Space Environment

Space Environment

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How Does It Effect Your S/C Design?

Structure Electronics Solar Panels Radio Communications

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Space Environmental Effects

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Consider some things in the environment.

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How about the earths magnetic fields?

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How about the suns effect on earth and in space?

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What the Sun Does

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How about the earths magnetosphere? What causes it?

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How Is Space Different than on Earth?

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Anomalies caused by Solar Storms

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Space Environment 19 November 2003 ANOMALIES RELATED TO RECENT SOLAR ACTIVITY Collected by David Webb from various sources for events arising from recent flares, CMEs, and geomagnetic storms. david.webb@hanscom.af.mil Satellites in red are in Earth orbit. Satellites in blue are outside earth orbit. Actions in green are contingency responses to warnings. Oct. 23: Genesis solar wind satellite at L1 entered safe mode. Normal operations resumed on Nov. 3.

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Oct. 24: Airlines rerouted polar flights due to bad HF/VHF communication. Midori-2 Earth-observing satellite failed, probably lost; Safe mode, power dropped, Telemetry lost (23:55). Stardust comet mission went into safe mode due to read errors; recovered. Chandra X-ray astronomy satellite observations halted due to high radiation levels (09:34 EDT). Restarted Oct. 25. GOES-9, 10 and 12 had high bit error rates (9 and 10) and magnetic torquers disabled (12) due to activity Oct. 25: RHESSI solar satellite had spontaneous reset of CPU (10:42).

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Oct. 26: SMART-1 had auto shutdown of engine due to increased radiation level in lunar transfer orbit (19:23). One instrument on Integral satellite went into safe mode because of increased radiation. Chandra observations halted again autonomously. Later resumed. Oct. 27: NOAA-17 AMSU-A1 lost scanner. Oct. 28 - 30: GOES-8 X-ray Sensor turned itself off and could not be recovered.

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Space Environment Oct. 28 - 30: Astronauts on Intl. Space Station went into service module for radiation protection. FAA issued first-ever alert on radiation doses received by airplane passengers above 25K ft. [see also information on 29-30 Sept 1989 proton event that set off on-board warnings on commercial SSTs --- JHA] Power system failure in Malmo, Sweden (Oct. 30, 21:07 LT). ACE & Wind solar wind satellites lost plasma observations; Electron sensors of GOES satellite in geosynchronous orbit saturated. Chandra observations halted again on Oct. 28 autonomously due to radiation. Observations resumed Nov. 1. Kodama data relay satellite in geosynch.; Safe mode, signals noisy, Recovery unknown (Oct. 29) DMSP F16 SSIES sensor lost data twice, on Oct. 28 and Nov. 3; Recovered. Microwave sounder lost oscillator; Switched to redundant system. RHESSI satellite had 2 more spontaneous resets of CPU (28, 17:40; 29, 03:32).
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Space Environment Oct. 28 - 30: CHIPS satellite computer went offline on Oct. 29 and contact lost with the spacecraft for 18 hr. When contacted the S/C was tumbling; recovered successfully. Offline for a total of 27 hrs. CDS instrument on SOHO spacecraft at the L1 point commanded into Safe mode for 3 days (Oct. 28-30). Mars Odyssey spacecraft entered Safe mode and MARIE instrument had a temperature red alarm leading it to be powered off (Oct. 28). During downloading on Oct. 29, S/C had a memory error that was corrected with a cold reboot on Oct. 31. The twin Mars Explorer Rover spacecraft both entered Sun Idle mode due to excessive start tracker events. Stable and will wait for recovery. SIRTF, in orbit drifting behind Earth, turned off science experiments and went to Earth pointing due to high proton fluxes (Oct. 28). 4 days of operations lost.
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Space Environment Oct. 28 - 30: X-ray Timing Explorer science satellite Proportional Counter Assembly (PCA) experienced high voltages and the All Sky Monitor autonomously shut off (Oct. 29). On Oct. 30 both instruments recovered, but PCA again shut down. PCA recovery delayed into November. Microwave Anisotropy Probe spacecraft star tracker reset and backup tracker autonomously turned on (Oct. 28). Prime tracker recovered. Two ultraviolet experiments on GALEX science satellite had excess charge so high voltages turned off. Detectors will remain off until later in Nov. Despun platform on Polar satellite went out of lock 3 times but recovered automatically each time. Some of the 4 Cluster spacecraft had processor resets but recovered. NASAs Earth Sciences Mission Office directed all instruments on 5 spacecraft be turned off or safed due to Level 5 storm prediction (Oct. 29). Satellites affected: AQUA, Landsat, TERRA, TOMS, TRMM. Wisconsin & New York: High current levels in transmission lines.
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Oct. 28 - 30: Changes prohibited to airplane routes N of 57o lat. Some U.S. flights rerouted. British trans-Atlantic routes moved south. WAAS service interrupted in CONUS; High latitude GPS receiver outages Military communications impacted (HF/UHF SATCOM)/OTH/Classified users Loran C station in Newfoundland had interference

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Nov. 2: Chandra observations halted again autonomously due to radiation. Resumption of observations will be delayed for days. Nov. 6: Polar TIDE instrument reset itself and high voltage supplies were disabled; recovered within 24 hr. Mars Odyssey spacecraft commanded out of Safe mode; operations nominal. General: Satellite operators: Satellites put into safe modes, solar panels rotated, operations reduced. Power grid managers: Less use of and switching between systems.

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Van Allen Radiation Belts

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What is this?

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The Earth's Radiation Belts

Earth has two regions of trapped fast particles. Inner Radiation Belt discovered by Van Allen relatively compact above the equator energetic protons - a by-product of collisions by cosmic ray ions with atoms of the atmosphere. number of such ions is relatively small inner belt therefore accumulates slowly, but because trapping near Earth is very stable, rather high intensities are reached, even though their buildup may take years. Outer Radiation Belt further out is the large region of the ring current, containing ions and electrons of much lower energy most energetic belt population fluctuates widely, rising when magnetic storms inject fresh particles from the tail of the magnetosphere, then gradually falling off again. ring current energy is mainly carried by the ions, most of which are protons.
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Outer Radiation Belt however, one also sees in the ring current "alpha particles," atoms of helium which have lost their two electrons, a type of ion that is plentiful in the solar wind.

in addition alpha particles, a certain percentage are O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere of the Earth, though much more energetic. This mixture of ions suggests that ring current particles probably come from more than one source.

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Expansion of Atmosphere after Solar Flair

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Solar Storm Passing Earth

Note time
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Attenuation of Radio-Frequency Waves

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Attenuation of Radio-Frequency Waves-1

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Reflection & Refraction of Radio-Frequency Waves

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Radio Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere

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Multi Path Propagation

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Spacecraft Charging - Reference

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Spacecraft Charging-1 -Reference

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Spacecraft Charging-2 - Reference

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Radiation Hazards to Satellite Electronics

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Single Event Upsets

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Predicted Radiation Dose

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Atomic Oxygen Concentrations

Shuttle Altitude Range

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Comet Debris

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Design Guidelines

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Space Environmental Effects

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Design Guidelines for Plasma Environment

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Design Guidelines Radiation Environmental Effects

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Design Guidelines MMOD Environment Effects

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Design Guidelines Space Debris

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Questions?
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How Does Space Environment Effect Your S/C Design?

Structure? Electronics? Solar Panels? Radio Communications?

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