CO2CRC Capture Research (fact sheet 4).
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 4
CO2CRC Capture Research

CO2 capture represents up to 80 per cent of the cost of geosequestration. The CO2CRC Capture Program researches, develops and demonstrates technologies that can reduce capture costs by 75 to 80 per cent. These reductions are being achieved by focusing on a number of themes including: selecting the best separation medium and/or process; designing for optimal heat integration within the power plant; and selecting equipment that is fit-for-purpose for this new CO2 removal application. We have over 40 lead researchers, post doctoral fellows and doctoral students working at six universities around the country on a range of cost effective CO2 separation techniques, such as: gas separation and capture technologies for the full range of CO2-producing applications. (These include post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuels power production and natural gas production); gas absorption processes; gas separation and gas absorption membranes; solid adsorption products and processes; cryogenic and hydrate gas separation processes; and other hybrid applications. Over the past three years this work has resulted in innovative techniques to reduce costs and resulted in several world wide patents. An important aspect of commercialising technologies is to demonstrate them at ever increasing scale, thus moving from laboratory and desk based studies to plant based installations. Consequently, the CO2CRC is involved in some major capture demonstration projects. They are: a world-first carbon dioxide CO2 capture technology project to trial technologies capable of making significant cost savings in the removal of CO2 from brown coal power generation. This is being conducted in association with the Victorian-based energy technology company HRL Developments. The project has received $2.06 million from the Victorian Governments Energy Technology Innovation Strategy (ETIS) Brown Coal R&D Grants program; and a $5.6 million research project that focuses on the reduction of emissions from brown coal power stations. Loy Yang Power, International Power and CSIRO have joined CO2CRC to work on the Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Capture Project, which has also received $2.5 million from the ETIS program. This will allow development and demonstration of CO2 cost reduction at two power plants in the Latrobe Valley. Each of these projects (among other we are developing) will provide data and experience to reduce emissions and capture costs for any, and all, fossil fuel fired power stations and support our vision of a low emission future.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 5
Storing CO2
The storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) secures the gas deep underground in a geological rock formation. Geological reservoirs into which CO2 can be injected include depleted oil and natural gas fields; and deep saline formations. Since the stored CO2 will be less dense than the water in and around the reservoir rocks, it needs to be geologically trapped to ensure that it does not reach the surface. The exact trapping mechanism depends on the geology. In depleted oil and gas reservoirs geological traps contain the CO2. In some cases these are anticlines, or folds; in other cases fault traps. In the case of deep saline formations, an impermeable caprock, above the formation is not needed as the CO2 is contained by the groundwater flow. This is known as hydrodynamic trapping. Solubility and mineral trapping are two other important mechanisms. Solubility trapping involves the dissolution of CO2 into the saline water in the reservoir. Mineral trapping results from the CO2 reacting with minerals in the rocks to form stable carbonate minerals. CO2CRC collaborates with leading research institutions and industry to investigate the storage potential of Australias sedimentary basins (See fact sheet 6, Geosequestration Storage Sites in Australia, for further information.) Recent geosequestration research includes: a desktop study of SE Queensland storage sites; possible CO2 storage sites in China and SE Asia; a regional study on potential CO2 Geosequestration in the Collie Basin and the Perth Basin of Western Australia; and an assessment of the storage potential of the Latrobe Valley. Current studies include: Storage assessment on the Gunnedah Basin, NSW; A storage assessment of the Sydney Basin, NSW; A regional geology study of the Galilee Basin, Qld; and CO2 enhanced oil recovery potential in Australia CO2 storage in coal systems.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 6
CO2CRC Otway Project

Australias first demonstration of geosequestration
Global warming is a cause of great community concern both in Australia and overseas. The CO2CRC Otway Project is developing a leading-edge geosequestration research project that will demonstrate technologies that can make deep cuts into our CO2 emissions and help prevent potential climate change. During the project, which is situated in south-western Victoria, researchers will extract naturally occurring CO2 and methane from a gas well (Buttress). The gases will be compressed then piped to a depleted natural-gas field (Naylor). Here, the CO2 and a small amount of methane will be safely injected and stored at least two kilometres below the Earths surface. At a later stage of the project a small gas plant may be built to separate the CO2 and methane before the CO2 is injected. Purified CO2 would be transported and injected into the existing reservoir. Scientists would then have two sets of important data: the pure CO2 and CO2 containing a small amount of methane, from which they could forecast the behaviour of CO2 in an underground storage site. CO2CRC will monitor the CO2 in the air, groundwater, soil and subsurface for the life of the project. (See fact sheet 7, CO2CRC Otway Project Monitoring Program, for further information.) CO2CRC will keep the community and stakeholders regularly informed about the progress of the project though meetings, newsletters, email and our website.
www.co2crc.com.au
CO2CRC FACT SHEET 7
CO2CRC Otway Project Monitoring Program
Showing the community, government regulators and industry that the geosequestration project is running according to plan is a high priority for CO2CRC. In order to do this we have put in place a monitoring program that involves the regular testing of the soil, groundwater, and air and subsurface for changes in the carbon dioxide (CO2) content. These monitoring activities are outlined below.
Monitoring the Soil

Soil gas sampling aims to evaluate the gases associated with natural gas deposits including naturally occurring CO2, hydrocarbons such as methane, and oxygen and nitrogen. During the survey, researchers will evaluate naturally occurring CO2, methane, oxygen and nitrogen, which are the usual gases found near CO2 sources. This work will provide CO2CRC with a baseline against which researchers can compare the soil tests that will be undertaken throughout the CO2CRC Otway Project and identify any changes to the soil gas chemistry that may take place. There could be a number of reasons for changes to the soil gas levels. The baseline surveys undertaken by CO2CRC would enable us to identify the reason for those changes. Nirranda has a variable geology that includes limestone, sand dune, swamp/lake and river sedimentary deposits. Each geological variation results in the production of different soil and soil gas chemistry, which in turn affect the biology and productivity of the area. Soil gases will also differ depending on climatic conditions; for example warmer conditions lead to enhanced biological production and in time increased concentrations of CO2 in the soil. The application of fertiliser to a paddock will have a similar effect. The survey will also detect any gases from deeper natural gas sources including natural hydrocarbons and CO2. The baseline soil sampling will cover the immediate area where the CO2 will be injected and areas where CO2 has naturally accumulated in the past and is currently stored. The soil gas surveys will continue throughout the life of the project.
Monitoring the Water

As part of the monitoring program, CO2CRC researchers will sample and analyse the groundwater in wells, both public and private in and around the pilot project area, throughout the life of the project. The groundwater tests have the same objective to that of the soil gas surveys: to identify the baseline or current levels of CO2 in the water and monitor those levels for the life of the project. As with the soil gas surveys, CO2CRC will investigate the cause of any changes to the composition of the groundwater. Reasons for such changes include seasonal variation, climate, drought or high rainfall, landuse and geology.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 7
CO2CRC Otway Project Monitoring Program
CO2CRC will provide the results of the tests to landowners. They are being carried out in cooperation with the Warrnambool office of Southern Rural Water.
Monitoring the Air

CO2CRC has set up atmospheric or air monitoring program that, like the soil gas surveys and the groundwater sampling, will record baseline or current levels of CO2 in the air. The monitoring is planned to start well before operations begin and will continue through the life of the project. It will take place at the CO2 source well (Buttress) and storage reservoir site at the Naylor-1 well. Funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Greenhouse Office in the Department of Environment and Water Resources, the atmospheric monitoring program is one of the most advanced of its kind in the world. As with the other monitoring activities, CO2CRC will investigate the cause of any changes to the composition of the air. The atmospheric CO2 levels will be used to confirm monitoring that will take place below the surface, scheduled to begin later in the project.
Monitoring the Storage Site

The subsurface monitoring will complement the air, soil and groundwater monitoring program. CO2CRC will drill an additional well at the storage site, close to the existing depleted natural gas well, Naylor 1. This means there will be one well for injecting the CO2 and another (Naylor 1) to monitor the movement of the CO2 when it is underground. CO2CRC will use both chemical and physical methods to monitor the CO2 in its geological storage site. The chemical (also known as geochemical) make-up of the water in the monitoring well (Naylor 1) will tell researchers when the CO2 arrives in this depleted natural gas well. It is through the underground, soil and groundwater monitoring that the researchers will be able to tell whether the storage site is secure and not leaking. The other subsurface monitoring technique is geophysical. It primarily consists of seismic surveys. This technique uses a vibrating, truck-mounted weight and sensors that produce a three-dimensional picture of the CO2 and the rocks that contain it in the subsurface. Seismic activities are expected to occur in 2008, 2009 and 2010. As CO2 moves through the subsurface, researchers will obtain an accurate picture using physical and chemical methods to predict its behaviour for the life of the project.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 8
Geosequestration Sites in Australia
An Australia-wide study of sedimentary basins conducted by CO2CRC and previously the Australian Petroleum CRC over the past nine years has assessed 100 sites for the suitability for the safe, long-term storage of CO2. The majority of these sites were found to be potentially suitable. Ideally, these areas have rocks such as permeable sandstone that are overlain by a seal of non-permeable rocks. CO2CRC is undertaking a more detailed look at these and other sites to determine the most suitable areas for geosequestration. Areas being evaluated are: Storage assessment on the Gunnedah Basin, NSW; A storage assessment of the Sydney Basin, NSW; A regional geology study of the Galilee Basin, Qld; and the Otway Basin in Victoria, which is the site of Australias first geosequestration project, the CO2CRC Otway Project. (See fact sheet No 4, CO2CRC Otway Project, for further information.)
Geosequestration sites must have simple geology. This means they should have no active faults and permeable and porous rock, such as sandstone, to absorb the CO2. The sandstone must be overlain by a mudstone or caprock that will trap the CO2 in the deep subsurface. (See fact sheet No 1, What is Geosequestration, for further information.)
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 9
Offshore Geological and Ocean Storage of CO2
Offshore geological and ocean storage of CO2 both involve capturing the gas from a stationary emissions source such as a power plant or other industrial facility and then transporting the highly compressed CO2 offshore via a sub-sea pipeline or ocean tanker. There is, however, a major difference between offshore geological sequestration and ocean sequestration in the way in which the CO2 is stored. Offshore geological storage involves the CO2 being injected into a geological formation deep beneath the seabed where it will be stored for thousands of years, isolated from the ocean water. In the case of ocean storage, the CO2 is injected directly into the water column either at middepth (1500 to 3000 metres), where it dissolves in the ocean waters, or at greater depths (below 3000 metres), where it forms a deep CO2 lake.
Offshore geological storage has been successfully demonstrated at Statoils Sleipner field in the North Sea (about 250 km off the coast of Norway) since 1996. At Sleipner, CO2 is separated from produced natural gas and stored in a deep saline formation about 1000 metres beneath the seabed. No ocean sequestration demonstration projects as yet exist.
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CO2CRC FACT SHEET 10
The Lake Nyos Gas Burst

In August 1986 at Lake Nyos, in Cameroon, West Africa, a volcanic crater lake released a large volume of CO2. This was not a volcanic eruption, but a gas burst. Being denser than air, the CO2 failed to disperse and flowed down into nearby populated valleys resulting in the deaths of about 1700 people.
What happened at Lake Nyos?

Cameroon is situated on the Cameroon Volcanic Line, an area of volcanic activity that makes it susceptible to the release of volcanic CO2. After degassing from the hot magma, the CO2 gas is trapped underground or escapes to the surface. In the case of Lake Nyos, the CO2 slowly moved into natural pathways feeding into the lake and directly into the lake. CO2 is soluble in water and so dissolved into Lake Nyos. The lake is very deep and contained a very large volume of stratified or layered water. When these layers become unstable through seasonal turnover, the CO2 is circulated to upper layers where it is released from the water in non-catastrophic events. However, Lake Nyos existed in long-term physical and chemical equilibrium resulting in stratified lake waters with very high CO2 concentrations. Either the addition of simply too much CO2 (the water was supersaturated in CO2) or external mechanical forces (underwater land slip or earthquake) caused the equilibrium of the lake to be disturbed. This disturbance caused the stratified lake layers to mix and the CO2-rich waters were suddenly exposed to lower pressures and became unstable. This sudden destabilisation caused large amounts of the CO2 to be released out of the lake as gas burst. This event is not the only sudden release of CO2 from a lake that has been documented. Lake Monoun, Cameroon, only 100km away from Lake Nyos erupted in 1984, releasing a large volume of gas, this time, into largely unpopulated areas.
Does Lake Nyos Suggest that Geosequestration is Unsafe?

The answer is no. In Australia a site selected for CO2 geosequestration would lack any of the readily identifiable natural pathways or the volcanic activity that is present in Cameroon. The potential storage sites currently being explored by CO2CRC have: simple geology to avoid movement and leakage of CO2; the capacity to store the CO2 deep beneath the Earths surface (at least 800m); the right sort of permeable rocks to absorb the CO2; and the necessary rocks to trap or seal in the CO2. Our research to date strongly suggests that in many of Australias sedimentary basins CO2 emissions could be safely stored in the subsurface for thousands of years and longer.
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GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF THE LATROBE VALLEY COAL DEPOSITS 1. GENERAL
The Latrobe Valley Coal Deposits lie within the Latrobe Valley Depression, an onshore extension of the Gippsland Basin. Of Tertiary age, the brown coals of the Latrobe Valley are considered around 15 to 40 million years old and comprise the major deposits of brown coal in Australia. The coal bearing sequences range up to about 770 metres in thickness in the Latrobe Valley Area and consist for the most part of various clays, brown coals and semi-consolidated to unconsolidated silts, sands and gravels. The seams of coal are often extremely thick and although possessing a high moisture content are normally low in ash. Individual coal seams up to 255 metres thick have been recorded, with even greater thicknesses of coal containing minor interseam layers existing in a few areas. Some flows of basalt are interbedded with the coal seams, most commonly around the western and southern margins of the Latrobe Valley Depression. 2. STRUCTURE
The Latrobe Valley Depression comprises an elongate, asymmetric syncline which plunges to the east and north-east. This structure is down faulted between Palaeozoic sediments of the Eastern Highlands to the north and Mesozoic sediments, which now form the South Gippsland Highlands, to the south. The Mesozoic sequences comprise much of the basement rock underlying the coal measures and consist mainly of sandstones and mudstones which in places contain thin seams of black coal. To the west, the Latrobe Valley Depression is separated structurally from the neighbouring Moe Swamp Basin by the Haunted Hill black, an upfaulted zone through which the coal seams become relatively thin and discontinuous. To the east the Tertiary sediment pile thickens with older units of the coal measures extending off shore and the younger units giving way to marine sediments. The major structural elements of the Latrobe Valley Depression tend to align in a north east to south west direction. Dominant structures which control the geology and disposition of the coal fields are the Yallourn, Morwell and Rosedale Monoclines, the Baragwanath Anticline, the Loy Yang Dome and the Traralgon and Gormandale Synclines. For the most part, these features are related to fault displacements within the basement rock and are considered to be subdued reflections of such movements. They have generally been truncated by erosion and the major open cut developments are located where thick coal seams now lie close to the surface. Between the major structures, the development of very broad open folding has resulted in a series of gentle synclines and anticlines. Although substantial fault displacement of coal seams appears to have taken place adjacent to some of the more pronounced structures, faulting within the relatively flat lying coal seams exposed by mining is either absent or of a minor nature. Jointing within the coal is, however, strongly developed and consists mainly of smooth walled near vertical fractures, many of which can be traced throughout the entire depth of the seam. This jointing is considered to have propagated in response to approximately NNW-SSE relational compressive stresses active during Upper Tertiary to Recent times and is a major consideration in the maintenance of open cut stability.
3.
STRATIGRAPHY
The Latrobe Valley Group range in age from Eocene to Miocene and are subdivided into the Traralgon, Morwell and Yallourn Formations in order of decreasing age. A net westerly shift of the main coal forming environments during the Tertiary is apparent, resulting in the younger coal seams generally being located towards the western end of the Latrobe Valley Depression, with the older seams occurring further east. Unconformably overlying the Latrobe Valley Group is the Haunted Hill Formation, which essentially forms the overburden in existing open cut areas. The Haunted Hill Formation comprises a widespread, blanketing deposit of sand, clays and gravels of greatly variable thickness, ranging from less than 9 metres in some areas to over 90 metres in the major synclines. The most favourable overburden to coal ratios are naturally encountered where thick coal seams are overlain by only a thin veneer of Haunted Hill Formation, such as in the non-synclinal areas at Yallourn, Morwell and Loy Yang. 4. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
Commencing during the early Cretaceous, a thick pile of largely terrestrial sediments, mainly felspathic sandstone, greywacke and conglomerate, accumulated rapidly within the Strzelecki Basin. These sediments are known collectively as the Strzelecki Group, and are thought to achieve an onshore thickness of up to 6000 metres. Deposition of the Latrobe Valley Group commenced during the middle to late Cretaceous in the now offshore eastern and central areas of the Gippsland Basin. The westerly migration of coal accumulation depocentres which subsequently took place is attributed to a declining rate of subsidence within the basin coupled with an increasing rate of sediment supply. Geological evidence suggests that this westerly trend was punctuated by a local reverse and return migration of coal depocentres during formation of the Morwell and Yallourn seam sequences. This is attributed to the effects of more rapid compaction of the coal relative to surrounding sediments, causing thick layers of pear or coal to become sediment stinks while adjacent areas containing little or no organic sediment in turn became new coal depositional environments. The subsidence, which generally persisted until Miocene times, is postulated to have been the result of crustal movements and associated fault black adjustments which continued subsequent to the opening of the Tasman Sea. This was accompanied by periodic outpouring of basalts (Thorpdale Volcanics) which, as mentioned previously, are interbedded in places with the coal measures. A marine transgression evidenced by the presence of the Seaspray Group (e.g. the Gippsland Limestone) peaked during the middle Miocene at the eastern end of the Latrobe Valley Depression. Sediments of this transgression are known to overlie sediments of the Traralgon Formation, but are considered to be time equivalents of the Yallourn and Morwell Formations. Following deposition of the Yallourn Formation, further accumulation of the Latrobe Valley Group was terminated by a phase of uplift. This was accompanied by extensive faulting in the basement rock with consequent formation of the major structural elements within the Latrobe Valley Depression.
Widespread erosion in the late Miocene and early Pliocene followed, during which a substantial thickness of the coal measures was removed and many of the major structures were truncated and exposed. Subsequently, the Haunted Hill Formation was deposited disconformably across the eroded surface of the folded Latrobe Valley Group in association with the Kosciusko Uplift of Pliocene age. 5. 5.1 COAL PROPERTIES Composition
In general terms, the brown coals are comprised of a finely divided groundmass of plant detritus impregnated to varying degrees by humic substances and containing a large range of partially preserved plant tissues. Such tissue inclusions range from microscopic in size to massive tree trunks, branches and stumps. The larger woody inclusions tend to be concentrated in layers and horizons corresponding to various coal lithotypes. 5.2 Ash Yield
The ash yield of brown coals currently being mined in the Latrobe Valley is characteristically low, mostly within the range of 1% to 4% be weight on a dry coal basis (see Table 1 overleaf). Even so, the presence of certain inorganic constituents or, in some cases, ratios and particular combinations of inorganic constituents, can be strongly detrimental to the burning properties of the coal and its tendency to slag or otherwise foul boiler surfaces. The discharge of combustion by-products from power stations is also affected, as levels of certain particulate and gaseous emissions are influenced by the nature of the inorganic constituents within the coal. Inherent contamination by mineral matter in particulate form is rare. 5.3 Moisture Content
Average moisture contents for Latrobe Valley brown coal seams range from around 50% to about 67% (Table 1). Bed moisture content is in part a reflection of the degree of consolidation which has taken place and therefore, tends to decrease with depth, both within seams and from one seam to another. This trend is not uniform, however, and many localised aberrations related to structure, degree of compression, coal lithotype and other undetermined effects have been recorded.
TABLE 1: LATROBE VALLEY BROWN COALS : COAL QUALITY : AVERAGE VALUES Yallourn Coalfield Moisture % Ash (db) % Volatile Matter (db) % Carbon (db) % Hydrogen (db) % Net Wet Specific Energy (MJ/Kg) Gross Dry Specific Energy (MJ/Kg ash Free) Yallourn Seam 66.8 1.8 51.7 65.9 4.6 6.5 25.8 Morwell M1 Seam 60.9 3.2 49.8 67.1 4.8 8.5 27.3 Yallourn North Ext Latrobe Seam 52.9 4.8 48.8 65.7 4.6 10.2 26.7 Loy Yang M1B Seam 62.5 1.5 51.3 68.3 4.8 8.1 27.0 Gormandale Traralgon Seam 56.0 2.5 52.2 66.1 4.8 9.5 26.4 Goolungoolun Traralgon Seam 53.1 2.6 47.4 68.2 4.8 11.5 29.2
(db = on a dry basis), (MJ/Kg = Megajoules per kilogram) (After Gloe, 1975)
5.4
Calorific Value
As a corollary to their low rank and high moisture content, Latrobe Valley brown coals possess a low net wet specific energy relative to black coals (Table 1). In spite of this, the brown coals are used primarily to fuel large thermal power stations supplying the greater part of the State of Victorias electricity requirements. 6. BROWN COAL LITHOTYPES
Field examination of brown coal open cut faces which have been exposed to the atmosphere for upwards of a month or so reveals that the coal mass is not homogenous, as it typically appears to be in the moist, freshly mined state, but is clearly stratified. This stratification is visible as layers or bands distinguished mainly through variations in the colour and surface shrinkage cracking pattern of the coal, although corresponding changes in texture and palaeobotanical associations can also often be recognised. Known as lithotype banding, this layering is a function of coal type and bears little relation to coal rank or conventional measures of coal quality. The various shades of brown which characterise coal lithotype develop as the surface of the coal dries on exposure to the atmosphere. In open cut faces, this is generally confined to a depth of only a few centimetres, unless the face has been allowed to stand untouched for a very long time. The dry state colour of brown coal ranges from a very dark brown, almost black, through to a pale brown to yellowish colour, the relevant descriptive lithotypes being DARK, MEDIUM DARK, MEDIUM LIGHT, LIGHT and PALE in the five category classification adopted by the Commission. It is generally accepted that terrestrial coal forming environments can cover a wide range, from open swamps through to damp forests. This range of possible environments is primarily related to the level of groundwater, which may vary as a result of such factors as climatic cycles, seasonal fluctuations, swamp migration, subsidence and uplift, tilting and changes in drainage. As Latrobe Valley brown coals accumulated in situ, lithotype banding is considered to represent such changes in the depositional environment and, consequently, in the plant communities from which the coal was formed. Although lithotype exerts only a marginal influence on the combustion properties of the coal, it is known to be an important consideration in assessing the suitability of coal for upgrading to such products as briquettes and char and for conversion processes such as coal liquifaction.
7.
RESERVES
Reserves of brown coal are listed both on a geological basis, which incorporates the total resources, and as mining reserves using a basis of realistic accessibility. Within the Latrobe Valley area, measured resources have been calculated at around 65,000 million tonnes with a further 43,000 million tonnes indicated. Mining reserves stand at around 36,000 million tonnes of coal with less than 30 metres of overburden above the uppermost seam, of which about 12,000 million tonnes is considered to be economically accessible at present day costs. 8. GROUNDWATER
The Latrobe Valley Depression contains numerous deep confined and semi confined aquifers of sand and other permeable strata, many of which are interconnected within the Morwell, and Traralgon Formations. Some of these aquifers contain water under high pressure, although this is gradually reducing as dewatering activities at Morwell and Loy Yang continue to influence piezometric levels over a wide area. As a result, it is now less common for bores penetrating deep aquifers in the central Latrobe Valley area to flow at the surface. 9. PALAEOBOTANY
Coniferous plant remains constitute most of the plant tissue recognisable in the coal. Softwood species which have been identified include Arucaria, Agathis, Podocarpus, Dacrydium and Phyllocladus. Angiosperm remains are not as abundant but include various Banksia, Casuarina and Myrtacea. In addition, packed masses of mummified leaves and pollen of a now extinct member of the family Oleaceae are found in some horizons. Palynological investigations have identified Nothofagus as the dominant pollen group in Latrobe Valley brown coals, although other plant remains of Nothofagus are quite rare, suggesting that this tree grew on surrounding higher land rather than within the coal forming environment itself. 10. FURTHER READING
For a more detailed and comprehensive account of the geology of the Latrobe Valley coal deposits, two recent publications are suggested : GLOE C S, 1984 The Geology, Discovery and Assessment of Brown Coals of Victoria, Auys IMM, Mongraph Series No.11 Victorias Brown Coal A Huge fortune in Chancery, Chapter 4, pp 77-109, Ed J T Woodcock, Pub Aus IMM 1984. GLOE C S and HOLDGATE G R, 1987 Geology and Resources Monograph The Science of Victorian Brown Coal, Ed B Durie, Coal Corporation of Victoria, 1987. FOOTNOTE
11.
This outline was compiled in 1987 by Mr R Gaulton, of the former SECV, Regional Geologist, Latrobe Valley. It is intended to a brief overview of geological factors pertinent to mining of the brown coal. Much of the information needed was obtained from records, reports and publications produced by the SECVs Coal Resources Division and its precursor, the Exploration and Geological Division.
Environmental Clean Technologies
Victorian Coal and Energy 2010 March 2010
VICTORIAN COAL AND ENERGY 2010
Environmental Clean Technologies

Victorian Coal and Energy 2010
PRESENTATION OUTLINE Company Overview Coldry Snapshot The Compelling Case The BCE Product Development Milestones Our Focus on Victoria Benefits for Victoria Our International Focus Current Global Projects Matmor The Matmor Process Advancing Matmor
Corporate Overview
Commercialising and selling disruptive technologies in the energy and resources sector. Focused on delivering significant environmental and commercial outcomes. CURRENT TECHNOLOGY PORTFOLIO
Coldry
Unique Coal Drying and Water Recovery Technology An economic method for dewatering lignite and subbituminous coals, creating an energy rich Black Coal Equivalent for local consumption or transport to remote markets.
Matmor
Unique Iron Making Technology A one-step method for producing low-carbon iron from abundant and low economic value brown and sub-bituminous coals and metal bearing media.
COMMERCIAL SCALE DESIGN COMPLETE ACTIVE SALES AND MARKETING FOCUS
PRE-COMMERCIAL MARKET INFORMED DEVELOPMENT
StrategyandTeamtoRealiseGrowth
Governance Strategic Partnerships Strategic Markets
Salesand Marketing
Technology Portfolio SharedServices
Finance
BoardandExecutives
DaveWoodall JohnHutchinson DennisBrockenshire StephenCarter Chairman NonExecutiveDirectorDeputyChairman NonExecutiveDirector NonExecutiveDirector
StrategicPartners
Arup MacDow NortonRose PKF RSMBirdCameron PhillipCapital Fortrend RadarGroup MonsoonCommunication Markstone Group Engineering Construction Legal Auditing Accounting FinancialAdvisory StandbySubscriptionAgreement Relations Investor Relations Media PoliticalAdvisory
KosGaltos AshleyMoore AdamGiles
ChiefExecutive BusinessManager Coldry Manager TechnologyDevelopment
Matmor: The Matmor Process
The Matmor Process A unique method for producing high quality iron from cheap, abundant brown and subbituminous coals and metal bearing media such as high and low grade iron ore, mill scale and nickel tailings.
Benefits of Matmor
Compared to traditional blast furnace iron making, Matmor has the following benefits: Low cost lignite replaces expensive metallurgical coal Recirculation of waste gases minimises emissions Reduces iron bearing waste such as mill scale and nickel tailings Small plant, small carbon foot print Ideal product for foundries and steelmaking plants in domestic, regional and global markets
Matmor: Advancing Matmor

Advancing Matmor
Review and assess current state of development (complete) Undertake market analysis and create commercialisation strategy (in progress) Identify strategic partner(s) to advance scale up Scale up through incremental steps: Pilot Plant Commercial Plant Reassess scalability of individual plant versus modular expansion based on target market
The Case for Development Raw Material Cost Advantage

TraditionalIronandSteelMaking CombinedcostsofIronOreandCoking Coalpertonneofironproduced(USD) 316 202 356
Mid2008 Mid2009 CurrentSpot
Combined costs of Unconventional Iron Ore and Lignite per tonne of Matmor estimated between USD 50 to 200.
Game-changing iron and steel technology that beneficially utilises lignite and, hence, creates a significant opportunity for Victoria.
Coldry: Snapshot
Coldry: Unique Coal Drying and Water Recovery Technology
The Coldry Process
High Gains Mechanical Low Temperature Low Pressure Water Recovery options Sensitive to the Environment
The Coldry Plant Design

Immediately Deployable Flexible Scalable Cost Effective Power Station Integration Synergies
Coldry Black Coal Equivalent*

Stable Valuable Versatile
*Black Coal Equivalent (BCE): Energy Rich Fuel from Lignite or Sub-bituminous Coals
Coldry: The Compelling Case

Proposition for Power Generators Reduce fuel cost in power generation Gain long-term fuel security and reduce exposure to coal price volatility Adopt cleaner coal technology to reduce pollution and carbon emissions Access new water for power generation Lower Ash deposits, driving cost savings and asset utilisation improvements Proposition for Lignite and Sub-Bituminous Coal Miners Increased markets by accessing higher-value and larger thermal coal markets Extend reserves through efficient resource utilisation Proposition for the Coal Trader Opportunity to secure new sources of BCE for trade under long-term contracts to thermal coal users Opportunity to backward integrate into low cost sources of supply, i.e. buy lower cost deposits and beneficiate the output via Coldry implementation Opportunity to secure competitive advantage in tight markets Indicative Investment Case Emerging Markets Over 30% ROI and 3-4 year simple payback.* Coldry BCE produced at sub USD 45/tonne.* Power generation on Coldry BCE superior to Lignite.
200 180 160 140
InternationalThermalCoalPricingvsColdryBCEProductionCost
(USD/tonne)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
2009M1
2009M4
2008M1
2008M4
2007M1
2007M4
2007M7
2008M7
2009M7
InternationalThermalCoal(USD/tonne)
2007M10
Coldry(USD/tonne)
Coldry will fuel emerging markets it supports the growing demand for energy at lower CO2 emissions than would be otherwise possible.
*Typical figures. Economics will vary with input feedstock, Coldry offtake moisture level and local conditions.
2008M10
2009M10
Coldry: The BCE Product

Proximate Analysis of Coldry produced in Victoria, Australia compared to other Australian coals
Feature Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash NWSE Lignite (VIC) 59.3% wb 20% wb 19.9% wb 0.9% wb 2006 kcal/kg ar 8.4 MJ/kg ar 3611 BTU/lb Coldry (VIC) 12% adb 48.9% wb 49.1% wb 2.4% wb 5874 kcal/kg adb 24.6 MJ/kg adb 10576 BTU/lb Black Coal (QLD) 15.5% adb 22.5% wb 44.1% wb 17.9% wb 4800 kcal/kg adb 20.1 MJ/kg adb 8641 BTU/lb Black Coal (NSW) 3.3% adb 26.5% wb 46% wb 24.2% wb 5681 kcal/kg adb 23.8 MJ/kg adb 10232 BTU/lb
Note: NWSE Net Wet Specific Energy, wb - wet basis, adb - air dried basis, ar as received basis.
Coldry drives value creation Significant increases in net energy content Retention of the valuable volatile fractions, ideal feed for gasification processes Low ash levels derived from the raw Lignite (similarly with Sulphur) Transportation effectiveness Non-pyrophoric, Low moisture
Source: Black coal (QLD Callide, NSW Eraring) accessed from CSIRO Biomass Database.
Coldry: Development Milestones

Pilot Plant
Established batch production in 2004 Underwent modification in 2007 to achieve continuous production and integration of water recovery system
Commercial-scale Design
Pilot Plant has informed design of commercial-scale Coldry modules that underpin commercial plants Modular design with Containerisable componentry Up to 80% prefabricated offsite before assembly
Strategic Relationships for Commercialisation

Entered into strategic relationships with leading organisations to advance Coldry technology:
Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights

100% ownership of Coldry intellectual property Covered by patents in all major markets with significant lignite deposits Engagement with potential partners and customers covered by standard legal agreements
Arup McConnellDowell Transfield Services Deloitte
ColdryCoreDesignPartner(Global) ColdryDesignEngineer(Global) Coldry Construction(Australia) Coldry O&M(Australia) Coldry FinancialModelling(Australia)
Strategic relationships underpin commercialisation in global markets.
Victoria Coldry Pty Ltd: The Project Structure

The Project SPV Coldry BCE production phased from 2 MTPA to 20 MTPA over 10 years.
Power Plant (Loy Yang)
Memorandum of Understanding with Great Energy Alliance Corporation (GEAC) to participate in upcoming feasibility study at GEACs Loy Yang Power.
Recovered Water
Waste Heat
Lignite Feedstock
Coldry BCE Offtake
Lignite Mine (Loy Yang)
Coldry Plant (Victoria Coldry P/L)
Victorian Export Infrastructure
Global Thermal Coal Markets
Coldry Technology License
Licensing Royalty
Coldry BCE Offtaker and Coldry Plant Financier Environmental Clean Technologies
Victoria Coldry: Status and Timetable

Near Term
Licenceagreementsfinalised DetailedagreementsonFeasibilityStudy scopetoincludecomponentsanddetailed design,aswellasTenderpackage preparation CommencementofFeasibilitystudyand detaileddesignworks,withexpected completionbeforeyearend2010
Medium Term
Phase1operationsat2mtpa by~2013 Phase2expansionto5mtpa Phase3expansionto10mtpa Phase4expansionto20mtpa
Victoria Coldry: Benefits for Victoria

Unlocking Export Opportunities
Employ Victorias extensive lignite reserves to create a new substantial BCE export market, helping meet growing global coal demand Victoria is home to 430 billion tonnes of brown coal (28% of the worlds brown coal reserves), with 40 billion tonnes believed to be minable Australia is a significant energy exporter through coal, gas and uranium. Currently there are 126 MTPA of thermal coal exports (AUD14.4 billion). Significant new black coal projects are underway. Current regional distribution of coal exports: 60% QLD 40% NSW 0% VIC
Gateway technology
Combined with Gasification, Coldry opens the door to Advanced Technology Power generation Coal to SNG or Liquids Coal chemical industries e.g. Urea Estimated Export Value 20 MTPA of Coldry creates close to AUD2 billion annual export value for Victoria
Infrastructure Development and Job Creation

Enhanced infrastructure development From 4 million tonnes export freight capacity, expanded to support phase 2 and beyond Employment creation and skills development Phase 1 construction >50 jobs, plus 25 direct / 60 indirect position upon operation More as the facility grows
Victoria Coldry: Benefits for Victoria

Clean(er) Coal: Reduced Emissions & Enhanced Efficiency
Reduced emissions in comparison to brown coal powered stations, from the use of a low moisture, high efficiency, high carbon black coal equivalent Efficiency enhancement through cooling improvements / reduced evaporative loss Integrating Coldry with a black coal power station is a compelling alternative to lignite based power generation options currently available
Utilising Coldry BCE enables deployment of more efficient proven technologies

The Coldry process integrates with the most efficient coal technologies currently available and is likely to integrate with many future black coal technologies in development. Through reducing emissions produced in combustion in Victoria, Coldry could enhance the commercial viability of CCS.
Coldry: Benefits for Victoria

Establishing Victoria as a Global energy and resource leader
Development of a local Coldry project enhances Victoria as a leader in emerging cleaner energy technology development and commercialisation. The properties of the Coldry BCE make it ideal in coal gasification and other emerging resource utilisation options
Traditionalresource utilisationoptions
PowerGeneration
PowerGeneration
Coldry BCE Gasificationand emergingoptions

GasProducts
LiquidFuels Methanol& IndustrialChemicals Ammonia/Urea/Fertiliser
Victoria Coldry Pty Ltd ECT ColdryComposite Matmor
IronandSteel
Coldry: Our International Focus
Coldry BCE is a Critical Fuel for Emerging Markets Anticipated growth in coal-based power exceeding 1300 GW by 2030, led by demand growth from Asia. China and India underpin growth in demand for coal. Emerging economies of Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam also have significant growth rates in coal based power (8-10%). Uneven geographic supply and demand to drive further global trade in black coal and Black Coal Equivalents. Coal importers face both volatile FOB prices and the extreme fluctuation of freight markets.
Markets for Coldry BCE 1.ExportBiased

Australia NewZealand
2.Exportand Domestic
Indonesia Pakistan Poland
3.Domestic Biased
Germany UnitedStates
4.Importand Domestic
China India
5.Import Biased
Vietnam Korea Japan
Coldry: Current Global Projects

GLOBAL COLDRY PROJECTS
Poland (PGE Belchatow)

Joint Business Case development MoU signed Jan 2010. Project will run through 2010 to define the path forward for lignite drying at the largest Lignite Power Station in the world.
Coldry East Kalimantan (SPV Established)

Heads of Agreement with Alexis Minerals International to produce Coldry BCE production of 10 MTPA. Information Memorandum to be developed to attract funding for feasibility study in 2010.
GLOBAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT New Opportunities Working vigorously with a number of qualified parties to build Business Cases to underpin feasibility investment in India, China, Indonesia and E&W Europe Commercialisation underpinned by Coldry Project Localisations Coldry Growth Targets Targeting at least 5 Coldry BCE Plants (3 MTPA) to be in operation by 2015 across key growth markets (China, India and Indonesia). Significant growth potential beyond targets through project expansions and additional projects.
Key Organisations in the National Electricity Market The national electricity market (NEM) is the market for the wholesale supply and purchase of electricity in five Australian states and territories. Those participating include the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Victoria. Tasmania intends joining the market following completion of Basslink. The NEM commenced operation on 13 December, 1998. The rules for the conduct and operation of the NEM were established by the respective Governments noted above and these are now embodies in the National Electricity Code. For information about the NEM visit the websites of the following market organisations. The National Electricity Code Administrator (NECA www.neca.com.au) NECA has been established by the participating jurisdictions to supervise and administer the Code. It also has responsibilities to; administer the ongoing development of, and changes to, the Code to achieve the market objectives, monitor and report on Code compliance, enforce the Code; provide a dispute resolution process concerning the provisions of the Code; NECA is a company incorporated under the Corporations Law. Its mission is to: promote the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of the national electricity market; and lead the development of the market towards more competitive, market-oriented outcomes in order to deliver a viable market that benefits end-use customers. The National Electricity Market Management Company (NEMMCO www.nemmco.com.au) NEMMCO is the company responsible for the administration and operation of the NEM in accordance with the National Electricity Code. It is the independent market and system operator. As such it has the dual role of providing an effective infrastructure for the efficient operation of the market and to ensure that the electricity system is operated in a safe, secure and reliable manner. This market operation and system control is managed from either or two duplicated centres in Brisbane and Sydney. In balancing the supply and demand for electricity, NEMMCO provides the power exchange function and determines the spot market price for electrical energy in each half-hour settlement period and which generators and demand-side participants will be dispatched. If you wish to view the market prices in real time, you can visit the NEMMCO website and look under Market Data or if you have a television set with Teletext you can view the spot prices from page 268. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC www.accc.gov.au) Whilst the role of ACCC is much broader than the electricity market, the ACCC has a significant role in ensuring that the operation of the market and changes to the Code are compliant with the trade practice requirements. This is to ensure that competitive outcomes are maintained in the NEM. An independent statutory authority, the Commission administers the Trade Practices Act 1974 and the Prices Surveillance Act 1983 and has additional responsibilities under other legislation. In broad terms, these laws cover anti-competitive and unfair market practices, mergers or acquisitions of companies, product safety/liability, and third party access to facilities of national significance. The ACCC has a specific information relating to the NEM on its website. Victorian Regulation (www.doi.vic.gov.au) The responsible minister for electricity in the Victorian Government is the Minister for Energy Industries and Resources the Hon Theo Theophanous. The Energy portfolio is responsible for ensuring the delivery of secure, affordable and safe energy to Victorian consumers and businesses in a sustainable manner. It also has a role in continuing to develop energy markets and regulatory arrangements that deliver competitive prices and service levels. Whilst the electricity industry is privatised within Victoria, there are a number of regulated monopolies involved (such as transmission and distribution companies) and retailers and generators must be licensed. These issues are managed for the Government by the Essential Services Commission. Essential Services Commission (www.reggen.vic.gov.au)
The Essential Services Commission, is the independent economic regulator established by the State Government of Victoria, to regulate prescribed essential utility services supplied by the electricity, gas, water, ports, grain handling, rail freight industries and aspects of the insurance industry. It commenced operations on 1 January 2002, subsuming the Office of the Regulator-General Victoria. The Victorian Energy Networks Corporation (VENCORP www.vencorp.com.au) VENCORP is a Victorian Government owned entity which has the role of providing planning services for electricity and gas. It has operational and communication services during gas and electricity emergencies and also is the independent system operator for the Victorian gas transmission network and manager and developer of the Victorian wholesale gas market. The Privatisation of the Victorian Electricity Industry In recent decades, the provision of electricity was undertaken by large State-owned vertically integrated monopolies. In Victoria, the State electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) owned the generation, transmission and most of the distribution and retail functions; a number of municipal councils also undertook these latter functions buying bulk electricity from the SECV. Apart from a few small power stations owned by, and dedicated to, industries such as aluminium and other metals production (Alcoa, BHP), all segments of the electricity supply industry were publicly owned. A process of change began at a Special Premiers Conference in 1990, which commissioned studies into the feasibility of a national electricity grid that would remove barriers to electricity trading across the interconnected eastern states. In 1990/91 the Industry Commission highlighted the significant benefits to the national economy that would result from: restructuring of the electricity supply industry, with segments of it exposed to more commercial disciplines, the introduction of competition in both generation and retail supply sectors of the electricity supply industry, and the enhancement and extension of the existing three-state interconnected system (NSW, Victoria and South Australia) to eventually include Queensland and Tasmania. This resulted in the reform of the industry being implemented in the mid-1990s through the disaggregation and corporatisation of the publicly owned entities, the establishment of the National Electricity Market and the evolving development of the national electricity grid. This lead to competition in the generation and retailing of electricity and to regulated monopolies for transmission and distribution sectors. In Victoria, the Government of the day also decided it would privatise its electricity supply corporations that had been created from the reform process. This resulted in a range of private investors taking on the roles of participating in the industry. Similar privatisation also occurred in South Australia, while electricity entities in NSW and Queensland remain in public ownership.
Victorian Coal & Energy Conference
Future for the Latrobe Valley Coal Industry (An Electricity Generator perspective)
Roland Davies March 30, 2010 1
March 30, 2010
THE RIGHT BALANCE

ENERGY SECURITY RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY COST OF ENERGY
FUTURE BROWN COAL

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT
PRODUCT DIVERSITY
Other options unable to match the total balance

March 30, 2010 2
ENERGY RESOURCES & PORTS

Energy Reserves: 95% of Black Coal
: es il) rv O se 5% Re 8 y as ( rg ne of G E % 91
Energy Reserves: 24% of total Coal and Gas

March 30, 2010 3
Data Source: ABARE - Energy in Australia (2009)
BROWN COAL (LIGNITE)

Australias Economic Demonstrated Resources, Jan 2007 Australia World Share Black Coal (Gt) Brown Coal (Gt) Crude Oil (GL) Condensate (GL) LPG (GL) Natural Gas (PJ) CBM Gas (PJ) Uranium (kt) 39 37 173 258 214 98,264 12,833 1,163 5.4% 24.1% 0.3% n/a n/a 1.4% n/a 38.0% Resource Life >100 >500 8 36 45 57 101 138
Source: ABARE 2009

March 30, 2010 4
AUSTRALIAN ENERGY FLOWS (PJ)
March 30, 2010
Data Source: ABARE - Energy in Australia (2009)
INDICATIVE RESOURCE VALUE

100 Million Tonnes of Raw Brown Coal ~ 1,000 PJ (1EJ)
Form Raw Coal Coal Value-Add Electricity Oil (CTL) Urea Fertilizer Production 100 Mt 45 Mt 100 TWh 70M BBLS 36 Mt Revenue $1.0B $2.7B $4.4B $6.0B $11.0B Assumption $10/t $60/t $45/MWh $85/BBL $300/t
Revenue potential per tonne of raw brown coal ranges from $10/t for raw brown coal to $110/t for Ammonia Urea. A realistic scenario could deliver ~$5.0B annually (GSP) Energy content of 1,000Mt of Brown Coal (~10,000 PJ), exceeds Victorias natural gas reserves
March 30, 2010 6
BROWN COAL - GROWTH POTENTIAL

Significant energy resource Resource boom increased brown coals attractiveness (re-boom) Clear prospective benefits for Industry and Region: Employment Outcomes Revenue diversification Improved operating margins New technology advancement Some regional coal projects still advancing
March 30, 2010 7
FUTURE PRODUCTION OPTIONS
March 30, 2010
COAL-LIQUIDS OVERVIEW
KEY COMPONENTS

Coal Drying Gasification technology Gas-to-Liquids technology Water Recovery Carbon Capture
Courtesy of
March 30, 2010
COAL LIQUIDS PROCESS

Range of Hydrocarbon Products possible: Synthetic Diesel Methanol Hydrogen DME Ammonia Urea Petroleum LPG Synthetic Natural Gas Co-generation of electricity possible: Peaking, Baseload and Market Arbitrage potential Well suited for Carbon Capture / Sequestration: Oxygen Blown technology => pure CO2 => CCS Ready Elemental Sulphur recovery also possible
March 30, 2010 10
COAL VALUE ADD

Proposed projects to upgrade raw brown coal by drying and refining for export sales. Dry coal, char, activated carbon, & coke. Mechanical, thermal & chemical processes Domestic use and Export potential Timing: 2012 onwards Generally less complex technology Brown coal (Briquettes) exported for 50 years Transport and port infrastructure development required for export sales
March 30, 2010 11
EMISSION REDUCTION OUTCOMES

1940s 1980s 2000s 2020s
?
Yallourn 100MW Units ~19% HHV so Loy Yang 500MW Units ~28% HHV so Niederaussem K 1,000MW Units ~35% HHV so* Future Technology 400MW - 750MW ~40% HHV so*
Stage 1: Efficiency Improvements & Coal Drying (CO2 5-20% ) Stage 2: Advanced technologies & Coal Drying (CO2 ~30% ) Stage 3: Stage 2 plus Carbon Capture (CCS) (CO2 ~90% )
March 30, 2010
* On Loy Yang Coal
12
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

COAL DRYING / DEWATERING POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE
March 30, 2010
13
LOY YANG POWER OVERVIEW

Coal Mining Electricity Generation
Contribution
Coal Electricity Electricity GHG Emissions
March 30, 2010
Loy Yang Power

30 Mtpa 15-16 TWh 18-19 Mtpa CO2e
Victoria
~50% ~32% ~15-23%
14
BROWN COAL RESERVES
Global Lignite Reserves

(* ABARE 08/09)
World* 100% 150 Bt
Australia* 24.1% 37 Bt
GEAC ~1.6% 2.5 Bt
Energy content of 2.5 Bt of brown coal ~ 25,000 PJ, ~50% committed to existing electricity generation
March 30, 2010 15
TRARALGON
MAP LEGEND
Mining Licence Area Coal: 1,500Mt (4,500 Ha) Exploration Licence Area Coal: 1,000Mt (1,670 Ha) Future Mining Blocks Business Development Areas (~600Ha) March 30, 2010
16
DEVELOPMENT DRIVERS
Loy Yang Power is highly motivated to improve long-term sustainability and profitability through revenue growth and diversification:
Working with developers to advance projects with synergies to existing operations and resources Leveraging available assets and energy resources (coal, electricity, land and infrastructure) Diversifying Revenue Base Securing necessary Coal Resources to meet these objectives
March 30, 2010 17
DEVELOPMENT FOCUS
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
BROWN COAL
Equity Potential Support Growth OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
EXISTING
FUTURE
EMISSIONS REDUCTION RESOURCE UTILISATION IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY INCREASED SALES
HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS
FERTILISERS CHEMICALS
SYNTHETIC FUELS
CARBON VALUE-ADD
DOMESTIC EXPORT
ENERGY / ELECTRICITY
BIOMASS
March 30, 2010
BY-PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
CHAR ASH CO2
18
GEOTHERMAL
LOY YANG MINE EXPANSION*

Feasibility studies undertaken to confirm capability to expand Mine production from 31 - 52Mtpa. Coal Quality of expanded supply:
- ~60% Power generation Run of Mine (12.5Mt) - ~40% Unsuitable for PF Boiler (8.5Mt)
Additional mining equipment and stockpiling required to increase capacity by more than ~10%. Indicative mining costs: ~$1/GJ (GWSE), plus contribution to new capital infrastructure. Processes able to maximise total available resouces are of great interest.
* Based on available resources (ML/EL)
March 30, 2010
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MINE DEVELOPMENT - 2011
March 30, 2010
20
10
MINE DEVELOPMENT Growth Development - 20172017
March 30, 2010
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March 30, 2010
22
11
March 30, 2010
23
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
SOME OBSERVATIONS
High Community Expectations Delivery of Major Projects in region has proven challenging Tough Business Environment Some innovative developments driven by smaller entities Constraints as supporter and facilitator, not project developer Open ended options problematic
March 30, 2010
24
12
DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
Rock n Hard Place
Existing Electricity Customers will remain priority customers Abundant, not infinite resources Developing JV Partnerships to support long-term development Major Infrastructure development required for export (ports/rail) Developer Expectations:
Timing mismatch between projects Firm optionality in early project phases problematic - Infrastructure, Coal, Electricity, Sites, Water Matching developer resourcing
March 30, 2010 25
BUILDING THE OPPORTUNITY

INDICATIVE CONFIDENCE LEVEL
Initial Concept - Match Pre-Feasibility - Testing Full Feasibility FEED - Permitting FID Commissioning
March 30, 2010
10% 20% 30% 50% 70% 90%

26
13
BROWN COAL FUTURE - SUMMARY
Energy resource of national significance Can provide ongoing energy security for Victoria Export Potential - Coal / Fuels / Chemicals / Fertiliser Product Market Value: $10 - $100+ / tonne of brown coal GSP Annual Potential: ~$5.0 Billion (100Mt Scenario) Technology Solutions and Coal Supply Options evolving Major Infrastructure Development needed for Export
March 30, 2010 27
THANK-YOU
March 30, 2010
28
14
Coal
Too arid in Euramerica at this time
Australias Energy Needs

Australia has come full circle in the past one hundred years. At the start of the century it was self-sufficient in sources of energy By 1950 the age of oil was here, but Australia produced no oil Black coal was still vital but Australia, through poor industrial relations, failed to make the best use of it By 1975, however, the nation was returning to self-sufficiency: Oil and natural gas were found in large quantities hydro-electric schemes had multiplied brown coal was exploited massively black coal mining revitalised through export market (coking coal to East Asia) By 2000, natural gas on NW Shelf in W.A. moved Australia to a gas exporter
Source: Geoffrey Blainey, 2006. Riding Australias big dipper in Griffith Review, Edition 12 Hot Air: How nighs the end?
Coal Seam Gas

Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Ltd
Bowen
Permian
Gunnedah
Perfect cold but wet climate in Australia
Sydney
Carboniferous
Source: www.sunshinegas.com.au
Drill bit
Source: Geoscience Australia Palaegeographic atlas Glaciated in Australia at this time
Cold but wet climate, low lying coastal and alluvial plains in a tectonic setting conducive to basin formation
source: http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm
Source: J.J. Draper and C.J. Boreham, APPEA Journal 2006
Distribution of ancient coals through time
Why is there so much coal in the Permian Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney basin system? The coal face
Coal-bearing basins in Queensland and location of coal seam methane production and major developments
From Peat To Coal

Goonyella Mine, Bowen Basin, Qld
Australias Fossil Fuel Energy

Did you know that demand for energy in Australia is projected to increase by 50% by 2020?
Gas in coal is held in the coal due to pressure. It is stored in 3 ways: - adsorbed (held by molecular attraction) ~85% - within pore spaces, cleats & fractures ~10% - dissolved in water within the coal ~5% Did you know? The coal seam gas is not actually a gas until the pressure is released.
vitrinite inertinite
Source: J. Esterle
Source: www.sunshinegas.com.au
Drilling for coal seam gas Tilbrook 1 well, Qld
Image: Kentucky Geological Survey
Coal is a rock formed from organic plant matter that has been chemically altered by heat and pressure through burial in the subsurface over time. Coal is the alteration product from peat. Peat forms in swamps and bogs though processes similar to a compost heap. Peat needs wet, soggy, oxygen-poor environments to accumulate.
Outcrop Scale
Source: J. Esterle
Source: J. Esterle
Aerial photo of a bog-lake complex in western Siberia.

Water Shrubs and moss
Source: J. Esterle
Trees
The spatial variability in vegetation is retained in the peat.

Source: www.dpmc.gov.au/energy_future/ Source: C. Ward sourrce: www.ipart.nsw.gov.au/pdf/DNSP_EnergyAustralia.pdf
Source: J. Kassan & S. Lang, Australian School of Petroleum - SA
What happens when your lettuce is left in the refrigerator for too long?
Extraction of gas from coal
Source: J. Esterle
Source: J. Esterle
Resulting peat function of decomposition and plant type
Blair Athol coal seam, Bowen Basin, Qld This seam is so thick because wet swamp conditions were ideal for coal formation, and persisted for a long period in this basin during the Permian.
Cleats are orthogonal fracture sets in the coal. Cleats control permeability, or the ability for fluid to flow through a pore space. Up to 10% of coal seam gas is stored in the cleats. They may also contain minerals, oil or bitumen.
250 Specific Surface Area (m2/g, daf) Source: Gurdal et al, 2001
I know what you did last summer
200
150 Source: J. Esterle
Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydro Solar
World 2000
Tidal/Wave
Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydro Nuclear Natural gas
Australia 2001
Solar Tidal/Wave
100
50
Brown Coal
Anthracite Bituminous Coal

0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Co-development of commercial coal extraction and mine gas drainage

Coal mining issues: gases escape into underground mine workings during mining coal dust explosions may result form gas ignition asphyxiation of miners may result need for pre-mining gas drainage to ensure safe working conditions
Coal Oil
0 0.00
0.20
0.40
Rank (% Ro)
Photo of tree decomposition in modern peats, Baram River, Sarawak, Malaysia
Nuclear
Coal
Source: Department of Primary Industry Source: J. Esterle
Natural gas
Oil Source: www.ccsd.biz
Yallourn coal mine Gippsland Basin Victoria
Composition of Australian stationary energy
The moisture and gas storage capacity of the coal, for a given depth, will be determined by its rank (maturity). Did you know? There is a greater pore surface area (for gas to adsorb) in low grade brown coal and in very high grade anthracite, compared to medium-grade bituminous coal.
Visit websites www.pesa.com.au www.appea.com.au www.aip.com.au www.myfuture.edu.au
Victorian Coal & Energy Conference

CO2 Reduction Initiatives at International Power Hazelwood Tony Innocenzi
30 March, 2010 30 March, 2010
International Power - International Portfolio
Net capacity by geography

Europe 6,707 MW
Global power and desalination business 45 power plants in 20 countries FTSE 50 company
Australia 3,221 MW
Asia 1,790 MW Middle East 2,454 MW US 6,499 MW
Actively trades CO2 in Europe Net capacity 20,671MW & Gross capacity 32,358MW (4,567MW under construction)
Total 20,671 MW
page 2
Victorian Coal & Energy Conference, 30 & 31 March 2010
International Power
International Power Fuel Mix
Majority of IPR assets are gas-fired. A blend of different fuel types and technologies. Produces 1.8 million Tonnes of desalinated water per day in the Middle East.
Capacity by fuel type

Gas 61% Wind 3% Hydro 0.5% Pumped 8% storage Oil 3% Coal 21.5%
page 3 Victorian Coal & Energy Conference, 30 & 31 March 2010
International Power
International Power - Australia overview
Diverse fuel and technology across three states. Balanced portfolio from renewables to brown coal. Power and gas retailer. Presence since 1996.
Plant name 1. Canunda 2. Pelican Point 3. Synergen 4. Hazelwood 5. Loy Yang B 6. SEA Gas 7. Kwinana 8. Simply Energy State South Australia South Australia South Australia Victoria Victoria Victoria Western Australia Victoria / South Australia Status PPA 2015 Merchant Merchant Merchant PPA 2016 n/a PPA 2021 n/a Gross MW 46 487 371 1,675 1,026 n/a 118 n/a 3,723 IPR own % 100% 100% 100% 92% 70% 33% 49% 100%
7 3 2 81 6 5 4
Net MW
Fuel type
46 Wind 487 Gas 371 Gas & fuel oil 1,541 Coal 718 Coal Pipeline n/a 58 Gas Retail n/a 3,221
International Power
page 4
International Power Hazelwoods Performance

Nominally 8 x 200 MW capacity Commissioned 1964 71 Mine mouth station Sufficient coal reserves to run power station to 2030 or well beyond $500m plus spent upgrading plant after privatisation in 1996 resulting in approximately:
20% reduction in towns water use 20% improvement in production from previous highest generation (significantly more when compared with 1995 level) 60% reduction in particulate emissions > 10% reduction in greenhouse emission intensity.
14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Annual Hazelwood Generation

GWh generated
IPR ownership Sep 1996
Generates circa 25% of Victorias electricity requirements 525 employees plant and mine Maintenance predominantly outsourced 17 million tonnes per annum of coal provided to the power plant.
International Power
Hazelwoods Carbon Reduction Strategy

Efficiency improvements via:
Minimising process losses. Reducing energy used in-house (works-power). Replace existing plant with new, higher efficiency equipment.
Change properties of fuel:

Remove moisture from coal prior to combustion (coal drying). Co-firing trials with other fuels (e.g.: biomass availability & cost being important considerations).
Remove CO2 from process (Hazelwood 2030 Project - Post Combustion Capture (PCC)). Other greenhouse reduction initiatives:
Energy Technology Innovation Strategy (ETIS) R&D:
- Post combustion capture, Oxyfuel, Dried brown coal, Boiler optimisation, Advanced gasification, Advanced materials & Phased array flaw detection.
Carbon capture via Bio algae.
page 6
International Power
Hazelwoods Efficiency Improvements

In excess of $500M has been spent since 1996 (privatisation). Reduction in Greenhouse Intensity of greater than 10% achieved. Resulting in an abatement of approximately 17Mt of CO2.
HP and IP turbine refurbishments (7 of the 8 Units completed to date). Improving Air Heater Performance additional air heater packs (Units 3-8) & air heater re-tubing (Units 1&2). Boiler air sealing improvements - reduction in excess air used for combustion (Units 1-8). Condenser & CW improvements (Units 1-8). HV motor upgrades (Units 1-8). Boiler on-line cleaning equipment upgrades (Units 1-8). EDP works power reduction (Units 1-8). General works power reduction initiatives (Units 1-8).
Future Technology:
Flue gas waste heat recovery system via a Boiler Feed Heater to be installed after the EDPs.
International Power
Brown Coal Characteristics
Lignite (Brown Coal) Comparison

12
page 8
International Power
Coal Drying Technologies

Many coal drying methods being investigated all currently experimental. RWEs WTA fluidised bed drying (Hazelwood 2030 Project).
Issues with burning dried fuel

Fuel <55% moisture will require significant boiler modification.
page 9
International Power
Reduction of Air In-Leakage
International Power
Air Heater Re-tubing New Tubular Air Heater Tubes
International Power
Additional Air Heater Packs Air Heater Pack
International Power
Higher Efficiency Mill Motors
International Power
Installation of New Boiler On-Line Cleaning Systems
International Power
International Power
International Power
Carbon Capture & Sequestering Process

Pilot CO2 Capture Plant: Separate 25 tpd CO2 (upgradable to 50 tpd) using amino acid based technology from a slip stream of flue gas from Unit 8 Captured CO2 used in refurbished carbonation plant to treat ash water, chemically sequestering CO2 as an inert substance (namely calcium carbonate).
Ash Water Effluent
Injection Nozzle
Treated Effluent
CO 2 product Vent
Clarifier
Solvent
Reflux Accumulator
Calcium Carbonate
Absorber Regenerator CO 2 liquefaction & export package (future) Scrubber
Cooling Water
Flue Gas
To Water Drain
International Power
International Power
Post Combustion Capture (PCC) - Solvent Plant
International Power
Chemical Sequestering (Calcium Carbonate) of CO2
International Power
Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Carbon Capture Project ETIS R&D, etc.
New Solvent Development Research
Laboratory research on next generation solvents at CSIRO and University of Melbourne(CO2CRC).
Membrane Research
Laboratory and field research on gas separation and gas absorption technologies by the University of Melbourne(CO2CRC) using existing and new test rigs.
Adsorbent Research
Laboratory and field research on solid adsorbents and adsorption technologies at Monash University(CO2CRC) using existing and new test rigs (CO2 adsorbed to Zeolites & activated carbons).
Solvent Testing in 1,000 tpa Test Facility

Testing of a range of commercially available and new solvents at Loy Yang Power site to obtain operating data and operating experience with brown coal flue gas.
International Power
Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Carbon Capture Project ETIS R&D, etc.
Solvent Testing in 25 tpd Demonstration Plant (funded separately LETDF & ETIS)
Testing of selected commercially available and new solvents at International Power Hazelwood site to obtain operating data and operating experience with brown coal flue gas (PuraTreat F & Potassium Carbonate).
Process and Energy Integration Studies

Assessment of PCC process and energy integration options for Loy Yang A Power station (CSIRO and Loy Yang Power) and for Hazelwood Power Station (CO2CRC and International Power Hazelwood).
Technical and Economic Assessment Studies

Review of technical and economic viability of commercial use of PCC for existing and new Victorian brown coal power stations.
International Power
PCC Plants @ Hazelwood
IPR PCC Amino Acid Solvent Plant
CO2CRC Adsorbent Plant
CO2CRC Membrane Plant

International Power
Bio-Algae Pilot Plant Trials
Bio Fuels Pty Ltd, a Victor Smorgon Group business, are conducting trials in sequestering CO2 from flue gas to grow micro algae using Hazelwoods facilities. The current pilot plant consists of 3 closed reactors to grow the algae. Each of these reactors have a growth area of 50m2. Micro algae have much faster growth-rates than other food crops (i.e. 7 to 30 times greater than the next best crop). Potential uses for algae co-firing, biodiesel, ethanol and protein meal (animal feed). Current investigations:
Microalgae selection. Testing of flue gas on different algae species - freshwater & seawater algae. Testing suitability of water resources. Measuring productivity of algal growth. Investigating options for water removal and lipids (oil) extraction from algae.
International Power
Bio-Algae Process
Algae have Multiple Potential Uses
Cleaned Gases
Sunlight
Co-Firing
Green Power
Esterification
Flue Gases
Fermentation
Bio-Diesel Ethanol Protein Meal
Drying
Patented Algal Biotechnology

International Power
Other Environmental Improvements

Installation of new upgraded Electrostatic Dust Precipitators. Ash Thickener (avoiding annual ash pond dredging).
International Power
New Electrostatic Dust Precipitators
International Power
Ash Thickener
International Power
Summary
Coal will continue to be used for electricity production for the foreseeable future. Reducing emissions from existing and new coal based electricity production is important. Renewables and other technologies also have a place, but will not displace the need for low emission coal technologies any time soon. In addition to the Hazelwood 2030 Project, International Power continues to progress other greenhouse initiatives:
Other coal drying technologies. ETIS R&D Program: Post combustion capture, Oxyfuel, Dried brown coal, Boiler optimisation, Advanced gasification, Advanced materials & Phased array flaw detection. Carbon capture via Bio micro algae.
International Power
Thank you Any Questions?
International Power
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY Level 5&6 Name:________________________

GENERATING ELECTRICITY
Student Sheet
Read the following information then correctly label and colour in the turbine generator. Using the basic principles of electricity generation by Michael Faraday, power stations have been able to generate electricity from various fuel sources. Latrobe Valley power stations use brown coal as their main source fuel. This is known as thermal power. When a magnet revolves inside a coil of wire, this energy is transformed into electric energy, and an electric current will flow through the wire. In power stations, a powerful electromagnet (rotor) is mounted on a shaft supported between bearings. This rotates inside a cylindrical iron shell (stator) containing slots through which the conductors are wound. Steam from the boiler is injected onto the turbine blades which then turn the rotor inside the stator and produces electricity.
1. Steam turns turbine blades 2. Steam exits turbine 5. Stator
3. Turbine blades 4. Rotor
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY Name:

ELECTRIFYNG CONNECTIONS Parallel and Series Circuits VELS: SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY Level 5 and 6
Student sheet
Label the type of circuits and the components from the list in the box below. Experiment creating circuits with different numbers of globes and batteries. What do you find? Draw the various circuits you created with an explanation of what happened. Complete the questions at the end of this sheet.
circuit Parallel Series batteries Globes
circuit globes are parallel battery holder
insulated wire
1. Current is the rate of flow of ____________ charge or electrons. 2. A c must be complete for a current to flow .
3. Globes connected in _______ and _______ circuits display differences in voltage and current. 4. In a ________ circuit, there is only one path for the current to flow. 5. Globes connected in ______ circuits have the same brightness, this does not depend on the number of globes in the circuit.
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY Name:

ELECTRIFYNG CONNECTIONS Parallel and Series Circuits CSF KLA: SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY Level 5 and 6
Student sheet
Label the type of circuits and the components from the list in the box below. Experiment creating circuits with different numbers of globes and batteries. What do you find? Draw the various circuits you created with an explanation of what happened. Complete the questions at the end of this sheet.
circuit Parallel Series batteries Globes
circuit globes are parallel battery holder
insulated wire
1. Current is the rate of flow of ____________ charge or electrons. 2. A c must be complete for a current to flow .
3. Globes connected in _______ and _______ circuits display differences in voltage and current. 4. In a ________ circuit, there is only one path for the current to flow. 5. Globes connected in ______ circuits have the same brightness, this does not depend on the number of globes in the circuit.
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY Level 5&6 ELECTRIFYING CONNECTIONS Name:________________________
Student Sheet
Challenge How many different ways can you get the globe to light up? Draw four different ways you made the globe light up.
Draw one way that did not work
Put a tick next to the globes you would expect to light up
Finish this sentence: To make the globe light up you need to make sure that:
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY

VCE PHYSICS
Name:
What is Electricity?
1. Name the three main components of an atom. ___________________ ________________________ ________________________
2. Complete the following: The ____________ _____ charge of the electron is equal to the magnitude of the positive charge of the proton. These elements are arranged the same generally in all atoms. The protons and the _________________ always form a closely packed group called the nucleus, which has a positive charge due to the protons. Outside the nucleus and a relatively large distance away from it, are the electrons, whose number is ___________ to the number of protons in the nucleus. If the atom is undisturbed and no electrons are removed from the space around the nucleus, the atom remains electrically neutral. If, on the other hand, one or more electrons have been removed, the remaining positively charged structure is called a positive ________. A negative ion is an atom that has gained one or more extra electrons. 3. On the circles below, draw the components of an atom with the neutron, electron and proton in their correct positions.

ELECTRIFYNG CONNECTIONS VELS SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY Level VCE
What are Amps, Volts and Ohms? (Courtesy How Stuff Works)
The three most basic units in electricity are voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (r). Voltage is measured in volts, current is measured in amps and resistance is measured in ohms. A neat analogy to help understand these terms is a system of plumbing pipes. The voltage is equivalent to the water pressure, the current is equivalent to the flow rate, and the resistance is like the pipe size. There is a basic equation in electrical engineering that states how the three terms relate. It says that the current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance. I = V/r Let's see how this relation applies to the plumbing system. Let's say you have a tank of pressurized water connected to a hose that you are using to water the garden. What happens if you increase the pressure in the tank? You probably can guess that this makes more water come out of the hose. The same is true of an electrical system: Increasing the voltage will make more current flow. Let's say you increase the diameter of the hose and all of the fittings to the tank. You probably guessed that this also makes more water come out of the hose. This is like decreasing the resistance in an electrical system, which increases the current flow. Electrical power is measured in watts. In an electrical system power (P) is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current. P = VI The water analogy still applies. Take a hose and point it at a waterwheel like the ones that were used to turn grinding stones in watermills. You can increase the power generated by the waterwheel in two ways. If you increase the pressure of the water coming out of the hose, it hits the waterwheel with a lot more force and the wheel turns faster, generating more power. If you increase the flow rate, the waterwheel turns faster because of the weight of the extra water hitting it. In an electrical system, increasing either the current or the voltage will result in higher power. Let's say you have a system with a 6-volt light bulb hooked up to a 6-volt battery. The power output of the light bulb is 100 watts. Using the equation above, we can calculate how much current in amps would be required to get 100 watts out of this 6-volt bulb. You know that P = 100 W, and V = 6 V. So you can rearrange the equation to solve for I and substitute in the numbers. I = P/V = 100 W / 6 V = 16.66 amps What would happen if you use a 12-volt battery and a 12-volt light bulb to get 100 watts of power? 100 W / 12 V = 8.33 amps So this system produces the same power, but with half the current. There is an advantage that comes from using less current to make the same amount of power. The resistance in electrical wires consumes power, and the power consumed increases as the current going through the wires increases. You can see how this happens by doing a little rearranging of the two equations. What you need is an equation for power in terms of resistance and current. Let's rearrange the first equation:

ELECTRIFYNG CONNECTIONS VELS SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY Level VCE I = V / R can be restated as V = I R Now you can substitute the equation for V into the other equation: P = V I substituting for V we get P = IR I, or P = I2R What this equation tells you is that the power consumed by the wires increases if the resistance of the wires increases (for instance, if the wires get smaller or are made of a less conductive material). But it increases dramatically if the current going through the wires increases. So using a higher voltage to reduce the current can make electrical systems more efficient. The efficiency of electric motors also improves at higher voltages. This improvement in efficiency is what is driving the automobile industry to adopt a higher voltage standard. Carmakers are moving toward a 42-volt electrical system from the current 12volt electrical systems. The electrical demand on cars has been steadily increasing since the first cars were made. The first cars didn't even have electrical headlights; they used oil lanterns. Today cars have thousands of electrical circuits, and future cars will demand even more power. The change to 42 volts will help cars meet the greater electrical demand placed on them without having to increase the size of wires and generators to handle the greater current.

CLEVER CIRCUITS VElS: SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY Level 5 and 6 Aim: Describe the effect of electronic and electrical components in the operation of electronic and electromagnetic devices.
Learning outcomes:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify a range of common electronic components. Correctly write and interpret circuit symbols for electronic components. Describe the functioning of circuits and simple electronic systems. Connect components into a functioning electrical circuit following a circuit diagram. Describe the operation of an electromagnet and simple electromagnetic devices.
Background information A circuit is a complete pathway for the flow of charge. Voltage is the amount of electric energy available to move charge around the circuit. Current is the flow of charge around a circuit. Resistance is opposition to the flow of charge through a circuit. Have a variety of circuits and individual components available for students to examine and use to label with the component labelling activity sheet. Students can place the individual components onto the correct term on the master electronic symbols sheet.
Student activities Revise the names of circuit components and complete the component labelling student sheet Students can construct a given series circuit, for example:
Power supply
Students should name the components from the circuit diagram and describe their function. Alternatively, students are given a made-up circuit (or picture of one) and are required to draw the circuit diagram. Can they name the symbols used?
Electronic Symbols 2
Name: Correctly label the components
Student sheet
Electronic Symbols 2
Motor
PNP transistor
Operational amplifier Loudspeaker
NPN transistor
Photodiode
Buzzer
Light emitting diode
Semiconductor diode
Light dependent resistor
UNIT 1: THE WONDER OF ELECTRICITY VCE Physics

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Student sheet
Name
Build your own electric motor!

Materials: wooden block (2cm x 15cm x20cm) 2 strips of aluminium (can) A (1.5cm x 5cm) 2 strips of aluminium (can) B (4mm x 6cm ) 1 cm round head 6-32 machine screws 7.5m enamel-coated wire (No: 26-30) 2 9cm nails 2 5cm nails staples 4 tacks 6V battery 1. Sharpen both ends of a 12cm pencil. 2. Drill a hole through the pencil from one flat side to the other near the centre. 3. Screw in the two screws, one from each side symmetrically. 4. Snip about 3mm off the points of 4 staples and tack them in pairs part way into the pencil, two on each side (Fig. A) 5. Punch a small hole near one end of the aluminium strips (A) and tap a small dimple into the other end (Fig.B). Bend each strip at a right angle at about 1cm from the end with a hole. 6. Tack the strips 12cm apart so that the pencil spins freely between the 2 dimples. Adjust the balance by turning the screws in or out (Fig.C) 7. From 350 cm of wire, wrap about 100 turns onto each screw always winding in the same direction. Leave about 4cm leads on each end. 8. Pass the cleaned ends of the leads under the corresponding staples. (Solder wires to staples). 9. Bend the 2 large nails at right angles, about 2cm from their heads. Tap them into previously made holes in the block positioning them so the screws will just miss them. (Fig.D). 10. Cut 200cm lengths of wire and wind about 120 turns onto the horizontal segment of each nail leaving about 10cm leads. 11. Scape and solder one lead from one nail to the lead from the other, in such a way that the direction of the current is the same around both coils. (Fig.E) 12. Bend each of the aluminium strips (B) in a right angle, about 1cm from the end. Mount them on the block so that the vertical portions brush against the staples as the pencil rotates (Fig.F). 13. Clean and solder the remaining leads to each of the brushes.Conveniently place the 2 small nails on the block as terminal posts to connect to the battery. Solder a short piece of wire from each brush to the nearest terminal (Fig.G). 14. Install the pencil rotor between the aluminium supports and connect the battery!

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Student sheet
Name
Magnetic flux lines of magnetism

Label each example:

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Student sheet
Name
Review questions
1.Define the terms: (a) Magnetic field
(b) Line of magnetic flux
2. Sketch the field lines around the arrangements of magnets below
3. Three different matchboxes contain a piece of iron, a magnet and a piece of copper. How could you determine which is which using a bar magnet and without opening the boxes?

MAGNETIC FIELDS VCE PHYSICS Learning outcomes: Describe, using diagrams, the magnetic field in various magnetic configurations.
Background information
Magnets have a very strong effect on ferromagnetic materials placed in the space around them. Magnets repel or attract each other without actually touching. This area of effect surrounding a magnet is called a magnetic field. A magnetic field can be represented diagrammatically by lines called called lines of magnetic flux. These lines represent the magnetic field around the magnetic object. The stronger the magnetic field the closer the lines are together. They are drawn with arrows on them showing the direction of the force a north pole would experience if placed at that point. This means that the arrows always point away from north poles and towards south poles.
Student activities
1. Obtain two bar magnets, a sheet of paper and some gladwrap. 2. Wrap both bar magnets separately in the gladwrap (to prevent iron filings getting onto the magnets) 3. Place one magnet in the centre of the sheet of paper and carefully sprinkle the iron filings around the magnet. If at first you dont see anything gently tap the edge of the piece of paper. You should see a pattern emerge. Sketch the pattern. 4. Place both magnets north pole to north pole (with a gap of about 1cm between them) and repeat the sprinkling of the iron filings. Sketch the pattern that emerges. 5. Repeat again, this time with a north pole facing a south pole. Once again sketch the pattern. Questions: 1. What does the pattern around the single bar magnet suggest? 2. Do the patterns that emerge tell us anything about whether there is an attraction or repulsion between the poles?

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Magnetic flux lines of magnetism
UNIT 2: COOL COAL FORMATION OF COAL VELS: Earth Sciences Level 5 & 6 Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Coal) www.vicmins.com.au www.agso.gov.au/renewable/
(On-line mapping Learning outcomes: Describe the formation, composition and cycling of rocks Relate the properties of rocks to the ways in which they are used Background information Our story of thermal power generation from brown coal starts around 50 million years ago (on the geological time scale the Early Tertiary Period) in the hot and humid forests that covered the floor of the Latrobe Valley. Huge trees grew in this flat, swampy land. Leaves, seeds and branches fell into the swamp and began to decay. When the plants died they too sank into the swamp. Clays, sands and gravels were washed in from the surrounding hills to cover the layer of decaying plants. The forests grew again, the plants died, decayed and were covered. Over millions of years, this cycle repeated and thick layers of decaying plant remains were built up. The weight of overlying material pressed down and compressed the layers of decaying vegetation (plant remains) squeezing out some of the water and making the material harder. Over time, these layers of plant material have formed into layers of brown coal. Time, temperature and pressure conditions convert the water-logged plant remains (or peat) into brown coal. (Higher temperatures and pressures, and a longer time are required to convert the material into black coal.) It is estimated that to form a one metre thick layer of brown coal it may have taken from one thousand (1000) to four and a half thousand (4500) years. Brown coal is like a soft rock that was formed from once living things. Another name for brown coal is lignite. Coal is called a fossil fuel because it is made of the remains of plant material. Energy from the sun was converted by the plants into chemical energy and this energy is now stored in the brown coal. The Latrobe Valley is world famous. Here the seams of coal are very thick, from 60-170 metres, and total up to 770 metres deep. The large area of coal extends for 60 kilometres in length and apprixmately 20 kilometres in width. This is the largest single deposit of brown coal in the world.
Student activities: Discuss how coal is formed and students can collect various plants from around the schoolyard and place them in layers with a heavy weight on top to simulate the coalification process. Check the layers in a few weeks time to note any changes. Students can colour fine sand black, brown and white then pour into a jar in layers with the black sand on the bottom then varying layers of brown and white to signify the ageing process and formation of black and brown coal. The white layers represent sediment deposits. Students can complete the following Formation of Coal, What is Available?(Geologists Dilemma Game) Mapping Victorias Power Producers activity sheets.
UNIT 2: COOL COAL LOCATING VICTORIAS POWER PRODUCERS VELS: Earth Sciences Level: 3 & 4
Student sheet Name:____________________ Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au www.agso.gov.au
Fill in the following table. Use an atlas to locate each of the power generators listed in the table. Mark each of the power generators on the map. Circle the main thermal power generators in the Latrobe Valley Power station
Loy Yang Power
Location 165 km east of Melbourne Near Falls Creek 165 km east of Melbourne North east of Melbourne 16 km south of Morwell 135 km east of Melbourne 6 km south west of Melbourne 135 km east of Melbourne 100 km north east of Melbourne 95 km south west of Melbourne 120 km north west of Melbourne 260 km north east of Melbourne 130 km east of Melbourne
Kiewa International Power Loy Yang B Eildon Jeeralang International Power-Hazelwood Newport Energy Brix Rubicon Anglesea (Alcoa) Cairn Curran Dartmouth TRUenergy Yallourn
Energy Source Brown Coal Hydro
UNIT 2: COOL COAL VCE SCIENCE COAL FORMATION CHEMISTRY OF COAL
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education - Chemistry www.ciw.edu/akir/seminar/tectonics
Background information:
In Victoria, coal was deposited 15 to 50 million years ago during the Tertiary Period. In the waterlogged environment of this period, plants and tree debris accumulated. As the layer of debris increased in thickness, the floors of these vast swamps subsided slowly and fungi and bacteria decomposed the plant material. This is the first stage in the "coalification" process and is characterised by extensive biochemical reactions. During degradation of dead plant material, proteins, starches and cellulose undergo more rapid decomposition than the woody material (lignin) and the waxy parts of the plants (the leaf cuticles and the spore and pollen walls). Thus the remains of many types of vegetation, including tree stumps, leaves, spores, seedpods, and resin are found in Victoria's brown coal. Some of the material is similar to existing vegetation but, in general, most of the plants have not grown in Victoria for millions of years. To varying degrees, and depending upon climatic conditions, plant constituents are decomposed under aerobic conditions to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. This process is called "humification" and results in the formation of peat. This peat becomes covered with layers of sediment, which excludes air, and hence the second stage of coalification occurs under anaerobic conditions. In this second stage of the process the combined effects of time, temperature and pressure convert the peat firstly into brown coal (lignite) and then into sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and finally to anthracite. These three latter coals are usually called black coals. It is estimated that the formation of one metre thickness of coal may have taken from 1000 to 4500 years to occur. Thus a seam 200 metres thick could have taken up to one million years to accumulate and form. Variations in the botanical community, in the depth and nature of the swamp water and in the conditions of decomposition of plant material during this period result in the formation of coals with different characteristics. These lithotypes can often be seen as distinct bands of different colour and texture on exposed faces of the LaTrobe Valley open cuts.
Coalification:
From this coalification sequence comes the concept of coal "rank" which is the measure of the degree of coalification or maturation. Under mildest conditions the lowest rank coal, brown coal, would be formed. At higher temperatures and pressures, given sufficient time, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite would be formed. This transition from peat to anthracite is characterised by a number of chemical changes: The disappearance of cellulose. Decreasing proportions of hydrogen and oxygen. Increasing proportion of carbon and greater proportion of carbon atoms bonded into benzene ring structure (aromatic carbon). Decreasing proportion of volatile matter. (This is the material removed when the coal is heated at a temperature >700C in an inert atmosphere. It includes hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.) Peat % H2O Dry Basis %C %H %O % Volatile Matter 75-80 50-60 5-6 35-40 60-65 Brown Sub-bituminous Coal Coal 50-70 60-75 5-6 20-30 45-55 25-30 75-80 5-6 15-20 40-45 Bituminous Coal 5-10 80-90 4-5 10-15 20-40 Anthracite 2-5 90-95 2-3 2-3 4-7
COAL FORMATION CHEMISTRY OF COAL
Student sheet
UNIT 2: COOL COAL VCE SCIENCE Name: ________
Name: Questions: 1. During which Period was coal deposited? How long ago did this Period exist?
2. During degradation of dead plant material, which chemical structures undergo more rapid decomposition than the woody material (lignin)?
3. Describe the process of humification and its end product.
4. Which three conditions must be present for brown coal to form from peat?
5. Complete the following table:
Peat % H2O Dry Basis %C %H %O % Volatile Matter 5-6 7580
Brown Coal 50-70 60-75
Sub-bituminous Coal 25-30
Bituminous Anthracite Coal
80-90 5-6 4-5 2-3 4-7
20-30
15-20 40-45
Background information:
In Victoria, coal was deposited 15 to 50 million years ago during the Tertiary Period. In the waterlogged environment of this period, plants and tree debris accumulated. As the layer of debris increased in thickness, the floors of these vast swamps subsided slowly and fungi and bacteria decomposed the plant material. This is the first stage in the "coalification" process and is characterised by extensive biochemical reactions. During degradation of dead plant material, proteins, starches and cellulose undergo more rapid decomposition than the woody material (lignin) and the waxy parts of the plants (the leaf cuticles and the spore and pollen walls). Thus the remains of many types of vegetation, including tree stumps, leaves, spores, seedpods, and resin are found in Victoria's brown coal. Some of the material is similar to existing vegetation but, in general, most of the plants have not grown in Victoria for millions of years. To varying degrees, and depending upon climatic conditions, plant constituents are decomposed under aerobic conditions to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. This process is called "humification" and results in the formation of peat. This peat becomes covered with layers of sediment, which excludes air, and hence the second stage of coalification occurs under anaerobic conditions. In this second stage of the process the combined effects of time, temperature and pressure convert the peat firstly into brown coal (lignite) and then into sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and finally to anthracite. These three latter coals are usually called black coals.
Coalification:
From this coalification sequence comes the concept of coal "rank" which is the measure of the degree of coalification or maturation. Under mildest conditions the lowest rank coal, brown coal, would be formed. At higher temperatures and pressures, given sufficient time, bituminous coal and eventually anthracite would be formed. This transition from peat to anthracite is characterised by a number of chemical changes: The disappearance of cellulose. Decreasing proportions of hydrogen and oxygen. Increasing proportion of carbon and greater proportion of carbon atoms bonded into benzene ring structure (aromatic carbon). Decreasing proportion of volatile matter. (This is the material removed when the coal is heated at a temperature >700C in an inert atmosphere. It includes hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.) Peat % H2O Dry Basis %C %H %O % Volatile Matter 75-80 50-60 5-6 35-40 60-65 Brown Sub-bituminous Coal Coal 50-70 60-75 5-6 20-30 45-55 25-30 75-80 5-6 15-20 40-45 Bituminous Coal 5-10 80-90 4-5 10-15 20-40 Anthracite 2-5 90-95 2-3 2-3 4-7
UNIT 2: COOL COAL VCE GEOGRAPHY COAL FORMATION Background information:
Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the decomposition of land plant remains that have accumulated in swampy areas. Land plants first appeared in the Silurian Period 4000 million years ago but it was not until the Carboniferous Period of 300 million years ago that these plants developed sufficiently to form the forests which produced the major coal deposits of the Northern Hemisphere. In Australia, which was then part of a great land mass called Gondwana (picture,below ), coal formation occurred much later, in the Permian Period, 250 million years ago. This applies to the large deposits in Queensland and New South Wales. In Victoria, the coals are much younger; being deposited 15 to 50 million years ago during the Tertiary Period.
UNIT 2: COOL COAL 10 VCE GEOGRAPHY

(Education Chemistry-Formation of Coal) www.ciw.edu/akir/seminar/tectonics Background information:
TECTONIC CONTINENTS FORMATION Websites: www.powerworks.com.au
There are eight large continental plates on the Earth: the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, IndianAustralian, Nazca, North American, Pacific, and South American plates. The plates are rigid and deformation occurs at plate boundaries only. The plates move about 5-10 cm per year and have moved all over the surface of the Earth ever since their formation. Below is a figure showing the positions of the continents over the last 225 million years.
PERMIAN 225 million years ago
TRIASSIC 200million years ago
JURASSIC 135 million years ago
CRETACEOUS 65 million years ago
PRESENT DAY PRESENT DAY Student activities: Name each of the continents with their current names Colour in with different colours Cut out the individual continents and rearrange them as they occur today
UNIT 2: COOL COAL VCE Earth Sciences TECTONIC CONTINENTS FORMATION
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education - Geology www.ciw.edu/akir/seminar/tectonics
There are eight large continental plates on the Earth: the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, IndianAustralian, Nazca, North American, Pacific, and South American plates. The plates are rigid and deformation occurs at plate boundaries only. The plates move about 5-10 cm per year and have Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Chemistry-Formation moved all over the surface of the Earth ever since their formation. Below is a figure showing the of Coal) positions of the continents over the last 225 million years. www.ciw.edu/akir/seminar/tectonics
UNIT 2: COOL COAL FORMATION OF COAL VCE : GEOLOGY OF COAL
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Coal) www.vicmins.com.au
Background information: Coal is a "fossil fuel" formed by the decomposition of land plants' that have accumulated in swampy or lowlying areas. Land plants first appeared over 4000 million years ago during the Silurian Period. Although it was not until the Carboniferous Period of 300 million years ago, when plants developed sufficiently to produce major forests, that the continual build-up of decaying plants had begun the first step towards becoming coal.
In swampy areas the plant and tree debris gathered, as each new layer of dead and dying plants increased in thickness, these vast swamps slowly sank. "Humification" or the rapid decaying of the plant material results in the formation of "peat". The peat becomes covered with new sediment layers, the lack of air reaching the peat starts the second step of the "coalification" process, the combined effects of time, temperature and pressure convert the peat into brown coal, then sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and finally anthracite. The last three coals in the process are usually called black coal.
Our coalfields are much younger than the first coal fields of the Northern Hemisphere. The coal mined for power generation in Victoria is brown coal, in which the process of coalification began 45 million years ago.
500 million years ago the LaTrobe Valley was covered by a deep sea. The seabed was covered by slimy mud, the mud was compacted to become slate and mudstone, this process took 100 million years.
UNIT 2: COOL COAL FORMATION OF COAL VCE : GEOLOGY Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Coal) www.vicmins.com.au
Background information: 350 million years ago the area was lifted and molten rock rose from deep in the Earth's crust. When it cooled the molten rock became an Intrusive Igneous rock called Granodiorite. Glaciers swept across the LaTrobe Valley around 230 million years ago, flattening and eroding the landscape. The much harder rock Granodiorite was exposed at the surface. Weather easily eroded the softer rocks, shale and mudstone, while the Granodiorite remained intact and is now known as the Baw Baw Plateau. 60 million years ago cracks called faults formed in the Earth's crust. The LaTrobe Valley was formed by rock settling between the faults. The LaTrobe Valley naturally became a swampy place, because the streams from the surrounding hills flowed into the area. This was an excellent area for vegetation, which began the first step of the coalification process.
But not all of the coal in the LaTrobe Valley is the same age. The faults allowed blocks of land to drop a long way and the swamps became lakes with sand and mud accumulating on the bottom. Different areas of the swamp grew different vegetation this eventually produced various types of coal, all within the same coal seam. This process continued over a period of 45 million years.
Age of Coal Seams Driving past the mines in the LaTrobe Valley, you will notice the different depths of each individual mine. The depth of the open cuts gives a good indication of the coal age being mined. The coal seam ages: The Yallourn seam is approximately 7 million years old The Morwell 1 seam is approximately 10 million years old The Morwell 2 seam is approximately 25 million years old The Traralgon South / /Loy Yang seam is approximately 45 million years old
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWERFUL STATIONS TRANSMISSION CABLES Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
VELS: TECHNOLOGY
Level 5&6 Aim: For students to gain an understanding of how transmission lines operate Learning outcomes: Explain the relationship between the inputs, processes and outputs of simple systems Plan, construct and modify simple systems and report on their performance Background information: Around the Latrobe Valley and all the way to Melbourne are a series of large pylons and transmission lines. The transmission lines carry electricity to every part of Victoria. When it gets to cities where people live it is then sent out in different cables to our homes so that we can use it to cook our food, heat our homes, watch TV, play video games and do all those things that we need electricity for. These transmission lines also connect together the electricity supply of the states of South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and The Australian Capital Territory. This allows these states to share their electricity with each other so that if one state has too much electricity, a state that does not have enough does not have to waste money building a new power station but can buy the electricity it needs from the other state. This electricity connection of the states is called the National Grid. This National Grid will soon connect Tasmania and Queensland to all the other states. The transmission line to connect Victoria and Tasmania is called Basslink and will be a cable buried beneath the sea of Bass Strait. Western Australia is not part of this grid because it is too far away and it would cost too much to build the transmission line. To send the electricity along these transmission lines we need a lot of electrical pressure. This is called voltage. After the electricity is generated it is sent to a transformer, which changes the voltage to five hundred thousand volts. It is then sent along the lines at this voltage to the cities. By doing this we do not lose much electricity on the way. In the cities other transformers change it to two hundred and forty volts, which we can use in our homes. The cables, or conductors, used in the transmission lines used to be made of copper. Copper is heavy and also expensive so now these cables are made of aluminium. Electricity flows easily in aluminium. Another way of saying this is to say Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. Because these cables are not buried in the ground we do not have to worry about putting insulation around them to stop the electricity flowing into other things such as water in the ground or the ground itself. But because we are hanging them from the pylons we have to have a way of attaching them to the pylon so that the electricity does not flow into the pylon and down to the ground. If this happened we would have no electricity in our homes. We use large things called insulators made out of porcelain which is the same material your bathroom basin is made of. An insulator is something that electricity cannot pass through.
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWERFUL STATIONS TRANSMISSION CABLES Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
CSF KLA: TECHNOLOGY

Level 3&4 One very important factor in sending electricity along a transmission line is the electrical resistance of the cable. Resistance is a measure of how much the cable will try to stop the electricity. If a cable has a high resistance we will lose a lot of our electricity as it is changed to heat inside the cable. You can see how this happens in a bar radiator. The heating coil has a high resistance and as the electricity passes through it the coil gets red hot and gives off the electrical energy that has been changed to heat inside the coil We use special meters to measure resistance. The unit of measurement is the ohm (spelt o..h..m) The more ohms, the greater the resistance. Student activities: Students can answer the questions on the student sheet then construct their own working model of transmission cables and pylons using batteries, globes and wires to light a globe some distance from the power station ( the battery) Students can enlarge upon this theme by constructing a model power station and mine within a city and connecting the houses via power lines. Houses and streets could be lit with small globes using a transformer connected to a mains supply. A model train transformer would be ideal.
Student sheet Level 5&6 UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS THE MINING PROCESS DREDGERS
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au Name:_________________________
Answer the following questions then build your own model of a dredger! What is the length and height of a large dredger? Name the famous sporting ground which the dredgers cannot fit in to. How much electricity is required to power the dredgers? To build a small dredger costs roughly 100 million dollars while the larger dredgers cost about 180 million dollars. A mine has one small and three large dredgers operating in it. What is the total cost of the four dredgers combined? If a dredger digs approximately 3,700 cubic metres of coal per hour, how long does it take to dig 1 cubic metre? Work out how many cubic metres are excavated in a 24 hour period. A dredger has between ___ and ___ buckets on the bucketwheel. Why does every second bucket have no bottom? The bucketwheel on a dredger is approximately __ metres high How many hours per day do the dredgers operate? Describe in several sentences how a dredger operates
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWER STATIONS TRANSFORMERS VELS: TECHNOLOGY Level 5&6 Aim: For students to gain an understanding of how transformers operate Learning outcomes: Explain the relationship between the inputs, processes and outputs of simple systems Plan, construct and modify simple systems and report on their performance Background information: In switch yards near the power stations, the electricity produced by the generators passes through a series of transformers which produce the very high voltages required for long distance transmission from the Latrobe Valley to the major load centres. High voltages (with low current) are used to reduce energy loss, mainly in the form of heat, that occurs in the transmission lines. Transformers can change the voltage of an alternating current. In 1831 Faraday designed the first transformer. A transformer consists of two linked electromagnets. The incoming current travels through the wire turns of the first coil. This passage of current in the first coil induces a current in the second coil. The voltage is altered according to the number of turns in the two coils. A transformer that increases voltage is known as a step-up transformer. For example, if the second coil has twice as many turns as the first coil, the voltage is doubled. The generators at Edison Mission Energy produce 20,000 volts or 20 kV (kilo meaning 1 thousand ). The generators feed current into the first coil of a series of transformers. The voltage is increased by each of the transformers until it has been stepped up to the transmission voltage. For example, for transmission at 500kV the voltage has been increased to 25 times the generated voltage. A transformer that decreases voltage is known as a step-down transformer. For example, if the second coil of a transformer has half as many turns as the first coil, then the voltage is halved. Before electrical power is used in the city it passes through a series of step-down transformers so that the output voltage is lowered. The voltage is reduced in steps to a level where it can be used in industries requiring 10 000 volts and further reduced, in local substations, to 240 volts for use in our homes. Student activities: Students can answer the questions on the student sheet and then construct their own working model using a transformer taken from a small appliance eg . a radio, model car etc. Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
Student sheet Level 5&6 UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS THE MINING PROCESS DREDGERS
* Use the diagram below to help you build your own model of a dredger
Student sheet Level 5&6 UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWERFUL STATIONS TRANSFORMERS
Answer the following questions then build your own working model using a transformer from a small appliance e.g radio, kitchen mixer.
1. Transformers are used to: (a) Change voltage, (b) Change current, (c) Change electricity. 2. Before transmission, the generated voltage is: (a) Stepped down, (b) Stepped up, (c) Left the same. 3. After transmission, before use in homes, the voltage is: (a) Stepped down, (b) Stepped up, (c) Left the same. 4. How is voltage increased in a transformer? (a) By doubling the amount of coils (b) By reducing the amount of coils (c) By increasing the amount of electricity in the transformer 5. Why do we need transformers? (a) To increase the voltage of electricity for transmission over large distances (b) To decrease the voltage of electricity for transmission over large distances (c) To increase the voltage of electricity for transmission over large distances and then to reduce the voltage so it can be used for industrial and household purposes 6. Describe in several sentences how a transformer operates
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS THE MINING PROCESS DREDGERS VELS: TECHNOLOGY Level 5&6 Aim: For students to gain an understanding of how bucketwheel dredgers operate Learning outcomes: Explain the relationship between the inputs, processes and outputs of simple systems Plan, construct and modify simple systems and report on their performance Background information Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
Bucketwheel dredgers are used in the three brown coal open cut mines in the Latrobe Valley. They vary in size with the largest measuring nearly 200 metres in length and 50 metres in height or 12 storeys too long to fit inside the playing field of Melbournes MCG. The dredgers are electrically powered by 22000 volts with a very long power lead which unrolls from the rear of the dredger as it moves forward. The large dredgers weigh over 4000 tonnes and dig 3700 tonnes of coal or overburden per hour. This equates to over one tonne of coal per second. The bucketwheel drops the mined coal onto an internal conveyor belt which runs the length of the dredger. At the rear of the dredger, the coal is then dropped onto the main conveyor system which carries the coal from the mine up to the raw coal bunker which is situated next to the power station. The bucketwheel on the larger dredgers is 14 metres high and at Loy Yang, have 12 buckets per wheel. International Power Hazelwood and Yallourn Energy bucketwheels contain 10 buckets. Each bucket can hold approximately 1.3 tonnes of coal or overburden and you could fit a small car nose down in one of them! The replacement cost of a dredger is approximately 180 million dollars and the age of the dredgers used in the mines varies from 20 years to 40 years old. It is estimated that the dredgers in use today have will continue to operate for the life of the mines. At TRU energy Yallourn, several older dredgers have been replaced by bulldozers which push the coal down the coal face onto a wide receiving platform where it is then transported by conveyor belt to the coal bunker. Student activities: Students can answer the questions on the student sheet and then construct their own dredger model using lego technic or materials of their own choice. Students can use a scale system to simulate the length of a dredger in the school yard or oval using fishing line or string. They could use a scale of 1 metre equals 1 kilometre to represent the length of a dredger.
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS THE MINING PROCESS CONVEYOR BELTS CSF KLA: TECHNOLOGY / MATHS Level 5&6 Aim: For students to gain an understanding of how open cut mine conveyor belt systems operate Learning outcomes: Explain the relationship between the inputs, processes and outputs of simple systems Plan, construct and modify simple systems and report on their performance Use written methods to multiply and divide whole numbers Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
Background information: Endless conveyor belts are used to transport the coal from the mine up to the raw coal bunker. They also transport overburden to the overburden dump. At Loy Yang mine for example, there are over 27 kilometres of conveyor belts. The conveyor belts are made from thick rubber and are 2 metres wide. Large electric motors are used to drive the belts; approximately 4 of these are used to drive a 3km stretch of belt. Idlers support the belting. There are two types: Returners which are used every 8 metres and Troughers which are placed every 1 metre. The conveyor belts travel at a rate of 5 metres per second. When the dredger moves to a new section of the mine, the conveyor belts have to be moved as well. This is done by large bulldozers pushing the belt systems in a line to their new position. Student activities: Students can answer the questions on the student sheet and then construct their own conveyor system model using lego technic or materials of their own choice. Students can use a scale system to simulate a conveyor belt system in the school yard or oval using fishing line or string. They could use a scale of 1 metre equals 1 kilometre to represent the length of the conveyor system in the different mines.
Student sheet Name:_______________________

UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWER STATIONS BOILERS VELS: TECHNOLOGY Level 5&6 Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
Complete the following questions in sentences then construct your own boiler unit using lego, or a shoe box for the outside of the boiler. Cut up drinking straws make ideal water tubes to line the inside of your boiler.
Questions
1. Brown coal is dried, crushed and burnt to produce heat to: (a) Produce electricity (b) Produce steam, (c) Produce gas. 2. Power station boilers produce: (a) Low pressure steam, (b) High pressure steam, (c) High pressure superheated steam. 3. Steam in the boilers is heated to: (a) 100 C (b) 540 C (c) 2000 C
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWER STATIONS STEAM TURBINES VELS: TECHNOLOGY Level 5&6
Student sheet Name:____________________

Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
Construct your own turbine model using lego,technic or materials of your own choice Small dowel rod could be used for the rotor shaft with cut up soft drink cans forming the blades A hairdryer could be used to simulate the steam to turn the turbine blades or use an actual jug of boiling water to direct the steam through a small aperture on to the blades of your turbine. Be careful!
UNIT 3: MINES and POWER STATIONS POWER STATIONS STEAM TURBINES VELS: TECHNOLOGY Level 5&6 Aim: For students to gain an understanding of how steam turbines operate Learning outcomes: Explain the relationship between the inputs, processes and outputs of simple systems Plan, construct and modify simple systems and report on their performance Background information: High pressure superheated steam from the boilers is used to drive the turbines. A turbine is a machine in which the energy of the steam is converted into the kinetic (movement) energy of the turbine shaft. A turbine consists of a central shaft, or rotor, set horizontally inside a cylinder. Set around the rotor are a large number of angled blades, like the blades on a fan. High pressure superheated steam, from the boiler, is shot into the cylinder through nozzles. The steam first strikes the blades and causes the shaft to rotate (or spin). Also when the steam enters the cylinder it expands. As the steam expands it is directed over more blades on the turbine shaft and further causes the shaft to rotate. Generators are machines that transform or change the mechanical energy, produced by the spinning turbine shaft, into electrical energy. The movement produced by the turbines is used to spin the powerful electromagnets at high speed inside fixed coils of wire wound inside a large cylinder (called the stator). This movement of a magnetic field inside the stator produces an electrical current in the fixed wire. Thus converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. To produce electricity in commercial quantities, the generator typically runs at a speed of 3000 rpm (revolutions per minute) and produces a current at 50 cycles per second. Basically electricity generation consists of a magnet spinning inside a group of wire coils. A simple analogy is laying a windmill in a horizontal position and comparing the wind pushing the vanes to steam turning the turbine blades as a power source. Also when the steam enters the cylinder it expands. As the steam expands it is directed over more blades on the turbine shaft and further causes the shaft to rotate. In modern thermal power stations the turbines rotate at speeds of 3000 rpm (revolutions per minute). The turning shaft is connected to the generator, and thus spins the generator rotor. Student activities: Students can complete their own turbine generator model using the student sheet as a guide. Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.vicmins.com.au
UNIT 4 : OUR ENVIRONMENT GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS TRADING
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Environment) www.greenhouse.gov.au
Level 5&6 Learning outcomes: Compare how people use environments in Australia Identify ways in which people use a variety of natural and built environments in Australia Background information What is emissions trading? Emissions trading is a possible solution aimed at reducing industry greenhouse gas emissions throughout the world. The idea started at the Kyoto Conference on climate change held in 1997. How will it work? The government will set the total volume of emission allowances for a given year. Companies that could reduce their emissions could sell the allowance that they had left over. The Australian Greenhouse Office would administer this type of scheme in Australia. It is likely that the local scheme would become part of a global emissions reduction program. Which industries will be affected? The Australian Governments National Greenhouse Strategy includes standards for power station emissions and vehicle fuel efficiency. The power generation and transport industries will be most directly affected by emissions trading . Industries that are suppliers to, or customers of these sectors will also be affected indirectly. Some examples of these types of industries are: Coal mines and other mineral extractors Oil and gas extraction, transmission and refining Mineral smelters, refiners and metal manufacturers
What will be effect? The cost of energy produced by a high emission process will become greater. This will make power generated from gas and alternative technologies more competitive. It will be more likely that money will be spent on developing new power generation and vehicle technologies that produce the required output with reduced emissions.
Student activities: Students can research the total volume of emission allowances for a given year for a number of different countries and map them on the student map sheet. Following this, students can list the differences in total emissions from each selected country over a five year period and rank them in order from most to least in emissions. Gather information on how each country is reducing their total emissions and compare their strategies.
UNIT 4: ENVIRONMENT Level 5&6 Student Sheet WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
Websites:www.powerworks.com.au www.greenhouseoffice.gov.au
Name:________________________
The earth's atmosphere has several gases which together act like a blanket to keep the earth at a comfortable temperature. If these gases were not there, the earth would be much colder, probably by about 30 degrees Celsius. Because of the fast-growing world population and its needs for more energy-consuming appliances, more cleared land and transport, these gases are increasing in the atmosphere. Scientists around the world are concerned that these increases could warm the earth and change our climate. In Victoria, the warming could mean a warming of temperatures by 2 - 4 degrees Celsius, causing a rise of up to 30 centimetres in sea levels, heavier rainfall, more flash flooding, increased wind speed and more bush fires. These changes could happen gradually by the year 2030, unless we find ways of slowing down the greenhouse effect by controlling the amount of gases released into the atmosphere.
What causes the Greenhouse Effect?

By burning fossil fuels such as brown coal, black coal, gas and oil in power stations, industry and transport. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and is to blame for about half of the Greenhouse Effect. By cutting down too many trees. More trees are needed because they absorb carbon dioxide. By using aerosol sprays which release chlorofluorocarbons and halons. These two gases also damage the upper ozone layer, causing the ozone hole that appears each Spring over Antartica. Many countries around the world including Australia have banned aerosols that contain chlorofluorocarbons. By the growing of rice, farming of animals and leakages from natural gas pipes all of which release methane.
UNIT 4: OUR ENVIRONMENT
GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse Gases

VELS: Science Level 5&6
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.greenhouseoffice.gov.au
Complete the following table with the correct information Greenhouse Gas ___________ dioxide Source Combustion of __________ fuels _______, oil and _______ Deforestation : clearing of ______ for farming. Agricultural activities: release from _______ animals and rotting vegetation in _______ paddies. Releases from _______ mines and Natural _____ leaks. CFCs used in r____________ and air conditioning as propellants in aerosol spray ________, in foam products for packaging and in_____________. Halons used in fire ___________________ Fertiliser use. Combustion of ______ fuels Motor ________________ emissions Urban smog from ______exhausts, ______ storages and vegetation. Present rate of increase 0.5% Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect ___%
Methane
0.9%
__5%
Chlorofluoro____________ Halons
4%
2__%
_____________ oxide Ozone
0.25% 0.3%
6%
GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse Gases

VELS: Science Level 5&6
Most gases that contribute to the Greenhouse effect occur naturally in the Earths atmosphere. They are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. The levels of carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and nitrous oxide are effected by human activity. In addition. Other greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons and halons, have been added as a result of their use by humans as refrigerants and propellants Greenhouse Gas Carbon dioxide Methane Source Combustion of fossil fuels- coal, oil and gas Deforestation- clearing of land for farming Agricultural activities- release from farm animals and rotting vegetation in rice paddies. Rubbish tips, landfills and wood burning. Releases from coal mines and natural gas leaks CFCs used in refrigeration and air conditioning as propellants in aerosol spray cans, in foam products for packaging and in insulation. Halons used in fire extinguishers. Fertiliser use. Combustion of fossil fuels. Motor vehicle emissions Urban smog from car exhausts, oil storages and vegetation. Present rate of increase 0.5% Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect 55%
0.9%
15%
Chlorofluorocarbons Halons Nitrous oxide Ozone
4%
24%
0.25% 0.3%
6%
UNIT 4 : OUR ENVIRONMENT

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE KYOTO PROTOCOL VCE Unit 3 Ecological Issues: Energy and Biodiversity Learning outcomes:
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Environment) www.greenhouseoffice.gov.au (Environment Australia) www.unfccc.int/resource (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
Predict the effects of resource development and use on a selected natural and human environment Describe the likely impact of resource development and use on a natural environment
A Greenhouse Timeline up to Kyoto

1827: French polymath Jean-Baptiste Fourier suggests the existence of an atmospheric effect keeping the Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. He also uses the analogy of a greenhouse 1863: Irish scientist John Tyndall publishes paper describing how water vapour can be a greenhouse gas 1890s: Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and an American, P.C Chamberlain, independently consider the problems that might be caused by CO2 building up in the atmosphere. Both scientists realise that the burning of fossil fuels could lead to global warming, but neither suspects the process might already have started 1890s to 1940s: Average surface temperatures increase by about 0.25C. Some scientists see American dustbowl as a sign of the greenhouse effect at work. 1940 to 1970: Worldwide cooling of 0.2C. Scientific interest in greenhouse effect wanes. Some climatologists predi ct a new ice age 1957: US oceanographer Roger Revelle warns that humans were conducting a large-scale geophysical experiment on the planet by releasing greenhouse gases. Colleague David Keeling sets up first continuous monitoring of CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Immediately Keeling finds regular year-on-year rise 1970s: Series of studies by US Department of energy increase concern about future global warming 1979: First World Climate Conference adopts climate change as a major issue and calls on governments to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate 1985: First major international conference on the greenhouse effect, at Villach, Austria, warns that greenhouse gases will in the first half of the next century cause a rise of global mean temperature which is greater than in any mans history. This could cause sea levels to rise by up to a metre. Conference also warns that gases other than CO2, such as methane, ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide, will contribute to warming 1987: Warmest year on record. The 1980s turn out to be the warmest decade, with seven of the eight warmest years up to 1990. The coldest years in the 1980s were warmer than the warmest years of the 1880s 1988: Global warming attracts worldwide headlines after scientists at Congressional hearings in Washington DC blame major US drought on its influence. Meeting of climate scientists in Toronto subsequently calls for 20% cuts in global CO2 emissions by year 2005. UN sets up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to analyse and report on scientific findings.
UNIT 4 : OUR ENVIRONMENT

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
A Greenhouse Timeline up to Kyoto
1990: IPCCs first report finds the planet has warmed by 0.5% in the past century. Warns that only strong measures to halt rising greenhouse gas emissions will prevent serious global warming. Provides scientific clout for UN negotiations for a climate convention. Negotiations begin after December UN General Assembly 1991: Mount Pinatabo erupts in the Philippines throwing debris into the stratosphere that shileds Earth from solar energy and helps interrupt the warming trend. Average temperatures drop for two years before rising again. Scientists point out that this event shows how sensitive global temperatures are to disruption 1992: Climate Change Convention, signed by 155 nations in Rio, agrees to prevent dangerous warming from greenhouse gases and sets initial target of pegging emissions from industrial countries to 1990 levels by year 2000 1994: Alliance of Small Island States from all over the world-many of whom fear they will disappear beneath the waves as sea levels adopt demand for 20% cuts in emissions by the year 2005. This, they say will cap sea-level rise at 20 centimetres 1995: Hottest year yet. In March, first full meeting of convention signatories in Berlin, agrees Berlin Mandate. Industrialised nations agree on the need to negotiate real cuts in their emissions, to be concluded by the end of 1997 In November, the IPCC cast caution to the winds and agrees that current warming is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin and that the balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global climate. Report predicts that, under a business as usual scenario, global warming by the year 2100 will be in the range of 1 degree C to 3.5C 1996: At second meeting of the Climate Change Convention, the US agrees that for the first time to legally binding emissions targets and sides with the IPCC against influential sceptical scientists. After four-year pause, global emissions of CO2 resume steep climb. Growing warnings that most industrialised countries will not meet Rio agreement to stabilise emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000 1997: Republican dominated US Congress backtracks on Berlin Mandate and states that it will only ratify a new agreement limiting US emissions if developing countries also accept limits. US Administration calls for flexibility measures such as emissions trading. Meanwhile European Union agrees to propose 15% cuts for industrialised nations Kyoto Protocol is developed at a conference in Kyoto, Japan in December, 1997. Australia agrees to limit emissions to an 8% increase over 1990 level by 2008 2012. This is an effective 20% reduction of projected figures at current emissions growth rate. Other developed nations have similar targets. 1998: The Australian government releases its National Greenhouse Strategy in November.
UNIT 4: THE ENVIRONMENT REHABILITATION OF SITE MAP Level 5&6
Student sheet Name:____________________

Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.ea.gov.au (Environment Australia)
After completing the tree and plant species table, label the planting locations using arrows, label boxes or map legends of your own creation. You may like to draw the trees and plants in their different locations using a variety of colours.
Overburden Dump
Mine Area
Power Station
REHABILITATION TREE / PLANT SPECIES LIST

Level 5&6
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au www.ea.gov.au
Complete the following plant species table then use with the Rehabilitation of Site Map student activity Keep in mind the height and width of the trees and plants you list as to where you wish to plant them e.g small plants / shrubs could be used for screening developing areas where tall trees may be more suitable for providing a cover for disused areas of the mine for instance because of their height
TREE
PLANT
HEIGHT
GROWING CONDITIONS
LOCATION ON SITE
WORLD EMISSIONS TRADING

Level 5&6
Select five countries and label each with their total emission allowance
UNIT 4 : OUR ENVIRONMENT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SOLUTIONS VCE Unit 3 Ecological Issues: Energy and Biodiversity Learning outcomes: To identify solutions to the Greenhouse Effect
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Environment) www.greenhouseoffice.gov.au (Environment Australia)
Background Information Possible Solutions: 1. Conserving Energy Burning fossil fuels to produce energy produces carbon dioxide which is a major greenhouse gas. If everyone saves energy by not wasting electricity, gas or fuel for vehicles the amount of greenhouse gases will be reduced. As an example, LaTrobe Valley electricity generators have reduced their carbon dioxide emissions by many millions of tonnes over the past decade. Transport contributes about 15% of Australias greenhouse gases. Using more efficient transport such as trams and trains instead of less efficient cars and trucks will save emissions. (Walking or taking a bicycle produces no greenhouse gases.) 2. Alternative electricity technology Victoria already produces some electricity from hydro, solar and wind technology although currently about 85% of its electricity needs come from brown coal generators. These alternative technologies produce less CO2 than brown coal. Gas fired power generation is more efficient than brown coal fired power generation releasing about half the amount of carbon dioxide for the same power generation. Victoria has two gas fired power plants at Jeeralang in Gippsland and Newport (Melbourne). However brown coal remains the most efficient and cheapest source of electricity.
UNIT 4 : OUR ENVIRONMENT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SOLUTIONS 3. Tree Planting
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Environment) www.greenhouseoffice.gov.au (Environment Australia)
It is uncertain that this will be a long term solution however the more trees that are planted the better for the environment. Each household would need 350 actively growing trees to absorb the carbon dioxide it produces in a year. To absorb Victorias total production of greenhouse gases would require about two billion actively growing trees. 4. Electricity from waste Decaying food produces a lot of methane which is 27 times more damaging to the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Methane can be used as a fuel for small power stations built on top of rubbish tips. Victoria has several of these in operation, for example Berwick and Broadmeadows tips. There are many benefits because the methane doesnt escape to the atmosphere and less fossil fuels need to be burned. Benefits of Waste to Energy Schemes: The volume of waste that is landfilled can be reduced by up to 90%. Sterilisation of waste is possible. By combining the extraction of energy and useful products from waste with the recycling of materials, particularly ones that result from energy intensive processes, significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be made, particularly carbon dioxide and methane. Waste which would otherwise have been converted into methane is converted into CO/CO2 instead. A molecule of methane has a global warming potential 21 times that of than carbon dioxide over a 100 year lifetime. In general, waste products have lower sulphur contents than fossil fuels and therefore produce in less acid rain when used as energy substitutes. Combustion of organic wastes results in ash which is suitable for use in the agricultural sector as a soil enhancer, reducing the need for phosphate fertilisers and mineral supplements. Concentration and safe disposal of heavy metals can be achieved. Reduction of dioxin emissions to negligible levels is possible Following combustion or gasification of MSW, less land is required for landfilling and other disposal methods for the remaining, non-convertible waste. Use of the waste resource locally reduces the need to purchase fuels for electricity internationally and is therefore not subject to fluctuations in price and currency. Mineralisation of inorganics in the waste can be converted into inert compounds and production of construction materials The use of waste materials for the production of energy can alleviate greenhouse emissions from electricity generation, the management of waste and landfill sites and groundwater contamination.
UNIT 5: Alternative Energy DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES Level 5&6
Name:_______________________ Student Card B
* Use your discussions to complete this summary table
Energy Source
Advantages
Disadvantages
Hydro
Solar
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Wind
UNIT 5: Alternative Energy DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES CSF KLA: SOSE Level 5&6
Name:_______________________ Student Card A
ADVANTAGES
COAL / GAS
Generates large amounts of electricity Reliable and economical
DISADVANTAGES Carbon dioxide emissions Non - renewable ADVANTAGES No greenhouse emissions
NUCLEAR
DISADVANTAGES Non renewable Radioactive wastes Mined in environmentally sensitive areas ADVANTAGES Clean and renewable
HYDRO ELECTRICITY
DISADVANTAGES Limited locations Flooding of bushland
ADVANTAGES
WIND
Clean and renewable
DISADVANTAGES Winds are unreliable Visually unappealing May kill or injure birds ADVANTAGES Clean and renewable DISADVANTAGES Cant be generated at night Difficult to store Expensive to establish
SOLAR
UNIT 5: Alternative Energy
SOLAR ENERGY HISTORY

VELS: SCIENCE Level 5&6 Learning outcomes:
Websites: www.powerworks.com.au (Education Environment) www.energyvic.gov.au (Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria)
Identify and describe the history of solar energy and how it is used to meet particular needs Explain how peoples use of natural and human environments changes over time
Background information Early civilisations used the sun to dry clothes and animal skins, preserve meat, dry crops and to evaporate sea water to produce salt. Around 500 B.C. a firewood shortage led the ancient Greeks to use the winter sun to heat their homes. By facing openings towards the equator, winter sun could be allowed to penetrate into the building while the summer sun, which moved high in the sky, could be kept out by simple shading. The suns energy was stored in heavy building materials and window shutters were closed at night to trap the heat. This was the first known example of solar or energy efficient building design. In the 18th century, the Swiss scientist de Sassure built the first solar oven. It was simply a wooden box with a glass top and a black base. This collector reached temperatures of 88 degrees Celsius! The French scientist Lavoisier used a glass lens to melt metals late in the 18th century. By 1866, the Frenchman Augustin Mouchot had developed a solar powered steam engine. At about the same time, in Chile, a solar distillation plant was producing over 20000 litres of drinking water daily in summer. Just before World War One, the US engineer Frank Shuman, with British physicist C.V Boys built a solar powered steam engine to run an irrigation pump near Cairo in Egypt. The plant was cost effective but was shut down because of the war. Development continued through the first half of the 20th century. High temperature concentrating collectors were perfected as were solar water heaters. Tens of thousands of solar water heaters were sold in California and Florida until the mid 1950s. In Australia, CSIRO carried out extensive research on solar water heating, solar water distillation and other uses of solar energy from the 1960s on, helping establish Australia as a leader in the field. CSIRO also pursued research in energy efficient building design. However, solar technologies struggled to compete with the low cost fossil fuels of the post World War Two era. Solar energy was seen largely as a curiosity. It took the oil crisis of the early 1970s to reawaken interest in solar energy.
SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR HEAT EFFICIENCY

Identify and describe the benefits of solar heating Describe the characteristics and applications of the transmission and reflection of energy in the form of heat, light and sound Relate the behaviours of light, such as reflection, refraction, absorption and polarisation to uses in technology
Background information The benefits of improvements in efficiency must be weighed against their extra cost, so they are not necessarily used in commercial products. In many cases, it is cheaper to fit an electric or gas booster to raise the water temperature when there is not enough solar energy available. Flat plate collectors can also heat air for home heating, crop drying or other uses. Further efficiency improvements can be gained by enclosing the flat plate collector in a vacuum, which is a very good insulator ( for example, thermos flasks use a vacuum as insulation). Evacuated tube collectors can reach temperatures of 150 degrees Celsius. This temperature is suitable for many industrial applications. The next stage in improving collector efficiency is to concentrate the suns energy, so that a given area of collector receives more energy. Reflectors or lenses can do this. However, reflectors The next stage in improving collector efficiency is to concentrate the suns energy so that a given area of collector recieves more energy. Reflectors or lenses can do this. However, reflectors can only concentrate the suns direct rays, so they must follow the suns movement if they are to continuously focus its energy onto the small collector. Concentrating collectors can produce temperatures from several hundred degrees Celsius to several thousand degrees depending on the extent to which the suns energy is concentrated. Concentrating collectors can be used to produce industrial process heat, electricity or for cooking. Point focus collector Focus collector
Flate plate collector
SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR HEAT

Identify and describe solar heat and how it is used to meet particular needs Describe the characteristics and applications of the transmission and reflection of energy in the form of heat, light and sound Relate the behaviours of light, such as reflection, refraction, absorption and polarisation to uses in technology
Background information Much of the energy we use simply provides low temperature heat: we heat our homes to around 20 degrees Celsius. Our domestic hot water is heated to around 60 degrees Celsius. These temperatures can be easily achieved by simple solar collectors. The simplest solar collector is a north facing dark coloured surface, which heats up in the sun. A common example of this kind of collector is the swimming pool heater. A solar pool heater is simply a large area of black plastic or rubber with tubes through which the pool water circulates and collects heat. Solar pool heating can improve swimming comfort and extend the swimming season by several months. Improved solar collectors are needed if higher temperatures are to be achieved. As the temperature of a solar pool collector rises, it begins to lose increasing amounts of heat to the air around it. A point is soon reached where the heat being lost equals the heat being gained from the sun. The collectors simply cannot heat water beyond this temperature. In winter, the collector may still raise the water temperature by several degrees, but it is still not warm enough for swimming. To achieve the higher temperatures needed for domestic water heating, a more efficient solar collector is needed. By enclosing the dark coloured collector panel in an insulated box with a glass lid, the heat loss from the collector is dramatically reduced. The heat is trapped by the insulation and the glass cover. Now, water can be heated to higher temperatures. This basic solar collector is called a flat plate collector, as it makes use of a flat surface to collect solar energy. It can be refined to provide even higher temperatures and efficiencies. Special selective surface coatingscan be applied to the collector surface. These reduce the amount of energy lost. Double glazing, or special coatings applied to the glass can also reduce losses.
SOLAR ENERGY
Identify several different alternative energies Describe how solar energy is used to meet particular needs
Background information Solar technologies use the sun's energy and light to provide heat, light, hot water, electricity, and even cooling, for homes, businesses, and industry. Different types of soalr technology are listed below. Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaic solar cells, which directly convert sunlight into electricity, are made of semiconducting materials. The simplest cells power watches and calculators and the like, while more complex systems can light houses and provide power to the electric grid Buildings designed for passive solar and daylighting incorporate design features such as large south-facing windows and building materials that absorb and slowly release the suns heat. No mechanical means are employed in passive solar heating. Incorporating passive solar designs can reduce heating bills as much as 50 percent. Passive solar designs can also include natural ventilation for cooling. Concentrating Solar Power Concentrating solar power technologies use reflective materials such as mirrors to concentrate the suns energy. This concentrated heat energy is then converted into electricity. Solar Hot Water and Space Heating and Cooling Solar hot water heaters use the sun to heat either water or a heat-transfer fluid in collectors. A typical system will reduce the need for conventional water heating by about two-thirds. High-temperature solar water heaters can provide energy-efficient hot water and hot water heat for large commercial and industrial facilities. Solar Access The availability or access to unobstructed sunlight for use both in passive solar designs and active systems is protected by zoning laws and ordinances in many communities.
SOLAR ENERGY
Student activities: Students can design their own Solar House incorporating as many uses of solar energy as possible. They may use the student sheet house template or design their own. Another option is to draw their own home from memory and incorporate solar enrgy as the main source of power, heating etc.

MAGNETIC FIELDS
Answers to review questions

1. (a) Magnetic field a region in which a magnetic force can be detected. (b) Line of magnetic flux indicates direction of force in a magnetic field.
2. Field lines around arrangements of magnets.
3. Matchbox substances activity Pass bar magnet over each box to see which contain magnetic substances. This will eliminate the copper. Use alternate ends of the magnet to feel if one end tends to repel or turn the contents. This would happen with the magnet.
R.Mether
YALLOURN MINE - FACT AND FIGURES

1.
Min 5003 5000 ha Min 5216 83 ha Min 5304 151 ha Total mine area under licence = 5595 ha 99% of all land under licence is owned by TRUenergy
Area under Licence ~ Yallourn has 3 Mining Licences
2.
Latrobe River Along the North and East sides Princes Freeway West side Latrobe Road South side
Boundaries Impacting future Mine Development
3.

Mining started 1921 as the SECV in Yallourn North then in 1924 in Yallourn Open Cut. Since then over 240 Mm3 of overburden and 834 M tonne of coal have been mined at Yallourn (upto December 2004). Current annual production is 17 ~ 18Mt to two customers Yallourn Township was removed by 1978 1992 first overburden removed in Eastfield Coal production transition into Eastfield Extension 2006-7 Transition into Maryvale 2011-12 500 million tonnes of coal in future Yallourn Mine Plan
History
4.

Energy Value (NWSE) 6.5 - 8.5 MJ/kg High moisture 64-67% Low ash 1.5-2.5% Sulphur < 0.3% Sodium 0.1% Iron 0.5-0.9% Iron, sodium and Silica are principal fouling constituents. Age is about 7-20 million years (300 million years for Bowen Basin and Hunter valley black coals). Brown coal is relatively immature or low rank , originating from forest and swampy environments.
Coal quality.
5.
Geotechnical: Deep aquifers below the Yallourn Seam which exert uplift and have to be depressurised or have backfill material to stabilise. Currently we are experiencing an imbalance of about 20m in water pressure, and rely on the beam strength of the interseam clays to prevent heave. Ground movement monitoring using piezos and wire extensometers into the top of coal, and to the clay interseam beneath the coal. Ground movement surveys using pin lines and measured with GPS. Batter drainage with slightly uphill holes drilled and surveyed for dip and azimuth at midway and at the end. ~200m depth.
Yallourn Mine History and Facts
2010/10/22
R.Mether 6.
Coal floor rises here and as mining progressed, support was taken away Western Batter Surcharge Dump created - since Dec 86 placed ~ 4.3 Mm3 O/B dumping from TS3 now against this to allow a stable batter for final flooding of the mine. Yallourn syncline along Morwell River and through Maryvale and Eastfield - Coal seam thickness ranges from 65m to 90m. Overburden material. - Sands, gravels and clays - Thickness of overburden ranges up to 45m in Maryvale. Saturated sands and gravels in Eastfield. - Average overburden thickness 17m YEF.
Geology Haunted Hills Fault on the Yallourn Monocline at the Western Batters of Township Field
-
7.

Over 450 ha of the mine has been rehabilitated Wet lands have been created on the Morwell side of mine to link up with Hazelwoods. Master Rehabilitation Plan for mine is sloped rehabilitated faces down to a lake. Conservation Management Plan exists for the management of the environment Plant around 10,000 trees per year Acid Mine drainage from overburden face and dump contained within mine (from Iron Pyrite) 34,000 Ml/year intake from Latrobe River to Power Station Water management 18,000 Ml / year discharge to Morwell River treated for suspended solids only Evaporation from cooling towers 10,000 Ml/year
Environment
8. Coal Mining Dozers and feeder breakers on coal with Dredger 12 as backup

55,000 tonnes of coal per day to YWPS 2300-2400 tonnes/hour Each of the 4 boilers at the Power Station burns about 600 tonnes per hour.
Mine Conveyors, 1450mmwide ~ 5.8 m/sec, steel cord belt
Coal systems
-
FB001 + D11dozer + hopper in service 2002 $5m Owned by RTL FB002 + D11dozer+ hopper in service 2002 $5m Owned by RTL FB003 + D11dozer+ hopper in service 2003 $5m Owned by RTL FB004 + D11 dozer + hopper in service 2003 $5m Owned by RTL D11R Cary Dozers 750kw, 130 litres of fuel per hour, 8m wide x3.5m high blade GPS and computers on dozers Dredger 12 in service 1974 $5.8m currently used for top cut coal
Coal systems OLD
Dredger 8 (ladder chain) in service 1960 - 2002 Dredger 6 (Bucketwheel) in service 1956 2002 ($1.6m) Dredger 7 (Bucketwheel) in service 1956 2002 ($1.6m)
scrapped scrapped scrapped
Capacity 30,000 tonnes (Max 35,000t auto bunkering) 12 hour capacity max
9.
Raw Coal Bunker
2010/10/22
R.Mether
10. Overburden

Dredger 13 in service 1978 ($7.1m) Tripper Stacker TS3 in service 1978 ($2.8m) Overburden by Dredger 13 - transported by about 6km of conveyor to dump Average since 1973 = 4.2 Mm3/year Initially by spreaders on the midfield dump and currently by TS3 on the southern dump. 20m bottomside and 8-10m topside possible Material at times sloppy and flowing Eastfield overburden saturated with water. Dump stability a continual issue. Overburden dump to transfer into Eastfield around 2009
12.
All owned by contractor RTL 40 and 50t off highway dump trucks FEL Cat 988, excavators Graders D6, D8 & D9 dozers
Auxiliary plant
13.
2 - 3 full time on-site World class technology dozer software etc All GPS single man operations Base station on Victorian network
Survey
13.

2 plastic lined ponds North Pond 150,000 m3, South Pond 177,000 m3 Ponds take b/w 6-8 months to fill 3 months to drain and excavate Historically 200,000 to 300,000 excavated each year Monitored by piezometric bores bi-monthly checking ground pressure Pin Surveys Saline waste disposal nom 2000 Ml/year via SWOP line
Ash Ponds
13.

Mobile Plant outsourced in 1993 Maintenance Contracted to Silcar on 4 June 2002 Mine Operations Contracted to RTL on 5 September 2002 under Mine Alliance Maintenance Contract novated to RTL on 5 September 2002
Contract Mining
13.
New Diversion through mine commenced in 2001 - completed on 27 May 2005 ( on time and on budget) Total cost around $120 million 13 million cubic metres of clays and sand using overburden material in structure 3.5 km clay lined channel through mine Designed for 1:10,000 year flood event in flood channel Low flow river bed designed for 1 in 2 year flood events Low flow channel lined with non dispersive clays
Morwell River Diversion
2010/10/22
R.Mether Settlement designed for up to 2 metres 70m wide trapezoidal channel 10m deep Woody debris for fish, bugs and slugs habitat Rock riffles and bank protection in low flow channel Channel grassed for erosion control Instrumentation to monitor pressures and movements Around 50,000 plants placed in river verge, stream margins, ephemeral wetlands and levee screens 1.2 km of concrete conveyor tunnels Original diversion around Eastfield done in the early 1980s
W Power Station 16. 2 x 360 mw and 2 x 380 mw units (30 MW re rating 2003) to produce 22% of Victorias energy Latrobe Valley Coal Power Stations generate about 85% of the states requirements balance is from gas and hydro Coal quality influences performance, Moisture directly effects output and fouling due to cations in the coal - influences temperature conductivity and boiler efficiency. Greenhouse gases (CO2) are the businesses long term threat but with an active mitigation program including plant improvements to improve efficiency, tree planting and the future use of new technologies the Coy is confident it will be able to meet reasonable emission targets. 1300 Kg CO2/MWh compared with 800 Kg CO2/MWh for black coal, but NO Methane. 22-23 Mj/Kg about 50% of the energy of black coal.

15.
Currently being supplied by Loy Yang Mine Markets Char plant, domestic and international Prefer Light Lithotype without wood When from Yallourn - Delivery via the RCB, transfer house T15 & T16 conveyors Lease land to EBAC and EBAC own T16 and loading station Road transport via B double trucks current contractor RTL Transport.
Energy Brix - Briquette Production
2010/10/22

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BROWN COAL A FORTUNE IN CHANCERY

Strategic Planning Government Programs & Policy Community Education

Clean Coal Victoria

Role of Clean Coal Victoria

Strip Ratio Vs Mining Cost (BWE's only - 30Mt product)

140 Mining Cost ($/product tonne)

Strip Ratio of 1:3

40 Strip Ratio of 3:1 20

0 Strip Ratio (coal:waste)

Brown Coal Mines in the World

350 m (plan 500 m)

(Approx 13 billion tonnes)

Energy and Climate Change Policies

What Does This Mean in 2050

Image courtesy of HRL

Range of Products from Coal

Conceptual View of the Victorian CCS Network

ETIS RDD&D Continuum

Large Scale Large Scale

Market Market Supported Supported

Victorian Government Financial Support ETIS1

Large Scale Solar

Brown Coal Use into the Future

180km - Latrobe Valley to geosequestration sites

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 1

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 2

CO2 capture practised commercially for many years

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 2

CO2 Capture and Geosequestration

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 3

CO2 Capture Costs

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 4

CO2CRC Capture Research

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 5

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 6

CO2CRC Otway Project

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 7

CO2CRC Otway Project Monitoring Program

Monitoring the Soil

Monitoring the Water

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 7

CO2CRC Otway Project Monitoring Program

Monitoring the Air

Monitoring the Storage Site

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 8

Geosequestration Sites in Australia

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 9

Offshore Geological and Ocean Storage of CO2

reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere

CO2CRC FACT SHEET 10

The Lake Nyos Gas Burst

What happened at Lake Nyos?

Does Lake Nyos Suggest that Geosequestration is Unsafe?