Habemus Papam

The Papal Conclave

The Sources
1983 Code of Canon Law Apostolic Constitution of Pope John Paul II Universi Dominici Gregis Ordo Rituum Conclavis Motu Propio Pope Benedict XVI 2007, 2013

Pope Celestine V, 1294

Pope Gregory XII, 1415

Can. 332, 2. If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his ofce, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone.

Can a Pope Resign His Oce?

The Process
It is in fact an indisputable principle that the Roman Ponti has the right to dene and adapt to changing times the manner of designating the person called to assume the Petrine succession in the Roman See. - Universi Dominici Gregis

The Process
[The Conclave] is not of its nature necessary for the valid election of the Roman Ponti... [However] I conrm by this Constitution that the Conclave is to continue in its essential structure. - Universi Dominici Gregis

The Conclave

Conclave = con + clavis = with key Three types: 1. Quasi ex inspiratione 2. Per compromissum 3. Per scrutinium

Per compromissum
A committee of nine to fteen unanimously chosen cardinals might have been delegated, to make the choice for all. Pope John XXII, 1316

Quasi ex inspiratione
Rather than formal ballots, the electors simultaneously shouted out the name of their preferred candidate. Pope Gregory XV, 1621

The Process
I have thus considered it tting not to retain election by acclamation quasi ex inspiratione ... it is no longer an apt means of interpreting the thought of an electoral college so great in number and so diverse in origin. It also appeared necessary to eliminate election per compromissum ... because by its very nature it tends to lessen the responsibility of the individual electors... the form of electing the Roman Ponti shall henceforth be per scrutinium alone. - Universi Dominici Gregis

College of Cardinals Full College of Cardinals 207 Cardinal electors Younger than 80 Maximum 120 Currently 117

The Players

80 by when?
Pope Paul VI

Conclave

Sede vacante

#117
Cardinal Walter Kasper (Germany) President Emeritus of the Pontical Council for Promoting Christian Unity Born 5 March 1933

#118
Cardinal Lubomyr Husar Major archbishop emeritus of the Ukrainian Catholic Church Born 26 February 1933

Cardinal Re (Italy)

Cardinal Ouellet (Canada)

Cardinal Burke (USA)

Cardinal Bishop

Cardinal Priest

Cardinal Deacon

Can. 350 1. The college of cardinals is divided into three orders: the episcopal order, to which belong cardinals to whom the Roman Pontiff assigns title of a suburbicarian church and Eastern patriarchs who have been brought into the college of cardinals; the presbyteral order and the diaconal order.

The Three Types of Cardinals

Cardinal Sodano (Italy)

Cardinal Bertone (Italy)

Cardinal Tauran (France)

Cardinal Dean
Summons Cardinals to Rome

Camerlengo

Cardinal Protodeacon

Major Players

Msgr. Guido Marini

Cardinal Harvey (USA)

?
Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations Junior Cardinal Deacon

The Minor Players

Known for their sound doctrine, wisdom and moral authority

Two Ecclesiastics

Domus Sanctae Marthae

The Places

Basilica of St. Peters

The Places

Pauline Chapel

The Places

Sistine Chapel

The Places

Pauline Chapel Sistine Chapel

Basilica of St. Peters

Domus Sanctae Marthae

The Places

Before the Conclave

Arrange for the destruction of the Fishermans Ring and lead seal and the sealing of the papal apartments. Set the day and hour for the Conclave: 15-20 days after the See is vacant. BXVI (2013 Motu propio): 15 days can be waived if all cardinals are present and more than half vote to proceed earlier.

Basilica of St. Peters

The Morning Mass

Pauline Chapel

The Afternoon Gathering

From the Pauline Chapel a formal procession begins, with a processional cross and the Book of the Gospels. First there is a Litany of Saints from both East and West, followed by the of the Veni Creator Spiritus, as the solemn processions continues to the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, where the election will be held.

The Rules The Cardinal electors are to refrain from receiving or sending messages of any kind outside Vatican City ... It is specically prohibited to the Cardinal electors, for the entire duration of the election, to receive newspapers or periodicals of any sort, to listen to the radio or to watch television. - Universi Dominici Gregis

The Rules
I absolutely forbid the introduction into the place of the election, under whatsoever pretext, or the use, should they have been introduced, of technical instruments of any kind for the recording, reproducing or transmitting of sound, visual images or writing. In a special way, careful and stringent checks must be made, with the help of trustworthy individuals of proven technical ability, in order to ensure that no audiovisual equipment has been secretly installed in these areas for recording and transmission to the outside. (UDG)

The Rules Those who ... carry out any functions associated with the election, and who directly or indirectly could in any way violate secrecy whether by words or writing, by signs or in any other way are absolutely obliged to avoid this, lest they incur the penalty of excommunication latae sententiae reserved to the Apostolic See. (UDG)

The Conclave

The Oath

Senior Cardinal: We, the Cardinal electors ... Individual Oath with hand over Gospels: And I, N. Cardinal N., do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.

The Oath
We, the Cardinal electors present in this election of the Supreme Pontiff promise, pledge and swear, as individuals and as a group, to observe faithfully and scrupulously the prescriptions contained in the Apostolic Constitution of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II, Universi Dominici Gregis, published on 22 February 1996. We likewise promise, pledge and swear that whichever of us by divine disposition is elected Roman Pontiff will commit himself faithfully to carrying out the munus Petrinum of Pastor of the Universal Church and will not fail to affirm and defend strenuously the spiritual and temporal rights and the liberty of the Holy See. In a particular way, we promise and swear to observe with the greatest fidelity and with all persons, clerical or lay, secrecy regarding everything that in any way relates to the election of the Roman Pontiff and regarding what occurs in the place of the election, directly or indirectly related to the results of the voting; we promise and swear not to break this secret in any way, either during or after the election of the new Pontiff, unless explicit authorization is granted by the same Pontiff; and never to lend support or favour to any interference, opposition or any other form of intervention, whereby secular authorities of whatever order and degree or any group of people or individuals might wish to intervene in the election of the Roman Pontiff.

The Oath

Senior Cardinal: We, the Cardinal electors swear on The Book to do things by the book. (Jakes paraphrase) Individual Oath with hand over Gospels: And I, N. Cardinal N., do so promise, pledge and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels which I touch with my hand.

Preparatory Acts
Extra omnes!
Small little detail: There are others in the room!

Address by the ecclesiastic Prayers from the Ordo Guido and the ecclesiastic leave Senior Cardinal asks if they can begin

Msgr. Piero Marini

The Voting Begins

117 Eligible Electors
Cardinal Darmaatmadja (Indonesia) not attending. Cardinal OBrien (UK) not attending.

Must in the Vatican, but can be outside Sistine chapel due to illness Two-thirds needed (78 votes)
115 needs 77 votes

One ballot on rst afternoon Two morning ballots and two evening ballots on following days Benedict XVI: 4th ballot John Paul II : 8th ballot

Three Phases
Pre-scrutiny Scrutiny Post-Scrutiny

Pre-scrutiny
Preparation and Distribution of ballots Drawing lots for three roles Scrutineers Revisers Inrmarii

Cardinal Harvey (USA)

Junior Cardinal Deacon

Scrutineers

Inrmarii

Cardinal Canizares (Spain)

Cardinal Scola (Italy)

Cardinal Turkson (Ghana)

Cardinal Bagnasco (Italy)

Cardinal Schnborn (Austria)

Revisers

Cardinal Dolan (USA) Cardinal Erdo (Hiungary) Cardinal Pell (Australia) Cardinal Dziwisz (Poland)

The Players

The Ballots The ballot paper must be rectangular in shape and must bear in the upper half, in print if possible, the words Eligo in Summum Ponticem; on the lower half there must be a space left for writing the name of the person chosen; thus the ballot is made in such a way that it can be folded in two.

The Ballots

The Ballots

Scrutiny Proper
Placing of ballots in receptacle Mixing and counting Opening of votes

The First Urn and Plate

Votes are Cast

Each Cardinal elector, in order of precedence, having completed and folded his ballot, holds it up so that it can be seen and carries it to the altar, at which the Scrutineers stand and upon which there is placed a receptacle, covered by a plate, for receiving the ballots. Having reached the altar, the Cardinal elector says aloud the words of the following oath: I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected. He then places the ballot on the plate, with which he drops it into the [rst] receptacle. Having done this, he bows to the altar and returns to his place.

Those Who are Sick (Absentee Ballots?)

Scrutineers Inrmarii

Before giving the box to the Inrmarii, the Scrutineers open it publicly, so that the other electors can see that it is empty; they are then to lock it and place the key on the altar.

Those Who are Sick (Absentee Ballots?)

The Inrmarii then take the box back into the Chapel, where it shall be opened by the Scrutineers after the Cardinals present have cast their votes. The Scrutineers then count the ballots in the box and, having ascertained that their number corresponds to the number of those who are sick, place them one by one on the plate and then drop them all together into the receptacle.
Junior Cardinal Deacon (Porter)

Inrmarii

Counting of the Votes

Scrutineers After all the ballots of the Cardinal electors have been placed in the receptacle, the rst Scrutineer shakes it several times in order to mix them, and immediately afterwards the last Scrutineer proceeds to count them, picking them out of the urn in full view and placing them in another empty receptacle previously prepared for this purpose. If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of electors, the ballots must all be burned and a second vote taken at once.

Election of Pope Urban VIII (1623)

Vatican Museum

Election of Pope Urban VIII (1623)

Vatican Museum

Tallying of the Votes

Scrutineers
The rst Scrutineer takes a ballot, unfolds it, notes the name of the person chosen and passes the ballot to the second Scrutineer, who in his turn notes the name of the person chosen and passes the ballot to the third, who reads it out in a loud and clear voice, so that all the electors present can record the vote on a sheet of paper prepared for that purpose. When all the ballots have been opened, the Scrutineers add up the sum of the votes obtained by the different names and write them down on a separate sheet of paper.

Tallying of the Votes

Scrutineers
The last Scrutineer, as he reads out the individual ballots, pierces each one with a needle through the word Eligo and places it on a thread, so that the ballots can be more securely preserved. After the names have been read out, the ends of the thread are tied in a knot, and the ballots thus joined together are placed in a receptacle or on one side of the table.

Post Scrutiny
Checking of the work of the Scrutineers Burning of the Ballots

Revisers

Burning of the Ballots Immediately after the checking has taken place, and before the Cardinal electors leave the Sistine Chapel, all the ballots are to be burnt by the Scrutineers... If however a second vote is to take place immediately, the ballots from the rst vote will be burned only at the end, together with those from the second vote... [Each Cardinal electors] notes are to be burnt together with the ballots.

Burning of the Ballots

White = Habemus Papam! Black = Habemus non Papam.

Burning of the Ballots

White = Just Ballots Black = Ballots + Wet Straw

Burning of the Ballots

White = Coloring Chemical + Bells Black = Coloring Chemical (+ wet straw?)

Repeat, Repeat, Repeat

In [the] second ballot all the formalities of the previous one are to be observed, with the difference that the electors are not bound to take a new oath or to choose new Scrutineers, Inrmarii and Revisers. Everything done in this regard for the rst ballot will be valid for the second one, without the need for any repetition.

The Case of Deadlock

Three days of voting (1 + 3*4 = 13 ballots) Speech! (And a day o) 7 more ballots (13 + 7 = 20) Speech! (And a day o) 7 more ballots (20 + 7 = 27) Speech! (And a day o) 7 more ballots (27 + 7 = 34)

Cardinal Tauran (France)

Cardinal Danneels (Belgium)

Cardinal Re (Italy)

Senior Cardinal Deacon

Senior Cardinal Priest

What about Cardinal Sodano?

Senior Cardinal Bishop

The Preachers

The Case of Serious Deadlock

One more day of reection occurs. Then there is a runo between the top two candidates.

Runoff with 50%

Runoff with 2/3

Two candidates dont get a vote!

An Interesting Record is Kept

The Cardinal Camerlengo of Holy Roman Church shall draw up a document, to be approved also by the three Cardinal Assistants, declaring the result of the voting at each session. This document is to be given to the Pope and will thereafter be kept in a designated archive, enclosed in a sealed envelope, which may be opened by no one unless the Supreme Pontiff gives explicit permission.
Cardinal Bertone (Italy)

Camerlengo

The Acceptance
Cardinal Re Makes a record of acceptance Says this (In Latin) Msgr. Guido Marini

Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff? By what name do you wish to be called?

When Does the Pope Become Pope?

After his acceptance, the person elected, if he has already received episcopal ordination, is immediately Bishop of the Church of Rome, true Pope and Head of the College of Bishops. He thus acquires and can exercise full and supreme power over the universal Church. If the person elected is not already a Bishop, he shall immediately be ordained Bishop.

So who can be elected?

Pope Urban VI, 1378

Pope Leo X, 1513

Was not a cardinal

Was not a priest

Non Cardinal Popes

The Acceptance
Most Holy Father, in this solemn and mysterious plan of divine Providence, you have been elected to the Chair of Peter. Before raising our voice to God in thanksgiving for your election, together with the Blessed Mary Mother of God, ever Virgin, and all the saints, it is well that we remember the words with which our Lord Jesus Christ promised to Peter and his successors the primacy of the apostolic ministry and love. (Jakes translation of the Latin) - Senior Cardinal Bishop
Cardinal Re (Italy)

The Acceptance
The new pope rises, and all stand as the senior Cardinal Deacon proclaims the Gospel text. There are two choices. The rst is Matt. 16:13-19 (You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church.) The second is John 21:15-17 (Simon, son of John, do you love me? Feed my sheep.)
Cardinal Tauran (France)

Cardinal Protodeacon

The Acceptance
O God, who in the design of your wisdom have built your Church on the rock of Peter, head of the apostolic college, watch and support our Pope N., whom you have chosen the successor of Peter as a visible source and foundation of unity in faith and communion in charity. Through Christ our Lord. Amen. (Jakes translation of the Latin)
Cardinal Danneels (Belgium)

Senior Cardinal Priest

The Acceptance

Each cardinal elector, according to rank, approaches the newly elected Pope and offers an act of homage and obedience.

The Acceptance

The new Pope begins the Gregorian Chant Te Deum.

The new pope goes to the "Room of Tears", a small red room next to the Sistine Chapel. The pope dresses by himself, choosing a set of pontical choir robes (white cassock, rochet and red mozzetta) from three sizes provided. Then, he vests in a gold corded pectoral cross and a red embroidered stole. He wears a white zucchetto on his head.

Habemus Papam! The Protodeacon, from the Papal balcony, announces the election.
Cardinal Tauran (France)

Cardinal Medina (Chile)

Habemus Papam! Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam! Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Raymondum Sanct Roman Ecclesi Cardinalem Burke, Qui sibi nomen imposuit Pii Decimitertii.

Habemus Papam! I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope! The most eminent and most reverend Lord, Lord Raymond Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church Burke, Who takes for himself the name of Pius XIII.