THEEMPERORWEARSNOCLOTHES byJackHerer Introduction Preface Foreword Prologue CHAPTER1OVERVIEWOFTHEHISTORYOFCANNABISHEMP ExplanatoryNotes CannabisHemp WhatsinaName? AmericanHistoricalNotes WorldHistoricalNotes GreatWarsWereFought WhyisHempSoImportant?

Footnotes Peasantsharvestinghemp CHAPTER2BRIEFSUMMARYOFTHEUSESOFHEMP Ships&Sailors Textiles&Fabrics Paper Rope,Twine,&Cordage ArtCanvas Paints&Varnish LightingOil BiomassEnergy Medicine FoodProtein BuildingMaterials&Housing Smoking,Leisure,&Creativity EconomicStability,Profitability,&FreeTrade PlantDiagram TheChallenge Footnotes WhenHempSavedBush ShipRigging TheGreenhouseEffectandtheBureaucrat G.W.SchlichtenandtheDecordicator CHAPTER3NEWBILLIONDOLLARCROP Popularmechanics MechanicalEngineering KentuckyHempFields TheManyUsesofHemp CHAPTER4THELASTDAYSOFLEGALCANNABIS BreakthroughinPapermaking APlantoSaveOurForests Conservation&SourceReduction SocialReorganization

HearstsDisinformation Bigotry&Apartheid MarijuanaTax DidAnyoneAsktheA.M.A.? OthersSpokeOut ProtectingSpecialInterests SelfPerpetuatingLies Bulletin404 ManMadeFiber RoundupofHeadlines CHAPTER5MARIJUANAPROHIBITION CrushingDissent Pot&ThreatofPeace AProgramofControl CriminalMisconduct TheBush/Quayle/LillyPharmaceuticalSellOut CHAPTER6MEDICALLITERATUREONCANNABISMEDICINE AffordableHealthCare 19thCentury 20thCentury PopularAcceptance AsilomarConference ResearchBanned DEAJudgeRulesinFavorofMedicalMarijuana PharmaceuticalCompanies Fox&ChickenCoop UnderminingtheNaturalCompetition PoisoningtheThirdWorld RewritingHistory TheyCallitCRAP CHAPTER7THERAPEUTICUSEOFCANNABIS Asthma Glaucoma Tumors Nausea/CancerChemotherapy Epilepsy,MultipleSclerosis,BackPain&Spasms Antibiotics&AntibacterialCBDs Herpes,CysticFibrosis,Arthritis&Rheumatism Expectorant Sleep&Relaxation Emphysema Stress,Migraines Appetite Salivation AIDS,Depression,Etc. AcceptableRisks OneMansDetermination CompassionateCannabis&CruelCops MerckManual WaronDrugs

CHAPTER8HEMPSEEDASTHEBASICWORLDFOOD HumanitysBestSingleFoodSource SpectreofWorldWideFamine FundamentalLinkintheFoodChain HempSeedNutrition CHAPTER9ECONOMICS:ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT&COMMERCE Energy&Economy CleanRenewableFuel BiomassforEnergyAbundance FamilyFarmsorFossilFuels WhatstheCatch EnergySecurity FreeEnterprise,HighProfit ChangeinHighFashion SturdyPaperProducts BiodegradableReplacementforPlastic SpinOffTrades&Taxes GreenEconomy Land&SoilReclamation NaturalGuard HenryFordsBiomassCar WorldWarII CHAPTER10MYTH,MAGIC&MEDICINE WhatsinaName(2) FirstKnownMarijuanaUsers 2,3001,000B.C.E. Hemp&Scythe ThreadofCivilization HemptoEnforceLaw CannabisHerbalMedicine MysticPhilosophers NaturalMind CloakedinSecrecy JudaicLine WhattheBibleSays EarlyChristianity HolyRomanEmpire Church/StateAristocracy PoliticsofPaper CannabisMedicinesBanned LegalMedievalMedicines Contradictions YetHempEndured AgeofEnlightenment EconomicModelofForfeitureLaws JeffersonsComparisontoTobacco CHAPTER11THE(HEMP)WAROF1812,NAPOLEONANDRUSSIA Theuntoldstoryofhempsroleinanimportanteraofhistoryfrom 1740to1815

CHAPTER12CANNABISDRUGUSEIN19THCENTURYAMERICA MarijuanaMedicine LiteraryInspiration HashishCandy TurkishSmokingParlors AmericanasApplePie TheSmear CHAPTER13PREJUDICEANDJIMCROWLAWS SmokinginAmerica Blackface AllThatJazz MexicanAmericans SouthAfrica Remnants AnslingersHatredofJazz CHAPTER14MORETHANSIXTYYEARSOFREPRESSION Factories,theNavy PrivacyisaRight UrineTesting BabeRuth DividingFamilies Surveillance&Seizures UnAmericanPolicies Police,Secrets,&Blackmail PublicHumiliation FeudalLaw Entrapment,Intolerance,Ignorance PDFA DARE MediasStupor OngoingInjustice LaRoucheAgainstRock PaulMcCartney/BandontheRun UltimateHypocrisy CHAPTER15THEOFFICIALSTORY:DEBUNKING"GUTTERSCIENCE" WastingTime&Lives Doublespeak BrainDamageReports LingeringEffects LungDamageReports RadioactivityinTobacco NahasStudies &SoOn Alcohol StudiestheFedsDontTalkAbout CopticStudy JamaicanStudies CostaRicanStudy AmsterdamModel BushStrikesAgain

Corruption/CarltonTurner CHAPTER16THEEMPEROR'SNEWCLOTHES TheParable LogicalAnalogy SmithsoniansSuppressionofFacts Truth&ConsequencesofProhibition HighTechRepression WastingOurTaxMoney DoubleStandards PoliciesofIgnorance WhatistheLaw? Conclusion WhatJusticeDemands WhatYouCanDo Bibliography:RecommendedReading AppendixOriginalSources AppendixSourceMaterials Appendix:Documentation AppendixCultural VoicesforLegalization ControlledSubstanceandtheTarbaby AppendixEnvironmental ResponsetoEdRosenthalsHempRealities EnergyFarming AppendixIndustrial HempProducts AppendixMedicinal Howdangerousismarijuana? AppendixHistorical ReeferMadnessPropagandaThroughtheAges AppendixLegal Seizure&ForfeitureLaws Initiatives textofCaliforniaCannabisHemp&HealthInitiative textofProposition215(CompassionateUseInitiativeof1996) BonusSection startingacollegehempclub Brawleyresearchreport Arizonastamptaxcase proposedindustrialhemplaw howtoopenahempstore WoodyHarrelsonarrested INTODUCTION Dedicatedtoalltheprisonersofconscienceinthiswaragainsta plant,andtotheenduringspiritofpeopleeverywherewhoseekthe truthsothatwecancontinuetoliveonthesurfaceoftheEarthwith allitsmyriadandabundantnaturalplantsandsubstances.Thepurpose ofthisbookistopresentanauthoritativehistorical,social,and economicperspectiveneededtoensurecomprehensivelegalreforms, abolishcannabishemp/marijuanaprohibitionlaws,andsavetheEarths lifesystems.Iwrotemyfirstbookonmarijuana,G.R.A.S.S.,inearly 1973.AtthattimeIhadnoideathisplantcoulddoanything,except

maybemakerope,letalonethatitwasearthsmostimportantresource forpaper,fiber,fuel,etc.IcompletedthefirstEmperorin1985, after12yearsofrecordinghempinformation.Itwasmeanttobethe culminationofahighlyfocusedpersonalcrusadewithmylongtime friendandassociate,CaptainEdAdair,towintherighttouse marijuanaandtoeducatepeopleabouthemp.ItwasCaptainEdwho, since1973,constantlyencouragedmetorecordandcompilethefactsI obtainedaboutmarijuanaandhemp.AsIgatheredafacthereandafact there,abiggerpictureofcannabishempanditssuppressioncame togetheronethatIhadnotoriginallyexpected.Whatcametogether, factafterempiricalfact,wasapictureofaworldbeingdestroyedby amaliciousconspiracytosuppress,notakillerweedbuttheworlds premierrenewablenaturalresource,forthebenefitofahandfulof wealthyandpowerfulindividualsandcorporations.Overtheyearssince thefirstpublicationoftheEmperor,thousandsmorefactshave surfaced,corroboratingtheinformationthatwasoriginallygathered, correctingsomeminordetails,andaddingsubstanceandfurtherinsight tothehazierareasofmywork.Esotericdetailsofagreatconspiracy againsthumankindbegantofallintoplace,likethefillinginofa giantjigsawpuzzle.Theentiretexthasbeenrepeatedlyrevised. Wholenewsectionsandsidebarshavebeenadded.Althoughthis informationhasneverbeendeniedbytheU.S.government,ithas largelybeenignoredbythemedia.Iveseenmoreandmoreofmy friendslockedawayinprisonand/orhadtheirhomes,jobs,and businessestakenawayfromthemaspartofthisescalatingWaron Drugsprohibition.Thishasbecomeadraconiannightmareformanyof ourbestcitizenswho,havingtrustedtheirownintellectsfortheir ownhealth,havedefiedthisbadpublicpolicyandhavebecomenotonly prisonersofconscience,butactualprisonersofthiswar.Ihopethat afterreadingthisbookyouwillstandupwithmeandrecognizethem notasoutlawsbutastheheroeswhoareattemptingtosavetheseed thatwillsavetheplanet.Newpeoplehavebeendrawnintothis project,whoseworkhasgivenitascopeanddimensionIcouldonly havehopedforatthebeginning.Theyhavebroughtwiththemskillsand informationthathavebeenamajorcontributiontothiseffort.Noegos surfacedasfourorfiveofusstayedupnightafternightandonlythe bestfromeachmindwasbroughtforth.Whenyouwriteabooklikethe originalEmperor,becausetheinformationwhichshouldbecommon knowledgeisvirtuallyunknowntoourteachersandcitizens,youalways hopesomeoneofgreatenergyandintellectwillreadit,makeittheir own,andjoininteachingothers.Overtheyears,hundreds,perhaps thousandsofpeoplewhohavereadTheEmperorWearsNoClotheshave thankedmeforwritingoneoftheirfavoritebooks.AtaGrateful Deadshow,oneYalegraduateeventhankedandhuggedmeashis favoriteauthorofalltimeandwasthrilledthatIwasstillalive!He hadfirstheardhismotherreadhimtheEmperorwhenhewasasmallboy (obviouslythinkingofthe19thCenturychildrensclassic,The EmperorsNewClothes,byHansChristianAnderson). Onedayinlate1988,ChrisConrad,ofLosAngeles,CA,readthe Emperor.Hebecamemyally.Withhisendlessenergy,prodigiousediting andpublishingtalentsandwillingnesstowork40hoursperweekfor almostfivemonths,allthewhileholdingdownfulltime responsibilitiesasproductionmanageratamajorweeklynewspaper,as wellasmanyotherresponsibilitiesfornumerousorganizationsand causes.Chrisdiditallwithoutanycompensation,yetheworkedlike hewasgettingpaidamillionforit.Chrisisoneofthemost

powerful,energetic,skilled,andorganizedhumanbeingsIhaveever known.Heisalightbulbforallmankind.Hedesignedeveryinchof thateditionandwasitsmaineditorandenthusiast.Duringallthis timeChriswife,MikkiNorris,lenthersupportinsomanywaysto thisproject.Also,wewanttoextendendlessthankstotherestofour dedicatedentourage.Thankstopastassociateeditorandcontributing writer,LynnOsburn,whoisbothagreatwriterandmarijuana/hemp energyscientist.Lynnsetouttoseeandlearnif,indeed,hempwas oneofEarthsprimaryrenewableenergyresources.Heresearchedthe technologyneededtobringclean,renewableenergyintouseonthe planet.Theresultsofhisbrilliantendeavorcanbefoundonalmost everypageofthiswork.Andanexcerptfromhispaper,EnergyFarming inAmerica,isreprintedtheappendix.Lynnsworkwillteachpeople allovertheworldthebeauty,necessity,andeasinessofenergy farmingandconversion.WhileLynnwasresearchingthisworkhewas arrestedforamarijuanacultivationviolation.Hecontinuedtoworkon thisprojectdayandnightuntilJanuary2,1990,whenhewas incarceratedinVenturaCounty,California,foraperiodofoneyear. Hecontinuedtoactivelyeditthisbookfrombehindbars.Toanother oneofmygreatassociateeditorsandcontributingwriters,Lynns wife,JudyOsburn.Judyhas,outofnecessityandoutrage,becomea notedauthorityandauthoronseizureandforfeiturelaw.Thenecessity arosefromthegovernmentsseizureoftheOsburnfamilyhomein1988. Sincethentheyhaveworkedout,withme,aplantosavetheplanetfor ourchildren.Judysexcellentbook,SpectreofForfeiture,detailing herordealisnowoutofprintbutherotherbooksarelistedinthe backofthiseditionoftheEmperor.ToShanClark,forhisactive participation:editing,cataloguing,inputting,andforpushingthis projectandmeforwardwhenitorImightotherwisehavestalled.Tomy formerassistant,MariaFarrow,whoaccompaniedmefromtheLibraryof CongresstotheSmithsonianandtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture, aswetrackeddownandintervieweddozensofgovernmentofficialsabout hempandhunteddownhundredsofdocumentsaboutthecannabiscoverup. ToDanaBeal,forallhisworkandresearchbrillianceinconnecting theDuPontDynastiesbyJerryColbywiththeinformationonthe outlawingofhemp.ToJerryColby,forhisbraveingeniouswork,which awakenedustothemegalomaniaoftheDuPonts.ToBenMasel,forhis hardcritiques,greatassistance,andresearchintothemoreesoteric abstractsonhempcultivationworldwideandmore.ToJulie Kershenbaum,forherexcellenteditorialassistanceandproofreading. ToD.S.H.,forhiseditorialassistanceandmeticulousconcernfor accuracyandreadability.ToBrendaKershenbaumandDougMcVay,for proofreadingandeditorialcommentforthe1990edition.Andagainto Brenda,forthefinancialassistancetoprintthe1990editionof Emperor.ToSteveHager,JohnHolmstrom,andtheHighTimescrewfor theireditorialassistanceandtotalsupport,notonlyofthisproject butoftheirideathattheEarthcouldbesavedandthateachoneofus canbecomeaFreedomFighterforthiscause. TotheWizKidsfromKnoWare,RonLawranceandVickiMarshal,whoof theirownvolition,scannedtheoldversionoftheEmperorintotheir Maccomputers.WhenIreturnedfrommyfall,1989collegehempspeaking tour,theyhandedmeasurprisegift:theoldbookinwordprocessing form,whichgavemethejumpstartIneededforthishugeundertaking. ToTimothyLeary,whoencouragedRonandVickiandmetodothisjob. ToGeorgeClaytonJohnson,whoforfouryearsconstantlybroughtme fresheditsoftheEmperorandlovingencouragementtoupdateand

republishthisbook.Tomyselflesslandlords,EdandEsther,who extendedtomesomuchindeferredpaymentssothatthisproject,which theybelievedin,wouldnotceaseorbogdownbecauseofmylackof funds.Tomyfriends,DoctorsTodMikuriyaandFredOerther,fortheir critiqueofthemedicalsections.ToLoeyGlover,officemanagerat nationalNORML,forherconstantsupportandwarmencouragement.To GatewoodGalbraithandMarkBrennamen,ofLexington,Kentucky,forall theirremarkableresearchonbehalfofcannabisandtheirfightfor Kentuckycitizensbirthrightsandpotential.ToBarryforhis extensivehemparchiveswhichhemadeavailabletothehempmovement andultimatelytothisproject.Tomydearfriends,RonandVicki Linker,ofStarseedCollectionsofAthens,Ohio,whoeloquentlytaught statesenatorsandrepresentativesandthepeopleofAthenshow ignorant(unlearned)theywereabouthempandmarijuana.RonandVicki arethetruestoffreedomfighters,whowithPaul,Kevin,andCliffand theOhioUniversityEcologyClubhaveeducatedthecitizensofAthens, asnoothercityinAmerica.OnNovember19,1989,Ronbeganatwoyear federalprisontermforimportingtraditionalHindusmokingpipes(as hehadforthepast15yearswiththeapprovalofCustoms).At sentencing,thefederaljudge,havingrefusedanyhempinformationto beadmittedattrial,saidIonlywishIcouldsentenceyoulongerfor allthelivesyouhavedestroyedwiththese[traditionalHindu]pipes. Knowingthetruthabouthemp,RonandVickifeeldeeplytheinjustice ofhispunishment.ToEllenKomp,whotriestodoeverythingfor everybodyatthesametime,forallhercontributionsto,andeditorial helpon,the1993editiontoEdKunkelforhelpingusgetoverthe finishlineandtotheprinterandtoChrisConradfortossingusa lifelineonceagainatthelastminute,andpullingusthrough.To JeremyStout,whopatientlyandencouraginglyhelpedputtogetherthe 1995edition.ToLynnandJudyOsburn,again,foreditingthe1996 Emperor.Toalltheotherswhobelievedinthisworkandextended encouragement,money,andcreditevenwhenithurt.Theyare:Davidand GloriaSmith,Marco,AllanandRegina,JonandCarol,DavidandDebbie, SteveandChuquette,Roger,GaryH.,Rooster,Dudley,Jim,Roseand Chris,GailandBilly,theFriendlyStrangerEd,SteveandAndrew DeAngelo,RickPfrommer,PeterA.,LarryG.,Floyd,JeanMichelEribon, RonTisbert,RichardMarcella,T.C.,MitchelfromNewJersey,Beauand Rachael,thelateJonathonDrewel(whobroughtusallhisincredible energyfromSouthernMissouriUniversity),LynnThelmaMalonefor keepingthehomefiresburningforthepastfiveyears,andtoeveryone whohasreadorcontributedtothisworkthatImayhaveleftout.For the1998edition:ToMichaelKleinmanwhohadtheforesightandthe businessacumentohelpusmakethiseditionoftheEmperorthebest oneever.Myhopeisthatthisbookhelpseveryoneunderstandthetrue natureofcannabishempandthatyou,dearreader,decidetobecome activeintheefforttoendthiscrimeagainstmanandnature: marijuanaprohibition.Thisbookismeanttoprovideyouwiththe tools,theincontrovertiblefacts,andthesenseofoutrageneededto overcomemorethan60yearsofcontinualgovernmentalliesand suppressionofthetruth. Wehavetriedtobeasfactualandaccurateashumanlypossible, buttherewillalwaysberevisionsandcorrectionsneeded.Pleasesend mecopiesofanydocumentsandmaterialsthatwillmakethenext editionoftheEmperorevenstronger.Wehavealreadywonthedayonly nooneknowsityet.Andonceagaintomy1998readersandpartnersin discovery:thanksforallthedocuments,clippings,andtipsyou,all

ourcannabisfans,havesenttousoverthepastyears.Keepsendingus yournewinformationthatwillhelpusputthepiecesofthispuzzle togetherforfutureeditions.ToReShardandfriendsinTreasure Valley,ID.Tomymanyeditors,presentandpast:LeslieCabarga,Jeff Meyers,ToddMcCormick,JeremyStout,LynnandJudyOsburn,EllenKomp, ChrisConrad,ShanClark,BryceGarner,andCaroleeWilson.Iwantto thankyouagainforbeingthemostoutstandingcollaborators,patriots, andhempstersIcouldeverwishtohaveworkedwithtoilluminatethe humanracewithknowledge,integrity,andperseverance.Thanksalsoto StephenSaunders,Milo,Ivy,MichaelM.:associateeditorsofThe ElectricEmperorCDROMedition.Andfinally,tomygirlfriend,Jeannie Hawkins,whosededicationtothehempmovementandhardworkonthis bookhavemademethehappiestandluckiesthempwarriorofall. Sincerely,JackHererDirectorandFounder,HEMP(HelpEndMarijuana Prohibition) PREFACE Jackhasdoneit.Withincredibleprecision,backedbyvoluminous research,hehasplacedhisfingeronthepointwhereallthetrends thatthreatentooverwhelmtheworldcometogether.Andatthecoreof thesecomplexities,hehasfoundHEMP.ThepremiseofJackHerers book,TheEmperorWearsNoClothes,isfancifulintheextreme:That thediversepropertiesofthescornedandcondemnedmarijuanaplant couldprovidesufficientclothing,oil,medicine,fuel,food,and shelterforallthepeoplesoftheworld,ifcompletelylegalizedand commercializedandthathempmightprovetobethemeansofsavingthe planet(us)fromacidrain,globalwarming,andthedepletionofour preciousforestsandfossilfuels.Furtherthattheallegeddangersof marijuanasmokingpalebeforethemanyadvantagesthatarepotentialin thefreecommerceinhempanditsbyproducts.NowthatJackhaspointed outthesefactstoachangingworldsearchingfortruththepeople,of course,willquicklysetthingsrightbyrenouncingthe1961Single ConventionTreatyondrugsandmarijuana,andwilltooluptoproducea wealthofquality,ecologicallysoundgoodsforanupwardlymobile society.Asasciencefictionwriter,thisviewofanalteredworldof cleanskiesandlushforests,filledwithfreedomlovingpeopleliving inhemphouses,drivingtheirhempfueledhempcarsdownhemplined freeways,dressedintheirhempfinery,eatingtheirhemptofusaladis veryappealingtome.Jackmakesaverygoodcaseforitbeing possible.AndinmyreadinghisinformativebookIfindthatIam charmed.ApparentlyJackHererhasadreamhisfuturehashempfully integratedintothesocietysuchthattheneedforfossilfuelsand syntheticfibersforeample,willhavebeenreplacedbynatural substancesthatareannuallyrenewableandnontoxic.Heseesour intelligenceraisedandourhealthimprovedbythecompleteedistin proteinandtheessentialfattyacids,linolinicandlinoleic,thatare foundinadundanceinthefleshandoilofthehempseed.Heseesour shelter,food,clothing,medicines,fuels,andmentalstatewillhave beenspirituallyeffectedforthebetterbecauseofhemp.Hehas devotedhislifetomakinghisfuturebecometrue.Icanliveinit. GeorgeClaytonJohnsonAuthorofeightTwilightZoneepisodes, TwilightZone,LogansRun,StarTrek,OceansEleven,KungFu,etc.May 15,1998

FOREWORD Marijuanahasbeenknowntohumankindforuntoldthousandsofyears. Governmenthasattemptedtoprohibititsuseforthepast50.Aswith allpreviousattemptsatprohibition,theattempthasbeenadismal failure:peoplearesimplynotdeterredfrommarijuanausagebecauseof itsillegality.Yettheprohibitioncontinuesandvastamountsoftime, energy,andmoneyarespentintheeffort.InJosephineCounty,Oregon, 20%ofthefelonycasesprocessedthroughtheCircuitCourtinvolved marijuana75%ofthosecasesinvolvedmarijuanapossessedorgrownfor personalconsumption.Thisreflectsnationaltrends,i.e.,600,000 arrestedin1984alone.Wemustaskatthispoint,ifitisworththe effort.Onlyinthelightofknowledge,areweabletoanswersuch questions.Thisenlighteningbookdetailsthehistoryofmarijuana,the historyofitsprohibition,andthepresentstateofthe pharmacologicalfactsabouttheherb.Inthecalmlightof understanding,werealizethattheefforttoprohibitmarijuanabornin hysteriaandracism,continuedinselfrighteousnessandrepressionhas nosubstantialbasiswhatsoever:nofact,whetherpolitical,economic, medical,moral,orcorretional,canjustifytheeffort.Thisbookis welldocumented,oftenstartling,andsometimesoutrageous,butnever lessthanfascinating,andaboveall,athoroughlyenjoyable,notto mentioneducationalexperience. MichaelE.RoseAttorneyatLawMay2,198 PROLOGUE Myfirstforewordforthisbookwaswrittenin1985.Alotoftime haspassedsincethen,butsomethingshaveremainedconstant.In1985 Iwroteof600,000potarrestsnationwide.Lastyear,in1997,there werestill642,000newarrestsformarijuanarelatedoffenses.Atleast 75%ofthosecasesinvolvedmarijuanapossessedorgrownforpersonal consumption.Thirteenyearshavebroughtsomechanges,ofcourse. Todayssentencinglawsareevenmoreseverethantheywerein1985. Morepeoplearelosingtheirhomesformarijuanaoffensesthanthey werein1985.Asaresultofthewarondrugs,prisonbuildingnot schoolshasbecomethehotnewgrowthindustry,andtheprotectionsof theFourthAmendmentarebecomingafind,butincreasinglyvague, memory.Anotherdisturbingchangehasbeentheheighteningifthatis imaginableofthelevelofgovernmenthypocrisy.Publicproclamations tothecontrarynotwithstanding,noonetodaycanseriouslybelievethe warondrugsisanymorewinnablethanwasthewarinVietnam.Noone nowcanseriouslydoubtthebenefitsofapermanentceasefireinthis insanedrugwar.Nonetheless,thewarwageson.Ourmedicalknowledge aloneputsthetherapeuticvalueofmarijuanabeyondquestion,yet peoplearestillbeingprosecutedfortheirpurelymedicaluseof cannabis.Thegovernmentsays:Maybeso,butweresendingamessage. Thenthose642,000peoplewerecasualtiesinawarthathasonlya symbolicrationale?Seemslikeanawfulwaste.Ilookatmycommentsof thirteenyearsagowithacertainamazementthatthewordsarestill accurate.Quitedisappointing,actually.Ihadhopedwecouldhaveput theissuetorestandthat,bynow,Jacksbookwouldhavebecomean historicalcuriosity.No,thebooktodayisastimelyasever,andthe Emperorstillquitenaked. MichaelE.RoseAttorneyatLaw/Portland,OregonMay13,1998

TheEmperorWearsNoClothes CHAPTER1OVERVIEWOFTHEHISTORYOFCANNABISHEMP ForthePurposeofClarityinthisBook:Explanationsordocumentations markedwithanasterisk(*)arelistedattheendoftherelated paragraph(s).Forbrevity,othersourcesforfacts,anecdotes, histories,studies,etc.,arecitedinthebodyofthetextorincluded intheappendices. Thefactscitedhereinaregenerallyverifiablein theEncyclopaediaBritannica,whichwasprintedprimarilyonpaper producedwithcannabishempforover150years.However,any encyclopedia(nomatterhowold)orgooddictionarywilldoforgeneral verificationpurposes. CannabisSativaL.Alsoknownas:Hemp,cannabishemp,Indian(India) hemp,truehemp,muggles,weed,pot,marijuana,reefer,grass,ganja, bhang,"thekind,"dagga,herb,etc.,allnamesforexactlythesame plant! What'sinaName?(U.S.Geography) HEMPstead,LongIslandHEMPsteadCounty,ArkansasHEMPstead,Texas HEMPhill,NorthCarolinaHEMPfield,Pennsylvania,amongothers,were namedaftercannabisgrowingregions,orafterfamilynamesderived fromhempgrowing. AmericanHistoricalNotes In1619,America'sfirstmarijuanalawwasenactedatJamestownColony, Virginia,"ordering"allfarmersto"maketryalof"(grow)Indian hempseed.Moremandatory(mustgrow)hempcultivationlawswere enactedinMassachusettsin1631,inConnecticutin1632andinthe ChesapeakeColoniesintothemid1700s.EveninEngland,themuch soughtafterprizeoffullBritishcitizenshipwasbestowedbyadecree ofthecrownonforeignerswhowouldgrowcannabis,andfineswere oftenleviedagainstthosewhorefused.Cannabishempwaslegaltender (money)inmostoftheAmericasfrom1631untiltheearly1800s.Why? ToencourageAmericanfarmerstogrowmore.1Youcouldpayyourtaxes withcannabishempthroughoutAmericaforover200years.2Youcould evenbejailedinAmericafornotgrowingcannabisduringseveral periodsofshortage,e.g.,inVirginiabetween1763and1767. (Herndon,G.M.,HempinColonialVirginia,1963TheChesapeake Colonies,1954L.A.Times,August12,1981etal.)GeorgeWashington andThomasJeffersongrewcannabisontheirplantations.Jefferson,3 whileenvoytoFrance,wenttogreatexpenseandevenconsiderable risktohimselfandhissecretagentstoprocureparticularlygood hempseedssmuggledillegallyintoTurkeyfromChina.TheChinese Mandarins(politicalrulers)sovaluedtheirhempseedthattheymade itsexportationacapitaloffense.TheUnitedStatesCensusof1850 counted8,327hemp"plantations"*(minimum2,000acrefarm)growing cannabishempforcloth,canvasandeventhecordageusedforbaling cotton.MostoftheseplantationswerelocatedintheSouthorinthe borderstates,primarilybecauseofthecheapslavelaboravailable priorto1865forthelaborintensivehempindustry.(U.S.Census, 1850Allen,JamesLane,TheReignofLaw,ATaleoftheKentuckyHemp Fields,MacMillanCo.,NY,1900Roffman,Roger,Ph.D.Marijuanaas

Medicine,MendroneBooks,WA,1982.)*Thisfiguredoesnotincludethe tensofthousandsofsmallerfarmsgrowingcannabis,northehundreds ofthousandsifnotmillionsoffamilyhemppatchesinAmericanor doesittakeintoaccountthatwellintothiscentury80percentof America'shempconsumptionfor200yearsstillhadtobeimportedfrom Russia,Hungary,CzechoslovakiaandPoland,etc.BenjaminFranklin startedoneofAmerica'sfirstpapermillswithcannabis.Thisallowed Americatohaveafreecolonialpresswithouthavingtobegorjustify theneedforpaperandbooksfromEngland.Inaddition,various marijuanaandhashishextractswerethefirst,secondorthirdmost prescribedmedicinesintheUnitedStatesfrom1842untilthe1890s. It'smedicinalusecontinuedlegallythroughthe1930sforhumansand figuredevenmoreprominentlyinAmericanandworldveterinary medicinesduringthistime.Cannabisextractmedicineswereproducedby EliLilly,ParkeDavis,Tildens,BrothersSmith(SmithBrothers), SquibbandmanyotherAmericanandEuropeancompaniesandapothecaries. Duringallthetimetherewasnotonereporteddeathfromcannabis extractmedicines,andvirtuallynoabuseormentaldisordersreported, exceptforfirsttimeornoviceusersoccasionallybecomingdisoriented oroverlyintroverted.(Mikuriya,Tod,M.D.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers, MediCompPress,CACohen,Sidney&Stillman,Richard,Therapeutic PotentialofMarijuana,PlenumPress,Ny,1976.) WorldHistoricalNotes "Theearliestknownwovenfabricwasapparentlyofhemp,whichbeganto beworkedintheeightmillennium(8,0007,000B.C.)"(TheColumbia HistoryoftheWorld,1981,page54.)Thebodyofliterature(i.e., archaeology,anthropology,philology,economy,history)pertainingto hempisingeneralagreementthat,attheveryleast:Frommorethan 1,000yearsbeforethetimeofChristuntil1883A.D.,cannabishemp indeed,marijuanawasourplanet'slargestagriculturalcropandmost importantindustry,involvingthousandsofproductsandenterprises producingtheoverallmajorityofEarth'sfiber,fabric,lightingoil, paper,incenseandmedicines.Inaddition,itwasaprimarysourceof essentialfoodoilandproteinforhumansandanimals.Accordingto virtuallyeveryanthropologistanduniversityintheworld,marijuana wasalsousedinmostofourreligionsandcultsasoneofthesevenor somostwidelyusedmood,mind,orpainalteringdrugswhentakenas psychotropic,psychedelic(mindmanifestingorexpanding)sacraments. Almostwithoutexception,thesesacred(drug)experiencesinspiredour superstitions,amulets,talismans,religions,prayers,andlanguage codes.(Seechapter10on"ReligionsandMagic.")(Wasson,R.,Gordon, Soma,DivineMushroomofImmortalityAllegro,J.M.,SacredMushrooms& theCross,Doubleday,NY,1969PlinyJosephusHerodotusDeadSea ScrollsGnosticGospelstheBibleGinsbergLegendsKaballah,c. 1860ParacelsusBritishMuseumBudgeEncy.Britannica,, "PharmacologicalCults"Schultes&Wasson,PlantsoftheGods, ResearchofR.E.Schultes,HarvardBotanicalDept.WmEmBoden,Cal StateU.,Northridgeetal.) GreatWarswereFoughttoEnsuretheAvailabilityofHemp Forexample,theprimaryreasonfortheWarof1812(foughtbyAmerica againstGreatBritain)wasaccesstoRussiancannabishemp.Russian hempwasalsotheprincipalreasonthatNapoleon(our1812ally)and his"ContinentalSystems"alliesinvadedRussiain1812.(SeeChapter

12,"The(Hemp)Warof1812andNapoleanInvadesRussia.")In1942, aftertheJapaneseinvasionofthePhilippinescutoffthesupplyof Manila(Abaca)hemp,theU.S.Governmentdistributed400,000poundsof cannabisseedstoAmericanfarmersfromWisconsintoKentucky,who produced42,000tonsofhempfiberannuallyuntil1946whenthewar ended. WhyHasCannabisHemp/MarijuanaBeenSoImportantinHistory? Becausecannabishempis,overall,thestrongest,mostdurable, longestlastingnaturalsoftfiberontheplanet.Itsleavesand flowertops(marijuana)weredependingontheculturethefirst, secondorthirdmostimportantandmostusedmedicinesfortwothirds oftheworld'speopleforatleast3,000years,untiltheturnofthe century.Botanically,hempismemberofthemostadvancedplantfamily onEarth.Itisadioecious(havingmale,femaleandsometimes hermaphroditicmaleandfemaleonthesameplant),woody,herbaceous annualthatusesthesunmoreefficientlythanvirtuallyanyother plantonourplanet,reachingarobust12to20feetormoreinone shortgrowingseason.Itcanbegrowninvirtuallyanyclimateorsoil conditiononEarth,evenmarginalones.Hempis,byfar,Earth's premier,renewablenaturalresource.Thisiswhyhempissovery important. CHAPTER2BRIEFSUMMARYOFTHEUSESOFHEMP OurChallengetotheWorld:TrytoProveUsWrong!Ifallfossilfuels andtheirderivatives,aswellastreesforpaperandconstructionwere bannedinordertosavetheplanet,reversetheGreenhouseEffectand stopdeforestationThenthereisonlyoneknownannualrenewable naturalresourcethatiscapableofprovidingtheoverallmajorityof theworld'spaperandtextilesmeetingalloftheworld's transportation,industrialandhomeenergyneedssimultaneously reducingpollution,rebuildingthesoil,andcleaningtheatmosphere allatthesametime...Andthatsubstanceisthesameonethatdid itallbeforeCannabisHemp...Marijuana! ShipsandSailors Ninetypercent*ofallships'sails(sincebeforethePhoenicians,from atleastthe5thCenturyB.C.untillongaftertheinventionand commercializationofsteamshipsmidtolate19thcentury)weremade fromhemp.*Theother10%wereusuallyflaxorminorfiberslike ramie,sisal,jute,abaca.(Abel,Ernest,Marijuana:TheFirst12,000 Years,PlenumPress,1980Herodotus,Histories,5thCenturyB.C. Frazier,Jack,TheMarijuanaFarmers,1972U.S.AgriculturalIndex, 19161982USDAfilm,HempforVictory,1942.)Theword"canvas"isthe Dutchpronunciation(twiceremoved,fromFrenchandLatin)oftheGreek word"Kannabis."**Kannabisofthe(Hellenized)MediterraneanBasin Greeklanguage,derivedfromthePersianandearlierNorthernSemitics (Quanuba,Kanabosm,Cana?,Kanah?)whichscholarshavenowtracedback tothedawnofthe6,000yearoldIndoSemiticEuropeanlanguagefamily baseoftheSumeriansandAccadians.TheearlySumerian/Babylonian wordK(a)N(a)B(a),orQ(a)N(a)B(a)isoneofman'slongestsurviving rootwords.1(KNmeanscaneandBmeanstwotworeedsortwosexes.) Inadditiontocanvassails,untilthiscenturyvirtuallyallofthe rigging,anchorropes,cargonets,fishingnets,flags,shrouds,and

oakum(themainprotectionforshipsagainstsaltwater,usedasa sealantbetweenlooseorgreenbeams)weremadefromthestalkofthe marijuanaplant.Eventhesailors'clothing,rightdowntothe stitchingintheseamen'sropesoledand(sometimes)"canvas"shoes, wascraftedfromcannabis.**Anaveragecargo,clipper,whaler,or navalshipoftheline,inthe16th,17th,18th,or19thcenturies carried50to100tonsofcannabishemprigging,nottomentionthe sails,nets,etc.,andneededitallreplacedeveryyearortwo,dueto saltrot.(AsktheU.S.NavalAcademy,orseetheconstructionofthe USSConstitution,a.k.a."OldIronsides,"BostonHarbor.)(Abel, Ernest,Marijuana,TheFirst12,000Years,PlenumPress,1980Ency. BrittanicaMagoun,Alexander,TheFrigateConstitution,1928USDA filmHempforVictory,1942.)Additionally,theships'charts,maps, logs,andBiblesweremadefrompapercontaininghempfiberfromthe timeofColumbus(15thCentury)utiltheearly1900sintheWestern European/AmericanWorld,andbytheChinesefromthe1stCenturyA.D. on.Hemppaperlasted50to100timeslongerthanmostpreparationsof papyrus,andwasahundredtimeseasierandcheapertomake. Incredibly,itcostmoreforaship'shempensails,ropes,etc.than itdidtobuildthewoodenparts.Norwashemprestrictedtothebriny deep... Textiles&Fabrics Untilthe1820sinAmerica(anduntilthe20thCenturyinmostofthe restoftheworld),80percentofalltextilesandfabricsusedfor clothing,tents,bedsheetsandlinens,*rugs,drapes,quilts,towels, diapers,etc. andevenourflag,"OldGlory,"wereprincipallymade fromfibersofcannabis.Forhundreds,ifnotthousandsofyears(until the1830s),IrelandmadethefinestlinensandItalymadetheworld's finestclothforclothingwithhemp.*The18931910editionsof EncyclopaediaBritannicaindicateandin1938,PopularMechanics estimatedthatatleasthalfofallthematerialthathasbeencalled linenwasnotmadefromflax,butfromcannabis.Herodotus(c.450B. C.)describesthehempengarmentsmadebytheThraciansasequalto lineninfinenessandthat"nonebutaveryexperiencedpersoncould tellwhethertheywereofhemporflax."Althoughthesefactshavebeen almostforgotten,ourforebearswerewellawarethathempissofter thancotton,morewaterabsorbentthancotton,hasthreetimesthe tensilestrengthofcottonandismanytimesmoredurablethancotton. Infact,whenthepatriotic,reallife,1776mothersofourpresentday blueblood"DaughtersoftheAmericanRevolution"(theDARofBoston andNewEnglandorganized"spinningbees"toclotheWashington's soldiers,themajorityofthethreadwasspunfromhempfibers.Were itnotforthehistoricallyforgotten(orcensored)andcurrently disparagedmarijuanaplant,theContinentalArmywouldhavefrozento deathatValleyForge,Pennsylvania.Thecommonuseofhempinthe economyoftheearlyrepublicwasimportantenoughtooccupythetime andthoughtsofourfirstU.S.TreasurySecretaryAlexanderHamilton, whowroteinaTreasurynoticefromthe1790s,"FlaxandHemp: Manufacturersofthesearticleshavesomuchaffinitytoeachother, andtheyaresooftenblended,thattheymaywithadvantagebe consideredinconjunction.Sailclothshouldhave10%duty..." (Herndon,G.M.,HempinColonialVirginia,1963DARhistoriesAble Ernest,Marijuana,theFirst12,000Yearsalsoseethe1985film RevolutionwithAlPacino.)Thecoveredwagonswentwest(toKentucky, Indiana,Illinois,Oregon,andCalifornia*)coveredwithsturdyhemp

canvastarpaulins,2whileshipssailedaroundthe"Horn"toSan Franciscoonhempsailsandropes.*Theoriginal,heavyduty,famous LevipantsweremadefortheCalifornia'49ersoutofhempensailcloth andrivets.Thiswaythepocketswouldn'tripwhenfilledwithgold pannedfromthesediment.3Homespunclothwasalmostalwaysspun,by peopleallovertheworld,fromfibersgrowninthe"familyhemp patch."InAmerica,thistraditionlastedfromthePilgrims(1620s) untilhemp'sprohibitioninthe1930s.**Inthe1930s,Congresswas toldbytheFederalBureauofNarcoticsthatmanyPolishAmericans stillgrewpotintheirbackyardstomaketheirwinter"longjohns"and workclothes,andgreetedtheagentswithsshotgunsforstealingtheir nextyear'sclothes.Theageanddensityofthehemppatchinfluences fiberquality.Ifafarmerwantedsoftlinenqualityfibershewould planthiscannabisclosetogether.Asaruleofthumb,ifyouplantfor medicalorrecreationaluse,youplantoneseedperfivesquareyards. Whenplantedforseed:fourtofivefeetapart.(Univ.ofKentucky Agricultural.Ext.leaflet,March1943.) Onehundredtwentytoonehundredeightyseedstothesquareyardare plantedforroughcordageorcoursecloth.Finestlinenorlaceis grownupto400plantstothesquareyardandharvestedbetween80to 100days.(FarmCropReports,USDAinternationalabstracts.CIBA Review196162LuigiCastellini,MilanItaly.)Bythelate1820s,the newAmericanhandcottongins(inventedbyEliWhitneyin1793)were largelyreplacedbyEuropeanmade"industrial"loomsandcottongins ("gin"isshortforengine),becauseofEurope'sprimaryequipment machinerytechnology(toolanddiemaking)leadoverAmerica.Fifty percentofallchemicalsusedinAmericanagriculturetodayareusedin cottongrowing.Hempneedsnochemicalsandhasfewweedorinsect enemiesexceptfortheU.S.governmentandtheDEA.Forthefirst time,lightcottonclothingcouldbeproducedatlesscostthanhand retting(rotting)andhandseparatinghempfiberstobehandspunon spinningwheelsandjennys.4However,becauseofitsstrength, softness,warmthandlonglastingqualities,hempcontinuedtobethe secondmostusednaturalfiber*untilthe1930s.*Incaseyou're wondering,thereisnoTHCor"high"inhempfiber.That'sright,you can'tsmokeyourshirt!Infact,attemptingtosmokehempfabricor anyfabric,forthatmattercouldbefatal!Afterthe1937Marijuana Taxlaw,newDuPont"plasticfibers,"underlicensesince1936fromthe GermancompanyI.G.Farben(patentsurrenderswerepartofGermany's WorldWarIreparationpaymentstoAmerica),replacednaturalhempen fibers.(Some30%ofI.G.Farben,underHitler,wasownedandfinanced byAmerica'sDuPont.)DuPontalsointroducedNylon(inventedin1935) tothemarketafterthey'dpatenteditin1938.(Colby,Jerry,DuPont Dynasties,LyleStewart,1984.)Finally,itmustbenotedthat approximately50%ofallchemicalsusedinAmericanagriculturetoday areusedincottongrowing.Hempneedsnochemicalsandhasfewweed orinsectenemiesexceptfortheU.S.governmentandtheDEA. (Cavendar,Jim,ProfessorofBotany,OhioUniversity,"Authorities ExaminePotClaims,"AthensNews,November16,1989.) Fiber&PulpPaper Until1883,from7590%ofallpaperintheworldwasmadewith cannabishempfiberincludingthatforbooks,Bibles,maps,paper money,stocksandbonds,newspapers,etc.TheGutenbergBible(inthe 15thCentury)PantagruelandtheHerbpantagruelion,Rabelais(16th

Century)KingJamesBible(17thCentury)theworksofFitzHugh Ludlow,MarkTwain,VictorHugo,AlexanderDumasLewisCarroll's "AliceinWonderland"(19thCentury)andjustabouteverythingelse wasprintedonhemppaper.ThefirstdraftoftheDeclarationof Independence(June28,1776)waswrittenonDutch(hemp)paper,aswas theseconddraftcompletedonJuly2,1776.Thiswasthedocument actuallyagreedtoonthatdayandannouncedandreleasedonJuly4, 1776.OnJuly19,1776,CongressorderedtheDeclarationbecopiedand engrossedonparchment(apreparedanimalskin)andthiswasthe documentactuallysignedbythedelegatesonAugust2,1776.Hemp paperlasted50to100timeslongerthanmostpreparationsofpapyrus, andwasahundredtimeseasierandcheapertomake.Whatwe(the colonialAmericans)andtherestoftheworldusedtomakeallour paperfromwasthediscardedsailsandropesbyshipownersasscrap forrecyclingintopaper.Therestofourpapercamefromourwornout clothes,sheets,diapers,curtainsandrags*soldtoscrapdealersmade primarilyfromhempandsometimesflax.*Hencetheterm"ragpaper." Ourancestorsweretoothriftytojustthrowanythingaway,so,until the1880s,anyremainingscrapsandclothesweremixedtogetherand recycledintopaper.Ragpaper,containinghempfiber,isthehighest qualityandlongestlastingpaperevermade.Itcanbetornwhenwet, butreturnstoitsfullstrengthwhendry.Barringextremeconditions, ragpaperremainsstableforcenturies.Itwillalmostneverwearout. ManyU.S.governmentpaperswerewritten,bylaw,onhempen"ragpaper" untilthe1920s.5Itisgenerallybelievedbyscholarsthattheearly Chineseknowledge,orart,ofhemppapermaking(1stCenturyA.D.800 yearsbeforeIslamdiscoveredhow,and1,200to1,400yearsbefore Europe)wasoneofthetwochiefreasonsthatOrientalknowledgeand sciencewerevastlysuperiortothatoftheWestfor1,400years. Thus,theartoflonglastinghemppapermakingallowedtheOrientals' accumulatedknowledgetobepassedon,builtupon,investigated, refined,challengedandchanged,forgenerationaftergeneration(in otherwords,cumulativeandcomprehensivescholarship).Theother reasonthatOrientalknowledgeandsciencesustainedsuperiorityto thatoftheWestfor1,400yearswasthattheRomanCatholicChurch forbadereadingandwritingfor95%ofEurope'speopleinaddition, theyburned,hunteddown,orprohibitedallforeignordomesticbooks includingtheirownBible! forover1,200yearsunderthepenalty andoftenusedpunishmentofdeath.Hence,manyhistorianstermthis period"TheDarkAges"(476A.D.1000A.D.,orevenuntilthe Renaissance).(SeeChapter10onSociology.) Rope,Twine&Cordage Virtuallyeverycityandtown(fromtimeoutofmind)intheworldhad anindustrymakinghemprope.6Russia,however,wastheworld'slargest producerandbestqualitymanufacturer,supplying80percentofthe Westernworld'shempfrom1740until1940.ThomasPaineoutlinedfour essentialnaturalresourcesforthenewnationinCommonSense(1776) "cordage,iron,timberandtar."Chiefamongthesewashempfor cordage.Hewrote,"Hempflourisheseventorankness,wedonotwant forcordage."Thenhewentontolisttheotheressentialsnecessary forwarwiththeBritishnavycannons,gunpowder,etc.From7090%of allrope,twine,andcordagewasmadefromhempuntil1937.Itwas thenreplacedmostlybypetrochemicalfibers(ownedprincipallyby DuPontunderlicensefromGermany'sI.G.Corporationpatents)andby Manila(Abaca)Hemp,withsteelcablesoftenintertwinedforstrength

broughtinfromour"new"farwesternPacificPhilippinespossession, seizedfromSpainasreparationfortheSpanishAmericanWarin1898. ArtCanvas Hempistheperfectarchivalmedium.7ThepaintingsofVanGogh, Gainsborough,Rembrandt,etc.,wereprimarilypaintedonhempcanvas, aswerepracticallyallcanvaspaintings.Astrong,lustrousfiber, hempwithstandsheat,mildew,insectsandisnotdamagedbylight.Oil paintingsonhempand/orflaxcanvashavestayedinfineconditionfor centuries. Paints&Varnishes Forthousandsofyears,virtuallyallgoodpaintsandvarnisheswere madewithhempseedoiland/orlinseedoil.Forinstance,in1935alone, 116millionpounds(58,000)tons*)ofhempseedwereusedinAmerica justforpaintandvarnish.Thehempdryingoilbusinesswent principallytoDuPontpetrochemicals.8*NationalInstituteofOilseed Productscongressionaltestimonyagainstthe1937MarijuanaTransfer TaxLaw.Asacomparison,considerthattheU.S.DrugEnforcement Administration(DEA),alongwithallAmerica'sstateandlocalpolice agencies,claimtohaveseizedforallof1996,700+tonsofAmerican grownmarijuanaseed,plant,root,dirtclumandall.EventheDEA itselfadmitsthat94to97percentofallmarijuana/hempplantsthat havebeenseizedanddestroyedsincethe1960sweregrowingcompletely wildandcouldnothavebeensmokedasmarijuana.Congressandthe TreasuryDepartmentwereassuredthroughsecrettestimonygivenby DuPontin193537directlytoHermanOliphant,ChiefCounselforthe TreasuryDept.,thathempseedoilcouldbereplacedwithsynthetic petrochemicaloilsmadeprincipallybyDuPont.Oliphantwassolely responsiblefordraftingtheMarijuanaTaxActthatwassubmittedto Congress.9(SeecompletestoryinChapter4,"TheLastDaysofLegal Cannabis.") LightingOil Untilabout1800,hempseedoilwasthemostconsumedlightingoilin Americaandtheworld.Fromthenuntilthe1870s,itwasthesecond mostconsumedlightingoil,exceededonlybywhaleoil.Hempseedoil litthelampsoflegendaryAladdin,Abrahamtheprohet,andinreal life,AbrahamLincoln.Itwasthebrightestlampoil.Hempseedoilfor lampswasreplacedbypetroleum,kerosene,etc.,afterthe1859 PennsylvaniaoildiscoveryandJohnD.Rockefeller's1870onnational petroleumstewardship.(Seechapternineof"Economics.")Infact,the celebratedbotanistLutherBurbankstated,"Theseed[ofcannabis]is prizedinothercountriesforitsoil,anditsneglecthereillustrates thesamewastefuluseofouragriculturalresources."(Burbank,Luther, HowPlantsAreTrainedToWorkForMan,UsefulPlants,P.F.Collier& SonCo.,NY,Vol.6,pg.48.) BiomassEnergy Intheearly1900s,HenryFordandotherfuturistic,organic, engineeringgeniusesrecognized(astheirintellectual,scientific heirsstilldotoday)animportantpointthatupto90percentofall fossilfuelusedintheworldtoday(coal,oil,naturalgas,etc.)

shouldlongagohavebeenreplacedwithbiomasssuchas:cornstalks, cannabis,wastepaperandthelike.Biomasscanbeconvertedto methane,methanolorgasolineatafractionofthecurrentcostofoil, coal,ornuclearenergyespeciallywhenenvironmentalcostsare factoredinanditsmandatedusewouldendacidrain,endsulfur basedsmog,andreversetheGreenhouseEffectonourplanetright now!**Governmentandoilandcoalcompanies,etc.,willinsistthat burningbiomassfuelsisnobetterthanusingupourfossilfuel reserves,asfaraspollutiongoesbutthisispatentlyuntrue.Why? Because,unlikefossilfuels,biomasscomesfromliving(notextinct) plantsthatcontinuetoremovecarbondioxidepollutionfromour atmosphereastheygrow,throughphotosynthesis.Furthermore,biomass fuelsdonotcontainsulfur.Thiscanbeaccomplishedifhempisgrown forbiomassandthenconvertedthroughpyrolysis(charcoalizing)or biochemicalcompostingintofuelstoreplacefossilfuelenergy products.**Remarkably,whenconsideredonaplanetwide,climate wide,soilwidebasis,cannabisisatleastfourandpossiblymanymore timesricherinsustainable,renewablebiomass/cellulosepotentialthan itsnearestrivalsontheplanetcornstalks,sugarcane,kenaftrees, ect.(SolarGas,1980Omni,1983CornellUniversityScienceDigest, 1983etc.).AlsoseeChapter9on"Economics."Oneproductof pyrolysis,methanol,isusedtodaybymostracecarsandwasusedby Americanfarmersandautodriversroutinelywithpetroleum/methanol optionsstartinginthe1920s,throughthe1930s,andevenintothe mid1940storuntensofthousandsofauto,farmandmilitaryvehicles untiltheendofWorldWarII.Methanolcanevenbeconvertedtoa highoctaineleadfreegasolineusingacatalyticprocessdevelopedby GeorgiaTechUniversityinconjunctionwithMobilOilCorporation. Medicine From1842throughthe1890s,extremelystrongmarijuana(thenknownas cannabisextractums)andhashishextracts,tincturesandelixirswere routinelythesecondandthirdmostusedmedicinesinAmericafor humans(frombirth,throughchildhood,tooldage)andinveterinary medicineuntilthe1920sandlonger.(SeeChapter6on"Medicine,"and Chapter13onthe"19thCentury.")Asstatedearlier,foratleast 3,000years,priorto1842,widelyvaryingmarijuanaextracts(buds, leaves,roots,etc.)werethemostcommonlyusedandwidelyaccepted majorityofmankind'sillnesses.However,inWesternEurope,theRoman CatholicChurchforbadeuseofcannabisoranymedicaltreatment, exceptforalcoholorbloodletting,for1200plusyears.(SeeChapter 10on"Sociology.")TheU.S.Pharmacopoeiaindicatedthatcannabis shouldbeusedfortreatingsuchailmentsas:fatigue,fitsof coughing,rheumatism,asthma,deliriumtremens,migraineheadachesand thecrampsanddepressionsassociatedwithmenstruation.(Professor WilliamEmBoden,ProfessorofNarcoticBotany,CaliforniaState University,Northridge.)QueenVictoriausedcannabisresinsforher menstrualcrampsandPMS,andherreign(18371901)paralleledthe enormousgrowthoftheuseofIndiancannabismedicineintheEnglish speakingworld.Inthiscentury,cannabisresearchhasdemonstrated therapeuticvalueandcompletesafetyinthetreatmentofmany healthproblemsincludingasthma,glaucoma,nausea,tumors,epilepsy, infection,stress,migraines,anorexia,depression,rheumatism, arthritisandpossibleherpes.(SeeChapter7,"TherapeuticUsesof Cannabis.")

FoodOils&Protein Hempseedwasregularlyusedinporridge,soups,andgruelsbyvirtually allthepeopleoftheworldupuntilthiscentury.Monkswererequired toeathempseeeddishesthreetimesaday,toweavetheirclothes withitandtoprinttheirBiblesonpapermadewithitsfiber.(See Rubin,Dr.Vera,"ResearchInstitutefortheStudyofMan"Eastern OrthodoxChurchCohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana, PlenumPress,1976Abel,Ernest,Marijuana,TheFirst12,000Years, PlenumPress,NY,1980EncyclopediaBrittanica.)Hempseedcanbe pressedforitshighlynutritiousvegetableoil,whichcontainsthe highestamountofessentialfattyacidsintrheplantkingdom.These essentialoilsareresponsibleforourimmuneresponsesandclearthe arteriesofcholesterolandplaque.Thebyproductofpressingtheoil fromtheseedisthehighestqualityproteinseecake.Itcanbe sprouted(malted)orgroundandbakedintocakes,breadsand casseroles.Marijuanaseedproteinisoneofmankind'sfinest,most completeandavailabletothebodyvegetableproteins.Hempseedisthe mostcompletesinglefoodsourceforhumannutrition.(Seediscussion ofedistinsandessentialfattyacids,Chapter8.)Hempseedwasuntil the1937prohibitionlawtheworld'snumberonebirdseed,forboth wildanddomesticbirds.Itwastheirfavorite*ofanyseedfoodon theplanetfourmillionpoundsofhempseedforsongbirdsweresoldat retailintheU.S.in1937.Birdswillpickhempseedsoutandeatthem firstfromapileofmixedseed.Birdsintheworldlivelongerand breedmorewithhempseedintheirdiet,usingtheoilfortheir feathersandtheiroveralhealth.(MoreinChapter8,"HempasaBasic WorldFood.")*Congressionaltestimony,1937"Songbirdswon'tsing withoutit,"thebirdfoodcompaniestoldCongress.Resultsterilized cannabisseedscontinuetobeimportedintotheU.S.fromItaly,China andothercountries.Hempseedproducesnoobservablehighforhumansor birds.OnlythemostminutetracesofTHCareintheseed.Hempseed isalsothefavoritefishbaitinEurope.Anglersbuypecksof hempseedatbaitstores,thenthrashingforthehempseedandarecaught byhook.Nootherbaitisaseffective,makinghempseedgenerallythe mostdesirableandmostnutritiousfoodforhumans,birdsandfish. (JackHerer'spersonalresearchinEurope.)(Frazier,Jack,The MarijuanaFarmers,SolarAgePress,NewOrleans,LA,1972) BuildingMaterials&Housing Becauseoneacreofhempproducesasmuchcellulosefiberpulpas4.1 acresoftrees,*hempistheperfectmaterialtoreplacetreesfor pressedboard,particleboardandforconcreteconstructionmolds.* Dewey&Merrill,Bulletin#404,UnitedStatesDept.ofAgriculture, 1916.Practical,inexpensivefireresistantconstructionmaterial,with excellentthermalandsoundinsulatingqualities,ismadebyheating andcompressingplantfiberstocreatstrongconstructionpaneling, replacingdrywallandplywood.WilliamB.CondeofConde'sRedwood Lumber,Inc.nearEugene,Oregon,inconjunctionwithWashingtonState University(19911993),hasdemonstratedthesuperiorstrength, flexibility,andeconomyofhempcompositebuildingmaterialscompared towoodfiber,evenasbeams.Isochanvre,arediscoveredFrench buildingmaterialmadefromhemphurdsmixedwithlime,actually petrifiesintoamineralstateandlastsformanycenturies. ArcheologistshavefoundabridgeinthesouthofFrance,fromthe Merovingianperiod(500751A.D.),builtwiththisprocess.(See

ChenevottehabitatofRene,FranceinAppendixI.)Hemphasbeenused throughouthistoryforcarpetbacking.Hempfiberhaspotentialinthe manufactureofstrong,rotresistantcarpetingeliminatingthe poisonousfumesofburningsyntheticmaterialsinahouseorcommercial fire,alongwithallergicreactionsassociatedwithnewsynthetic carpeting.Plasticplumbingpipe(PVCpipes)canbemanufacturedusing renewablehempcelluloseasthechemicalfeedstocks,replacingnon renewablecoalorpetroleumbasedchemicalfeedstocks.Sowecan envisionahouseofthefuturebuilt,plumbed,paintedandfurnished withtheworld'snumberonerenewableresourcehemp. Smoking,Leisure&Creativity TheAmericanDeclarationofIndependencerecognizesthe"inalienable rights"of"life,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness."Subseuqent courtdecisionshaveinferredtherightstoprivacyandchoicefrom this,theU.S.ConstitutionanditsAmendments.Manyartistsand writershaveusedcannabisforcreativestimulationfromthewriters oftheworld'sreligiousmasterpiecestoourmostirreverentsatirists. TheseincludeLewisCarrollandhishookahsmokingcaterpillarin AliceinWonderland,plusVictorHugoandAlexanderDumassuchjazz greatsasLouisArmstrong,CabCalloway,DukeEllingtonandGeneKrupa andthepatterncontinuesrightuptomoderndayartistsandmusicians suchastheBeatles,theRollingStones,theEagles,theDoobie Brothers,BobMarley,JeffersonAirplane,WillieNelson,BuddyRIch, CountryJoe&theFish,JoeWalsh,DavidCarradine,DavidBowie,Iggy Pop,LolaFalana,HunterS.Thompson,PeterTosh,theGratefulDead, CypressHill,SineadO'Connor,BlackCrowes,etc.Ofcourse,smoking marijuanaonlyenhancescreativityforsomeandnotforothers.But throughouthistory,variousprohibitionand"temperance"groupshave attemptedandocasionalysuceededinbanningthepreferredrelaxational substancesofothers,likealcohol,tobaccoorcannabis.Abraham LincolnrespondedtothiskindofrepressivementalityinDecember, 1840,whenhesaid:"Prohibition...goesbeyondtheboundsof reasoninthatitattemptstocontrolaman'sappetitebylegislation andmakesacrimeoutofthingsthatarenotcrimes...A prohibitionlawstrikesablowattheveryprinciplesuponwhichour governmentwasfounded. EconomicStability,Profit&FreeTrade Webelievethatinacompetitivemarket,withallfactsknown,people willrushtobuylonglasting,biodegradable"PotTops"or"Mary Jeans,"etc.,madefromaplantwithoutpesticidesorherbicides.Some ofthecompanieswhohaveledthewaywiththeseproductsare Ecolution,Hempstead,MarieMills,OhioHempery,TwoStarDog, Headcase,andinGermany,HanfHaus,etal.It'stimeweputcapitalism tothetestandlettheunrestrictedmarketofsupplyanddemandas wellas"Green"ecologicallyconsciousnessdecidethefutureofthe planet.Acottonshirtin1776cost$100to$200,whileahempshirt cost50centsto$1.Bythe1830s,cooler,lightercottonshirtswere onparinpricewiththewarmer,heavier,hempenshirts,providinga competitivechoice.Peoplewereabletochoosetheirgarmentsbased upontheparticularqualitiestheywantedinafabric.Todaywehave nosuchchoice.Theroleofhempandothernaturalfibersshouldbe determinedbythemarketofsupplyanddemandandpersonaltastesand values,notbytheundueinfluenceofprohibitionlaws,federal

subsidiesandhugetariffsthatkeepthenaturalfabricsfromreplacing syntheticfibers.Sixtyyearsofgovernmentsuppressionofinformation hasresultedinvirtuallynopublicknowledgeoftheincredible potentialofthehempfiberoritsuses.Byusing100%hempormixing hempwithcotton,youwillbeabletopassonyourshirts,pantsand otherclothingtoyourgrandchildren.Intelligentspendingcould essentiallyreplacetheuseofpetrochemicalsyntheticfiberssuchas nylonandpolyesterwithtougher,cheaper,cool,absorbent,breathing, biodegradable,naturalfibers.China,ItalyandEasternEuropean countriessuchasHungary,Romania,Czechoslovakia,Poland,andRussia currentlymakemillionsofdollarsworthofsturdyhempandhemp/cotton textilesandcouldbemakingbillionsofdollarsworthannually. Thesecountriesbuildupontheirtraditionalfarmingandweaving skills,whiletheU.S.triestoforcetheextinctionofthisplantto propupdestructivesynthetictechnologies.Evencannabis/cottonblend textileswerestillnotclearedfordirectsaleintheU.S.until1991. TheChinese,forinstance,wereforcedbytacitagreementtosendus inferiorramie/cottons.(NationalImport/ExportTextileCompanyof Shangai,Personalcommunicationwithauthor,AprilandMay,1983.)As the1990editionofTheEmperorwenttopress,garmentscontainingat least55percentcannabishemparrivedfromChinaandHungary.In 1992,aswewenttopress,manydifferentgradesof100percenthemp fabrichadarriveddirectlyfromChinaandHungary.Now,in1998,hemp fabricisinboomingdemandallovertheworld,arrivingfromRomania, Poland,Italy,Germany,etal.Hemphasbeenrecognizedasthehottest fabricofthe1990sbyRollingStone,Time,Newsweek,Paper,Detour, Details,Mademoiselle,TheNewYorkTimes,TheLosAngelesTimes,Der Spiegel,adinfinitum.Allhaverun,overandoveragain,major storiesonindustrialandnutritionalhemp.Additionally,hempgrownfor biomasscouldfuelatrilliondollarperyearenergyindustry,while improvingairqualityanddistributingthewealthtoruralareasand theirsurroundingcommunities,andawayfromcentralizedpower monopolies.MorethananyotherplantonEarth,hempholdsthepromise ofasustainableecologyandeconomy. InConclusion... Wemustreiterateouroriginalpremisewithourchallengetotheworld toproveuswrong:Ifallfossilfuelsandtheirderivatives,aswell astreesforpaperandconstructionwerebannedinordertosavethe planet,reversetheGreenhouseEffectandstopdeforestationThen thereisonlyoneknownannuallyrenewablenaturalresourcethatis capableofprovidingtheoverallmajorityoftheworld'spaperand textilesmeetingalloftheworld'stransportation,industrialand homeenergyneeds,whilesimultaneouslyreducingpollution,rebuilding thesoil,andcleaningtheatmosphereallatthesametime.Andthat substanceisthesameonethatdidiitallbeforeCannabisHemp Marijuana! Footnotes: 1.OxfordEnglishDictionaryEncyclopediaBrittanica,11thedition, 1910U.S.D.A.film,HempforVictory,1942. 2.Ibid. 3.LeviStrauss&CompanyofSanFrancisco,CA,author'spersonal communicationwithGeneMcClaine,1985. 4.YeOldeSpinningJennysandWheelswereprincipallyusedforfiber

inthisorder:cannabishemp,flax,wool,cotton,andsoforth. 5.Frazier,Jack,TheMarijuanaFarmers,SolarAgePress,NewOrleans, LA,1974U.S.LibraryofcongressNationalArchivesU.S.Mintetc. 6.Adams,JamesT.,editor,AlbumofAmericanHistory,Charles Scribner'sSons,NY,1944,g.116. 7.Frazier,Jack,TheMarijuanaFarmers,SolarAgePress,NewOrleans, LA,1974U.S.LibraryofCongressNationalArchives. 8.Sloman,Larry,ReeferMadness,Grove,NewYork,NY,1979,pg.72. 9.Bonnie,RichardandWhitebread,Charles,TheMarijuanaConviction, Univ.ofVirginiaPress,1974. WhenHempSavedGeorgeBush'sLife Onemoreexampleoftheimportanceofhemp:Fiveyearsaftercannabis hempwasoutlawedin1937,itwaspromptlyreintroducedfortheWorld WarIIeffortin1942.So,whentheyoungpilot,GeorgeBush,baled outofhisburningairplaneafterabattleoverthePacific,littledid heknow: Partsofhisaircraftenginewerelubricatedwithcannabishempseed oil 100percentofhislifesavingparachutewebbingwasmadefromU.S. growncannabishemp Virtuallyalltheriggingandropesoftheshipthatpulledhimin weremadeofcannabishemp. Thefirehosesontheship(aswerethoseintheschoolshehad attended)werewovenfromcannabishempand, Finally,asyoungGeorgeBushstoodsafelyonthedeck,hisshoes' durablestitchingwasofcannabishemp,asitisinallgoodleather andmilitaryshoestothisday. YetBushhasspentagooddealofhiscareereradicatingthecannabis plantandenforcinglawstomakecertainthatnoonewilllearnthis informationpossiblyincludinghimself.(USDAfilm,Hempfor Victory,1942U.ofKYAgriculturalExt.ServiceLeaflet25,March 1943Galbraith,Gatewood,KentuckyMarijuanaFeasibilityStudy,1977. ) TheBattleofBulletin404ORHowWorldWarICostUsHemp&the Forests TheSetting In1917,theworldwasbattlingWorldWarI.Inthiscountry, industrialists,justbesetwiththeminimumwageandgraduatedincome, tax,weresentintoatailspin.Progressiveidealswerelostasthe UnitedStatestookitsplaceontheworldstageinthestrugglefor commercialsupremacy.Isisagainstthisbackdropthatthefirst20th Centuryhempdramawasplayed. ThePlayers Thestorybeginsin1916,soonafterthereleaseofUSDABulletin404. NearSanDiego,California,a50yearoldGermanimmigrantnamedGeorge Schlichtenhadbeenworkingonasimpleyetbrilliantinvention. Schlichtenhadspent18yearsand$400,000onthedecorticator,a machinethatcouldstripthefiberfromnearlyanyplant,leavingthe

pulpbehind.Tobuildit,hehaddevelopedanencyclopedicknowledge offibersandpapermaking.Hisdesirewastostopthefellingof forestsforpaper,whichhebelievedtobeacrime.HisnativeGermany waswelladvancedinforestryandSchlichtenknewthatdestroying forestsmeantdestroyingneededwatersheds.HenryTimken,awealthy industrialstandinvestoroftherollerbearing,gotwindof Schlichten'sinventionandwenttomeettheinventorinFebruaryof 1917.Timkensawthedecorticatoraarevolutionarydiscoverythat wouldimproveconditionsformankind.TimkenofferedSchlichtenthe chancetogrow100acresofhemponhisranchinthefertilefarmlands ofImperialValley,California,justeastofSanDiego,sothat Schlichtencouldtesthisinvention.Shortlythereafter,Timkenmet withthenewspapergiantE.W.Scripps,andhislongtimeassociate MiltonMcRae,atMiramar,Scripp'shomeinSanDiego.Scripps,then 63,hadaccumulatedthelargestchainofnewspapersinthecountry. TimkenhopedtointerestScrippsinmakingnewsprintfromhemphurds. Turnofthecenturynewspaperbaronsneededhugeamountsofpaperto delivertheirswellingcirculations.Nearly30%ofthefourmillion tonsofpapermanufacturedin1909wasnewsprintby1914the circulationofdailynewspapershadincreasedby17%over1909figures toover28millioncopies.1By1917,thepriceofnewsprintwasrapidly rising,andMcae,whohadbeeninvestigatingowningapapermillsince 1904,2wasconcerned. SowingtheSeeds InMay,afterfurthermeetingswithTimkin,ScrippsaskedMcRaeto investigatethepossibilityofusingthedecorticatorinthe manufactureofnewsprint.McRaequicklybecameexcitedabouttheplan. Hecalledthedecorticator"agreatinvention...[which]willnot onlyrendergreatservicetothiscountry,butitwillbevery profitablefinancially...[it]mayrevolutionizeexisting conditions."OnAugust3,asharvesttimeneared,ameetingwas arrangedbetweenSchlichten,McRae,andnewspapermanagerEdChase. WithoutSchlichten'sknowledge,McRehadhissecretaryrecordthe threehourmeetingstenographically.Theresultingdocument,theonly knownrecordofSchlichten'svoluminousknowledgefoundtodate,is reprintedfullyinAppendixI.Schlichtenhadthoroughlystudiedmany kindsofplantsusedforpaper,amongthemcorn,cotton,yucca,and Espanabacata.Hemp,itseemed,washisfavorite:"Thehemphurdisa practicalsuccessandwillmakepaperofahighergradethanordinary newsstock,"hestated.Hishemppaperwasevenbetterthanthat producedforUSDABulletin404,heclaimed,becausethedecorticator eliminatedtherettingprocess,leavingbehindshortfibersanda naturalgluethatheldthepapertogether.At1917levelsofhemp productionSchlichtenanticipatedmaking50,000tonsofpaperyearlyat aretailpriceof$25aton.Thiswaslessthan50percentofthe priceofnewsprintatthetime!Andeveryacreofhempturnedto paper,Schlichtenadded,wouldpreservefiveacresofforest.McRaewas veryimpressedbySchlichten.Themanwhodinedwithpresidentsand captainsofindustrywrotetoTimken,"Iwanttosaywithout equivocationthatMr.Schlichtenimpressedmeasbeingamanofgreat intellectualityandabilityandsofarasIcansee,hehascreated andconstructedawonderfulmachine."HeassignedChasetospendas muchtimeashecouldwithSchlichtenandprepareareport. HarvestTime

ByAugust,afteronlythreemonthsofgrowth,Timken'shempcrophad growntoitsfullheight14feet! andhewashighlyoptimistic aboutitsprospects.HehopedtotraveltoCaliforniatowatchthe cropbeingdecorticated,seeinghimselfasabenefactortomankindwho wouldenablepeopletoworkshorterhoursandhavemoretimefor "spiritualdevelopment."Scripps,ontheotherhand,wasnotinan optimisticframeofmind.Hehadlostfaithinagovernmentthathe believedwasleadingthecountrytofinancialruinbecauseofthewar, andthatwouldtake40percentofhisprofitsinincometax.Inan August14lettertohissister,Ellen,hesaid:"WhenMr.McRaewas talkingtomeabouttheincreaseinthepriceofwhitepaperthatwas pending,ItoldhimIwasjustfoolenoughnottobeworriedabouta thingofthatkind."Thepriceofpaperwasexpectedtorise50 percent,costingScrippshisentireyear'sprofitof$1,125,000! Ratherthandevelopanewtechnology,hetooktheeasywayout:the PennyPressLordsimplyplannedtoraisethepriceofhispapersfrom onecenttotwocents. TheDemise OnAugust28,EdChasesenthisfullreporttoScrippsandMcRae.The youngermanalsowastakenwiththeprocess:"Ihaveseenawonderful, yetsimple,invention.Ibelieveitwillrevolutionizemanyofthe processesoffeeding,clothing,andsupplyingotherwantsofmankind. Chasewitnessedthedecorticatorproduceseventonsofhemphurdsin twodays.Atfullproduction,Schlichtenanticipatedeachmachine wouldproducefivetonsperday.Chasefiguredhempcouldeasily supplyScripps'WestCoastnewspapers,withleftoverpulpforside businesses.Heestimatedthenewsprintwouldcostbetween$25and$35 perton,andproposedaskinganEastCoastpapermilltoexperimentfor them.McRae,however,seemstohavegottenthemessagethathisboss wasnolongerveryinterestedinmakingpaperfromhemp.Hisresponse toChase'sreportiscautious:"Muchwillbedeterminedastothe practicabilitybythecostoftransportation,manufacture,etc.,etc., whichwecannotascertainwithoutdueinvestigation."Perhapswhenhis idealsmetwiththehardworkofdevelopingthem,thesemiretired McRaebackedoff.BySeptember,Timken'scropwasproducingonetonof fiberandfourtonsofhurdsperacre,andhewastryingtointerest ScripsinopeningapapermillinSanDiego.McRaeandChasetravelled toClevelandandspenttohoursconvincingTimkenthat,whilehemp hurdswereusableforothertypesofpaper,theycouldnotbemadeinto newsprintcheaplyenough.Perhapstheeasternmillatwhichthey experimentedwasn'tencouragingafterall,itwassetuptomakewood pulppaper.Bythistime,Timken,too,washurtbythewartimeeconomy. Heexpectedtopay54percentincometaxandwastryingtoborrow$2 millionat10percentinteresttoretoolforwarmachines.Themanwho afewweeksearliercouldnotwaittogettoCalifornianolonger expectedtogowestatallthatwinter.HetoldMcRae,"IthinkIwill betoodamnbusyinthissectionofthecountrylookingafter business."Thedecorticatorresurfacedinthe1930s,whenitwastouted asthemachingthatwouldmakehempa"BillionDollarCrop"inarticles inMechanicalEngeneeringandPopularMechanics.*(Untilthe1993 editionofTheEmperor,thedecorticatorwasbelievedtobeanew discoveryatthattime.)Onceagain,theburgeoninghempindustrywas halted,thistimebytheMarijuanaTaxActof1937.EllenKompA fulleraccountofthestory3maybefoundintheAppendix.

Footnotes: 1.WorldAlmanac,1914,p.2251917. 2.FortyYearsinNewspaperdom,MiltonMcRae,1924Brentano'sNY 3.ScrippsArchives,UniversityofOhio,Athens,andEllenBrowing ScrippsArchives,DenisonLibrary,ClaremontCollege,Claremont, California WhyNotUseHemptoReversetheGreenhouseEffect&SavetheWorld? Inearly,1989,JackHererandMariaFarrowputthisquestiontoSteve Rawlings,thehighestrankingofficerintheU.S.Departmentof Agruculture(whowasinchargeofreversingtheGreenhouseEffect),at theUSDAworldresearchfacilityinBeltsville,Maryland.First,we introducedourselvesandtoldhimwewerewritingforGreenpolitical partynewspapers.ThenweaskedRawlings, "Ifyoucouldhaveanychoice,whatwouldbetheidealwaytostopor reversetheGreenhouseEffect?" Hesaid,"Stopcuttingdowntreesandstopusingfossilfuels." "Well,whydon'twe?" "There'snoviablesubstituteforwoodforpaper,orforfossilfuels." "Whydon'tweuseanannualplantforpaperandforfossilfuels?" "Well,thatwouldbeideal,"heagreed."Unfortunately,thereis nothingyoucanusethatcouldproduceenoughmaterials." "Well,whatwouldyousayiftherewassuchaplantthatcould substituteforallwoodpulppaper,allfossilfuels,wouldmakekmost ofourfibersnaturally,makeeverythingfromdynamitetoplastic, growsinall50statesandthatoneacreofitwouldreplace4.1acres oftrees,andthatifyouusedabout6percentoftheU.S.landto raiseitasanenergycropevenonourmarginallands,thisplant wouldproduceall75quadrillionbillionBTUsneededtorunAmerica eachyear?Wouldthathelpsavetheplanet? "Thatwouldbeideal.Butthereisnosuchplant." "Wethinkthereis." "Yeah?Whatisit?" "Hemp." "Hemp!hemusedforamoment."Ineverwouldhavethoughtofit.. .Youknow,Ithinkyou'reright.Hempcouldbetheplantthatcould doit.Wow!That'sagreatidea!" Wewereexcitedasweoutlinedthisinformationanddelineatedthe potentialofhempforpaper,fiber,fuel,food,paint,etc.,andhowit couldbeappliedtobalancetheworld'secosystemsandrestorethe atomosphere'soxygenbalancewithalmostnodisruptionofthestandard oflivingtowhichmostAmericanshavebecomeaccustomed.Inessence, Rawlingsagreedthatourinformationwasprobablycorrectandcould verywellwork. Hesaid,"It'sawonderfulidea,andIthinkitmightwork.But,of course,youcan'tuseit." "You'rekidding!"weresponded."Whynot?" "Well,Mr.Herer,didyouknowthathempisalsomarijuana?" "Yes,ofcourseIknow,I'vebeenwritingaboutitforabout40hoursa weekforthepast17years." "Well,youknowmarijuana'sillegal,don'tyou?Youcan'tuseit."

"Noteventosavetheworld?" "No.It'sillegal",hesternlyinformedme."Youcannotusesomething illegal." "Noteventosavetheworld?"weasked,stunned. "No,noteventosavetheworld.It'sillegal.Youcan'tuseit. Period." "Don'tgetmewrong.It'sagreatidea,"hewenton,"butthey'll neverletyoudoit." "Whydon'tyougoaheadandtelltheSecretaryofAgriculturethata crazymanfromCaliforniagaveyoudocumentationthatshowedhempmight beabletosavetheplanetandthatyourfirstreactionisthathe mightberightanditneedssomeseriousstudy.Whatwouldhesay?" "Well,Idon'tthinkI'dbehereverylongafterIdidthat.After all,I'manofficerofthegovernment." "Well,whynotcalluptheinformationonyourcomputeratyourown USDAlibrary.That'swherewegottheinformationinthefirstplace." Hesaid,"Ican'tsignoutthatinformation." "Well,whynot?Wedid." "Mr.Herer,you'reacitizen.Youcansignoutforanythingyouwant. ButIamanofficeroftheDepartmentofAgriculture.Someone'sgoing towanttoknowwhyIwantallthisinformation.AndthenI'llbe gone. Finally,weagreedtosendhimalltheinformationwegotfromtheUSDA library,ifhewouldjustlookatit.Hesaidhewould,butwhenwe calledbackamonthlater,hesaidthathestillhadnotopenedthebox thatwesenthimandthathewouldbesendingitbacktousunopened becausehedidnotwanttoberesponsiblefortheinformation,nowthat theBushAdministrationwasreplacinghimwithitsownman.Weasked himifhewouldpassontheinformationtohissuccessor,andhe replied,"Absolutelynot."InMay,1989,wehadvirtuallythesame conversationandresultwithhiscohort,Dr.GaryEvansoftheU.S. DepartmentofAgricultureandScience,themaninchargeofstopping theglobalwarmingtrend.Intheend,hesaid,"Ifyoureallywantto savetheplanetwithhemp,thenyou[hemp/marijuanaactivists]would findawaytogrowitwithoutthenarcotic(sic)topandthenyoucan useit."Thisisthekindoffrightened(andfrightening) irresponsibilitywe'reupagainstinourgovernment. CHAPTER3NEWBILLIONDOLLARCROP February1938:PopularMechanicsMagazine:"NEWBILLIONDOLLARCROP" February1928:MechanicalEngineeringMagazine:"THEMOSTPROFITABLE& DESIRABLECROPTHATCANBEGROWN" Moderntechnologywasabouttobeappliedtohempproduction,makingit thenumberoneagriculturalresourceinAmerica.Twoofthemost respectedandinfluentialjournalsinthenation,PopularMechanicsand MechanicalEngineering,forecastabrightfutureforAmericanhemp. Thousandsofnewproductscreatingmillionsofnewjobswouldherald theendoftheGreatDepression.Insteadhempwaspersecuted,outlawed andforgottenatthebiddingofW.R.Hearst,whobrandedhempthe "Mexicankillerweed,marihuana."Asearlyas1901andcontinuingto 1937,theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturerepeatedlypredictedthat, oncemachinerycapableofharvesting,strippingandseparatingthe fiberfromthepulpwasinventedorengineered,hempwouldagainthe

America'snumberonefarmcrop.TheintroductionofG.W.Schlichten's decorticatorin1917nearlyfulfilledthisprophesy.(Seepages1315 andAppendix.)Thepredictionwasreaffirmedinthepopularpresswhen PopularMechanicspublisheditsFebruary,1938article,"BillionDollar Crop."Thefirstreproductionofthisarticleinover50yearswasin theoriginaleditionofthisbook.Thearticleisreproducedhere exactlyasitwasprintedin1938.Becauseoftheprintingscheduleand deadline,PopularMechanicspreparedthisarticleinSpringof1937 whencannabishempforfiber,paper,dynamiteandoil,wasstilllegal togrowandwas,infact,andincrediblyfastgrowingindustry.Also reprintedinthischapterisanexcerptfromtheMechanicalEngineering articleabouthemp,publishedthesamemonth.Itoriginatedasapaper presentedayearearlierattheFebruary26,1937Agricultural ProcessingMeetingoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,New Brunswick,NewJersey.ReportsfromtheUSDAduringthe1930s,and Congressionaltestimonyin1937,showedthatcultivatedhempacreage hadbeendoublinginsizeinAmericaalmosteveryyearfromthetimeit hititsbottomacreage,1930when1,000acreswereplantedinthe U.S.to1937when14,000acreswerecultivatedwithplansto continuetodoublethatacreageannualintheforeseeablefuture.As youwillseeinthesearticles,thenewlymechanizedcannabishemp industrywasinitsinfancy,butwellonitswaytomakingcannabis America'slargestagriculturalcrop.And,inlightofsubsequent developments(e.g.biomassenergytechnology,buildingmaterials, etc.),wenowknowthathempistheworld'smostimportantecological resourceandtherefore,potentiallyourplanet'ssinglelargest industry.ThePopularMechanicsarticlewastheveryfirsttimein Americanhistorythattheterm"billiondollar"*waseverappliedto anyU.S.agriculturalcrop!*Equivalentto$40$80billionnow. Expertstodayconservativelyestimatethat,oncefullyrestoredin America,hempindustrieswillgenerate$500billiontoatrillion dollarsperyear,andwillsavetheplanetandcivilizationfromfossil fuelsandtheirderivativesandfromdeforestation!IfHarry Anslinger,DuPont,Hearstandtheirpaidfor(knowitornot,thenas now)politicianshadnotoutlawedhempunderthepretextofmarijuana (seeChapterFour,"LastDaysofLegalCannabis")andsuppressedhemp knowledgefromourschools,researchersandevenscientiststhe glowingpredictionsinthesearticleswouldalreadyhavecometrueby nowandmorebenefitsthananyonecouldthenenvisionasnew technologiesandusescontinuetodevelop.Asonecolleaguesoaptly putit:"Thesearticleswerethelasthonestwordspokenonhemp's behalfforover40years..." NewBillionDollarCropPopularMechanics,February1938 Americanfarmersarepromisednewcashcropwithanannualvalueof severalhundredmilliondollars,allbecauseamachinehasbeen inventedwhichsolvesaproblemmorethan6,000yearsold.Itishemp, acropthatwillnotcompetewithotherAmericanproducts.Instead,it willdisplaceimportsofrawmaterialandmanufacturedproducts producedbyunderpaidcoolieandpeasantlaboranditwillprovide thousandsofjobsforAmericanworkersthroughouttheland.The machinewhichmakesthispossibleisdesignedforremovingthefiber bearingcortexfromtherestofthestalk,makinghempfiberavailable forusewithoutaprohibitiveamountofhumanlabor.Hempisthe standardfiberoftheworld.Ithasgreattensilestrengthand durability.Itisusedtoproducemorethan5,000textileproducts,

rangingfromropetofinelaces,andthewoody"hurds"remainingafter thefiberhasbeenremovedcontainsmorethanseventysevenpercent cellulose,andcanbeusedtoproducemorethan25,000produces, rangingfromdynamitetoCellophane.MachinesnowinserviceinTexas, Illinois,Minnesotaandotherstatesareproducingfiberata manufacturingcostofhalfacentapound,andarefindingaprofitable marketfortherestofthestalk.Machineoperatorsaremakingagood profitincompetitionwithcoolieproducedforeignfiberwhilepaying farmersfifteendollarsatoneforhempasitcomesfromthefield. Fromthefarmers'pointofview,hempisaneasycroptogrowandwill yieldfromthreetosixtonsperacreonanylandthatwillgrowcorn, wheat,oroats.Ithasashortgrowingseason,sothatitcanbe plantedafterothercropsarein.Itcanbegrowninanystateofthe union.Thelongrootspenetrateandbreakthesoiltoleaveitin perfectconditionforthenextyear'scrop.Thedenseshockofleaves, eighttotwelvefeetabouttheground,chokesoutweeds.Two successivecropsareenoughtoreclaimlandthathasbeenabandoned becauseofCanadianthistlesorquackgrass.Underoldmethods,hemp wascutandallowedtolieinthefieldsforweeksuntilit"retted" enoughsothefiberscouldbepulledoffbyhand.Rettingissimply rottingasaresultofdew,rainandbacterialaction.Machineswere developedtoseparatethefibersmechanicallyafterrettingwas complete,butthecostwashigh,thelossoffibergreat,andthe qualityoffibercomparativelylow.Withthenewmachine,knownasa decorticator,hempiscutwithaslightlymodifiedgrainbinder.Itis deliveredtothemachinewhereanautomaticchainconveyerfeedsitto thebreakingarmsattherateoftwoorthreetonsperhour.Thehurds arebrokenintofinepieceswhichdropintothehopper,fromwherethey aredeliveredbyblowertoabalerortotruckorfreightcarforloose shipment.Thefibercomesfromtheotherendofthemachine,readyfor baling.Fromthispointonalmostanythingcanhappen.Therawfiber canbeusedtoproducestrongtwineorrope,wovenintoburlap,used forcarpetwarporlinoleumbackingoritmaybebleachedandrefined, withresinousbyproductsofhighcommercialvalue.Itcan,infact, beusedtoreplacetheforeignfiberswhichnowfloodourmarkets. Thousandsoftonsofhemphurdsareusedeveryyearbyonelargepowder companyforthemanufacturerofdynamiteandTNT.Alargepaper company,whichhasbeenpayingmorethanamilliondollarsayearin dutiesonforeignmadecigarettepapers,nowismanufacturingthese papersfromAmericanhempgrowninMinnesota.Anewfactoryin Illinoisisproducingfinebondpapersfromhemp.Thenatural materialsinhempmakeitaneconomicalsourceofpulpforanygradeof papermanufactured,andthehighpercentageofalphacellulosepromises anunlimitedsupplyofrawmaterialforthethousandsofcellulose productsourchemistshavedeveloped.Itisgenerallybelievedthatall linenisproducedfromflax.Actually,themajoritycomesfromhemp authoritiesestimatethatmorethanhalfofourimportedlinenfabrics aremanufacturedfromhempfiber.Anothermisconceptionisthatburlap ismadefromhemp.Actually,itssourceisusuallyjute,and practicallyalloftheburlapweuseiswovenbylaborersinIndiawho receiveonlyfourcentsaday.Bindertwineisusuallymadefromsisal whichcomesfromYucatanandEastAfrica.Alloftheseproducts,now imported,canbeproducedfromhomegrownhemp.Fishnets,bow strings,canvas,strongrope,overalls,damasktablecloths,finelinen garments,towels,bedlinenandthousandsofothereverydayitemscan begrownonAmericanfarms.Ourimportsofforeignfabricsandfibers

averageabout$200,000,000peryearinrawfibersaloneweimported over$50,000,000inthefirstsixmonthsof1937.Allofthisincome canbemadeavailableforAmericans.Thepaperindustryofferseven greaterpossibilities.Asanindustryitamountstoover $1,000,000,000ayear,andofthateightypercentisimported.But hempwillproduceeverygradeofpaper,andgovernmentfiguresestimate that10,000acresdevotedtohempwillproduceasmuchpaperas40,000 acresofaveragepulpland.Oneobstacleintheonwardmarchofhempis thereluctanceoffarmerstotrynewcrops.Theproblemiscomplicated bytheneedforproperequipmentareasonabledistancefromthefarm. Themachinecannotbeoperatedprofitablyunlessthereisenough acreagewithindrivingrangeandfarmerscannotfindaprofitable marketunlessthereismachinerytohandlethecrop.Anotherobstacle isthattheblossomofthefemalehempplantcontainsmarijuana,a narcotic,anditisimpossibletogrowhempwithoutproducingthe blossom.Federalregulationsnowbeingdrawnuprequireregistration ofhempgrowers,andtentativeproposalsforpreventingnarcotic productionareratherstringent.However,theconnectionofhempasa cropandmarijuanaseemstobeexaggerated.Thedrugisusually producedfromwildhemporlocoweedwhichcanbefoundonvacantlots andalongrailroadtracksineverystate.Iffederalregulationscan bedrawntoprotectthepublicwithoutpreventingthelegitimate cultureofhemp,thisnewcropcanaddimmeasurablytoAmerican agricultureandindustry. TheMostProfitableandDesirableCropThanCanbeGrownMechanical Engineering,February26,1937 "FlaxandHemp:FromtheSeedtotheLoom"waspublishedinthe February1938issueofMechanicalEngineeringmagazine.Itwas originallypresentedattheAgriculturalProcessingMeetingofthe AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersinNewBrunswick,NYof February26,1937bytheProcessIndustriesDivision. FlaxandHemp:FromtheSeedtotheLoom ByGeorgeA.Lower Thiscountryimportspracticallyallofitsfibersexceptcotton.The Whitneygin,combinedwithimprovedspinningmethods,enabledthis countrytoproducecottongoodssofarbelowthecostoflinenthat linenmanufacturepracticallyceasedintheUnitedStates.Wecannot produceourfibersatlesscostthancanotherfarmersofthe world.Asidefromthehighercostoflabor,wedonotgetaslarge production.Forinstance,Yugoslavia,whichhasthegreatestfiber productionperareinEurope,recentlyhadayieldof883lbs. ComparablefiguresforothercountriesareArgentina,749lbs.Egypt 616lbs.andIndia,393lbs.whiletheaverageyieldinthiscountry is383lbs.Tomeetworldcompetitionprofitably,wemustimproveour methodsallthewayfromthefieldtotheloom.Flaxisstillpulledup bytheroots,rettedinapond,driedinthesun,brokenuntilthe fibersseparatefromthewood,thenspun,andfinallybleachedwithlye fromwoodashes,potashfromburnedseaweed,orlime.Improvementsin tilling,planting,andharvestingmechanismshavemateriallyhelpedthe largefarmersand,toacertaindegree,thesmallerones,butthe processesfromthecroptotheyarnarecrude,wastefulandland injurious.Hemp,thestrongestofthevegetablefibers,givesthe

greatestproductionperacreandrequirestheleastattention.Itnot onlyrequiresnoweeding,butalsokillsoffalltheweedsandleaves thesoilinsplendidconditionforthefollowingcrop.This, irrespectiveofitsownmonetaryvalue,makesitadesirablecropto grow.Inclimateandcultivation,itsrequisitesaresimilartoflax and,likeflax,shouldbeharvestedbeforeitistooripe.Thebest timeiswhenthelowerleavesonthestalkwitherandtheflowersshed theirpollen.Likeflax,thefibersrunoutwhereleafstemsareonthe stalksandaremadeupoflaminatedfibersthatareheldtogetherby pectosegums.Whenchemicallytreatedlikeflax,hempyieldsa beautifulfibersocloselyresemblingflaxthatahighpowermicroscope isneededtotellthedifferenceandonlythenbecauseinhemp,some oftheendsaresplit.Wettingafewstrandsoffiberandholdingthem suspendedwilldefinitelyidentifythetwobecause,upondrying,flax willbefoundtoturntotherightorclockwise,andhemptotheleft orcounterclockwise.Before[WorldWarI],Russiaproduced400,000tons ofhemp,allofwhichisstillhandbrokenandhandscutched.Theynow producehalfthatquantityandusemostofitthemselves,asalsodoes Italyfromwhomwehadlargeimportations.Inthiscountry,hemp,when plantedonebu.peracre,yieldsaboutthreetonsofdrystrawper acre.From15to20percentofthisisfiber,and80to85percentis woodymaterial.Therapidlygrowingmarketforcelluloseandwood flowerforplasticsgivesgoodreasontobelievethatthishitherto wastedmaterialmayprovesufficientlyprofitabletopayforthecrop, leavingthecostofthefibersufficientlylowtocompetewith500,000 tonsofhardfibernowimportedannually.Hempbeingfromtwotothree timesasstrongasanyofthehardfibers,muchlessweightisrequired togivethesameyardage.Forinstance,sisalbindertwineof40lb. tensilestrengthruns450ft.tothelb.Abettertwinemadeofhemp wouldrun1280ft.tothelb.Hempisnotsubjecttoasmanykindsof deteriorationasarethetropicalfibers,andnoneofthemlastsas longineitherfreshorsaltwater.Whilethetheoryinthepasthas beenthatstrawshouldbecutwhenthepollenstartstofly,someof thebestfiberhandledbyMinnesotahemppeoplewasheavywithseed. Thispointshouldbeprovedassoonaspossiblebyplantingafewacres andthenharvestingthefirstquarterwhenthepollenisflying,the secondandthirdaweekor10daysapart,andthelastwhentheseedis fullymatured.Thesefourlotsshouldbekeptseparateandscutched andprocessedseparatelytodetectanydifferenceinthequalityand quantityofthefiberandseed. Severaltypesofmachineareavailableinthiscountryforharvesting hemp.Oneofthesewasbroughtoutseveralyearsagobythe InternationalHarvesterCompany.Recently,growersofhempinthe MiddleWesthaverebuiltregulargrainbindersforthiswork.This rebuildingisnotparticularlyexpensiveandthemachinesarereported togivesatisfactoryservice.Degummingofhempisanalogoustothe treatmentgivenflax.Theshardsprobablyofferslightlymore resistancetodigestion.Ontheotherhand,theybreakdownreadily uponcompletionofthedigestionprocess.Andexcellentfibercan, therefore,beobtainedfromhempalso.Hemp,whentreatedbyaknown chemicalprocess,canbespunoncotton,wool,andworstedmachinery, andhasasmuchabsorbencyandwearingqualityaslinen.Severaltypes ofmachinesforscutchingthehempstalksarealsoonthemarket. ScutchmillsformerlyoperatinginIllinoisandWisconsinusedthe systemthatconsistedofasetofeightpairsofflutedrollers, throughwhichthedriedstrawwaspassedtobreakupthewoodyportion.

Fromthere,thefiberwithadheringshardsorhurds,astheyare calledwastransferredbyanoperatortoanendlesschainconveyer. Thiscarriesthefiberpasttworevolvingsingledrumsintandem,all havingbeatingbladesontheirperiphery,whichbeatoffmostofthe hurdsaswellasthefibersthatdonotrunthefulllengthofthe stalks.Theproportionoflinefibertotowis50%each.Toworshort tangledfibersthengoestoavibratingcleanerthatshakesoutsomeof thehurds.InMinnesotaandIllinois,anothertypehasbeentriedout. Thismachineconsistsofafeedingtableuponwhichthestalksare placedhorizontally.Conveyorchainscarrythestalksalonguntilthey aregraspedbyaclampingchainthatgripsthemandcarriesthem throughhalfofthemachine.Apairofintermeshinglawnmowertype beatersareplacedata45degreeangletothefeedingchainandbreak thehempstalksoverthesharpedgeofasteelplate,theobjectbeing tobreakthewoodyportionofthestrawandwhipthehurdsfromthe fiber.Ontheothersideandslightlybeyondthefirstsetof lawnmowerbeatersisanotherset,whichisplaced90degreesfromthe firstpairandwhipsoutthehurds.Thefirstclampingchaintransfers thestalkstoanothertoscutchthefiberthatwasundertheclampat thebeginning.Unfortunately,thistypeofscutchermakesevenmore towthanthesocalledWisconsintype.Thistowisdifficultto recleanbecausethehurdsarebrokenintolongsliversthattenaciously adheretothefiber.Anothertypepassesthestalksthroughaseriesof graduatedflutedrollers.Thisbreaksupthewoodyportionintohurds about3/4inchlong,andthefiberthenpassesonthroughaseriesof reciprocatingslottedplatesworkingbetweenstationaryslottedplates. Adheringhurdsareremovedfromthefiberwhichcontinuesonaconveyer tothebalingpress.Becausenobeatingofthefiberagainstthegrain occurs,thistypeofscutchermakeonlylinefiber.Thisisthen processedbythesamemethodsasthoseforflax.Paintandlacquer manufacturersareinterestedinhempseedoilwhichisagooddrying agent.Whenmarketshavebeendevelopedfortheproductsnowbeing wasted,seedandhurds,hempwillprove,bothforthefarmerandthe public,themostprofitableanddesirablecropthatcanbegrown,and onethatcanmakeAmericanmillsindependentofimportations.Recent floodsandduststormshavegivenwarningsagainstthedestructionof timber.Possibly,thehithertowasteproductsofflaxandhempmayyet meetagoodpartofthatneed,especiallyintheplasticfieldwhichis growingbeleapsandbounds. CHAPTER4THELASTDAYSOFLEGALCANNABIS Asyounowknow,theindustrialrevolutionofthe19thCenturywasa setbackforhempinworldcommerce,duetothelackofmechanized harvestingandbreakingtechnologyneededformassproduction.But thisnaturalresourcewasfartoovaluabletoberelegatedtotheback burnerofhistoryforverylong.By1916,USDABulletin404predicted thatadecorticatingandharvestingmachinewouldbedeveloped,and hempwouldagainbeAmerica'slargestagriculturalindustry.In1938, magazinessuchasPopularMechanics,andMechanicalEngineering introducedanewgenerationofinvestorstofullyoperationalhemp decorticatingdevicesbringingustothisnextbitofhistory. Becauseofthismachine,bothindicatedthathempwouldsoonbe America'snumberonecrop! BreakthroughinPapermaking

Ifhempwerelegallycultivatedusing20thCenturytechnology,itwould bethesinglelargestagriculturalcropintheUnitedStatesandworld today!(PopularMechanicsFebruary1938MechanicalEngineering, February,1938U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureReports1903,1910, 1913.)Infact,whentheprecedingtwoarticleswerepreparedearlyin 1937,hempwasstilllegaltogrow.Andthesewhopredictedbillions ofdollarsinnewcannabisbusinessesdidnotconsiderincomefrom medicines,energy(fuel)andfood,whichwouldnowaddanothertrillion dollarsormoreannuallytoourcoming"natural"economy(comparedto oursynthetic,environmentallytroubledeconomy).Relaxationalsmoking wouldaddonlyarelativelyminoramounttothisfigure.Themost importantreasonthatthe1938magazinearticlesprojectedbillionsin newincomewashempfor"pulppaper"(asopposedtofiberorrag paper).Otherreasonswereforitsfiber,seedandmanyotherpulp uses.Thisremarkablenewhemppulptechnologyforpapermakingwas inventedin1916byourownU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturechief scientists,botanistLysterDeweyandchemistJasonMerrill.This technology,coupledwiththebreakthroughofG.W.Schlichten's decorticatingmachine,patentedin1917,madehempaviablepaper sourceatlessthanhalfthecostoftreepulppaper.Thenew harvestingmachinery,alongwithSchlichten'smachine,broughtthe processingofhempdownfrom200to300manhoursperacretojusta coupleofhours.*Twentyyearslater,advancingtechnologyandthe buildingofnewaccessroadsmadehempevenmorevaluable. Unfortunately,bythen,oppositionforceshadgatheredsteamandacted quicklytosuppresshempcultivation.*SeeAppendixI. APlantoSaveOurForests Somecannabisplantstrainsregularlyreachtreelikeheightsof20 feetormoreinonegrowingseason.Thenewpapermakingprocessused hemp"hurds"77percentofthehempstalk'sweightwhichwasthena wastedbyproductofthefiberstrippingprocess.In1916,USDA BulletinNo.404reportedthatoneacreofcannabishemp,inannual rotationovera20yearperiod,wouldproduceasmuchpulpforpaperas 4.1acresoftreesbeingcutdownoverthesame20yearperiod.This processwoulduseonly1/7to1/4asmuchpollutingsulfurbasedacid chemicalstobreakdownthegluelikeligninthatbindsthefibersof thepulp,orevennoneatallusingsodaash.Allthisligninmustbe brokendowntomakepulp.Hemppulpisonly410percentlignin,while treesare1830percentlignin.Theproblemofdioxincontaminationof riversisavoidedinthehemppapermakingprocess,whichdoesnotneed tousechlorinebleach(asthewoodpulppapermakingprocessrequires), butinsteadsubstitutessaferhydrogenperoxideinthebleaching process.Thus,hempprovidesfourtimesasmuchpulpwithatlestfour toseventimeslesspollution.Aswehaveseen,thishemppulppaper potentialdependedontheinventionandtheengineeringofnewmachines forstrippingthehempbymoderntechnology.Thiswouldalsolower demandforlumberandreducethecostofhousingwhileatthesametime helpingreoxygenatetheplanet.1Asanexample:Ifthenew(1916)hemp pulppaperprocesswereinuselegallytoday,itwouldsoonreplace about70percentofallwoodpulppaper,includingcomputer,printout paper,corrugatedboxesandpaperbags.Pulppapermadefrom60100 percenthemphurdsisstrongerandmoreflexiblethanpapermadefrom woodpulp.Makingpaperfromwoodpulpdamagestheenvironment.Hemp papermakingdoesnot.(Dewey&Merrill,Bulletin#404,USDA,1916New Scientist,1980KimberlyClarkproductionfromitsgiantFrenchhemp

fiberpapersubsidiaryDeMauduit,1937through1984.) Conservation&SourceReduction Reductionofthesourceofpollution,usuallyfrommanufacturingwith petrochemicalsortheirderivatives,isacostcuttingwastecontrol methodoftencalledforbyenvironmentalists.Whetherthesourceof pollutionisCFCs(chlorofluorocarbons)fromrefrigeration,spraycans, computers,tritiumandplutoniumproducedformilitaryuses,orthe sulfuricacidsusedbypapermakers,thegoalisreducingthesourceof pollution.Inthesupermarketwhenyouareaskedtochoosepaperor plasticforyourbags,youarefacedwithanenvironmentaldilemma paperfromtreesthatwerecut,orplasticbagsmadefromfossilfuel andchemicalscouldchooseabiodegradable,durablepaperfroman annuallyrenewablesourcethecannabishempplant.Theenvironmental advantagesofharvestinghempannuallyleavingthetreesinthe ground! forpapermaking,andforreplacingfossilfuelsasanenergy source,havebecomecrucialforthesourcereductionofpollution. AConspiracytoWipeOuttheNaturalCompetition Inthemid1930s,whenthenewmechanicalhempfiberstrippingmachines andmachinestoconservehemp'shighcellulosepulpfinallybecame stateoftheart,availableandaffordable,theenormoustimberacreage andbusinessesoftheHearstPaperManufacturingDivision,Kimberly Clark(USA),St.Regisandvirtuallyallothertimber,paperand largenewspaperholdingcompaniesstoodtolosebillionsofdollars andperhapsgobankrupt.Coincidentally,in1937,DuPonthadjust patentedprocessesformakingplasticsfromoilandcoal,aswellasa newsulfate/sulfiteprocessformakingpaperfromwoodpulp.According toDuPont'sowncorporaterecordsandhistorians,*theseprocesses accountedforover80percentofallthecompany'srailroadcarloadings overthenext60yearsintothe1990s.*Author'sresearchand communicationswithDuPont,19851996.Ifhemphadnotbeenmade illegal,80percentofDuPont'sbusinesswouldneverhavematerialized andthegreatmajorityofthepollutionwhichhaspoisonedour NorthwesternandSoutheasternriverswouldnothaveoccurred.Inan openmarketplace,hempwouldhavesavedthemajorityofAmerica'svital familyfarmsandwouldprobablyhaveboostedtheirnumbers,despitethe GreatDepressionofthe1930s.Butcompetingagainstenvironmentally sanehemppaperandnaturalplastictechnologywouldhavejeopardized thelucrativefinancialschemesofHearst,DuPontandDuPont'schief financialbacker,AndrewMellonoftheMellonBankofPittsburgh. "SocialReorganization" Aseriesofsecretmeetingswereheld.In1931,Mellon,inhisroleas Hoover'sSecretaryoftheTreasury,appointedhisfuturenephewinlaw, HarryJ.Anslinger,tobeheadofthenewlyreorganizedFederalBureau ofNarcoticsandDangerousDrugs(FBNDD),apostheheldforthenext 31years.Theseindustrialbaronsandfinanciersknewthatmachineryto cut,bale,decorticate(separatethefiberfromthehighcellulose hurd),andprocesshempintopaperorplasticswasbecomingavailable inthemid1930s.Cannabishempwouldhavetogo.InDuPont's1937 AnnualReporttoitsstockholders,thecompanystronglyurgedcontinued investmentinitsnew,butnotreadilyaccepted,petrochemical syntheticproducts.DuPontwasanticipating"radicalchanges"from

"therevenueraisingpowerofgovernment... convertedintoan instrumentforforcingacceptanceofsuddennewideasofindustrialand socialreorganization."**(DuPontCompany,annualreport,1937,our emphasisadded.)IntheMarijuanaConviction(UniversityofVirginia Press,1974),RichardBonnieandCharlesWhitebreadIIdetailedthis process:"Bythefallof1936,HermanOliphant(generalcounseltothe TreasuryDepartment)haddecidedtoemploythetaxingpower[ofthe federalgovernment],butinastatutemodeledaftertheNational FirearmsActandwhollyunrelatedtothe1914Harrison[narcotics]Act. Oliphanthimselfwasinchargeofpreparingthebill.Anslinger directedhisarmytoturnitscampaigntowardWashington."Thekey departureofthemarijuanataxschemefromthatoftheHarrisonActis thenotionoftheprohibitivetax.UndertheHarrisonAct,anon medicalusercouldnotlegitimatelybuyorpossessnarcotics.Tothe dissentersintheSupremeCourtdecisionsupholdingtheact,this clearlydemonstratedthatCongress'motivewastoprohibitconduct ratherthanraiserevenue.SointheNationalFirearmsAct,designed toprohibittrafficinmachineguns,Congress'permitted'anyonetobuy amachinegun,butrequiredhimtopaya$200transfertax*andcarry outthepurchaseonanorderform."TheFirearmsAct,passedinJune 1934,wasthefirstacttohideCongress'motivesbehindaprohibitive tax.TheSupremeCourtunanimouslyupheldtheantimachinegunlawon March29,1937.OliphanthadundoubtedlybeenawaitingtheCourt's decision,andtheTreasuryDepartmentintroduceditsmarihuanataxbill twoweekslater,April14,1937."Thus,DuPont's**decisiontoinvest innewtechnologiesbasedon"forcingacceptanceofsuddennewideasof industrialandsocialreorganization"makessense.*About$5,000in 1998dollars.**It'sinterestingtonotethatonApril29,1937,two weeksaftertheMarihuanaTaxActwasintroduced,DuPont'sforemost scientist,WallaceHumeCarothers,theinventorofnylonforDuPont, theworld'snumberoneorganicchemist,committedsuicidebydrinking cyanide.Carotherswasdeadatage41... AQuestionofMotive DuPont'splanswerealludedtoduringthe1937SenatehearingsbyMatt Rens,ofRensHempCompany: Mr.Rens:Suchataxwouldputallsmallproducersoutofthebusiness ofgrowinghemp,andtheproportionofsmallproducersisconsiderable. ..Therealpurposeofthisbillisnottoraisemoney,isit? SenatorBrown:Well,we'restickingtothepropositionthatitis. Mr.Rens:Itwillcostamillion. SenatorBrown:Thankyou.(Witnessdismissed.) Hearst,HisHatredandHystericalLies Concernabouttheeffectsofhempsmokehadalreadyledtotwomajor governmentalstudies.TheBritishgovernorofIndiareleasedthe ReportoftheIndianHempDrugsCommission18931894onheavybhang smokersinthesubcontinent.Andin1930,theU.S.governmentsponsored theSilerCommissionstudyontheeffectsofoffdutysmokingof marijuanabyAmericanservicemeninPanama.Bothreportsconcluded thatmarijuanawasnotaproblemandrecommendedthatnocriminal penaltiesapplytoitsuse.Inearly1937,AssistantU.S.Surgeon GeneralWalterTreadwaytoldtheCannabisAdvisorySubcommitteeofthe LeagueofNationsthat,"Itmaybetakenforarelativelylongtime

withoutsocialoremotionalbreakdown.Marihuanaishabitforming.. .inthesamesenseas...sugarorcoffee."Butotherforceswere atwork.ThewarfurythatledtotheSpanishAmericanWarin1898was ignitedbyWilliamRandolphHearst,throughhisnationwidechainof newspapers,andmarkedthebeginningof"yellowjournalism"*asaforce inAmericanpolitics.*Webster'sDictionarydefines"yellow journalism"astheuseofcheaplysensationalorunscrupulousmethods innewspapersandothermediatoattractorinfluencethereaders.In the1920sand'30s,Hearst'snewspapersdeliberatelymanufacturedanew threattoAmericaandanewyellowjournalismcampaigntohavehemp outlawed.Forexample,astoryofacaraccidentinwhicha"marijuana cigarette"wasfoundwoulddominatetheheadlinesforweeks,while alcoholrelatedcaraccidents(whichoutnumberedmarijuanaconnected accidentsbymorethan10,000to1)madeonlythebackpages.Thissame themeofmarijuanaleadingtocaraccidentswasburnedintotheminds ofAmericansoverandoveragaintheinlate1930sbyshowingmarijuana relatedcaraccidentheadlinesinmoviessuchas"ReeferMadness"and "MarijuanaAssassinofYouth." BlatantBigotry Startingwiththe1898SpanishAmericanWar,theHearstnewspaperhad denouncedSpaniards,MexicanAmericansandLatinos.Aftertheseizure of800,000acresofHearst'sprimeMexicantimberlandbythe "marihuana"smokingarmyofPanchoVilla,*theseslursintensified.* Thesong"LaCucaracha"tellsthestoryofoneofVilla'smenlooking forhisstashof"marijuanaporfumar!"(tosmoke!)Nonstopforthe nextthreedecades,Hearstpaintedapictureofthelazy,potsmoking Mexicanstilloneofourmostinsidiousprejudices. Simultaneously, hewagedasimilarracistsmearcampaignagainsttheChinese,referring tothemasthe"YellowPeril."From1910to1920,Hearst'snewspapers wouldclaimthatthemajorityofincidentsinwhichblacksweresaidto haverapedwhitewomen,couldbetraceddirectlytococaine.This continuedfortenyearsuntilHearstdecideditwasnot"cocainecrazed Negroes"rapingwhitewomenitwasnow"marijuanacrazedNegroes" rapingwhitewomen.Hearst'sandothersensationalistictabloidsran hystericalheadlinesatopstoriesportraying"Negroes"andMexicansas frenziedbeastswho,undertheinfluenceofmarijuana,wouldplayanti white"voodoosatanic"music(jazz)andheapdisrespectand "viciousness"uponthepredominantlywhitereadership.Othersuch offensesresultingfromthisdruginduced"crimewave"included: steppingonwhitemen'sshadows,lookingwhitepeopledirectlyinthe eyeforthreesecondsormore,lookingatawhitewomantwice,laughing atawhiteperson,etc.Forsuch"crimes",hundredsofthousandsof Mexicansandblacksspent,inaggregate,millionsofyearsinjails, prisonsandonchaingangs,underbrutalsegregationlawsthatremained ineffectthroughouttheU.S.untilthe1950sand'60s.Hearst, throughpervasiveandrepetitiveuse,poundedtheobscureMexicanslang word"marijuana"intotheEnglishspeakingAmericanconsciousness. Meanwhile,theword"hem"wasdiscardedand"cannabis,"thescientific term,wasignoredandburied.TheactualSpanishwordforhempis "canamo."ButusingaMexican"Sonoran"colloquialismmarijuana, oftenAmericanizedas"marihuana"guaranteedthatfewwouldrealize thatthepropertermsforoneofthechiefnaturalmedicines, "cannabis,"andforthepremiereindustrialresource,"hemp,"hadbeen pushedoutofthelanguage.

TheProhibitiveMarijuanaTax InthesecretTreasuryDepartmentmeetingsconductedbetween1935and 1937,prohibitivetaxlawsweredraftedandstrategiesplotted. "Marijuana"wasnotbannedoutrightthelawcalledforan "occupationalexcisetaxupondealers,andatransfertaxupondealings inmarijuana."Importers,manufacturers,sellersanddistributorswere requiredtoregisterwiththeSecretaryoftheTreasuryandpaythe occupationaltax.Transfersweretaxedat$1anounce$100anounce ifthedealerwasunregistered.Thenewtaxdoubledthepriceofthe legal"rawdrug"cannabiswhichatthetimesoldforonedollaran ounce.2Theyearwas1937.NewYorkStatehadexactlyonenarcotics officer.**NewYorkcurrentlyhasanetworkofthousandsofnarcotics officers,agents,spiesandpaidinformantsand20timesthepenal capacityithadin1937,althoughthestate'spopulationhasonly doubledsincethen.AftertheSupremeCourtdecisionofMarch29,1937, upholdingtheprohibitionofmachinegunsthroughtaxation,Herman Oliphantmadehismove.OnApril14,1937heintroducedthebill directlytotheHouseWaysandMeansCommitteeinsteadoftoother appropriatecommitteessuchasfoodanddrug,agriculture,textiles, commerce,etc.Hisreasonmayhavebeenthat"WaysandMeans"isthe onlycommitteethatcansenditsbillsdirectlytotheHousefloor withoutbeingsubjecttodebatebyothercommittees.WaysandMeans ChairmanRobertL.Doughton,*akeyDuPontally,quicklyrubber stampedthesecretTreasurybillandsentitsailingthroughCongress tothePresident.*ColbyJerry,TheDuPontDynasties,LyleStewart, 1984. "DidAnyoneConsulttheAMA?" However,evenwithinhiscontrolledCommitteehearings,manyexpert witnessesspokeoutagainstthepassageoftheseunusualtaxlaws.Dr. WilliamG.Woodward,forinstance,whowasbothaphysicianandan attorneyfortheAmericanMedicalAssociation,testifiedonbehalfof theAMA.Hesaid,ineffect,theentirefabricoffederaltestimonywas tabloidsensationalism!Norealtestimonyhadbeenheard!Thislaw, passedinignorance,couldpossiblydenytheworldapotential medicine,especiallynowthatthemedicalworldwasjustbeginningto findwhichingredientsincannabiswereactive.Woodwardtoldthe committeethattheonlyreasontheAMAhadn'tcomeoutagainstthe marijuanataxlawsoonerwasthatmarijuanahadbeendescribedinthe pressfor20yearsas"killerweedfromMexico."TheAMAdoctorshad justrealized"twodaysbefore"thesespring1937hearings,thatthe plantCongressintendedtooutlawwasknownmedicallyascannabis,the benignsubstanceusedinAmericawithperfectsafetyinscoresof illnessesforoveronehundredyears."Wecannotunderstandyet,Mr. Chairman,"Woodwardprotested,"whythisbillshouldhavebeenprepared insecretfortwoyearswithoutanyintimation,eventotheprofession, thatitwasbeingprepared."HeandtheAMA"werequicklydenouncedby Anslingerandtheentirecongressionalcommittee,andcurtlyexcused.3 *TheAMAandtheRooseveltAdministrationwerestrongantagonistsin 1937.WhentheMarijuanaTaxActbillcameupfororalreport, discussion,andvoteonthefloorofCongress,onlyonepertinent questionwasaskedfromthefloor:"DidanyoneconsultwiththeAMAand gettheiropinion?"RepresentativeVinson,answeringfortheWaysand MeansCommitteereplied,"Yes,wehave.ADr.Wharton[mistaken pronunciationofWoodward?]and{theAMA}areincompleteagreement!"

Withthismemorablelie,thebillpassed,andbecamelawinDecember 1937.Federalandstatepoliceforceswerecreated,whichhave incarceratedhundredsofthousandsofAmericans,addinguptomorethan 14millionwastedyearsinjailsandprisonsevencontributingto theirdeathsallforthesakeofpoisonous,pollutingindustries, prisonguardunionsandtoreinforcesomewhitepoliticians'policies ofracialhatred.(Mikuriya,Tod,M.C.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers,1972 Sloman,Larry,ReeferMadness,GrovePress,1979Lindsmith,Alfred, TheAddictandtheLaw,IndianaU.PressBonnie&WhitebreadThe MarijuanaConviction,U.ofVAPressU.S.Cong.Recordsetal.) OthersSpokeOut,Too AlsolobbyingagainsttheTaxActwithallitsenergywastheNational OilSeedInstitute,representingthehighqualitymachinelubrication producers,aswellaspaintmanufacturers.SpeakingtotheHouseWays andMeansCommitteein1937,theirgeneralcounsel,RalphLoziers, testifiedeloquentlyaboutthehempseedoilthatwastobe,ineffect, outlawed: "RespectableauthoritiestellusthatintheOrient,atleast200 millionpeopleusethisdrugandwhenwetakeintoconsiderationthat forhundreds,yes,thousandsofyears,practicallythatnumberof peoplehavebeenusingthisdrug.ItissignificantthatinAsiaand elsewhereintheOrient,wherepovertystalksabroadoneveryhandand wheretheydrawonalltheplantresourceswhichabountifulnaturehas giventhatdomainitissignificantthatnoneofthose200million peoplehasever,sincethedawnofcivilization,beenfoundusingthe seedofthisplantorusingtheoilasadrug.Now,iftherewereany deleteriouspropertiesorprinciplesintheseedoroil,itis reasonabletosupposethattheseOrientals,whohavebeenreachingout intheirpovertyforsomethingthatwouldsatisfytheirmorbid appetite,wouldhavediscoveredit.Ifthecommitteeplease,the hempseed,ortheseedofthecannabissatival.,isusedinallthe OrientalnationsandalsoinapartofRussiaasfood.Itisgrownin theirfieldsandusedasoatmeal.Millionsofpeopleeverydayare usinghempseedintheOrientasfood.Theyhavebeendoingthatfor manygenerations,especiallyinperiodsoffamine...ThepointI makeisthisthatthisbillistooallinclusive.Thisbillisa worldencirclingmeasure.Thisbillbringstheactivitiesthe crushingofthisgreatindustryunderthesupervisionofabureau whichmaymeanitssuppression.Lastyear,therewasimportedintothe U.S.62,813,000poundsofhempseed.In1935therewasimported116 millionpounds..." ProtectingSpecialInterests AstheAMA'sDr.Woodwardhadasserted,thegovernment'stestimony beforeCongressin1937hadinfactconsistedalmostentirelyof Hearst'sandothersensationalandracistnewspaperarticlesreadaloud byHarryJ.Anslinger,*directoroftheFederalBureauofNarcotics (FBN).(ThisagencyhassinceevolvedintotheDrugEnforcement Administration[DEA]).*HarryJ.Anslingerwasdirectorofthenew FederalBureauofNarcoticsfromitsinceptionin1931forthenext31 years,andwasonlyforcedintoretirementin1962byPresidentJohnF. KennedyafterAnslingertriedtocensorthepublicationsandpublishers ofProfessorAlfredLindsmith(TheAddictandtheLaw,WashingtonPost,

1961)andtoblackmailandharasshisemployer,IndianaUniversity. Anslingerhadcomeunderattackforracistremarksasearlyas1934by aU.S.senatorfromPennsylvania,JosephGuffey,forsuchthingsas referringto"gingercoloredniggers"inletterscirculatedtohis departmentheadsonFBNstationery.Priorto1931,Anslingerwas AssistantU.S.CommissionerforProhibition.Anslinger,remember,was handpickedtoheadthenewFederalBureauofNarcoticsbyhisuncle inlaw,AndrewMellon,SecretaryoftheTreasuryunderPresident HerbertHoover.ThesameAndrewMellonwasalsotheownerandlargest stockholderofthesixthlargestbank(in1937)intheUnitedStates, theMellonBankinPittsburgh,oneofonlytwobankersforDuPont*from 1928tothepresent.*DuPonthasborrowedmoneyfrombanksonlytwice initsentire190yearhistory,oncetobuycontrolofGeneralMotors inthe1920s.Itsbankingbusinessistheprestigiousplumofthe financialworld.In1937,AnslingertestifiedbeforeCongresssaying, "Marijuanaisthemostviolencecausingdruginthehistoryof mankind."This,alongwithAnslinger'soutrageousraciststatementsand beliefs,wasmadetothesoutherndominatedcongressionalcommitteeand isnowanembarrassmenttoreadinitsentirety.Forinstance, Anslingerkepta"GoreFile,"culledalmostentirelyfromHearstand othersensationaltabloidse.g.,storiesofaxemurders,whereoneof theparticipantsreportedlysmokedajointfourdaysbeforecommitting thecrime.AnslingerpushedonCongressasafactualstatementthat about50%ofallviolentcrimescommittedintheU.S.werecommittedby Spaniards,MexicanAmericans,LatinAmericans,Filipinos,African AmericansandGreeks,andthesecrimescouldbetraceddirectlyto marijuana.(FromAnslinger'sownrecordsgiventoPennsylvaniaState University,ref.LiCataMurders,etc.)NotoneofAnslinger's marijuana"GoreFiles"ofthe1930sisbelievedtobetruebyscholars whohavepainstakinglycheckedthefacts.4 SelfPerpetuatingLies Infact,FBIstatistics,hadAnslingerbotheredtocheck,showedat least6575%ofallmurdersintheU.S.werethenandstillare alcoholrelated.Asanexampleofhisraciststatements,Anslinger readintoU.S.Congressionaltestimony(withoutobjection)stories about"coloreds"withbiglips,luringwhitewomenwithjazzmusicand marijuana.HereadanaccountoftwoblackstudentsattheUniversity ofMinnesotadoingthistoawhitecoed"withtheresultofpregnancy." Thecongressmenof1937gaspedatthisandatthefactthatthisdrug seeminglycausedwhitewomentotouchorevenlookata"Negro." VirtuallynooneinAmericaotherthanahandfulofrichindustrialists andtheirhiredcopsknewthattheirchiefpotentialcompetitorhemp wasbeingoutlawedunderthename"marijuana."That'sright. Marijuanawasmostlikelyjustapretextforhempprohibitionand economicsuppression.Thewaterwasfurthermuddiedbytheconfusionof marijuanawith"locoweed"(JimsonWeed).Thesituationwasnot clarifiedbythepress,whichcontinuedtoprintthemisinformation intothe1960s.Atthedawnofthe1990s,themostextravagantand ridiculousattacksonthehempplantdrewnationalmediaattention suchasastudywidelyreportedbyhealthjournals*in1989that claimedmarijuanasmokersputonaboutahalfapoundofweightper day.Nowin1998,theyjustwanttoducktheissue.*AmericanHealth, July/August1989.Meanwhile,seriousdiscussionsofthehealth,civil libertiesandeconomicaspectsofthehempissuearefrequently dismissedasbeingnothingbutan"excusesothatpeoplecansmokepot"

asifpeopleneedanexcusetostatethefactsaboutanymatter.One mustconcedethat,asatactic,lyingtothepublicaboutthe beneficialnatureofhempandconfusingthemastoitsrelationship with"marijuana"hasbeenverysuccessful. Footnotes: 1.Dewey&Merrill,Bulletin404,USDepartmentofAgriculture1916 "BillionDollarCrop,"PopularMechanics,1938U.S.Agricultural Indexes,1916through1982NewScientist,November13,1980. 2.Uelmen&Haddax,DrugAbuseandtheLaw,1974. 3.Bonnie,Richard&Whitebread,Charles,TheMarijuanaConviction, Univ.ofVirginiaPress,1974Congressionaltestimony,1937(Seefull testimonyinAppendix)etal. 4.Sloman,LarryReeferMadness,1979BonnieandWhitebread,The MarijuanaConviction,Univ.ofVirginiaPress,1974. ManMadeFiber...TheToxicAlternativetoNaturalFibers Thelate1920sand1930ssawcontinuingconsolidationofpowerintothe handsofafewlargesteel,oilandchemical(munitions)companies. TheU.S.federalgovernmentplacedmuchofthetextileproductionfor thedomesticeconomyinthehandsofitschiefmunitionsmaker,DuPont. Theprocessingofnitratingcelluloseintoexplosivesisverysimilar totheprocessfornitratingcelluloseintosyntheticfibersand plastics.Rayon,thefirstsyntheticfiber,issimplystabilized guncotton,ornitratedcloth,thebasicexplosiveofthe19thCentury. "Syntheticplasticsfindapplicationinfabricatingawidevarietyof articles,manyofwhichinthepastweremadefromnaturalproducts,* beamedLammotDuPont(PopularMechanics,June1939,pg.805). "Considerournaturalresources,"thepresidentofDuPontcontinued, "Thechemisthasaidedinconservingnaturalresourcesbydeveloping syntheticproductstosupplementorwhollyreplacenaturalproducts." DuPont'sscientistsweretheworld'sleadingresearchersintothe processesofnitratingcelluloseandwereinfactthelargestprocessor ofcelluloseinthenationinthisera.TheFebruary1938Popular Mechanicsarticlestated"Thousandsoftonsofhemphurdsareused everyyearbyonelargepowdercompanyforthemanufactureofdynamite andTNT."HistorysowsthatDuPonthadlargelycorneredthemarketin explosivesbybuyingupandconsolidatingthesmallerblasting companiesinthelate1800s.By1902itcontrolledabouttwothirdsof industryoutput.Theywerethelargestpowdercompany,supplying40 percentofthemunitionsforthealliesinWWI.Ascelluloseandfiber researchers,DuPont'schemistsknewhemp'struevaluebetterthan anyoneelse.Thevalueofhempgoesfarbeyondlinenfibersalthough recognizedforlinen,canvas,nettingandcordage,theselongfibers areonly20percentofthehempstalk'sweight.Eightypercentofthe hempisinthe77percentcellulosehurd,andthiswasthemost abundant,cleanestresourceofcellulose(fiber)forpaper,plastics andevenrayon.Theempiricalevidenceinthisbookshowsthatthe federalgovernmentthroughthe1937MarijuanaTaxActallowedthis munitionsmakertosupplysyntheticfibersforthedomesticeconomy withoutcompetition.Theproofofasuccessfulconspiracyamongthese corporateandgoverninginterestsissimplythis:in1997DuPontwas stillthelargestproducerofmanmadefibers,whilenoAmerican citizenhaslegallyharvestedasingleacreoftextilegradehempin over60years(exceptduringtheperiodofWWII).Analmostunlimited

tonnageofnaturalfiberandcellulosewouldhavebecomeavailableto theAmericanfarmerin1937,theyearDuPontpatentednylonandthe pollutingwoodpulppapersulfideprocess.Allofhemp'spotential valuewaslost.Simpleplasticsoftheearly1900sweremadeof nitratedcellulose,directlyrelatedtoDuPont'smunitionsmaking process.Celluloid,acetateandrayonwerethesimpleplasticsofthat era,andhempwaswellknowntocelluloseresearchersasthepremier resourceforthisnewindustrytouse.Worldwide,therawmaterialof simpleplastics,rayonandpapercouldbebestsuppliedbyhemphurds. Nylonfibersweredevelopedbetween19261937bythenotedHarvard chemistWallaceCarothers,workingfromGermanpatents.These polyamidesarelongfibersbasedonobservednaturalproducts. Carothers,suppliedwithanopenendedresearchgrantfromDuPont,made acomprehensivestudyofnaturalcellulosefibers.Heduplicated naturalfibersinhislabsandpolyamideslongfibersofaspecific chemicalprocessweredeveloped.(Curiously,WallaceCarothers committedsuicideoneweekaftertheHouseWaysandMeansCommittee,in Aprilof1937,hadthehearingsoncannabisandcreatedthebillthat wouldeventuallyoutlawhemp.) Coaltarandpetroleumbasedchemicalswereemployed,anddifferent devices,spinneretsandprocesseswerepatented.Thisnewtypeof textile,nylon,wastobecontrolledfromtherawmaterialstage,as coal,tothecompletedproduct:apatentedchemicalproduct.The chemicalcompanycentralizedtheproductionandprofitsofthenew "miracle"fiber.Theintroductionofnylon,theintroductionofhigh volumemachinerytoseparatehemp'slongfiberfromthecellulosehurd, andtheoutlawingofhempas"marijuana"alloccurredsimultaneously. Thenewmanmadefibers(MMFs)canbestbedescribedaswarmaterial. Thefibermakingprocesshasbecomeonebasedonbigfactories, smokestacks,coolantsandhazardouschemicals,ratherthanoneof strippingouttheabundant,naturallyavailablefibers.Comingfroma historyofmakingexplosivesandmunitions,theold"chemicaldye plants"nowproducehosiery,mocklinens,mockcanvas,latexpaintand syntheticcarpets.Theirpollutingfactoriesmakeimitationleather, upholsteryandwoodsurfaces,whileanimportantpartofthenatural cyclestandsoutlawed.Thestandardfiberofworldhistory,America's traditionalcrop,hemp,couldprovideourtextilesandpaperandbethe premiersourceforcellulose.ThewarindustriesDuPont,Allied Chemical,Monsanto,etc.,areprotectedfromcompetitionbythe marijuanalaws.Theymakewaronthenaturalcycleandthecommon farmer.ShanClark CHAPTER5MARIJUANAPROHIBITION Anslingergothismarijuanalaw..."Shouldwebelieveselfserving, evergrowingdrugenforcement/drugtreatmentbureaucrats,whosepayand advancementdependsonfindingmoreandmorepeopletoarrestand 'treat'?"MoreAmericansdieinjustonedayinprisons, penitentiaries,jailsandstockadesthanhaveeverdiedfrommarijuana throughouthistory.Whoaretheyprotecting?Fromwhat? Fred Oerther,M.D.,Portland,Oregon,September1986 MovingtoCrushDissent Afterthe19381944NewYorkCity"LaGuardiaMarijuanaReport"refuted hisargument,byreportingthatmarijuanacausednoviolenceatalland

citingotherpositiveresults,HarryJ.Anslinger,inpublictirade aftertirade,denouncedMayorFiorelloLaGuardia,theNewYorkAcademy ofMedicineandthedoctorswhoresearchedthereport.Anslinger proclaimedthatthesedoctorswouldneveragaindomarijuana experimentsorresearchwithouthispersonalpermission,orbesentto jail!HethenusedthefullpoweroftheUnitedStatesgovernment, illegallytohaltvirtuallyallresearchintomarijuanawhilehe blackmailedtheAmericanMedicalAssociation(AMA)*intodenouncingthe NewYorkAcademyofMedicineanditsdoctorsfortheresearchtheyhad done.*Why,youask,wastheAMAnowonAnslinger'ssidein194445, afterbeingagainsttheMarijuanaTaxActin1937?Answer:since Anslinger'sFBNwasresponsibleforprosecutingdoctorswhoprescribed narcoticdrugsforwhathe,Anslinger,deemedillegalpurposes,they (theFBN)hadprosecutedmorethan3,000AMAdoctorsforillegal prescriptionsthrough1939.In1939,theAMAmadespecificpeacewith Anslingeronmarijuana.Theresults:onlythreedoctorswere prosecutedforillegaldrugsofanysortfrom1939to1949.Torefute theLaGuardiareport,theAMA,atAnslinger'spersonalrequest, conducteda194445study"oftheexperimentalgroup34werenegroes andonewaswhite"(forstatisticalcontrol)whosmokedmarijuana, becamedisrespectfulofwhitesoldiersandofficersinthesegregated military.(SeeAppendix,"ArmyStudyofMarijuana,"Newsweek,Jan15, 1945.)Thistechniqueofbiasingtheoutcomeofastudyisknownamong researchersas"gutterscience." PotandtheThreatofPeace However,from1948to1950,Anslingerstoppedfeedingthepressthe storythatmarijuanawasviolencecausingandbegan"redbaiting", typicaloftheMcCarthyera.NowthefrightenedAmericanpublicwas toldthatthiswasamuchmoredangerousdrugthanheoriginally thought.TestifyingbeforeastronglyantiCommunistCongressin1948 andthereaftercontinuallytothepressAnslingerproclaimedthat marijuanarendereditsusersnotviolentatall,butsopeacefuland pacifistic! thattheCommunistscouldandwouldusemarijuanato weakenourAmericanfightingmen'swilltofight.Thiswasa180degree turnaroundoftheoriginalpretextonwhich"violencecausing"cannabis wasoutlawedin1937.Undaunted,however,Congressnowvotedto continuethemarijuanalawbasedontheexactoppositereasoningthey hadusedtooutlawcannabisinthefirstplace.Itisinterestingand evenabsurdtonotethatAnslingerandhisbiggestsupporters southerncongressmenandhisbestsenatorialfriend,SenatorJoseph McCarthy*ofWisconsinfrom1948on,constantlyreceivedpress coverageonthescare.*AccordingtoAnslinger'sautobiographical book,TheMurderers,andconfirmedbyformerFBNagents,Anslingerhad beensupplyingmorphineillegallytoaU.S.senatorJosephMcCarthy foryears.ThereasongivenbyAnslingerinhisbook?Sothe CommunistswouldnotbeabletoblackmailthisgreatAmericanSenator forhisdrugdependencyweakness.(DeanLatimer,FlowersintheBlood HarryAnslingerTheMurderers.)AnslingertoldcongresstheCommunists wouldsellmarijuanatoAmericanboystosaptheirwilltofightto makeusanationofzombiepacifists.Ofcourse,theCommunistsof RussiaandChinaridiculedthisU.S.marijuanaparanoiaeverychance theygotinthepressandattheUnitedNations.Unfortunately,the ideaofpotandpacifismgotsomuchsensationalworldpressforthe next20yearsthateventuallyRussia,China,andtheEasternBloc Communistcountries(thatgrewlargeamountsofcannabis)outlawed

marijuanaforfearthatAmericawouldsellitoruseittomakethe communistsoldiersdocileandpacifistic.Thiswasstrangebecause Russia,EasternEurope,andChinahadbeengrowingandingesting cannabisasamedicaldrug,relaxantandworktonicforhundredsand eventhousandsofyears,withnothoughtofmarijuanalaws.(TheJ.V. DialogueSovietPressDigest,Oct.1990reportedaflourishingillegal hempbusiness,despitethefranticeffortsbySovietlawenforcement agenciestostampitout."InKirghiziaalone,hempplantationsoccupy some3,000hectares."Inanotherarea,Russiansaretravelingthree daysinto"oneofthemoresinisterplacesintheMoiynKumydesert," toharvestaspecialhighgrade,droughtresistantvarietyofhemp knownlocallyasanasha.)" ASecretProgramtoControlMindsandChoices Throughareportreleasedin1983undertheFreedomofInformationAct, itwasdiscovered(after40yearsofsecrecy)thatAnslingerwas appointedin1942toatopsecretcommitteetocreatea"truthserum" fortheOfficeofStrategicService(OSS),whichevolvedintothe CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).(RollingStone,August1983) Anslingerandhisspygrouppicked,asAmerica'sfirsttruthserum, "honeyoil,"amuchpurer,almosttastelessformofhashoil,tobe administeredinfoodtospies,saboteurs,militaryprisonersandthe like,tomakethemunwittingly"spillthetruth."Fifteenmonthslater, in1943,marijuanaextractswerediscontinuedbyAnslinger'sgroupas America'sfirsttruthserumbecauseitwasnotedthattheydidn'twork allthetime.Thepeoplebeinginterrogatedwouldoftengiggleorlaugh hystericallyattheircaptors,getparanoid,orhaveinsatiabledesires forfood(themunchies?).Also,thereportnotedthatAmericanOSS agentsandotherinterrogationgroupsstartedusingthehoneyoil illegallythemselves,andwouldnotgiveittothespies.In Anslinger'sOSSgroup'sfinalreportonmarijuanaasatruthserum, therewasnomentionofviolencecausedbythedrug!Infact,the oppositewasindicated.TheOSSandlatertheCIAcontinuedthesearch andtriedotherdrugsasatruthserumpsilocybinoramanitamascara mushroomsandLSD,tonameafew.Fortwentyyears,theCIAsecretly testedtheseconcoctionsonAmericanagents.Unsuspectingsubjects jumpedfrombuildings,orthoughtthey'dgoneinsane.Ourgovernment finallyadmitteddoingallthistoitsownpeopleinthe1970s,after 25yearsofdenials:drugginginnocent,nonconsenting,unaware citizens,soldiersandgovernmentagentsallinthenameofnational security,ofcourse.TheseAmerican"security"agenciesconstantly threatenedandevenoccasionallyimprisonedindividuals,familiesand organizationsthatsuggestedthedruggingseveroccurred.Itwasthree decadesbeforetheFreedomofInformationActforcedtheCIAtoadmit itsliesthroughexposureonTVbyCBS's"60Minutes"andothers. However,onApril16,1985theU.S.SupremeCourtruledthattheCIA didnothavetorevealtheidentitiesofeithertheindividualsor institutionsinvolvedinthistravesty.Thecourtsaid,ineffect,that theCIAcoulddecidewhatwasorwasnottobereleasedunderthe FreedomofInformationAct,andthatthecourtscouldnotoverrulethe agency'sdecision.Asanaside,repealingthisFreedomofInformation ActwasoneoftheprimegoalsoftheReagan/Bush/Quayle Administration.(L.A.Times,TheOregonian,etc.editorials1984The Oregonian,January21,1985Lee,Martin&Shlain,Bruce,AcidDreams, GrovePress,NY,1985.

CriminalMisconduct BeforeAnslingerstartedthepacifistzombiemarijuanascarein1948, hepubliclyusedjazzmusic,violence,andthe"gorefiles"forfiveto sevenmoreyears(194350)inthepress,atconventions,lectures,and congressionalhearings.Wenowknowthatonthesubjectofhemp, disguisedasmarijuana,Anslingerwasabureaucraticpoliceliar.For morethan60yearsnowAmericanshavebeengrowingupwithand acceptingAnslinger'sstatementsontheherbfromviolencetoevil pacifismandfinallytothecorruptinginfluenceofmusic.Whetherthis waseconomicallyorraciallyinspired,orevenbecauseofupbeatmusic orsomekindofsynergistic(combined)hysteria,isimpossibletoknow forsure.ButwedoknowthatfortheU.S.government,e.g.,DEA, informationdisseminatedoncannabiswasthenandcontinuestobe,a deliberatedeception.Asyouwillseeinthefollowingchapters,the weightofempiricalfactandlargeamountsofcorroboratingevidence indicatethattheformerReagan/Bush/Quayleadministrationsalongwith theiruniquepharmaceuticalconnections(see"Bush/Quayle/Lilly PharmaceuticalSellout"below)haveprobablyconspiredatthehighest levelstowithholdinformationandtodisinformthepublic,resulting intheavoidableandneedlessdeathsoftensofthousandsofAmericans. Andtheydidit,itseems,intendingtosavetheirowninvestmentand theirfriends'inthepharmaceutical,energyandpaperindustries andtogivethesepoisonous,syntheticindustriesaninsaneadvantage overnaturalhempandprotectthebillionsofdollarsinannualprofits thattheystoodtoloseifthehempplantandmarijuanawerenot prohibited!Asaresult,millionsofAmericanshavewastedmillionsof yearsinjailtime,andmillionsofliveshavebeenandcontinuetobe ruinedbywhatstartedoutasHearst's,Anslinger'sandDuPont's shamefuleconomiclies,viciousraciallibelsandbigotedmusical taste. TheBush/Quayle/LillyPharmaceuticalSellout InAmerica,marijuana'smostoutspokenopponentsarenoneotherthan formerFirstLadyNancyReagan(19811989)andformerPresidentGeorge Bush(19891993),theformerDirectoroftheCIAunderGeraldFord (19751977)andpastdirectorofPresidentReagan's"DrugTaskForce" (19811988).AfterleavingtheCIAin1977,Bushwasmadedirectorof EliLilytononeotherthanDanQuayle'sfatherandfamily,whoowned controllinginterestintheLillycompanyandtheIndianapolisStar. DanQuaylelateractedasgobetweenfordrugkingpins,gunrunnersand governmentofficialsintheIranContrascandals.TheentireBush familywaslargestockholdersinLilly,Abbott,BristolandPfizer, etc.AfterBush'sdisclosureofassetsin1979,itbecamepublicthat Bush'sfamilystillhasalargeinterestinPfizerandsubstantial amountsofstockintheotheraforementioneddrugcompanies.Infact, Bushactivelylobbiedillegallybothwithinandwithoutthe administrationasVicePresidentin1981topermitdrugcompaniesto dumpmoreunwanted,obsoleteorespeciallydomesticallybanned substancesonunsuspectingThirdWorldcountries.WhileVicePresident, Bushcontinuedtoillegallyactonbehalfofpharmaceuticalcompanies bypersonallygoingtotheIRSforspecialtaxbreaksforcertaindrug companies(e.g.Lilly)manufacturinginPuertoRico.In1982,Vice PresidentBushwaspersonallyorderedtostoplobbyingtheIRSon behalfofthedrugcompaniesbytheU.S.SupremeCourtitself.(See Appendix.)Hedidbutthey(thepharmaceuticals)stillreceiveda23%

additionaltaxbreakfortheircompaniesinPuertoRicowhomakethese AmericanoutlaweddrugsforsaletoThirdWorldcountries.(Financial disclosurestatementsBush1979taxreport"BushTriedtoSwayaTax RuleChangeButThenWithdrew"NYTimes,May19,1982misc.corporate recordsChristicInstitute"LaPenca"affidavitLilly1979Annual Report.) CHAPTER6MEDICALLITERATUREONCANNABISMEDICINE Ourauthorityhereisthe'BodyofLiterature,'startingwithancient materiamedicaeChineseandHindupharmacopoeiaandNearEastern cuneiformtablets,andcontinuingallthewayintothiscentury, includingthe196676U.S.renaissanceofcannabisstudiessome 10,000separatestudiesonmedicinesandeffectsfromthehempplant. Comprehensivecompendiaoftheseworksaredesignatedastheprime sourcesforthismedicalchapter,aswellasongoinginterviewswith manyresearchers. Affordable,AvailableHerbalHealthCare Formorethan3,500years,cannabis/hemp/marijuanahasbeen,depending onthecultureornation,eitherthemostusedoroneofthemost widelyusedplantsformedicines.Thisincludes:China,India,the MiddleandNearEast,Africa,andpreRomanCatholicEurope(priorto 476A.D.).Dr.RaphaelMechoulam,NORML,HighTimesandOmniMagazine (September1982)allindicatethat,ifmarijuanawerelegalitwould immediatelyreplace1020%ofallpharmaceuticalprescriptionmedicines (basedonresearchthrough1976).Andprobably,Mechoulamestimates, 4050%ofallmedicines,includingpatentmedicines,couldcontainsome extractfromthecannabisplantwhenfullyresearched.(ReadtheU.S. governmentsponsoredresearchasoutlinedbyCohen&Stillman, TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,1976Roffman,Roger,Marijuanaas Medicine,1980Mikuriya,Tod,M.D.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers,1972 Also,theworkofDr.NormanZinbergDr.AndrewWeilDr.Lester GrinspoonandtheU.S.Government'sPresidentialCommissionreports [ShaferCommission]from1972Dr.RaphaelMechoulam,Tel Aviv/JerusalemUniv.196497W.B.O'Shaunessymonograph,1839and thelongtermJamaicanstudiesI&II,196874CostaRicanstudies through1982U.S.Copticstudies,1981UngerliederU.S.military studiessincethe1950sand'60s.) Superstarofthe19thCentury MarijuanawasAmerica'snumberoneanalgesicfor60yearsbeforethe rediscoveryofaspirinaround1900.From1842to1900cannabismadeup halfofallmedicinesold,withvirtuallynofearofitshigh.The1839 reportontheusesofcannabisbyDr.W.B.O'Shaugnessy,oneofthe mostrespectedmembersoftheRoyalAcademyofSciences,wasjustas importanttomid19thCenturyWesternmedicineasthediscoveriesof antibiotics(likepenicillinandTerramycin)weretomid20thCentury medicine.Infact,theCommitteeonCannabisIndicafortheOhioState MedicalSocietyconcludedthat"HighBiblicalcommentators[scholars]" believe"thatthegallandvinegar,ormyrrhedwine,offeredtoour Saviourimmediatelybeforehiscrucifixionwasinallprobability,a preparationofIndianhemp."(Transcripts,OhioStateMedicalSociety 15thannualmeetingJune1214,1860,pg.75100.)From1850to1937, theU.S.Pharmacopoeialistedcannabisastheprimarymedicineformore

than100separateillnessesordiseases.Duringallthistime(pre1000 B.C.to1940sA.D.,researchers,doctorsanddrugmanufacturers(Eli Lilly,ParkeDavid,Squibb,etc.)hadnoideawhattheactive ingredientsofcannabiswereuntilDr.MechoulamdiscoveredTHCin 1964. 20thCenturyResearch Asoutlinedinthepreviouschapters,theAmericanMedicalAssociation (AMA)anddrugcompaniestestifiedagainstthe1937MarijuanaTaxAct becausecannabiswasknowntohavesomuchmedicalpotentialandhad nevercausedanyobservableaddictionsordeathbyoverdose.The possibilityexisted,theyargued,thatoncetheactiveingredientsin cannabis(suchasTHCDelta9)wereisolatedandcorrectdosages established,cannabiscouldbecomeamiracledrug.Twentynineyears wouldpass,however,beforeAmericanscientistscouldbegintoeven lookintocannabismedicineagain.THCDelta9wasisolatedbyDr. RaphaelMechoulamattheUniversityofTelAvivin1964.Hiswork confirmedthatofProfessorTaylorofPrinceton,whohadleadthe researchandidentificationofnaturalTHCDelta9precursorsinthe 1930s.Kahn,AdamsandLoewealsoworkedwiththestructureof cannabis'activeingredientsin1944.Since1964,morethan400 separatecompoundshavebeenisolatedincannabisfromoverathousand suspectedcompounds.Atleast60oftheisolatedcompoundsare therapeutic.TheUnitedStates,however,forbadethistypeofresearch throughthebureaucraticauthorityofHarryAnslingerutil1962,when hewasforcedtoretire.(OmniMagazine,Sept.1982) GrowingAcceptance By1966,millionsofyoungAmericanshadbegunusingmarijuana. Concernedparentsandgovernment,wantingtoknowthedangerstheir childrenwererisking,startedfundingdozensandlaterhundredsof marijuanahealthstudies.Entrenchedintheoldergeneration'sminds were30yearsofAnslinger/Hearstscarestoriesofmurder,atrocity, rape,andevenzombiepacifism.Federallysponsoredresearchresults begantoeaseAmericans'fearsofcannabiscausingviolenceorzombie pacifism,andhundredsofnewstudiessuggestedthathiddeninsidethe hempplant'schemistrylayamedicinalarrayofincredibletherapeutic potential.Thegovernmentfundedmoreandmorestudies.Soon,legions ofAmericanresearchershadpositiveindicationsusingcannabis, anorexia,tumorsandepilepsy,aswellasforageneraluseantibiotic. Cumulativefindingsshowedevidenceoffavorableresultsoccurringin casesofParkinson'sdisease,anorexia,multiplesclerosisandmuscular dystrophyplusthousandsofanecdotalstoriesallmeritedfurther clinicalstudy.Priorto1976,reportsofpositiveeffectsandnew therapeuticindicationsforcannabiswerealmostaweeklyoccurrencein medicaljournalsandthenationalpress. NationalConferencePraisedCannabisTherapyPotential InNovember1975,virtuallyallofAmerica'sleadingresearcherson marijuanametatAsilomarConferenceCenter,PacificGrove,California. SeminarsweresponsoredbytheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse(NIDA) toaddressacompendiumofstudiesfromtheirearliesttomostrecent findings.Whentheseminarswereover,practicallyallthescientists concludedthatthefederalgovernment,withthehardevidencecollected

sofaronthetherapeuticpotentialofmarijuana,shouldberushingto investtaxmoneyintomoreresearch.Theyfeltthetaxpayersshouldbe informedthattherewaseverylegitimatereasonforthefieldofpublic healthtocontinuelargescaleresearchoncannabismedicineand therapies.Alltheparticipants,itseems,believedthis.Manyof them(suchasMechoulam)believedthatcannabiswouldbeoneofthe world'smajormedicinesbythemid1980s.InMarch1997,Mechoulam,in aspeechattheBioFachinFrankfort,Germany,stillbelievedthat cannabisistheworld'sbestoverallmedicine. MarijuanaResearchBanned However,in1976,justasmultidisciplinedmarijuanaresearchshould havebeengoingintoitssecond,third,andfourthgenerationstudies (seeTherapeuticPotentialofMarijuanaandNORMLfederalfiles),a "surprise"UnitedStatesgovernmentpolicyagainforbadeallpromising federalresearchintomarijuana'stherapeuticeffects.Thistime,the researchbanwasaccomplishedwhenAmericanpharmaceuticalcompanies successfullypetitionedthefederalgovernmenttobeallowedtofinance andjudge100%oftheresearch.Theprevioustenyearsofresearchhad indicatedatremendouspromiseforthetherapeuticusesofnatural cannabis,andthispotentialwasquietlyturnedovertocorporatehands notforthebenefitofthepublic,buttosuppressthemedical information.Thisplan,thedrugmanufacturerspetitioned,wouldallow ourprivatedrugcompaniestimetocomeupwithpatentablesynthetics ofthecannabismoleculesatnocosttothefederalgovernment,anda promiseof"nohighs."In1976,theFordAdministration,NIDAandthe DEAsaidineffect,noAmericanindependent(read:university)research orfederalhealthprogramwouldbeallowedtoagaininvestigatenatural cannabisderivativesformedicine.Thisagreementwasmadewithoutany safeguardsguaranteeingintegrityonthepartofthepharmaceutical companiestheywereallowedtoregulatethemselves.Private pharmaceuticalcorporationswereallowedtodosome"nohigh"research, butitwouldbeonlyDelta9THCresearch,notanyofthe400other potentiallytherapeuticisomersincannabis.Whydidthedrugcompanies conspiretotakeovermarijuanaresearch?BecauseU.S.government research(196676)hadindicatedorconfirmedthroughhundredsof studiesthateven"natural"crudecannabiswasthe"bestandsafest medicineofchoice"formanyserioushealthproblems. 1988:DEAJudgeRulesthatCannabishasMedicalValue TheDEA'sownconservativeadministrativelawjudge,FrancisYoung, aftertakingmedicaltestimonyfor15daysandreviewinghundredsof DEA/NIDAdocumentspositionedagainsttheevidenceintroducedby marijuanareformactivists,concludedinSeptember1988that"marijuana isoneofthesafesttherapeuticallyactivesubstancesknowntoman." Butdespitethispreponderanceofevidence,thenDEADirectorJohnLawn orderedonDecember30,1989thatcannabisremainlistedasaSchedule Inarcotichavingnoknownmedicaluse.Hissuccessor,Robert Bonner,whowasappointedbyBushandkeptinofficebyClinton,was evenmoredraconianinhisapproachtohemp/marijuanaasmedicine. Clinton'scurrentDEAadministratorThomasConstantine(appointed 1993),upholdspoliciesforworseeventhanBonner's.So...ifall thishasbeenknownsince1975,whatisourgovernmentwaitingfor? ProtectingPharmaceuticalCompanies'Profits

NORML,HighTimes,andOmni(September1982)indicatethatEliLilly, AbbottLabs,Pfizer,Smith,Kline&French,andotherswouldlose hundredsofmillions,tobillionsofdollarsannually,andloseeven morebillionsinThirdWorldcountries,ifmarijuanawerelegalinthe U.S.**Remember,in1976,thelastyearoftheFordAdministration, thesedrugcompanies,throughtheirownpersistence(specifically intenselobbying)gotthefederalgovernmenttoceaseallpositive researchintomedicalmarijuana. PuttingtheFoxintotheHealthCareChickenCoop Thedrugcompaniestookoverallresearchandfinancingintoanalogsof syntheticTHC,CBD,CBN,etc.,promising"nohigh"beforeallowingthe productsonthemarket.EliLillycameoutwithNabiloneandlater Marinol,syntheticsecondcousinsofTHCDelta9,andpromisedthe governmentgreatresults.OmniMagazine,in1982,statedthatafter nineyears,Nabilonewasstillconsideredvirtuallyuselesswhen comparedwithreal,homegrownTHCrichcannabisbudsandMarinol worksaswellasmarijuanainonly13%ofpatients.Marijuanausers mostlyagree,theydonotliketheeffectsofLilly'sNabiloneor Marinol.Why?YouhavetogetthreeorfourtimesashighonMarinol tosometimesgetthesamebenefitsassmokinggoodcannabisbud.Omni alsostatedin1982(andit'sstilltruein1999),thataftertensof millionsofdollarsandnineyearsofresearchonmedicalmarijuana synthetics,"thesedrugcompaniesaretotallysuccessful,"eventhough raw,organiccannabisisa"superiormedicine"whichworkssowell naturally,onsomanydifferentillnesses.Omnialsosuggestedthedrug companiespetitionthegovernmenttoallow"crudedrugextracts"onthe marketintherealinterestofpublichealth.Thegovernmentandthe drugcompanies,todate,havenotresponded.Orrather,theyhave respondedbyignoringit.However,theReagan/Bush/Clinton administrationsabsolutelyrefusedtoallowresumptionofreal (university)cannabisresearch,exceptundersyntheticpharmaceutical studies.Omnisuggests,andNORMLandHighTimesconcur,thereasonthe drugcompaniesandReagan/Bush/ClintonwantedonlysyntheticTHClegal isthatsimpleextractionsofthehundredsofingredientsfromthe cannabiscrudedrugwouldbeenjoyedwithoutpharmaceuticalcompany patentswhichgeneratewindfallmonopolizedprofits. UnderminingtheNaturalMedicines'Competition EliLilly,Pfizerandothersstandtoloseatleastathirdoftheir entire,highlyprofitable,patentmonopolyonsuchdrugsasDarvon, Tuinal,Seconal,andProzac(aswellasotherpatentedmedications rangingfrommuscleointmentstoburnointments,tothousandsofother products)becauseofaplantanyonecangrow:cannabishemp.Isn'tit curiousthatAmericandrugcompaniesandpharmacistgroups*supply almosthalfthefundingforthe4,000"FamiliesAgainstMarijuana"type organizationsinAmerica?TheotherhalfissuppliedbyAction(a federalVISAagency)andbytobaccocompanieslikePhilipMorris,and byliquorandbeermakerslikeAnheuserBusch,Coors,etc.,orasa "publicservice"bytheadagencieswhorepresentthem.*Pharmacists AgainstDrugAbuse,etc.Seeappendices. PoisoningtheThirdWorld

Columbia'slargestnewspaper,PeriodicalelTiempo(Bogota),reported in1983thatthesesameantimarijuanacrusadingAmerican pharmaceuticalcompaniesareguiltyofapracticeknownas"product dumping,"whereinthey"sellontheoverthecountermarketsof Columbia,Mexico,Panama,Chile,ElSalvador,HondurasandNicaragua, over150differentillegal,dangerousdrugs."Thisreporthasnotbeen disputedbytheU.S.governmentorAmericanpharmaceuticalcompanies andthepracticecontinuesin1998.Someofthesedrugshavebeen forbiddenbytheFDAforsaleoruseintheU.S.oritscounterpartsin Europebecausetheyareknowntocausemalnutrition,deformitiesand cancer.Yettheyaresoldoverthecountertounsuspecting illiterates!TheWorldHealthOrganizationbacksupthisstorywitha conservativeestimate:theysaythatsome500,000peoplearepoisoned eachyearinThirdWorldcountriesbyitems(drugs,pesticides,etc.) soldbyAmericancompaniesbutwhicharebannedfromsaleintheU.S.* *MotherJonesmagazine,1979,"UnbrokenCircle"June,1989The Progressive,April1991,etal. DestroyingthePublicRecord Some10,000studieshavebeendoneoncannabis,4,000intheU.S.,and onlyaboutadozenhaveshownanynegativeresultsandthesehavenever beenreplicated.TheReagan/BushAdministrationputasoft"feeler" outinSeptemberof1983forallAmericanuniversitiesandresearchers todestroyall196676cannabisresearchwork,includingcompendiumsin libraries.Scientistsanddoctorssoridiculedthisunparalleled censorshipmovethattheplansweredropped...forthemoment. However,weknowthatlargeamountsofinformationhavesince disappeared,includingtheoriginalcopyoftheUSDA'sownpro marijuanafilmHempforVictory.Worseyet,eventhemerestmentionof thefilmwasremovedfromtheofficialrecordbackto1958,andhashad tobepainstakinglyreestablishedaspartofournationalarchives. ManyarchivalandresourcecopiesofUSDABulletin404have disappeared.Howmanyothersuchpricelesshistoricaldocumentshave alreadybeenlost?Inlate1995andearly1996,DennisPeron,founder oftheCannabisBuyers'ClubinSanFrancisco,gaveCaliforniavoters Proposition215,astatewideinitiativetomakecannabislegalas medicine.Themedicalmarijuanainitiativecollected750,000 signatures,madetheCaliforniaballotanditpassedby56%ofthevote inNovember1996.Now,in1998,hundredsofthousandsofCalifornians aregrowingmedicalmarijuanalegally.Nonetheless,thefederal government,inclearoppositiontothepeople'smandate,hasfoundways toharassandclosedownmostofthecannabisbuyers'/cultivators' clubsincludingPeron's.Interestingly,in1996,morevotersin CaliforniavotedformedicalmarijuanathanvotedforBillClinton.In Augustof1997,almostonefullyearafterthepassageofProposition 215bythemajorityvote,anL.A.Timespollfoundthatmorethan67% ofCalifornianswouldnowvoteforitanincreaseof11%inthefirst year.Ninetysixpercent(nearly25,000)ofthepeoplerespondingtoan ongoingCNNInternetpoll,inMarchof1998,saidthey"supporttheuse ofmarijuanaformedicalpurposes."Bycontrast,only4%of respondents(lessthan1,000votersoverall)saidtheyopposedtheuse ofcannabisbyseriouslyillpatients.Californianstakingadvantageof thenewmedicalmarijuanalawincludepoliceofficers,district attorneysandmayors.Someofthesamepeoplewhoformerlyarrested andprosecutedcitizensformarijuana,medicalorotherwise,arenow usingitthemselvesorfortheirfamiliesineverincreasingnumbers.

UponreenteringtheUnitedStatesfromCanada,inMarchof1998, CaliforniaresidentKareemAbdulJabbar,thehighestscoring professionalbasketballplayerinhistory,wasbustedforpossessionof asmallamountofmarijuana.Hepaida$500finetoU.S.Customsand explainedtothepressthat,asaCaliforniacitizen,hehadadoctor's recommendationtousemedicalmarijuana.Professionalandcollegiate athleteswholiveinCaliforniaandhaveadoctor'srecommendationfor medicalmarijuanatheoreticallydonothavetoundergourinetesting forcannabis.AmongthethousandsofCaliforniaactors,musiciansand writerswholegallyusemedicalmarijuanawasfamedauthorPeter McWilliams,whosufferedfromAIDSandcancer.Hesaid,"Ifitweren't fortheillegalpotdealers(beforeProposition215),therewouldhave beennomarijuanaandIwouldn'tbealivetoday.Marijuanaeases nauseaandmakesitpossibleformetokeepdownfoodandthepillsI musttaketocombatmydiseases.Fuckthefederalgovernment.Useit ifyouneedit." AnUnfairRapforHemp After20yearsofstudy,theCaliforniaResearchAdvisoryPanel(RAP) in1989brokewiththestateAttorneyGeneral'soffice(AG),under whichitworks,andcalledfortherelegalizationofcannabis."There isnopointtocontinuingunmodified,muchlessintensified,the policiesandlawsthathavesoobviouslyfailedtocontrolthe individualandsocietaldamagesassociatedwithdruguse,"summarized ViceChairmanFrederickMeyers,M.D.,inaletterreleasedwiththe group'srecommendationsaftertheattorneygeneralhadsuppressedthe reportandpanelmemberselectedtopublishitattheirownexpense. ThiswasacompleteturnaroundfromtheRAP'slonghistoryof suppressingmedicalusage.Thelongtermimpactofthisshiftremains tobeseen.ChairmanEdwardP.O'Brien,Jr.appointedbytheAG,who dissentedfromthepanel'sconclusions,hadforyearsdominatedthis group,rigidlycontrollingwhatresearchcouldbeperformedand limitingthoseapplicationstocontrolofnauseaandvomitingthatis secondarytocancerchemotherapy.UnderO'Brien,thepanel systematicallywelshedonitsmandatetoprovidecompassionate medicinalaccesstocannabis.Anyapplicationsforusingcannabis includingthecontrolofpain,spasticneurologicaldisorders,etc., havebeenrejected. Cannabisusedtobethetreatmentofchoicefor vascularormigraineheadache.(Osler,1916O'Shaugnessey,1839) Cannabishastheuniquecharacteristicofaffectingthevascular circulationofthecoveringofthebrainthemeninges.Thereddened eyesofthemarijuanauserareareflectionofthisaction.Unlike otherdrugs,however,cannabishasnoapparentaffectonthevascular systemingeneral,exceptforaslightspeedingupoftheheartduring theonsetoftheeffectsofthedrug.RAPhasdiscouragedtheuseof smokingcannabisinfavorofsyntheticDeltaTHCcapsules,despite crudecannabis'favorablecomparativeresultsreportedtotheFoodand DrugAdministration.Thishasbeenfranklymisrepresentedintheir reportstothelegislatureandtestimonyintheNORMLvs.DEAcase. Additionally,thesememorandafavorablycomparingsmokedmarijuanato oralTHChavebeenburiedinappendicestotheirreportsavailablein onlyfourlocationsintheentirestateofCalifornia!OnSeptember30, 1989,themedicalmarijuanaprogramquietlyexpired,basedonthe staff'sassessmentthatnoenoughpeoplehadbeentreatedtojustify itsextension. TodMikuriya,M.D.Berkeley,CA1990

CHAPTER7THERAPEUTICUSEOFCANNABIS Therearemorethan60therapeuticcompoundsincannabisthatare healingagentsinmedicalandherbaltreatments.Theprimaryoneis THC,andtheeffectivenessoftherapyisdirectlyproportionatetothe herb'spotencyorconcentrationofTHC.RecentDEAreportsof increasinglypotentmarijuanathereforerepresentamajormedical advancebut,incredibly,thegovernmentusestheseverynumbersto solicitbiggerbudgetsandharsherpenalties.OnNovember5,1996,56% ofCaliforniacitizensvotedfortheCaliforniaCompassionateUseAct (medicalmarijuanainitiative)endingalllegalstateeffortstokeep marijuanafrombeingusedasmedicinebyCaliforniacitizens.Arizona citizens,inNovember1996,alsopassed,byanevengreatermargin 65%adrugdeclassificationinitiativethatincludedmedical marijuana,backedby,amongothers,thelateU.S.SenatorBarry Goldwater.Arizona'sgovernorandlegislature,exercisingtheirveto overrideabilityontheirstateinitiativelawsforthefirsttimein 90years,struckdownthispopularinitiativepassedbythepeople Arizonacitizensangrilyrespondedbyrecollectingmorethan150,000 signaturesina90dayreferendumperiodandpromptlyreturnedthe medicalmarijuanainitiativetotheballotforNovember1998.The followingexplainshowpeoplewillbenefitwhenthefreedomofchoice ofdoctorsandpatientsisonceagainrespected.Warning:Thiswriter, responsiblescientistsanddoctorsadvise:Thereisnopharmacological freelunchincannabisoranydrug.Negativereactionscanresult.A smallpercentageofpeoplehavenegativeorallergicreactionsto marijuana.Heartpatientscouldhaveproblems,eventhoughcannabis generallyrelievesstress,dilatesthearteries,andingenerallowers thediastolicpressure.Asmallpercentageofpeoplegetespecially highheartratesandanxietieswithcannabis.Thesepersonsshouldnot useit.Somebronchialasthmasufferersbenefitfromcannabis however,forothersitmayserveasanadditionalirritant.Forthe overwhelmingmajorityofpeople,cannabishasdemonstratedliterally hundredsoftherapeuticuses.Amongthem: ASTHMA Morethan15millionAmericansareaffectedbyasthma.Smoking cannabis(the"rawdrug"astheAMAcalledit)wouldbebeneficialfor 80%ofthemandadd30a60millionpersonyearsintheaggregateof extendedlifetocurrentasthmaticsoverpresentlylegaltoxic medicinessuchastheTheophyllineprescribedtochildren."Takinga hitofmarijuanahasbeenknowntostopafullblownasthmaattack." (PersonalcommunicationwithDr.DonaldTashkin,December12,1989and December1,1997.)Theuseofcannabisforasthmaticsgoesback thousandsofyearsinliterature.Americandoctorsofthelastcentury wroteglowingreportsinmedicalpapersthatasthmasufferersofthe worldwould"bless"Indianhemp(cannabis)alltheirlives.Today,of the16millionAmericanasthmasufferers,onlyCalifornians,witha doctor'srecommendation,canlegallygrowandusecannabismedicines, eventhoughitisgenerallythemosteffectivetreatmentforasthma. (Tashkin,Dr.Donald,UCLAPulmonaryStudies(forsmokedmarijuana), 196997Ibid.,asthmastudies,196976Cohen,Sidney&Stillman, TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,1976LifeInsuranceActuarial ratesLifeshorteningeffectsofchildhoodasthma,1983.) GLAUCOMA

FourteenpercentofallblindnessinAmericaisfromglaucoma,a progressivelossofvision.Cannabissmokingwouldbenefit90%ofour 2.5millionglaucomavictims,andistwotothreetimesaseffectiveas anycurrentmedicinesforreducingocularpressure!Cannabisusehas notoxicsideeffectstotheliverandkidneysnoristhereanydanger oftheoccasionalsuddendeathsyndromesassociatedwiththelegal pharmaceuticalglaucomadrugs/drops.ManyCaliforniaeyedoctors, throughthe1970s,'80s,and'90s,discreetlyadvisedtheirpatientsto use"street"marijuanainadditionto(ortomitigate)theirtoxic legalglaucomamedicines.SinceNovember1996,Californiadoctorscan legallyrecommend,adviseortacitlyapprovecannabisusebytheir glaucomapatientswhomaythengrowandsmoketheirownmarijuana,or gotothefewremainingCannabisBuyers'Clubstoacquiremedical marijuana.(HarvardHepler&Frank,1971,UCLAMedicalCollegeof GeorgiaU.ofNorthCarolinaSchoolofMedicine,1975Cohen& Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,UCLA,1976NationalEye InstituteRecordsofBobRandolph/ElvyMusika,1975,1998.) TUMORS Atumorisamassofswollentissue.ResearchersattheMedical CollegeofVirginiadiscoveredthatcannabisisanincredibly successfulherbforreducingmanytypesoftumors,bothbenignand malignant(cancerous).TheDEAandotherfederalagencieshadordered thesetumorstudiesdoneafterhearingerroneousreportsofpossible immunicologicalproblemsassociatedwithcannabissmoke.But,in1975, insteadofhealthproblems,anapparentmedicalbreakthroughoccurred andsuccessfultumorreductionswererecorded!Followingthis remarkablypositivediscoverybytheMedicalCollegeofVirginia, orderswereimmediatelyhandeddownbytheDEandtheNational InstituteofHealthtodefundallfurtercannabis/tumorresearchand reporting!MillionsofAmericanswhomightbealivetodayaredead becauseoftheseandotherDEAordersregardingmarijuana.Since1996, theMedicalCollegeofVirginiahasagainappliedtoreceivegrantsfor cannabisresearchandhasbeenturneddownbytheDEA. NAUSEARELIEF(e.g.,AIDS,CANCERTHERAPY,SEASICKNESS) Thoughitisknowntobeextremelydamagingtotheimmunesystem, chemotherapyisclaimedbypractitionerstobenefitcancerandAIDS patients.Butchemohassomeotherserioussideeffectstoo,including nausea."Marijuanaisthebestagentforcontrolofnauseaincancer chemotherapy,"accordingtoDr.ThomasUngerleider,whoheaded California'sMarijuanaforCancerresearchprogramfrom1979to1984. ThisisalsotrueinAIDSandevenintheunsettledstomachcommoninm otionsickness.Pharmaceuticalnauseacontroldrugscomeinpillsthat areoftenswallowedbythepatient,onlytobethrownbackup.Because cannabiscanbeingestedassmoke,itstaysinthesystemandkeeps workingevenifvomitingcontinues.Throughoutthestate's10year CompassionateMarijuanaMedicallaw,GeorgeDeukmejian,bothas attorneygeneralandasgovernor,withnoregardforthesufferingor dyingcancerpatients,madeitvirtuallyimpossibleforthemtoget cannabis.CalifornaGovernorPeteWilsonwasfollowingthesamecourse untilthemedicalmarijuanainitiativepassedinNovember1996. EPILEPSY,MULTIPLESCLEROSIS,BACKPAIN,MUSCLESPASMS

Cannabisisbeneficialfor60%ofallepileptics.Itisdefinitelythe besttreatmentformany,butnotalltypesofepilepsy,andfor victims'postseizurementaltraumas.Cannabisextractismore effectivethanDilantin(acommonlyprescribedantiepilepticwith severesideeffects).MedicalWorldNewsreportedin1971:"Marijuana ...isprobablythemostpotentantiepilepticknowntomedicine today."(Mikuriya,TodH.,M.D.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers,18391972, pagexxii.)Cannabisusers'epilepticseizuresareoflessintensity thanthemoredangerousseizuresexperiencedbyusersof pharmaceuticals.Similarly,smokingcannabishasproventobeamajor sourceofreliefformultiplesclerosis,whichaffectsthenervous systemandischaracterizedbymuscularweakness,tremors,etc.Aside fromaddictivemorphine,cannabis,whethersmokedorappliedasan herbalpackorpoultice,isalsothebestmusclerelaxant,backspasm medicineandgeneralantispasmodicmedicationonourplanet.In September1993,inSantaCruzCounty,California,Sheriffsrearrested eqilepticValerieCorralandconfiscatedthefivemarijuanaplantsshe wasgrowingformedicineeventhough77%ofthecitizensofSantaCruz votedinNovember1992toinstructlocallawenforcementnotto prosecutemedicalmarijuanausers.ChargesagainstCorralhadbeen droppedearlierinMarch1993becauseshewasthefirstpersonin Californiatomeetallsixpointsofamedicalnecessitydefense.In 1997,Valerie,whorunsacompassionateuseclub,wasnamedCitizenof theYearinSantaCruz.(Cohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialof Marijuana,1976ConsultU.S.Pharmacopoeiapriorto1937Mikuriya, TodH.,M.D.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers,18391972.) ANTIBIOTICCBDDISINFECTANTS YoungunbuddedhempplantsprovideextractionsofCBDs(cannabidiolic acids).Therearemanyantibioticusesofthecannabidiols,including treatmentforgonorrhea.A1990Floridastudyindicateditsusein treatingherpes.Theacidsideoftetrahydrocannabinol,cannabidiols occurinverselytotheamountoftheplant'sTHCandisthereforemore acceptabletoprohibitionistsbecause"itwon'tgetyouhigh."For virtuallyanydiseaseorinfectionthatcanbetreatedwithterramycin, cannabisderivativesdidbetterinCzechoslovakianstudies,19521955. TheCzechsin1997stillpublishedfarmcropreportsonstrategiesto growcannabidiolrichhemp.(AlsoseeCohen&Stillman,Therapeutic PotentialofMarijuanaMikuriya,TodH.,M.D.,MarijuanaMedical PapersRoffman,MarijuanaasMedicine,1982InternationalFarmCrop abstracts.) ARTHRITIS,HERPES,CYSTICFIBROSISANDRHEUMATISM Cannabisisatopicalanalgesic.2Until1937,virtuallyallcorn plasters,mustardplasters,muscleointments,andfibrosispoultices weremadefromorwithcannabisextracts.Rheumatismwastreated throughoutSouthAmericauntilthe1960swithhempleavesand/orflower topsheatedinwateroralcoholandplacedonpainfuljoints.Infact, thisformofherbalmedicineisstillwidelyusedinruralareasof Mexico,CentralandSouthAmerica,andbyCaliforniaLatinosforrelief ofrheumatismandarthritispain.DirectcontactwithTHCkilled herpesvirusinaUniversityofSouthFlorida(Tampa)1990research studybyDr.GeraldLancz,whowarnsthat"smokingmarijuanawillnot cureherpes."However,anecdotalreportsindicateafasterdryingand

healingoftheoutbreakaftertopicalapplicationof"strongbud," soakedinrubbingalcoholandcrushedintoapaste. LUNGCLEANERANDEXPECTORANT Cannabisisthebestnaturalexpectoranttoclearthehumanlungsof smog,dustandthephlegmassociatedwithtobaccouse.Marijuanasmoke effectivelydilatestheairwaysofthelungs,thebronchi,openingthem toallowmoreoxygenintothelungs.Itisalsothebestnatural dilatorofthetinyairwaysofthelungs,thebronchialtubesmaking cannabisthebestoverallbronchialdilatorfor80%ofthepopulation (theremaining20%sometimesshowminornegativereactions).(See sectiononasthmaadiseasethatclosesthesepassagesinspasms UCLATashkinstudies,196997U.S.CostaRican,198082Jamaican studies196974,76.)Statisticalevidenceshowingupconsistently asanomaliesinmatchedpopulationsindicatesthatpeoplewhosmoke tobaccocigarettesareusuallybetteroffandwilllivelongerifthey smokecannabismoderately,too.(Jamaicna,CostaRicanstudies.) MillionsofAmericanshavegivenuporavoidedsmokingtobaccoproducts infavorofcannabis,whichisnotgoodnewstothepowerfultobacco lobbySenatorJesseHelmsandhiscohorts.Aturnofthecentury grandfatherclauseinU.S.tobaccolawallows400to6,000additional chemicalstobeadded.Additionssincethentotheaveragetobacco cigaretteareunknown,andthepublicintheU.S.hasnorighttoknow whattheyare.Manyjoggersandmarathonrunnersfeelcannabisuse cleanstheirlungs,allowingbetterendurance.Theevidenceindicates thatcannabisusewillprobablyincreasetheseoutlawAmerican marijuanausers'livesbyaboutonetotwoyearsyettheymaylose theirrights,property,children,statelicenses,etc.,justforusing thatsafestofsubstances:cannabis. SLEEPANDRELAXATION Cannabislowersbloodpressure,dilatesthearteriesandreducesbody temperatureanaverageofonehalfdegree,therebyrelievingstress. Eveningcannabissmokersingeneralreportmorerestfulsleep.Using cannabisallowsmostpeopleamorecompleterestwithahigheramount of"alphatime"duringsleepascomparedwithprescriptionorsleep inducingpatentsedatives.Prescriptionsleepingpills(thesocalled "legal,safeandeffective"drugs)areoftenjustsynthesizedanalogs oftrulydangerousplantslikemandrake,henbaneandbelladonna.As lateas1991,doctors,pharmacistsanddrugcompanieswerefightingoff newlegislationtorestricttheseoftenabusedcompounds.(L.A.Times, April2,1991).UnlikeValium,cannabisdoesnotpotentiatethe effectsofalcohol.Itisestimatedthatcannabiscouldreplacemore than50%ofValium,Librium,Thorazine,Stelazine,other"zine"drugs andmostsleepingpills.Itisunconscionablethat,overthepasttwo decades,tensofthousandsofparentshavecommittedtheirown children,aged11to17,tobetreatedbymassivedosesofsocalled" zine"drugsinordertogetthemoffpot,attheurgingofparent groups,thePDFA,thefedsandadministratorsanddoctorsfrom federallyapproved,privateandhighprofitdrugrehabilitation centers.Often,"zine"drugsdoworktostoptheseyouthsfromusing pot.Theyalsostopakidfromlovinghisorherdog,tooand childrenstandaoneinfourchanceofsufferingfromuncontrollable shakingfortherestoftheirlives.*Butatleastthey'renothigh.* TheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlinAtlantasaidthat2040%of"

zine"drugusershaveorwilldeveloppermanentlifetimepasies (shakes),November1983.Theseprescriptionneurotoxinsarechemically relatedtothepesticideandwarfarenervegasSarin.Hundredsof privatedrugrehabilitationcentersandtheirleaderskeepthispolicy aliveandinfrontofthemedia,oftenquotingdiscreditedreportsfrom NIDAorDEA(seeChapter16,debunking)becausetheyearnfatprofits sellingtheiruselessordestructive"marijuanatreatment"for children.Afterall,arelapsejustmeansusingmarijuanaagainst afteranumberofboutswithan"authority." Thisismindcontroland anattempttodestroyindividualfreewill. THERAPEUTICEMPHYSEMAPOTENTIAL Medicalresearchindicatesthatlightcannabissmokingmightbeuseful foramajorityofmildemphysemavictims.Itwouldimprovethequality oflifeformillionsofsufferersandextendtheirlifespans.The U.S.governmentandDEA(since1976)sakythesideeffectofbeing "high"isnotacceptable,nomatterhowmanyyearsorlivesitsaves eventhoughsome90millionAmericanshavetriedmarijuanaand25to30 millionAmericanshavetriedmarijuanaand25to30millionAmericans havetriedmarijuanaand25to30millionstillsmokemarijuana relaxationally,oruseitresponsiblyasaformofdailyself medication,withoutonesingledeathfromoverdoesever!All researchintotheoxygenbloodtransfereffectscausebycannabis indicatesthatthechest(lung)pains,extremitypains,shallownessof breath,andheadacheswemayexperienceonheavysmogdaysareusually alleviatedbycannabissmokingthroughouttheday.Dr.DonaldTashkin, theU.S.government'sleadingscientistonmarijuanapulmonary research,toldusinDecember1989*,andagaininDecember1997,that youcannotgetorpotentiateemphysemawithcannabissmoking.*See Tashkin'sMarijuanaPulmonaryResearch,UCLA,19691997.Since1981, thisauthorhaspersonallytakenpartinthesestudiesandhas continuouslyinterviewedTashkinoncannabis'medicalindicationslast personalinterviewwasinDecember1997. STRESSANDMIGRAINEHEADACHERELIEF Mostofall:itisbestfortheworld'snumberonekillerstress.It cansafelycurtailorreplaceValium,Librium,alcohol,orevenProzac, formillionsofAmericans.Whilecannabisintoxicationvarieswith psychologicalsetandsocialsetting,"themostcommonresponseisa calm,mildlyeuphoricstateinwhichtimeslowsandasensitivityto sights,soundsandtouchhisenhanced."Incontrasttomarijuana's safe,therapeuticaction,benzodiazepine(Valium)abuseisthenumber onedrugabuseprobleminthecountry,andisresponsibleformore emergencyroomadmissionsintheUnitedStatesthaneithercocaine relatedproblemsormorphoneandheroinrelatedadmissionscombined.* Whiletobaccoconstrictsarteries,cannabisdilates(opens)them. Becausemigraineheadachesaretheresultofarteryspasmscombined withoverrelaxationofveins,thevascularchangescannabiscausesin thecoveringofthebrain(themeninges)usuallymakemigraines disappear.Evidenceofvascularchangecausedbycannabiscanbeseen intheuser'sredeyes,whichareextensionsofthebrain.However, unlikemostotherdrugs,cannabishasnoapparenteffectonthe vascularsystemingeneral,exceptforaslightlyincreasedheartrate duringtheonsetofthehigh.

TOINCREASEAPPETITE Usersofmarijuanaoften(butnotalways)experience"themunchies,"a stimulatedappetiteforfood,which,atthistime,makescannabisthe verybestmedicineontheplanetforanorexia.Hundredsofthousands ofAmericansinoldage,convalescentwardsorhospitalsituationshave anorxia.MostcouldbehelpedbycannabisyettheseAmericansare beingdeniedahealthylifebygovernmentalpolicydictatedby governmentpolice!ThiseffectcanalsoextendthelivesofAIDSand pancreaticcancer(eatordie).However,theDEAandU.S.government preventedanyresearchoruseofcannabisinpancreaticcancertherapy since1976.Theyhaveeffectivelyallowedtensofthousandsofpeople todieeachyear,denyingthemtherighttoliveotherwisenormal, healthyandproductivelives. TOREDUCESALIVA Marijuanasmokingcanhelpdryyourmouthforthedentist.Thisisthe bestwaytodrythemouth'ssalivanontoxicallyinwhatisknownamong smokersasits"cottonmouth"effect.AccordingtotheCanadianBoard ofDentistryinstudiesconductedinthe1970s,cannabiscouldreplace thehighlytoxicProbathinecompoundsproducedbySearle&Co.This mayalsoindicatethatcannabiscouldbegoodfortreatingpeptic ulcers. INADDITION. .. AIDS,DEPRESSION&HUNDREDSOFOTHERPRIMARYMEDICALUSES OnewellknowneffectofTHCistolifethespirit,ormakeyou"high." CannabisusersinJamaicapraiseganja'sbenefitsformeditation, concentration,consciousnessraisingandpromotingastateofwell beingandselfassertiveness.5Thiskindofattitudeadjustment,along withahealthierappetiteandbetterrest,oftenrepresentsthe differencebetweenfeelinglikeyouare"dyingof"AIDSorcancerand feelinglikeyouare"livingwith"AIDSorcancer.Cannabisalsoeases smallpainsandsomebigonesandhelpsseniorcitizenslivewithaches andpainslikearthritis,insomniaanddebilitatinginfirmities,and enjoylifeingreaterdignityandcomfort.Legendhasit,andmedical evidenceindicates,thatcannabisisthebestoveralltreatmentfor dementia,senility,andmaybeAlzheimer'sdisease,forlongtermmemory "gain"andhundredsofotherbenefits.U.S.statisticsofthe1970s indicatedthatyouwillliveeightto24yearslongerifyousubstitute dailycannabisusefordailytobaccoandalcoholuse.Newresearchis outlawed,ofcourse. ACCEPTABLERISKS EveryU.S.commissionorfederaljudgewhohasstudiedtheevidencehas agreedthatcannabisisoneofthesafestdrugsknown. Withallits therapeuticuses,ithasonlyonesideeffectthathasbeenexaggerated asaconcern:the"high."TheDEAsaysthisisnotacceptable,so cannbiscontinuestobetotallyillegalinutterdisregardforboth doctorandpatient.Everydaywetrustphysicianstodeterminewhether therisksassociatedwiththerapeutic,yetpotentiallydangerousdrugs areacceptablefortheirpatients.Yet,doctorsarenotallowedto prescribetheherbthatFederalJudgeFrancisYoungin1988called"one

ofthesafesttherapeuticallyactivesubstancesknowntoman."We don'tputoutdoctorsinchargeofstoppingviolentcrimes.The police,prosecutorsandprisonguardsshouldnotbeinchargeofwhich herbaltherapiespeoplemayusetotreattheirpersonalhealth problems. Footnotes: 1.Cohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,UCLA,1976 personalinterviewdinWashington,D.C.(1982)withresearchersfrom theMedicalCollegeofVirginia. 2.Cohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,UCLA,1976 Mikuriya,TodH.,M.D.,MarijuanaMedicalPapers18391972,MediComp Press,Oakland,CA, 1973.3.TheAntibioticEffectofCannabisIndica,19525355.The AntibacterialEffectofCannabisIndica,1955,fromMarijuanaMedical PapersCohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana,UCLA, 1976. 4.HarvardMedicalSchoolMentalHealthLetter,Vol.4,No.5, November1987. 5.Ruben,Vera&Comitas,Lambros,GanjainJamaica,AMedical AnthropologicalStudyofChronicMarijuanaUse,Mouton&Co.,TheHague anParis,AnchorBooks,U.S.A.,1976. 6.StoppingValiumPublicCitizenHealthResearchGroup,2000PSt.NW, Washington,DC. HempseedNutrition Cannabishempseedscontainalltheessentialaminoacidsandessential fattyacidsnecessarytomaintainhealthyhumanlife.Noothersingle plantsourceprovidescompleteproteininsuchaneasilydigestible form,norhastheoilsessentialtolifeinasperfectaratiofor humanhealthandvitality.Hempseedisthehighestofanyplantin essentialfattyacids.Hempseedoilisamongthelowestinsaturated fatsat8%oftotaloilvolume.Theoilpressedfromhempseedcontains 55%linoleicacid(LA)and25%llinolenicacid(LNA).Onlyflaxoil hasmorelinolenicacidat58%,buthempseedoilisthehighestin totalessentialfattyacidsat80%oftotaloilvolume."These essentialfattyacidsareresponsibleforourimmuneresponse.Inthe oldcountrythepeasantsatehempbutter.Theyweremoreresistantto diseasethanthenobility."Thehigherclasseswouldn'teathemp becausethepoorateit. R.Hamilton,ED.D.,Ph.D.Medical ResearcherBichemistU.C.L.A.Emeritus.LAandLNAareinvolvedin producinglifeenergyfromfoodandthemovementofthatenergy throughoutthebody.Essentialfattyacidsgoverngrowth,vitalityand stateofmind.LAandLNAareinvolvedintransferringoxygenfromthe airinthelungstoeverycellinthebody.Theyplayapartin holdingoxygeninthecellmembranewhereitactsasabarrierto invadingvirusesandbacteria,neitherofwhichthriveinthepresence ofoxygen.Thebentshapeoftheessentialfattyacidskeepthemfrom dissolvingintoeachother.Theyareslipperyandwillnotclog arterieslikethestickystraightshapedsaturatedfatsandthetrans fattyacidsincookingoilsandshorteningsthataremadebysubjecting polyunsaturatedoilslikeLAandLNAtohightemperaturesduringthe refiningprocess.LAandLNApossessaslightlynegativechargeand haveatendencytoformverythinsurfacelayers.Thispropertyis calledsurfaceactivity,anditprovidesthepowertocarrysubstances

liketoxinstothesurfaceoftheskin,intestinaltract,kidneysand lungswheretheycanberemoved.Theirverysensitivitycausesthemto breakdownrapidlyintotoxiccompoundswhenrefinedwithhighheator improperstorageexposesthemtolightorair.Natureprovidesseeds withanoutershellthatsafelyprotectsthevitaloilsandvitamins withinfromspoilage.It'saperfectaswellasperfectlyedible container.Hempseedcanbegroundintoapastesimilartopeanut butteronlymoredelicateinflavor.UdoErasmus,Ph.D.nutritionist says:"Hempbutterputsourpeanutbuttertoshamefornutritiounal value."Thegroundseedscanbebakedintobreads,cakesand casseroles.Hempseedmakesaheartyadditiontogranolabars.Pioneers inthefieldsofbiochemistryandhumannutritionnowbelieve cardiovasculardisease(CVD)andmostcancersarereallydiseasesof fattydegenerationcausedbythecontinuedoverconsumptionof saturatedfatsandrefinedvegetableoilsthatturnessentialfatty acidsintocarcinogenickillers.OneoutoftwoAmericanswilldie fromtheeffectsofCVD.OneoutoffourAmericanswilldiefrom cancer.Researchersbelievecancerseruptwhenimmunesystemresponse isweakened.AndmoreAmericansaresuccumbingtoimmunedeficiency diseasesthaneverbefore.Promisingstudiesarenowunderwayusing theessentialoilstosupporttheimmunesystemsofHIVviruspatients. Thecompleteproteininhempseedgivesthebodyalltheessentialamino acidsrequiredtomaintainhealth,andprovidesthenecessarykindsand amountsofaminoacidsthebodyneedstomakehumanserumalbuminand serumglobulinsliketheimmuneenhancinggammaglobulinantibodies. Thebody'sabilitytoresistandrecoverfromillnessdependsuponhow rapidlyitcanproducemassiveamountsofantibodiestofendoffthe initialattack.Iftheglobulinproteinstartingmaterialisinshort supply,thearmyofantibodiesmaybetoosmalltopreventthesymptoms ofsicknessfromsettingin.Thebestwaytoinsurethebodyhasenough aminoacidmaterialtomaketheglobulinsistoeatfoodshighin globulinproteins.Hempseedproteinis65%globulinedestinplus quantitiesofalbumin(presentinallseeds)soitseasilydigestible proteenisreadilyavailableinaformquitesimilartothatfoundin bloodplasma.Hempseedwasusedtotreatnutritionaldeficiencies broughtonbytuberculosis,aseverenutritionblockingdiseasethat causesthebodytowasteaway.(CzechoslovakiaTubercularNutritional Study,1955.)Theenergyoflifeisinthewholeseed.Hempseedfoods tastegreat!Theywillinsurewegetenoughessentialaminoacidsand essentialfattyacids,tobuildstrongbodiesandimmunesystems,and tomaintainhealthandvitality.Pleasecopy.ExcerptedfromHempseed NutritionbyLynnOsburn.ProducedbyAccessUnlimited,P.O.Box1900, FrazierPark,CA93225. CHAPTER8HEMPSEEDASTHEBASICWORLDFOOD In1937,RalphLoziers,generalcounseloftheNationalInstituteof OilseedProducts,toldtheCongressionalcommitteestudyingmarijuana prohibitionthat"hempseed...isusedinalltheOrientalnations andalsoinapartofRussiaasfood.Itisgrownintheirfieldsand usedasoatmeal.Millionsofpeopleeverydayareusinghempseedin theOrientasfood.Theyhavebeendoingthisformanygenerations, especiallyinperiodsoffamine.Thatwasover60yearsago.Todaywe knowhempseedistheplantkingdom'srichestsourceoflifegiving essentialfattyacids,andmaywellbethecureforcancerandheart disease.

Hempseed:Humanity'sBestSingleFoodSource Ofthe3millionplusedibleplantsthatgrowonEarth,noothersingle plantsourcecancomparewiththenutritionalvalueofhempseeds.Both thecompleteproteinandtheessentialoilscontainedinhempseedsare inidealratiosforhumannutrition.Onlysoybeanscontainahigher percentageofprotein.However,thecompositionoftheproteinin hempseedisuniqueinthevegetablekingdom.Sixtyfivepercentofthe proteincontentinhempseedisintheformofglobulinedestin.1(The wordedestincomesfromtheGreek"edestos,"meaningedible.)The exceptionallyhighedestincontentofhempseedcombinedwithalbumin, anotherglobularproteincontainedinallseeds,meansthereadily availableproteininhempseedcontainsalltheessentialaminoacidsin idealproportionstoassureyourbodyhasthenecessarybuildingblocks tocreateproteinslikediseasefightingimmunoglobulinsantibodies whosejobistowardoffinfectionsbeforethesymptomsofsicknessset it.2Cannabisseedproteinevenallowsabodywithnutritionblocking tuberculosis,oralmostanyothernutritionblockingailment,toget maximumnourishment.**Cohen&Stillman,TherapeuticPotentialof Marijuana,PlenumPress,NY,1976Czech.TubercularNutritional Study,1955.Evenmoreimportantforbuildingastrongimmunesystem, hempseedsarethehighestsourceintheplantkingdomofessential fattyacids.Theseessentialoils,linoleicandlinolenicacids,are responsibleforthelusterinyourskin,hair,eyes,andevenyour thoughtprocesses.Theylubricate(clear)thearteriesandarevital totheimmunesystem.TheseessentialfattyacidswereusedbyDr. JoannaBudwig(nominatedfortheNobelPeacePrizeeveryyearsince 1979)tosuccessfullytreat"terminal"cancerpatients,aswellas thosesufferingfromcardiovasculardisease,glandularatrophy,gall stones,kidneydegeneration,acne,dryskin,menstrualproblemsand immunedeficiency.This,aswellasotherresearch,promptedWilliam Eidelman,M.D.,UCLA,andR.LeeHamilton,Ed.D.,Ph.D.Medical ResearcherBiochemistUCLAEmeritus,tospeakoutonbehalfof"the lifegivingvalues"ofcannabishemp.Theystate:"Theseessential oilssupporttheimmunesystemandguardagainstviralandother insultstotheimmunesystem.Studiesareinprogressusingthe essentialoilstosupporttheimmunesystemsofpersonswiththeH.I.V. virus.Sofartheyhavebeenextremelypromising."Whatistherichest sourceoftheseessentialoils?Yes,youguessedit,theseedsofthe cannabishempplant.Theinsaneprohibitionsagainstthemostvaluable plantonEarth,cannabishemp,mustyieldtopublicdemand.The promiseofsuperhealthandthepossibilityoffeedingtheworldisat ourfingertips."(December29,1991andJuly1997)Hempseedextracts, likesoybeans,canbespicedtotastelikechicken,steak,orporkand canbeusedtomaketofutypecurdandmargarine,atlesscostthan soybeans.Sproutinganyseedimprovesitsnutritionalvalueandhemp canbesproutedandusedlikeanyotherseedsproutforsaladsor cooking.Sproutedhempseedsmakemilk,justassoybeansdo.Alan "Birdseed"BradyofSantaCruz,CaliforniaandAbbaDasofColoradouse thismilktomakeadeliciousandnutritiousicecreaminmanyflavors thatactuallylowerscholesterollevels. Hempseedisgroundandusedlikeflour,orcooked,thensweetenedand combinedwithmilktoproduceanutritionalbreakfastcereallike oatmealorcreamofwheat.Thistypeofporridgeisknownasagruel. (Likethefiber,hempseedswillnotgetyouhigh.)"Hempisafavorite

[birdseed]becauseofitsnourishingoilycontent."(Margaret McKenny,BirdsintheGarden,Reynal&Hitchcock,NY,1939.) Incredibly,whencannabishempisgrownforseed,halftheweightof themature,harvestedfemaleplantisseed!EnglishandEuropean fishermanwhocastinfreshwaterlakesandriversfirsttoldmein1995 thathempseedhasalwaysbeenthepreferredbaitinEuropeforchumming thatis,castingthehempseedsonthewatercausingthefishto scramblefromallovertogettheseeds,therebygettingcaught.Not oneofthemanyEuropeanfishermanItalkedtoknewthathempseedsand marijuanawereoneinthesame.Sohempseedisthefavoriteoffishas wellasmostbirds.Thebyproductofpressinghempseedforits nutritiousvegetableoilisahighproteinseedcake.Hempseedcake wasoneoftheworld'sprincipalanimalfeedsuntilthiscentury.* Hempseedcansupplyanearlycompletedietforalldomesticatedanimals (dogs,cats),manyfarmanimalsandpoultry,andallowsanimalsmaximum weightgainforlessthancurrentfeedcosts.Andwithoutanyneedfor artificialgrowthsteroidsorotherdrugscurrentlypoisoningthehuman raceandfoodchain.Isn'titstrangedoesn'titmakeyoumadashell thatthenumberonefoodofalltimeformostbirds,fish,horses, humans,andlifeingeneral,isillegaltohavenaturallyand healthfullyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,asorderedbythe Nazi/GestapolikeAmerikanDrugEnforcementAdministrationand,through them,theUSDA?*U.S.AgriculturalIndexFrazier,Jack,TheMarijuana Farmers,SolarAgePress,NewOrleans,LA,1972.FatsthatHeal,Fats thatKillUdo,Erasmus,1996. SpectreofWorldwideFamine Byitself,widespreaduseofhempseedfoodproteincouldsavemanyof theworld'schildrennowdyingofproteinstarvation!Anestimated60% ofallchildrenborninThirdWorldcountries(about1220milliona year)willdiethiswaybeforereachingfiveyearsofage.Manytimes thatnumberhavetheirlivesdramaticallyshortenedand/ortheirbrains decimated.3Remember,hempisaheartyplantthatgrowsalmost anywhere,eveninadverseconditions.Australianssurvivedtwo prolongedfaminesinthe19thCenturyusingalmostnothingexcept hempseedsforproteinandhempleavesforroughage.4Furthermore, recentstudiesindicatethatdepletionoftheozonelayerthreatensto reduceworldsoyaproductionbyasubstantialamountupto30%or even50%,dependingonthefluctuationofthedensityoftheozone shield.Buthemp,ontheotherhand,resiststhedamagecausedby increasingultravioletradiationandactuallyflourishesinitby producingmorecannabinoidswhichprovideprotectionfromultraviolet light.5It'snowonderthatsomeCentralandSouthAmericanshate Americaandwantusout:theyseeusasignorantkillers.Foryears, ourgovernmentdemandedtheparaquatpoisoningoftheirlandslands thesefarmershadgrowncannabisonbylawsince1545,whenKingPhilip ofSpainordereditthrownthroughouthisempiretoprovidefood, sails,rope,towels,sheetsandshirtsaswellasprovidingoneof thepeople'smostimportantmedicinesforfever,childbirth,epilepsy, andpoulticesforrheumatisminshort,oneoftheoldestlivelihoods, medicines,foodstaplesandrelaxationalpleasures.InSouthand CentralAmericatoday,anyonewhoiscaughtgrowingtheiroldstaple, cannabis,hashislandexpropriatedandisimprisonedbytheU.S. supportedgovernment/militaryleaderswhothenqualifyformore Americanforeignandmilitaryaidinexchangeforcontinuingthis policyofwipingoutcannabis.

AFundamentalBiologicalLinkintheFoodChain Ourpoliticians,whomadethesemarijuanaprohibitionlawsbasedon yearsofdisinformation(deliberatemisinformation),mayhavedoomed notonlybirdsbutalsothehumanracetoextinctionfromanother direction.Manyanimalseatbirdsandtheireggs.Birdsinthewild areessentialtothefoodchainandtheycontinuetodiminishin populationdueto,amongotherthings,petrochemicalpesticides, herbicidesandthelackofhempseed!Withhempseedintheirdiet, birdswilllive1020%longerhavemoreoffspring,andtheirfeathers willhavemorelusterandoil,allowinglongerflight.Priorto1937, thereweremorethan10millionacresofseedladencannabishemp growingwildintheU.S.Hundredsofmillionsofbirdsfedoffthemas theirfavoriteandmostnecessaryfooduntilourgovernmentbeganits policyoftotaleradicationofthismostprimarylinkinthefood chain.Oblivioustotheseinherentbiocidal(killingalllife)dangers, ourgovernmentcontinuesthisinsanepolicytoexterminatetheEarth's numberonelifegivingplantbothhereandabroad.InMay1988,the U.S.askedtheUnitedNationstooutlawcannabisinallforms, including:medicine,food,paper,cloth,andanyotherusewhatsoever. OurgovernmentwantstourgetheUnitedNationstobeginthelargest andmostcomprehensiveprogramoferadicationofanyplantinthe historyoftheEarthuntilnotonehempplantofanytyperemains. ThisistherecommendationofformerSpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrich andhisRepublicancongressalongwithmanyoftheirDemocratic partnersincrimeagainstthenaturalEarth. CHAPTER9ECONOMICS:ENERGY,ENVIRONMENT&COMMERCE Wehaveexplainedwhathemphashistoricallymeanttothiscountry's economy.Now,wemustalsoconsiderthefutureofhemp.Wepredict thattheneteffectofendingAmericanhempprohibitionwillbeto generate"rippleeffect"economicsarevitalizedAmericanagriculture producinghempastherawmaterialforamultitudeofindustries creatingmillionsofgoodjobsforskilledandsemiskilled professionalworkersthoughoutAmerica.Theresultingwealthwill remaininlocalcommunitiesandwithfarmers,smallerbusinessesand entrepreneurslikeyou!Wenowaskyoutolookat... Energy&theEconomy ThebookSolarGas,ScienceDigest,Omnimagazine,TheAlliancefor Survival,theGreenPartyofGermany,theUnitedStatesandothersput thetotalfigureofourenergycostsat80%ofthetotaldollarexpense oflivingforeachhumanbeing.Invalidation,82%ofthetotalvalue ofallissuestradedontheNewYorkStockExchangeandotherworld stockexchanges,etc.,aretieddirectlyto: EnergyproducerssuchasExxon,ShellOil,Conoco,ConEdison,andso forth. Energytransporterssuchaspipelinecompanies,oilshippingand deliverycompanies. RefineriesandretailsalesofExxon,Mobil,Shell,So.California Edison,ConEdison,etc. Eightytwopercentofallyourmoneymeansthatroughly33ofevery40

hoursyouworkgoestopayfortheultimateenergycostinthegoods andservicesyoupurchase,includingtransportation,heating,cooking, lighting.Americans5%ofworldpopulationinourinsatiabledrive forgreater"networth"and"productivity,"use2540%oftheworlds' energy.Thehiddencosttotheenvironmentcannotbemeasured.Our currentfossilenergysourcesalsosupplyabout80%ofthesolidand airbornepollutionwhichisquicklypoisoningtheenvironmentofthe planet.(SeeU.S.EPAreport198396onthecomingworldcatastrophe fromcarbondioxideimbalancecausedbyburningfossilfuels).The bestandcheapestsubstitutefortheseexpensiveandwastefulenergy methodsisnotwindorsolarpanels,nuclear,geothermalandthelike, buttheevenlydistributedlightofthesunforgrowingbiomass.Ona globalscale,theplantthatproducesthemostnetbiomassishemp. It'stheonlyannuallyrenewableplantonEarthabletoreplaceall fossilfuels.IntheTwenties,theearlyoilbaronssuchasRockefeller ofStandardOil,RothschildofShell,etc.,becameparanoicallyaware ofthepossibilitiesofHenryFord'svisionofcheapmethanolfuel,* andtheykeptoilpricesincrediblylowbetweenonedollarandfour dollarsperbarrel(thereare42gallonsinanoilbarrel)until1970 almost50years!Pricesweresolow,infact,thatnootherenergy sourcecouldcompetewithit.Then,oncetheywerefinallysureofthe lackofcompetition,thepriceofoiljumpedtoalmost$40perbarrel overthenext10years.*HenryFordgrewmarijuanaonhisestateafter 1937,possiblytoprovethecheapnessofmethanolproductionatIron Mountain.Hemadeplasticcarswithwheatstraw,hempandsisal. (PopularMechanics,Dec.1941,"PinchHittersforDefense.")In1892, RudolphDieselinventedthedieselengine,whichheintendedtofuel "byavarietyoffuels,especiallyvegetableandseedoils."Bythe year2000,theU.S.willhaveburned80%ofitspetroleumresources, whileourcoalreservesmaylast100300yearslonger.Butthe decisiontocontinueburningcoalhasseriousdrawbacks.Thishigh sulfurcoalisresponsibleforouracidrain,whichalreadykills 50,000Americansand5,00010,000Canadiansannually.Inaddition,the acidrainsdestroytheforests,rivers,andanimals.(Brookhaven NationalLaboratory,1986.)Conversiontobiomassfuelsshouldbegin immediatelytostopbothplanetarypollutionandlemminglifegenocide, andtomakeusnaturallyenergyindependent. Clean,RenewableFuelSource Fuelisnotsynonymouswithpetroleumandcoal.Biomassenergysystems cansupplyasustainablesourceoffuelandwillcreatemillionsofnew cleanjobs.Hempbiomassderivedfuelsandoilscanreplaceeverytype offossilfuelenergyproduct.Duringtranspiration,thegrowighemp plants"breathein"CO2(carbondioxide)tobuildcellstructurethe leftoveroxygenisbreathedout,replenishingEarth'sairsupply.Then whenthecarbonrichhempbiomassisburnedforenergytheCO2is releasedbackintotheair.TheCO2cyclecomesclosetoecological balancewhenthenewfuelcropisgrownthenextyear.Growingtrees keeps10timesthecarbondioxideintheEarthbykeepingthe infrastructureofthemicrobes,insects,plants,fungi,etc.alivefor eachtree.Theolderandbiggerthetree,themorecarbondioxideis keptoutoftheatmostphere.(Notallofthebiomasscropgets convertedintofuels.Someleaves,stalkstubbleandalloftheroots remaininthefieldascropresidues.Thiscarbonrichorganicmatter addstothesoilfertility,andwitheachpassingseasonalittlemore carbondioxidefromtheairenterstosoil,sothebiomassfuelcrops

slowlyreducetheamountofcarbondioxidefromourpolluted atmosphere.)Biomassconversionthroughpyrolysis(applyinghighheat toorganicmaterialintheabsenceofairorinreducedair)produces cleanburningcharcoaltoreplacecoal.Sulfuremittedfromcoalfired boilersmokestacksistheprimarycauseofacidrain.Measuring acidityonthepHscale,therainfallinNewEnglandoftenfalls betweenhouseholdvinegarandlemonjuice.Thisisbadforeverycell membranetheraincomesincontactwith,doingthemostharmtothe simplestlifeforms.Charcoalcontainsnosulfur,sowhenitisburned forindustrynosulfurisemittedfromtheprocess.Thebiomass "cracking"processalsoproducesnonsulfurfueloilscapableof replacingfossilfueloilssuchasdieseloil.Andthenetatmospheric CO2doesn'trisewhenbiomassderivedfueloilsareburned.Pyrolysis usesthesame"cracking"technologyemployedbythepetroleumindustry inprocessingfossilfuels.Thegassesthatremainafterthecharcoal andfueloilsareextractedfromhempcanbeusedfordrivingelectric powercogenerators,too!Thisbiomassconversionprocesscanbe adjustedtoproducecharcoal,methanolandfueloilstoprocesssteam, aswellaschemicalsimportanttoindustry:acetone,ethylacetate, tar,pitchandcreosote.TheFordMotoCo.successfullyoperateda biomass"cracking"plantinthe1930satIronMountain,Michigan,using treesforcellulosefuels.(Earthfriendlyhempisatleastfourtimes asefficientastreesforfuel,andissustainable.)"Progressin BiomassConversion"Vol.1,Sarkanen&Tillman,editorsEnergy FarminginAmerica,Osburn,Lynn,AccessUnlimited.Hempseedcontains 30%(byvolume)oil.Thisoilhasbeenusedtomakehighgradediesel fueloilandaircraftengineandprecisionmachineoil.Throughout history,hempseedoilwasusedforlightinginoillamps.Legendsays thegenie'slampburnedhempseedoil,asdidAbrahamtheprophet's.In AbrahamLincoln'stimeonlywhaleoilcamenearhempseedoilin popularityforfuel. BiomassforEnergyAbundance Hempstemsare80%hurds(pulpbyproductafterthehempfiberis removedfromtheplant).Hemphurdsare77%celluloseaprimary chemicalfeedstock(industrialrawmaterial)usedintheproductionof chemicals,plasticsandfibers.DependingonwhichU.S.agricultural reportiscorrect,anacreoffullgrownhempplantscansustainably providefromfourto50oreven100timesthecellulosefoundin cornstalks,kenaf,orsugarcanetheplanet'snexthighestannual celluloseplants.Inmostplaces,hempcanbeharvestedtwiceayear and,inwarmerareassuchasSouthernCalifornia,Texas,Floridaand thelike,itcouldbeayearroundcrop.Hemphasashortgrowing seasonandcanbeplantedafterfoodcropshavebeenharvested.An independent,semiruralnetworkofefficientandautonomousfarmers shouldbecomethekeyeconomicplayerintheproductionofenergyin thiscountry.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentpays(incashorin"kind") forfarmerstorefrainfromgrowingonapproximately90millionacres offarmlandeachyear,calledthe"soilbank."And1090millionacres ofhemporotherwoodyannualbiomassplantedonthisrestricted, unplantedfallowfarmland(ourSoilBank)wouldmakeenergyawholenew ballgameandbearealattemptatdoingsomethingtosavetheEarth. Thereareanother500millionmarginalunplantedacresoffarmlandin America.Eachacreofhempwouldyield1,000gallonsofmethanol. Fuelsfromhemp,alongwiththerecyclingofpaper,etc.,wouldbe enoughtorunAmericanvirtuallywithoutoil.

FamilyFarmsorFossilFuels? In2000,whenourpetroleumresourceshavedwindledto20%oftheir originalsize,Americawillhave6choicestoavoideconomicand environmentalruin: Usemorecoal,furtherpollutingtheenvironment Continuetofundnuclearpowerandriskannihilationoftheplanet. Convertforestsintofuel,permanentlyalteringlifesustaining ecosystems Continuallywagewarsoverforeignoil Buildmassivewind,solar,geothermal,andtidalenergysystems Establishenergyfarmstogrowbiomassfuels. Thelasttwochoicesaretheonlyrational,lifesustainingchoices. Farmingonly6%ofcontinentialU.S.acreagewithbiomasscropswould provideallofAmerica'sgasandoilenergyneeds,endingdependence uponfossilfuels.Manahan,StanleyE.,EnvironmentalChemistry,4th edition.HempisEarth'snumberonebiomassresourceitiscapableof producing10tonsperacreinfourmonths.Hempiseasyonthesoil,* shedsitslushfoliagethroughouttheseason,addingmulchtothesoil andhelpingretainmoisture.Hempisanidealcropforthesemiarid Westandopenrangeland.*AdamBeatty,vicepresidentoftheKentucky AgriculturalSociety,reportedinstancesofgoodcropsofhemponthe samegroundfor14yearsinarowwithoutadeclineinyield.Betty, A.,SouthernAgriculture,C.M.Saxton&Co.,NY:1843,pg.113.USDA Yearbook,1913.Hempistheonlybiomasssourceavailablethatis capableofmakingtheU.S.energyindependent.Ultimately,theworld hasnootherrationalenfironmentalchoicebuttogiveupfossilfuels. So,What'stheCatch? The"catch"isobvious:Theenergycompanies!Theyownmustofthe petrochemical,pharmaceutical,liquor,andtobaccocompanies,andare intertwinedwithinsurancecompaniesandbanks.Accordingtothepress, manypoliticiansnowinpowerareboughtandpaidforbytheenergy companies,andtheirU.S.governmentarmistheCIA"TheCompany" (RobertLudlum,etc.).TheBush/QuayleAdministrationwasuniquelytied tooil,newspapers,pharmaceuticalsandtheCIA.Theworldstruggle formoneyisactuallyastruggleforenergy,asitisthroughenergy thatwemayproducefood,shelter,transportationandentertainment. Itisthisstrugglewhichofteneruptsintoopenwar.Ifweremovethe cause,theseconflictsmayneveroccur.(CarlSaganandU.S.EPA prediction,1983,ofworldwidedisasterinthemakingwith30to50 years.) EnergySecurity IfintroducedtoThirdWorldnations,hempbiomasscoulddrastically cutouroverseasaidandreasonsforwar,whileraisingthequalityof lifetherebyquantumleaps.New,nonpollutingindustrieswillspring upeverywhere.Theworldeconomywillboomlikeneverbefore.The raceofmanwouldatlastbebettingonenvironmentalsurvivalinstead ofindulginginthelemminglike(suicidal)consumtionoffossilfuel, whichthreatensalllifeontheplanet.

FreeEnterpriseandHighProfit Therearemanyotherareasoftheeconomythatwouldbenefitfrom endinghempprohibitionandtheresultingstimulationofcommercein rediscoveredhempproducts,accordingtotheHempsteadCompany, Ecolution,TheBodyShop,HanfHaus,etc.Legalhempwillreturn billionsofdollarsworthofnaturalresourcepotentialbacktothe farmersandbringmillionsofgoodjobsinenergyproductionto America'sheartland.Hempenergyfarmerswillbecomeournation's largestproducersofrawmaterials.Familyfarmswillbesaved.Crops canbetailoredtotheneedsofthenation.HempcanbegrownforBDF (biomassderivedfuels)resourcesatabout$30perton.Hempseedcrops willagainsupplythepaintandvarnishindustrieswithasuperior organicandlifesustainingalternativetopetrochemicals.Hempseed oilhaschemicalpropertiessimilartolinseedoil.Andoilhas chemicalpropertiessimilartolinseedoil.Andthemarketiswide openforhighlynutritiousanddeliciousfoodsmadefromhempseedwith itshealthgivingessentialfattyacidsandproteins.Hempgrownfor fiberwilltakethepaperandtextileindustryoutofthehandsofthe multinationalcorporations,andbacktothelocalcommunities.Research byvarioushempbusinessassociationsindicatetherearearound50,000 nonsmokingcommercialusesofhempthatareeconomicallyviableand marketcompetitive.Theseinclude: LongWearingHighFashion Drawingonhempfiber'sspecialattributes:absorbency,insulation, strengthandsoftness,clothingmanufacturersanddesignerswillonce againputhempintolinentoproducenewlinesofdurableand attractiveclothing,rugsandtextilesofallkinds.Thearrivalof importedhempcottonblendedclothingfromChinain1989markedthe beginningofanewerafortherapidlychangingworldoffashion.And now,in1998,companiessuchasHempsteadCompany(SantaAna,CA)CHA CoalitionforHempAwareness(ChandlerHeights,AZ)HempConnection (Whitehorn,CA),Ecolution(Fairfax,VA)andOhioHempery(Guysville, OH)allcreatebeautifulanddurablefashionsandaccessoriesfrommany varietiesof100%hempfabricimportedfromChina,Hungary,Romania, andPoland.Whileweapplaudtheeffortsofthesenationsinsupplying firstratehempfabrics,welookforwardtothedaywhenU.S.hemp fabricwillsharetherunway!Outerwear,warmbedsheets,softtowels (hempisfourtimesmorewaterabsorbentthancotton),diapers,(even disposableonesthatyoudon'thavetocutdowntreestomake), upholstery,wallcoverings,naturalrugs,eventheworld'sbestsoap allthesecannowbedesignedandmadefrom100%hempgenerally better,cheaper,moredurably,andecologicallysafer.Tradebarriers onhempandlawsrestrictingtheuseofimportedcannabisfibersmust beremoved.Rightnowtextilesandapparelarethebiggestshareof importsintotheU.S.,at59%.In1989,textileimportsaccountedfor 21%oftheU.S.merchandisetradedeficit.Foreigngovernmentsoften subsidizetheirtextileindustriesanddonotrequirecompaniesto followenvironmentalandhealthregulations.*Hardyhempdoesnotcause thehugerangeofenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwithcotton.*The WashingtonSpectator,Vol.17,No.4Feb.15,1991.TheUnited Statesimportsmoretextilesthananythingelse.Thegovernmentno longerobstructshemptextileandapparelimportation.But,hemp textileswillnotbefullycostcompetitiveuntilhempfibercanbe grownandprocesseddomestically,avoidingbloatedfederalimportfees

andloweringthecostsoftransportation. SturdierPaperProducts ThedevastatedenvironmentsandjobmarketsoftheAmericanNorthwest andothertimberregionsstandtomakeadramaticcomebackoncehempis reintroducedtothedomesticpaperindustry.Recentstudiesindicate thatdepletionoftheozonelayerthreatenstosubstantiallyreduce worldloblollypineproduction(themajorsourceofpulpinpaper)by upto30%oreven50%,dependingonthefluctuationofthedensityof theozoneshield.Buthempnotonlyresiststhedamagecausedby increasedultravioletradiationitactuallyflourishesinit. IncreasedUVradiationcauseshemptoproducemoreglandularoilsand increasestheweightoftheplant.(Teramura,Alan,UniversityofMD study,DiscoverMagazine,September1989.)Papermillscanreturnto fullproductionlevelsandloggerswillfindnewworkinhemptrades. Truckdriverscancontinuetohaulpulptothemills,andlumberfor construction,althoughthepriceoflumberwillgodownasother demandsonourtimberresourcesarereducedbysubstitutingfarmgrown hempforforestgrownwoodpulp.(WilliamConde,CondeRedwoodLumber, JimEvans,OregonHemp)Therewillalsostillbealotofworktodoin reforestation.Ourriverswillgothroughaperiodofrecoverywhen hempreplaceswoodpulpinthepaperindustry,resultingina6080% reductionofpapermakingchemicalsbeingdumpedintothem.Thismeans morefishandmorefishing,aswellasincreasedcampingandtourismin thebeautifulandvitalnewgrowthforestregionsandthesparedold growthforests. BiodegradableReplacementforPlastic Celluloseisabiodegradableorganicpolymer.Coaltar,theprimary resourceforsyntheticpolymerslikenylon,isanonbiodegradable fossilresource.ItisnotpartofthelivingecologyofEarth.It smotherslifewhereveritisdumpedorspilled.Fromhemp,asourceof highgradecellulose,comespaperthatisstrongerandhasbetter foldingendurancethanwoodpulppaper.*Hempcardboardandpaperbags willlastlonger,withamoreusefulsecondarylife,thansimilar productsmadefromwoodpulporplastic.*Dewey&Merrill,Bulletin #404,U.S.Dept.ofAg.1916. SpinOffTrades&Taxes Biochemicalresourcesobtainedfromhempcanbeusedinliterallytens ofthousandsofproductsfrompainttodynamite.Eachapplication meansnewbusinessopportunitiesandnewjobs.Aseachnewhemptrade develops,moneywillflowfromittoreenergizeseeminglyunrelated areasoftheeconomy.TheAmericanworkerandsoontoberich entrepreneurswillbringmillionsofnewjobsandnewproductstothe marketplace.Thewillalsobuymillionsofhomes,carsandothernon hempgoodsorwilltheybehempalso? thusstimulatingareal economicexpansionbasedonthe"rippleout"effect,ratherthanformer PresidentReagan'svoodoo"trickledown"economicswhich,infact, pumpedmoneydirectlyintothebloodstreamofcorporateAmericarather thanbenefittingAmerica'sheartland.Revivedfarmsmeanmorepurchases ofequipmentandeachnewbusinesscreatesspinoffjobsinthe shipping,marketingandcommoditiesareas.Farms,banksandinvestment houseswouldalsorealizelargeprofits,andthebillionsofhemp

dollarsinthelegitimateeconomywouldincrasetaxrevenuesand increasetheliquidcapitalavailableforinvestmentandpurchasingof consumergoods.Federal,stateandlocalgovernmentswouldrealizea windfallofhundredsofmillionsofdollarsintaxrevenueswithout raisingtaxesorinsanelycontinuingtopoisontheearth.**Ifthe marijuanamarketwerelegal,stateandfederalgovermentswouldcollect billionsofdollarsannually,"saidEthanNadelmann,formerassistant professorofpoliticsatPrincetonUniversity(whoisnowin1998 directorofTheLindesmithFoundation)."Instead,theyexpendbillions inwhatamountstoasubsidyoforganizedcriminals."(L.A.Times, Nov.20,1989,pg.A18.)GeorgeSoros'LindesmithFoundationis supportingmanyofthemedicalmarijuanaandrelegalizationstate initiativescurrentlygoingonaroundtheUnitedStates.Infact,the LindesmithFoundationfinanciallysupportedDennisPeron'smedical marijuanainitiative(Proposition215)inCalifornia,thatpassedin 1996.In199798,Sorosfundedmedicalmarijuanainitiativesinsuch statesasWashington,Oregon,Washington,D.C.,MaineandColorado,and helpedfundthereferendumthatwassuccessfulinstoppingOregon's legislatureandgovernorfromrecriminalizingcannabisinJune1997. GreenEconomy WhenAmericanfarmersgrownhemptosupplyAmericanindustrieswiththe primaryfeedstocksforfiber,fabric,fuel,food,medicines,plastics andrecreational/relaxationalherbalproductswewillseearapid greeningofthelandandeconomy.Thegreeneconomybasedupontheuse ofagriculturalresourcestosupplyindustrywillcreateadiversified locallybasedsystemofproduction.Thisdecentralizedgreeneconomy willenableeveryonetoparticipateandshareinthewealthofatruly freemarketdemocracy.Fortherecanbenotruedemocracyunlessevery citizenhastheopportunitytoshareinthewealthofthenation. LandandSoilReclamation Landreclamationisanothercompellingeconomicandecologicalargument forhempcultivation.Untilthiscentury,ourpioneersandordinary Americanfarmersusedcannabistoclearfieldsforplanting,asa fallowyearcrop,andafterforestfirestopreventmudslidesandloss ofwatershed.Hempseedsputdowna10to12inchrootinonly30days, comparedtotheoneinchrootputdownbytheryeorbarleygrass presentlyusedbytheU.S.Government.SouthernCalifornia,Utahand otherstatesusedcannabisroutinelyinthismanneruntilabout1915. Italsobreaksupcompacted,overworkedsoil.Intheformerlylush HimalayanregionofBangladesh,NepalandTibetthereisnowonlya lightmosscoveringleftasflashfloodswashthousandsoftonsof topsoilaway.IndependentBangladesh,(formerlyEastBengal,India) whichliterallymeans"cannabislandpeople"(itwasformerlycalled EastBengalprovince,anamederivedfrombhangcannabis,laland), signedan"antidrug"agreementwiththeU.S.,promisingnottogrow hempinthe1970s.Sincethattime,ithassuffereddisease, starvationanddecimation,duetounrestrainedflooding.Hempseeds broadcastovererodingsoilcouldreclaimlandtheworldover.The farmedoutdesertregionscanbebroughtbackyearafteryear,notonly slowingthegenocideofstarvation,buteasingthreatsofwarand violentrevolution. NaturalGuard

InsteadofaNationalGuard,whynotestablishaNaturalGuardof environmentalsoldierstobeourfrontlineforsurvivialplanting trees,harvestingbiomass(e.g.hemp)frommarginalfarmlands?A NaturalGuardofelectricians,plumbers,engineersandlaborerswho workrebuildingtheinfrastructureofAmericaourroads,bridges, dams,canals,sewers,railroadtracks,etc.Isn'tthisthehumane, civilizedandsociallyresponsiblewaytouseourhumanresources, ratherthanwarehousingpeoplelikeanimalsinprisons? WorldWarII: Ourenergymeedsareanundeniablenationalsecuritypriority.But first,let'slookwhatUncleSamcandowhenpushedintoaction:In early1942,Japancutoffoursuppliesofvitalhempandcoursefibers. Marijuana,whichhadbeenoutlawedintheUnitedStatesasthe "AssassinofYourth"justfiveyearsearlier,wassuddenlysafeenough forourgovernmenttoaskthekidsintheKentucky4Hclubstogrow thenation's1943seedsupply.Eachyouthwasurgedtogrowatleast halfanacre,butpreferablytwoacresofhempforseed.(Universityof KentuckyAgriculturalExtension,Leaflet25,March1943)In194243all AmericanfarmerswererequiredtoattendshowingsoftheUSDAfilmHemp forVictory,signthattheyhadseenthefilm,andreadahemp cultivationbooklet.Hemphavestingmachinerywasmadeavailableat lowornocost.Fivedollartaxstampswereavailableand350,000 acresofcultivatedhempwasthegoalby1943."Patriotic"American farmers,from1942through1945,whoagreedtogrowhempwerewaived fromservinginthemilitary,alongwiththeirsonsthat'showvitally importanthempwastoAmericaduringWorldWarII.Meanwhile,fromthe late1930sthrough1945,"patriotic"Germanfarmersweregivenacomic booklikeinstructionmanualbytheNazigovernment,urgingthemto growhempforthewar.TheMostRecentTimeAmericaAskedOurFarmers toGrowMoreMarijuana....wasin1942,ina14minute propagandapieceentitled: HempforVictory Followingisatranscriptofthefilm'sdramaticnarrative(courtesyof HighTimes):Longago,whentheseancientGreciantempleswerenew, hempwasalreadyoldintherserviceofmankind.Forthousandsof years,eventhen,thisplanthadbeengrownforcordageandclothin ChinaandelsewhereintheEast.Forcenturiespriortoabout1850all theshipsthatsailedthewesternseaswereriggedwithhempenropeand sails.Forthesailor,nolessthanthehangman,hempwas indispensable.A44gunfrigatelikeourcherished"OldIronsides"took over60tonsofhempforrigging,includingananchorcable25inches incircumference.TheConestogawagonsandprairieschoonersof pioneerdayswerecoveredwithhempcanvas.Indeedtheveryword canvascomesfromtheArabicwordforhemp.Inthosedayshempwasan importantcropinKentuckyandMissouri.Thencamecheaperimported fibersforcordage,likejute,sisalandManilahemp,andtheculture ofhempinAmericandeclined.Butnow,withPhilippineandEastIndian sourcesofhempinthehandsoftheJapanese,andshipmentofjutefrom Indiacurtailed,AmericanhempmustmeettheneedsofourArmyand Navy,aswellasofourindustry.In1942,patrioticfarmersatthe government'srequestplanted36,000acresofseedhemp,andincreaseof severalthousandpercent.Thegoalfor1943is50,000acresofseed

hemp.InKentuckymuchoftheseedhempacreageisonriverbottomland suchasthis.Someofthefieldsareinaccessibleexceptbyboat. Thusplansareafootforagreatexpansionofahempindustryasapart ofthewarprogram.Thisfilmisdesignedtotellfarmershowto handlethisancientcropnowlittleknownoutsideKentuckyand Wisconsin.Thisishempseed.Becarefulhowyouuseit.Fortogrow hemplegally,youmusthaveafederalregistrationandtaxstamp.This isprovidedforinyourcontract.Askyourcountyagentaboutit. Don'tforget.Hempdemandsarich,welldrainedsoilsuchasisfound hereintheBlueGrassregionofKentuckyorincentralWisconsin.It mustbelooseandrichinorganicmatter.Poorsoilswon'tdo.Soil thatwillgrowgoodcornwillusuallygrowhemp.Hempisnothardon thesoil.InKentuckyithasbeengrownforseveralyearsonthesame ground,throughthispracticeisnotrecommended.Adenseandshady crop,hemptendstochokeoutweeds.Here'saCanadathistlethat couldn'tstandthecompetition,deadasadodo.Thushempleavesthe groundingoodconditionforthefollowingcrop.Forfiber,hempshould besownclosely,theclosertherows,thebetter.Theserowsare spacedaboutfourinches.Thishemphasbeenbroadcast.Eitherwayit shouldbesownthickenoughtogrowaslenderstalk.Here'sanideal stand:therightheighttobeharvestedeasily,thickenoughtogrow slenderstalksthatareeasytocutandprocess.Stalkslikethesehere ontheleftyieldthemostfiberandthebest.Thoseontherightare toocourseandwoody.Forseed,hempisplantedinhillslikecorn. Sometimesbyhand.Hempisadioeciousplant.Thefemalefloweris inconspicuous. Butthemalefloweriseasilyspotted.Inseed productionafterthepollenhasbeenshed,thesemaleplantsarecut out.Thesearetheseedsonafemaleplant. Hempforfiberisreadytoharvestwhenthepollenissheddingandthe leavesarefalling.InKentucky,hempharvestcomesinAugust.Here, theoldstandbyhasbeentheselfrakereaper,whichhasbeenusedfor agenerationormore.HempgrowssoluxuriantlyinKentuckythat harvestingissometimesdifficult,whichmayaccountforthepopularity oftheselfrakewithitslateralstroke.Amodifiedricebinderhas beenusedtosomeextent.Thismachineworkswellonaveragehemp. Recentlytheimprovedhempharvester,usedformanyyearsinWisconsin, hasbeenintroducedinKentucky.Thismachinespreadsthehempina continuousswath.Itisafarcryfromthisfastandefficientmodern harvester,thatdoesn'tstallintheheaviesthemp.InKentucky,hand cuttingispracticedinopeningfieldsforthemachine.InKentucky, hempisshuckedassoonassafe,aftercutting,tobespreadoutfor rettinglaterinthefall.InWisonsin,hempisharvestedinSeptember. Herethehempharvesterwithautomaticspreaderisstandardequipment. Notehowsmoothlytherotatingapronlaystheswathspreparatoryto retting.Hereitisacommongandessentalpracticetoleaveheadlands aroundhempfields.Thesestripsmaybeplantedwithothercrops, preferablysmallgrain.Thustheharvesterhasroomtomakeitsfirst roundwithoutpreparatoryhandcutting. Theothermachineisrunning overcormstubble.Whenthecutterbarismuchshorterthanthehemp istall,overlappingoccurs.Thestandsardcutiseighttoninefeet. Thelengthoftimehempisleftonthegroundtoretdependsonthe weather.Theswathsmustbeturnedtogetauniformret.Whenthe woodycorebreaksawayreadilylikethis,thehempisaboutreadto pickupandbindintobundles.Wellrettedhempislighttodarkgrey. Thefibertendstopullawayfromthestalks.Thepresenceofstalks intheboughstringstageindicatesthatrettingiswellunderway.

Whenhempisshortortangledorwhenthegroundistoowetfor machines,it'sboundbyhand.Awoodenbucketisused.Twinewilldo fortying,butthehempitselfmakesagoodband.Whenconditionsare favorable,thepickupbinderiscommonlyused.Theswathsshouldlie smoothandevenwiththestalksparallel.Thepickerwon'tworkwell ilntangledhemp.Afterbinding,hempisshuckedassoonaspossible tostopfurtherretting.In1942,14,000acresoffiberhempwere harvestedintheUnitedStates.Thegoalfor1943is300,000acresof fiberhemp.Thushemp,theoldstandbycordagefiber,isstaginga strongcomeback.ThisisKentuckyhempgoingintothedryeratamill atVersailles.Intheolddaysbrakingwasdonebyhand.Oneofthe hardestjobsknowntoman.Nowthepowerbrakermakesquickworkof it.SpinningAmericanhempintorope,yarnortwineintheoldKentucky rivermillatFrankfort,Kentucky.Anotherpioneerplantthathasbeen makingcordageformorethanacentury.Allsuchplantswillpresently beturningoutproductsspunfromAmericangrownhemp:twineofvarious kindsfortyingandupholsterer'sworkropeformarineriggingand towingforhayforks,derricks,andheavydutytacklelightduty firehosethreadforshoesformillionsofAmericansoldiersand parachutewebbingforourparatroopers.AsfortheUnitedStatesNavy, everybattleshiprequires34,000feetofropeandotherships accordingly.HereintheBostonNavyYard,wherecablesforfrigates weremadelongago,crewsarenowworkingnightanddaymakingcordage forthefleet.Intheolddaysropeyarnwasspunbyhand.Therope yarnfeedsthroughholesinanironplate.ThisisManilahempfromthe Navy'srapidlydwindlingreserves.Whenitisgone,Americanhempwill goondutyagain:hempformooringshipshempfortowlines,hempfor tackleandgearhempforcountlessnavalusesbothonshipandshore. JustasinthedayswhenOldIronsidessailedtheseasvictoriouswith herhempenshroudsandhempensails... CHAPTER10MYTH,MAGIC&MEDICINE ALookattheSociologyofCannabisUseThroughoutWorldHistory Contrarytopopularconception,"marijuana"isnotaphenomenonrooted inthe1960s.Cannabishempispartofourheritageandwasthe backboneofourmoststableandlongestsurvivingcultures.Recent psychopharmacologicalstudieshavediscoveredTHChasitsownunique receptorsitesinthebrain,indicatingmanandmarijuanahaveapre culturalrelationshipindeed,humanculturecouldverywellprovetobe theblossomofoursymbiosiswithcannabis. What'sinaName(Part2) Thefollowingisderivedfromthe1913U.S.D.A.AgricultureYearbook sectiononhempbyLysterDewey,p.283293:Thename"hemp,"derived fromtheOldEnglish"hanf,"cameintouseinMiddleEnglishby1000 C.E.andstillbelongsprimarilytocannabissativa.Itisalsoused todesignatethelongfiberobtainedfromthatplant:theearliest, bestknown,and,untilrecently,themostwidelyusedtextilefiberon Earth.Ithaslongbeenregardedasthestandardamonglongfibers.As such,itsnamehascometobeusedasagenerictermforalllong fibers,whereasIndianhemportruehempdenotescannabishemp.Now commoditymarketslistnameslike"Manilahemp,"abac"sisalhemp," sisal,andhenequen"Mauritiushemp,"forFurcraeafiber"NewZealand hemp,"phormium"Sunnhemp,"Crotalariaand"Indiahemp,"forjute.

Alltheseplantsareunliketruehempinappearanceandineconomic properties.Curiously,thename"hemp"isneverappliedtoflax,which ismorenearlylikehempthananyothercommercialfiber.Truehempis knownindifferentlanguagesbythefollowingnames:cannabis,Latin chanvre,Frenchcanamo,Spanishcanhamo,Portuguesecanapa,Italian canep,Albaniankonopli,Russiankonopiandpenek,Polishkemp, Belgianhanf,Germanhennup,Dutchhamp,Swedishhampa,Danish kenevir,Bulgariantama,sima,andtsema,Chineseasaandtaima, Japanesenasha,Turkishkanabira,Syriankannab,Arabic. FirstKnownCannabisUsers Ancientandmodernhistorians,archaeologists,anthropologists, philologistscitethephysicalevidence(artifacts,relics,textiles, cuneiform,languages,etc.)indicatingthatcannabisisoneof humanity'soldestcultivatedcrops.Theweavingofhempfiberasan industrybegan10,000yearsago,atapproximatelythesametimeas potterymakingandpriortometalworking.**ColumbiaHistoryofthe World,Harper&Row,NY,1981.Fromatleastthe27thCenturyB.C.E. untilthiscentury,cannabiswasincorporatedintovirtuallyall culturesoftheMiddleEast,AsiaMinor,India,China,Japan,Europe,& Africa.Bythe27thCenturyB.C.E.,theChinesecultivated"Ma" (cannabishemp)forfiber,medicine,andherbaluse.3,700yearslater (circa1000C.E.),Chinacalledcannabis"TaiMa,"or"greathemp,"to differentiateitfromtheminorfiberplants,whichweregroupedunder thegenericfiberterm"Ma."Theirpictogramfortruehempisalarge "man,"indicatingthestrongrelationshipbetweenmanandhemp.(Shen NungPharmacopoeiaPonts'aoChingHanDynastyclassicsetal.) Between2300B.C.&1000B.C.: Nomadictribes,probablyfromcentralAsiaandPersia(IranandIraq), andreferredtoinlegendas"Aryans,"invadedandoverranvirtually theentireMediterraneanandMiddleEastandspreadoutoverthe CaucasusandwestintoEurope.Inthecourseofthesemovementsand invasionsthenomadsintroducedcannabisanditsvarioususesnorthand westthroughGreece,Europe,theMiddleEast,toEgyptandAfrica,and southandeast"over"theHimalayastoIndia.Hempwasincorporated intotheculturesoftheMiddleEastandIndiaforitsvastfood,oil, fiber,medicinal,anddruguses.Notonlywashempastapleof everydaylifehempmedicinesanddrugswerearituallinktothe gods.**Generally,thosewhogrewand/orusedhempforeveryday industrialusesdidnotknowandwerenottaught(byreligious law/threat/taboo)thattheirpriest/shaman/witchdoctor/etc.used differentextractionsfromdifferentpartsoftheexactsameplantfor sacrament,medicine,unguent,andasacommunewiththeGods. HempandtheScythe CannabiswasundoubtedlyusedbytheScythiansformanyreasons.For example,theancientScythiansgrewhempandharvesteditwithahand reaperthatwestillcallascythe.Cannabisinhalationbythe ScythiansinfuneralritualswasrecordedbytheGreekHistorian Herodotus(circa450B.C.E.)intheearly5thCenturyB.C.E.The nomadicScythiansintroducedthecustomtootherracessuchasthe Thracians.(Emboden,W.A.,Jr.,FleshoftheGods,PraegerPress,NY, 1974.)

ThreadofCivilization Fromatleastthe27thCenturyB.C.E.upuntilthiscentury,cannabis wasincorporatedintovirtuallyalltheculturesoftheMiddleEast, AsiaMinor,India,China,Japan,Europe,andAfricaforitssuperior fiber,medicines,oils,food,andforitsmeditative,euphoric,and relaxationaluses.Hempwasoneofourancestors'mostimportant overallindustries,alongwithtoolmaking,animalhusbandry,and farming. HemptoEnforcetheLaw Thehempplanthashadacuriousrelationshipwiththeworld'slegal codesthroughouttheages.Asnotedbefore,ithasvariouslybeen illegaltogrowhempandnottogrowitatdifferenttimes.Buthemp hasalsoplayedadirectroleinlawenforcement.Forexample:Themost seriouspunishment/rehabilitationmetedoutinmanyAfricantribesfor capitalcrimeswasforcingthetransgressortosmokemassiveamountsof dagga(cannabis)nonstopforhoursonendinasmall,enclosedhut untilhepassesoutliterallyunconsciousfrominhalingthefumes.The equivalentofayearortwo'ssupplyforaheavyAmericansmokeris consumedinjustanhourorso.Doesitwork?Africanuserssaythe rateofrepeatcriminaloffensesafterdaggatreatmentisvirtually nonexistent.EuropeanandAmericanculturesusedhemptoenforcetheir lawsinamoreterminalformofcapitalpunishment:thehangman's noose*ofhempenrope.*"Merryboysarewe/Ase'redidsing/Ina hempenstring/Underthegallowstree."JohnFletcherRollo,Dukeof NormandyActIII,sc.31639."We'reboundtostopthisbusiness, orhangyoutoaman/Forwe'vehempandhandenoughintowntohang thewholedamnclan."Fromahorsethief'stombstoneinRapidCity, SD,1877:Shushan,E.R.GraveMattersBallantineBooks,NY,1990. AlsoseeHempforVictory,USDAfilm1942. CannabisHerbalMedicines Thesecretartofhempmedicinewasfoundeffectiveaswoundhealer, musclerelaxant,painreliever,feverreducer,andunparalleledaidto childbirth,nottomentionhundredsofothermedicinalapplications. (Mikuriya,TodH.,M.D.,Marijuana:MedicalPapers,18391972,Medi CompPress,Oakland,CA1973Shultes,R.E.,HarvardBotanicalEncy. BrittanicaAbel,Ernest,Marijuana:TheFirst12,000YearsPlenum Press,1980VeraRubin,CannabisandCulture,InstitutefortheStudy ofManet.al.)Thedivisionofinformationaboutthissacredherb anditsindustrialhempuseswerestrictlymaintainedbythepriests forthousandsofyears,upuntilthelastfewcenturies.Thoseoutside thepriestlyclasswhopossesseddrugknowledgewereconsidered(bythe priests,ofcourse)tobewitches/soothsayers/outlawsandtheilk,and wereoftencondemnedtodeath. TheMysticPhilosophers Cannabislegendandconsumptionarefundamentalaspectsofmanyofthe world'sgreatreligions.Forexample: SHINTOISM(Japan)Cannabiswasusedforthebindingtogetherofmarried couples,todriveawayevilspirits,andwasthoughttocreatelaughter

andhappinessinmarriage. HINDUISM(India)TheGodShivaissaid"tohavebroughtcannabisfrom theHimalayasforhumanenjoymentandenlightenment."TheSardu PrieststravelthroughoutIndiaandtheworldsharing"chillum"pipes filledwithcannabis,sometimesblendedwithothersubstances.Inthe Bhagavadgita,Krishnastates,"Iamthehealingherb"(Ch.9:16), whiletheBhagaratpuranaFifthCantodescribeshashishinexplicitly sexualterms. BUDDHISTS(Tibet,India,andChina)Fromthe5thCenturyB.C.E.on rituallyusedcannabisinitiationritesandmysticalexperienceswere (are)commoninmanyChineseBuddhistSects.SomeTibetanBuddhists andlamas(priests)considercannabistheirmostholyplant.Many Buddhisttraditions,writings,andbeliefsindicatethat"Siddhartha" (theBuddha)himself,usedandatenothingbuthempanditsseedsfor sixyearspriortoannouncing(discovering)histruthsandbecomingthe Buddha(FourNobleTruths,theEightfoldPath).Regardingthe ZOROASTRIANSorMagi(Persia,circa8thto7thCenturiesB.C.E.to3rd to4thCenturiesC.E.),itiswidelybelievedbymanyChristian scholars,commentators,etc.,thatthethree"Magi"orWiseMenwho attendedthebirthofChristwerecultreferencestotheZoroastrians. TheZoroastrianreligionwasbased(atleastonthesurface)onthe entirecannabisplant,thechiefreligioussacramentofitspriest class,anditsmostimportantmedicine,(e.g.,obstetrics,incense rites,anointingandchristeningoils),aswellaslightingorfire oilsintheirsecularworld.Theword"magic"isgenerallyconsidered derivedfromtheZoroastrians"Magi." TheESSENES(ancientIsraelisectofextremeHebrewitesapprox.200 B.C.E.to73C.E.)usedhempmedicinally,asdidtheTHERAPUTEA (Egypt),fromwhomwegettheterm"therapeutic."Botharebelievedby somescholarstobedisciplesof,orinabrotherhoodwith,the priests/magicianoftheZoroastrians. EARLYJEWSAspartoftheirholyFridaynightservicesintheTempleof Solomon,6080,000menrituallypassedaroundandinhaled20,000 incenseburnersfilledwithkanabosom(cannabis),beforereturninghome forthelargestmealoftheweek(munchies?). SUFISOFISLAM(MiddleEast)Moslem"mystical"priestswhohavetaught, used,andextolledcannabisfordivinerevelation,insight,andoneness withAllah,foratleastthelast1,000years.ManyMoslemandworld scholarsbelievethemysticismoftheSufiPriestswasactuallythatof theZoroastrianswhosurvivedMoslemconquestsofthe7thand8th CenturiesC.E.andsubsequentconversion(changeyourreligionandgive upliquororbebeheaded). COPTICCHRISTIAN(Egypt/Ethiopia)Somesectsbelievethesacred"green herbofthefield"intheBible("Iwillraiseupforthemaplantof renown,andtheyshallbenomoreconsumedwithhungerintheland, neitherbeartheshameoftheheathenanymore."Ezekiel34:29)and theBiblicalsecretincenses,sweetincenses,andanointingoilstobe cannabis. TheBANTUS(Africa)hadsecretDaggaCults,*societieswhichrestricted

cannabisusetotherulingmen.ThePygmies,Zulus,andHottentotsall founditanindispensablemedicationforcramps,epilepsy,andgout, andasareligioussacrament.*Their"Dagga"cultsbelievedHoly CannabiswasbroughttoearthbytheGods,inparticularfromthe"Two DogStar"systemthatwecallSiriusAandB."Dagga"literallymeans "cannabis."Interestingly,thesurvivingIndoEuropeanwordforthe plantcanalsobereadas"canna,""reed"and"bi,""two,"aswellas 'canna,'asincanineand'bis,'meaningtwo(bi)"TwoDogs." TheRASTAFARIANS(Jamaicaandelsewhere)areacontemporaryreligious sectthatuses"ganja"asitssacredsacramenttocommunicatewithGod (Jah). "NaturalMind" UnitedStatesgovernmentfundedstudiesatSt.LouisMedicalUniversity in1989andtheU.S.government'sNationalInstituteofMentalHealth in1990movedcannabisresearchintoanewrealmbyconfirmingthatthe humanbrainhasreceptorsitesforTHCanditsnaturalcannabiscousins towhichnoothercompoundsknownthusfarwillbind.Inorderfora chemicaltoaffectthebrainitmustbindtoareceptorsitecapableof receivingit.Omni,August1989WashingtonPost,Aug9,1990)Although morphinefitsthereceptorsitesofbetaendorphinroughly,and amphetaminescorrespondlooselytodopamine,thesedrugsaswellas tricyclicsandothermoodalteringdrugspresentgravedangertothe subtlebalanceofthenerves'vitalfluids.OmniandtheWashington Postcitednophysicaldangersinnaturalcannabis.Onereasoncannabis issosafetouseisthatitdoesnotaffectanyoftheinvoluntary musclesofbreathingandlifesupport.Rather,itaffectsitsown specificreceptorcitesformotion(movementstrategy)andmemory (mentalstrategies).Onthemolecularlevel,THCfitsintoreceptor sitesintheupperbrainthatseemtobeuniquelydesignedto accommodateTHC.Thispointstoanancientsymbiosisbetweentheplant andpeople.Perhapstheseneuronalpathwaysaretheproductofapre culturalrelationshipbetweenhumansandcannabis.CarlSaganproposes evidenceusingtheBushmenofAfricatoshowhemptohavebeenthe firstplantcultivatedbyhumanitydatingtowhenhewasahunter gatherer.Somescientistassumethatthesereceptorsitesdidnot evolveforthepurposeofgettinghigh:"Theremustbesomekindof neuronalpathwayinthebrainthatdeveloped,whethertherewere cannabisplantsornot,"speculatedmystifiedSt.LouisUniversity pharmacologyprofessorAllynHowlettin1989.But,maybenot.Inhis bookIntoxication:LifeinPursuitofArtificialParadise,Dr.Ronald K.Siegel,psychopharmacologistatUCLAindicatesthemotivationto achievealteredstatesofconsciousnessormoodsisafourthdriveakin tohunger,thirst,andsex.Andhumansaren'ttheonlyonestoget high.Siegelrecordednumerousobservationsofanimalintentionally gettingintoxicatedduringhisexperiments.Cannabishempispartof ourcultural,spiritual,andphysiologicalheritage,andwasthe backboneofourmoststableandlongsurvivingcultures.So,ifyou wanttoknowthelongtermeffectsofmarijuanauselookinthemirror! CloakedinSecrecy ThedawnofreligiousbeliefsforallracesandpeoplesJapanese, Chinese,Indian,Egyptian,Persian,Babylonian,Greek,Doric,Germanic andotherEuropeantribes,andeventhoseofAfricaandNorth,South,

andCentralAmericanderivedfromaccidentaldiscoveries.Therewere neardeathexperiences,deprivationsstarvation,fasting,breath control,thirst,feveranduncontrolledrevelryduetoaccidental fermentationorextractionofwine,beer,psilocybeandAmanita mushrooms,cannabiswine(bhang),andotherpsychoactiveswhich,when consumed,inducedinexplicable,elevatedexperiences(comparedto normalbrutishexperience).Chemicalsinthesesacredplantsandherbs gaveourancestorsunexpected,unpreparedfor,unbelievablevisionsand journeysintothefarcornersofincredibleconsciousnessand, sometimesintofeelingsofuniversalbrotherhood.Understandingthese druginducedexperiencesandmedicationseventuallybecamethemost wondrous,desirable,andnecessaryspiritualknowledgeforeachtribe. Healing!Fromwhichextraction?Atwhatdose?Holdingthismystical tribalknowledgeforfuturegenerationswasapricelesstask.Toknow whichplantsinducedwhichexperiencesatwhatlevelandmixturemeant powerforthebearerofsuchwisdom!Thus,this"sacredstore"of knowledgewasjealouslyguardedbytheherbaldoctor/priest,and crypticallyencodedinoralandwrittentraditionsandmyths.Plants withpsychoactivepowerswereembuedwithhumanoranimalattributes, forexample,theAmanitaMuscariamushroomringwasrepresentedby faeries.Tokeeptheirpoliticalpower,thepriests,witchdoctors,and medicinemendeliberatelywithheldthesetraditionsfromthe"common" tribalmembers(andallothertribes).Thisalsopreventedthe dangerous"sin"ofaccidentalingestion,concoction,orexperimentation bythechildrenofthetribenorcouldcapturedtribalmembersgiveup thissacredknowledgetotheirenemies.These"oldtime"drugandout ofbodyreligionsandrituals,datingbacktoprehistory,werecalled "OrientalMysteryReligions"bytheRomansfromtheCaesars'timeon. JudaicLine Hempwasamajorindustryinbiblicaltimes.Asinothercultures throughouttheMiddleEast,theHebrewtraditionofmysticism(e.g., Cabala)wasawareof,andentwinedwith,regionalsectsusingnatural intoxicantsintheirrituals.Asusual,theyhidthisknowledgebehind rituals,symbolsandsecretcodestoprotectnaturalsacramentslike "sacredmushrooms"andmindelevatingherbs,includingcannabis. Allegro,J.M.SacredMushroom&theCross,DoubledayCo.,1970. WhatDoestheBibleSay? Findingtheencodedreferencestocannabisandotherdrugsismademore difficultbythelackofbotanicalnames,discrepancyintranslations, useofdifferent"books"bydifferentdenominations,commentariesadded tooriginaltexts,andperiodicpriestlypurgesofmaterialconsidered inappropriate.However,wefindthattheuseofcannabisisnever forbiddenorevendiscouragedintheBible.Somepassagesdirectly refertothegoodnessofusingherbslikecannabisandevengoonto predictprohibition."AndtheEarthbroughtforthgrassandherb yieldingseedafteritskindandthetreeyieldingfruit,whoseseed afteritskindand:andGodsawthatitwasgood."Genesis:Chapter1: Verse12(KingJamesVersionoftheBible,unlessnoted)."Godmakes theEarthyieldhealingherbs,whichtheprudentmanshouldnot neglect."Sirach:38:4(CatholicBible)."Notthatwhichgoethinto themouthdefilethamanThatwhichcomethoutofthemouthdefiletha man."Jesusquoted:Matt.15:11."Inlatertimes,someshall... speakliesinhypocrisy...commandingtoabstainfromthatwhich

Godhathcreatedtobereceivedwiththanksgivingofthemwhichbelieve andnowthetruth."Paul:1Tim.4:1 EarlyChristianity Historians,earlyartworks,Bibles,manuscripts,DeadSeaScrolls, GnosticGospels,lettersfromearlychurchfathers,etc.,indicatethat forthefirst300400yearsA.D.,manyearlyChristiansectswere gentleandloving.Theywereusuallyopen,tolerantandunstructured: apoorman'sorslave'sreligion.RomeconsideredChristianitytobe simplyanotherbothersomeOrientalMysteryCult,likethoseofMithra orIsis,thenthemostpopularintheEmpire. TheHolyRomanEmpire Facedwithacrumblingempire,politicalcorruption,andaseriesof ruinouswarswithbarbarians,theoldRomanEmpirehoveredonthebrink ofdisaster.Thereligiouscontortionsundertakenbytherulingbody inRometomaintainitsearthlypowerledthepoliticalleadersto crackdownonhealthydiversityinthefieldofindividualcultsand religions.Tosaveitselfpolitically,theformerlypantheistic (meaningtolerantofdifferentworships)governmentoftheempire changeditspolicy.Startingin249C.E.,variousemperorslauncheda stringofbloodypersecutions,whichincludedthetroublesome Christians.By306C.E.,itwasclearthatthiswasnotworking. EmperorConstantinecalledofftheexecutionsandbegantopatronize theChristianclergy,whichpromptlyadoptedadogmaliftedfrom "Mithraism,"amongotherreligions:"RoyalBloodbyBirth,"the"Divine RighttoRuleotherhumans."TheambitiousConstantinesawthatwhile underground,thechurchhaddevelopedintoanintolerant,tightlyknit hierarchyawellorganizednetworksecondininfluenceonlytohis own.Bycombiningchurchandstate,eachwasabletodoubleitspower andseekoutthecrimes/sinsofallitspoliticalrivalsandenemies withthefullsupport/blessingoftheother. ColumbiaHistoryoftheWorld,Harper&Row,NY,1981. ConstantinesoonconvertedtoChristianityanddeclaredonemandatory, monistic,stateempoweredreligion:theRomanCatholicChurch (R.C.Ch.)literally,theRomanUniversalChurch("catholic"isLatin for"universal").Thiswasnowtheabsoluteandofficialreligionof theempire.Inonesweep,allsecretsocietieswereoutlawedwhich mighthavethreatenedhis(andRome's)mandatetoruletheknownworld, astheyhadfortheprevious400consecutiveyears. Church/StateAristocracy AfterrunningfromtheRomanEmpire'spoliceforalmost300years, ChristianOrthodoxpriestshadbecometheirbosses.Startinginthe 4th,5th,and6thCenturiesC.E.,paganreligionsandallthedifferent Christiansects,beliefsystems,knowledge,gospels,etc.,suchasthe Essenes,Gnostics,andMerovingians(Franks),wereeitherincorporated intooreditedoutofofficialdoctrineandhierarchy.Finally,ina seriesofcouncils,allcontrarydogmas(e.g.,thattheEarthwas round,andthesunandstarsweremorethanfiveto17milesaway)were summarilyoutlawedanddrivenundergroundduringtheDarkAges,400 1000+C.E.BytheearlyMiddleAges,atthebeginningofthe11th

CenturyC.E.,virtuallyallpowerswereplacedinthehandsofthe ChurchandPopefirst,byGermanicconquerors,andlaterbypowerful SpanishandFrenchKingsandpowerfulItalianmerchantsandnobles(the Borgias,Medicis,andothermegalomaniacs)probablytoprotecttheir tradesecrets,alliances,andsourcesofwealth.AllEuropeanpeople wereforcedtoadheretothe"Holy"RomanEmpirepolicy:Zerotolerance byafundamentalistchurch/policestatewithblindfaithinone, unquestionedversionofhowtoworshipGodandthePope's infallibility.PoliticalrulersaidedandabettedtheChurchinthis fraud,astheirpowernowrestedonlyontheirnewChristiandogma,the patriarchal"Divineright"torule.Theyenactedlawswith fantasticallyviciouspunishmentsforeventheslightestinfractionor heresy.*Hereticsweremercilesslysoughtoutbyfanatical,sadistic inquisitorsusingpervertedformsoftorturetoextractconfessionsand aspunishment.*Webster'sdictionarydefines"Heresy(her?ese)"as 1:areligiousbeliefthatisopposedtochurchdogma.2:anyopinion (inphilosophy,politics,etc.)opposedtoofficialorestablished viewsordoctrines.3:theholdingofanysuchbelieforopinion.This systemkeptmostoftheWesternworld'sinhabitantsinastateof constantterror,notonlyfortheirownphysicalsafetyandfreedom, butalsofortheireternalspirit,with"Hell"lurkingmereinches belowthesurfaceforthoseexcommunicatedbythechurch. ThePoliticsofPaper Referencetocannabisandotherspiritualdruguseisoftenhiddenin artduringperiodsofrepression.Stylizedhempleavessurroundthe angels'heads,andtheirhalosresemblethecapoftheamanitamuscaria mushroominTheThirdDayofCreation,entrancehallofSanMarco paintedinVenice,Italy.(SixthtoSeventhCenturyC.E.)Themasses ofpeople,"thecommons,"werekeptincheckthroughadualsystemof fearandenforcedignorance.Alllearningexceptthemostrudimentary wascontrolledandstrictlyregulatedbythepriests.Thecommons (about95%ofthepeople)wereforbiddentolearntoreadorwritenot evenanalphabetandoftenwerepunishedorputtodeathfordoingso. ThepeoplewerealsoforbiddentolearnLatin,thelanguageofthe Bible.Thiseffectivelyenabledthefewpriestswhocouldreadto interpretthescripturesanywaytheypleasedforabout1,200years, untilthereformationinEurope,circa1600.Toprohibitknowledge, peoplewereliterallykeptinthedark,withoutapieceofpaperto writeon.Themonasteriespreservedandguardedhemp'ssecrets.They sawthatitheldtwothreatstothispolicyofabsolutecontrol: papermakingandlampoil.Somethinghadtobedone. CannabisMedicinesForbidden WhileembracingwineasaSacrament,andtoleratingbeerandhard liquor,theInquisitionoutlawedcannabisingestioninSpaininthe 12thCentury,andFranceinthe13th.Manyothernaturalremedieswere simultaneouslybanned.Anyoneusinghemptocommunicate,heal,etc. waslabeled"witch."SaintJoanofArc,forexample,wasaccusedin 143031ofusingavarietyofherbal"witch"drugs,includingcannabis, tohearvoices. ChurchSanctionedLegalMedicines VirtuallytheonlylegalmedicalcuresallowedtopeopleofWestern

EuropebytheRomanCatholicChurchFathersatthistimewere: 1.(a)Wearingabirdmaskforplague(seepicture).(b)Setting fracturedbonesorcleaningburns. 2.Bleedingpintsandevenquartsofbloodfromallflu,pneumonia,or feverpatients(victims)wasthemostusedtreatmentinEuropeand Americabydoctorsuntilthebeginningofthe1900s.Itdoesnotwork! Anddidnotworkforthousandsofyearsnomatterhowmuchbloodthey took. 3.PrayingtospecificSaintsforamiraculouscure,e.g.,St.Anthony forergotism(poisoning),St.Odillaforblindness,St.Benedictfor poisonsufferers,St.Vitusforcomediansandepileptics\. 4.Alcoholwaslegalforavarietyofproblems.In1484,PopeInnocent VIIIsingledoutcannabishealersandotherherbalists,proclaiming hempanunholysacramentofthesecondandthirdtypesofsatanicmass. Thispersecutionlastedformorethan150years. Satanicknowledgeandmasses,accordingtotheMedievalChurch,camein threetypes: ToSummonorWorshipSatan ToHaveWitch'sKnowledge(e.g.,herbalistsofchemists)ofmaking, using,orgivingothersanyunguentorpreparationincludingcannabis asmedicineorasaspiritualsacrament TheMassoftheTravesty,whichcanbelikenedto"theSimpsons","In LivingColor",rapmusic,MelBrooks,"SecondCityTV","MontyPython", or"SaturdayNightLive"(FatherGuidoSarduccitypegroup)doing irreverent,farcical,orsatiricaltakeoffsonthedogmas,doctrines, indulgences,andritualsoftheR.C.Ch.massand/oritsabsolute beliefs.Becausemedievalpriestbureaucratsthoughttheywere sometimeslaughedat,ridiculed,andscornedbythoseunderits influenceoftenbythemostlearnedmonks,clerics,andleading citizensingestingcannabiswasproclaimedhereticalandSatanic. Contradictions Despitethiscenturieslongattackbythemostpowerfulpoliticaland religiousforceinWesterncivilization,hempcultivationcontinuedin NorthernEurope,Africa,andAsia.Whilethechurchpersecuted cannabisusersinEurope,theSpanishconquistadorswerebusyplanting hempeverywherearoundtheworldtoprovidesails,rope,oakum, clothes,etc. Yet,HempEndured ThethensadisticOttomanEmpireconqueredEgyptand,inthe16th CenturyC.E.,triedtooutlawcannabisbecauseEgyptianhempgrowers alongtheNilewereleadingtaxrevolts.TheTurkcomplainedthat cannabisusecausedEgyptianstolaughandbedisrespectfultotheir Sultanandhisrepresentatives.In1868,Egyptbecamethefirst modern(?)countrytooutlawcannabisingestion,followedin1910by whiteSouthAfricatopunishandstoptheblackspracticingtheir ancientDaggacultandreligions.InEurope,hempwaswidelyusedboth industriallyandmedicinally,fromtheBlackSea(Crimean)tothe BritishIsles,especiallyinEasternEurope.Thepapalbanoncannabis medicinesintheHolyRomanEmpirein1484wasquiteunenforceable northoftheAlps,andtothisdaytheRomanians,Czechs,Hungarians,

andRussiansdominatetheworldcannabisagronomy.InIreland,already worldfamousforitscannabislinen,theIrishwomanwhowantedtoknow whomshewouldeventuallymarrywasadvisedtoseekrevelationthrough cannabis.Eventually,thehemptradesonceagainbecamesoimportantto theempirebuilderswhofollowed(intheAgeofDiscover/Reason,the 14thto18thCenturies)thattheywerecentraltotheintriguesand maneuveringsofalltheWorld'sgreatpowers. TheAgeofEnlightenment The18thCenturyusheredinaneweraofhumanthoughtand civilization"Life,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness!"declared thecolonistsinAmerica."Liberty,Equality,Fraternity!"replied theirFrenchcousins.Theconceptsofmodernconstitutional government,whichguaranteedhumanrightsandseparationofchurchand state,wereunifiedintoapolicydesignedtoprotectcitizensfrom intolerantandarbitrarylaws.Inhislandmarkessay,OnLiberty,Ogden LivingstonMills,whosephilosophyshapedourdemocracy,wrotethat "Humanlibertycomprises,first,theinwarddomainofconsciousnessin themostcomprehensivesense:libertyofthoughtandfeeling, Scientific,moralortheological,Libertyoftastesandpursuits." Millsassertedthatthisfreedomofthoughtorof"mind"isthebasis forallfreedoms.GentlemanfarmerThomasJefferson'simmortalwords, "IhaveswornuponthealterofGodeternalhostilityagainstevery formoftyrannyoverthemindofman,"areengravedintothemarbleof hisMemorialinWashingtonD.C.AbrahamLincolnwasanavowedenemyof prohibition.Hiswifewasprescribedcannabisforhernervesafterhis assassination.Virtuallyeverypresidentfromthemid19thCenturyup untilprohibitionroutinelyusedcannabismedicines(Seechapter12: 19thCenturyuse).CloseacquaintancesofJohnF.Kennedy,suchas entertainersMoreyAmsterdamandEddieGordon*saythepresidentused cannabisregularlytocontrolhisbackpain(beforeandduringhis term)andactuallyplannedonlegalizing"marijuana"duringhissecond termaplancutshortbyhisassassinationin1963."HowHeadsof StateGotHigh,"HighTimes,April,1980(seeappendixinpaperversion ofthisbook).*AsreporteddirectlytothisauthorbyEddieGordon, reknownedharmonicavirtuoso,memberoftheHarmonicats,andthe numberoneharmonicistintheworld,whosmokedwithKennedyand performednumeroustimesforhim.Morerecently,formerpresident GeraldFord'ssonJackandJimmyCarter'ssonChipadmittohaving smokedpotintheWhiteHouse. GeorgeBush'svicepresidentDan Quayle*hadareputationforsmokinggrassandusingdrugsincollege. RonaldandevenformerfirstladyNancy"JustSayNo"Reaganare reportedtohavesmokedpotintheCaliforniaGovernor'smansion.* "SmokeScreen:InmateSuesJusticeDepartmentOverQuaylePotCover up,"DallasObserver,August23,1990.Kelley,Kitty,NancyReagan: TheUnauthorizedBiography,DoubledayCo.,NY,1991. GeneralFootnotes/Bibliography: HinduVedasShenNungPharmacopoeiaHerodotusAbel,Ernest, Marijuana:TheFirst12,000YearsPlenumPress,1980DeadSea ScrollsHighTimesEncyclopediaEncyclopaediaBritannica, "PharmacologicalCults"Roffman,MarijuanaandMedicine,1982Ohio StateMedicalSociety,1860BritishIndianHempReport,1894 UngerleiderUCLA,1982U.S.Army,EdgewoodArsenal,Maryland (Multiples)Shultes,HarvardBotanicalEmBowden,UCNorthridge

MicahelAldrich,Ph.D.VeraRubin,InstitutefortheStudyofMan Wasson,R.Gordon,SOMA,DivineMushroomofImmortality,Roffman, MarijuanaandMedicineetymologistJayLynnAllegro,J.M.,Sacred MushroomandtheCross,Doubleday&Co.,1970,etal"HowHeadsof StateGotHigh,"HighTimes,April,1980(seeAppendix). Economics:TheVeryModelofaModernInquisition Forcannabisrelatedknowledge,orhundredsofother"sins"Owninga devil'stool(dinnerfork),readingasorcerer'sbookorspeakingin tongues(foreignlanguage),havingadifferentfaith,havingawitch's habit(takingabathorfallingintoariver),etc.From10%toasmany as50%ofthepeopleinWesternEuropeweretorturedorputtodeath withouttrialduringthemedievalRomanCatholicChurch's500year Inquisition(12thto17thCenturies).Whilemostsuffered,some profitedhandsomely.ThePopecoulddeclareanything"heresy,"anduse itasanexcusetolegallyrob,torture,andkillhisenemiesoranyone elseaccused.Formorethan300years,inquisitorsdividedupthe propertyforfeitedtothembysuspectedwitchesandheretics.Whoever denouncedyougot1/3ofyourproperty,1/3wenttothegovernment,and 1/3wenttothePapalhierarchy."Bewarethescribeswhichdevour widow'shouses."Jesus,quoted:Luke20:46Thispervertedprosecution forprofitmodel,usedalmostexactlythesamewaytodaybystateand federaldrugwarriors,andjustasselfrighteously,wasgiventousat theinsistenceofpresidentRonaldReaganin1984andwaswrittenfor CongressbythenCongressmanDanLungren,formerCaliforniaAttorney General.Inactuality,oncethegovernmentseizesaproperty,more than90%areneverreturnedbythecourts.Everyonefrominformant,to thepoliceandtheprosecutornowshareinthebountyofforfeited goods.Infact,whileBritishcommonlawisthebasisforourmodern legalsystem,forfeiturelawreliesonthemedievalconceptofthe cursedobject"deodand"(fromtheLatin"deo",god,and"dand",give meaningthatanyobjectcausinghumandeathwasforfeitedtothe crown)IsthebasisforAmericanlawsofseizureandconfiscationof propertyratherthanagainstpersons.Why?Simple.Peoplehave guaranteedlegalrightspropertydoesnot!ThomasJeffersonwroteand actedonbehalfofhempmanytimes,smugglingrareseedsintoAmerica, redesigningthehempbrake,keepinghisfarmandgardenjournalsin which,onMarch16,1791,hewrote:"Theculture[oftobacco]is pernicious.Thisplantgreatlyexhauststhesoil.Ofcourse,it requiresmuchmanure,thereforeotherproductionsaredeprivedof manure,yieldingnonourishmentforcattle,thereisnoreturnforthe manureexpended."Itisimpolitic.Thefactwellestablishedinthe systemofagricultureisthatthebesthempandthebesttobaccogrow onthesamekindofsoil.Theformerarticleisoffirstnecessityto thecommerceandmarine,inotherwordstothewealthandprotectionof thecountry.Thelatter,neverusefulandsometimespernicious, derivesitsestimationfromcaprice,anditsvaluefromthetaxesto whichitwasformerlyexposed.Thepreferencetobegivenwillresult fromacomparisonofthem:Hempemploysinitsrudeststatemorelabor thantobacco,butbeingamaterialformanufacturesofvarioussorts, becomesafterwardsthemeansofsupporttonumbersofpeople,henceit istobepreferredinapopulouscountry."Americaimportshempand willcontinuetodoso,andalsosundryarticlesmadeofhemp,suchas cordage,sailcloth,drillinglinenandstockings" CHAPTER11THE(HEMP)WAROF1812,NAPOLEONANDRUSSIA

NAPOLEONINVADESRUSSIAThisisapieceofhistorythatyoumayhave beenalittlebithazyaboutwhentheytaughtitinschool:Youmight wellhaveasked,"Whattheheckwerewefightingabout,anyway?"Here wepresenttheeventsthatleduptotheBattleofNewOrleans,which, duetoslowcommunications,wasactuallyfoughtonJanuary8,1815,two weeksafterthewarhadofficiallyendedonDecember24,1814,bythe signingofapeacetreatyinBelgium.1700SANDEARLY1800sCannabis hempis,asithasbeenforthousandsofyears,thebiggestbusiness andmostimportantindustryontheplanet.Itsfiber(seechapter2, "Uses")movesvirtuallyalltheworld'sshipping.Theentireworld's economyusesanddependsuponthousandsofdifferentproductsfromthe marijuanaplant.1740ONRussia,becauseofitscheapslave/serf labor1,produces80%ofthewesternworld'scannabishempandfinished hempproducts,andis,byfar,theworld'sbestqualitymanufacturerof cannabishempforsails,rope,rigging,andnets.CannabisisRussia's numberonetradingcommodityaheadofitsfurs,timberandiron.1. RussiaundertheCzars'andRussianOrthodoxChurch'sdomination continuedtohavevirtualslave/serf/peasantlaborformakinghemp until1917.CannabisisRussia'snumberonetradingcommodityaheadof itsfurs,timber,andiron.1740TO1807GreatBritainbuys90%ormore ofitsmarinehempfromRussiaBritain'snavyandworldseatraderuns onRussianhempeachBritishshipmustreplace50to100tonsofhemp everyyearortwo.Thereisnosubstituteflaxsails,forexample, unlikehempsails,wouldstartrottinginthreemonthsorlessfrom saltairandspray!1793TO1799ONTheBritishnobilityishostile towardthenewFrenchgovernmentprimarilybecausetheBritishare afraidthatthe178993FrenchRevolutionofcommonerscouldspread, and/orresultinaFrenchinvasionofEnglandandthelossofits Empireand,ofcourse,itsnobility'sheads.1803TO1814Britain's navyblockadesNapoleon'sFrance,includingNapoleon'salliesonthe Continent.BritainaccomplishestheblockadeofFrancebyclosingits (France's)EnglishChannelandAtlantic(BayofBiscay)portswithits navyalso,Britaincontrolsabsoluteaccesstoandfromthe MediterraneanandAtlantic,byvirtueofitscontrolofthestraitsof Gibraltar.1798TO1812ThefledglingUnitedStatesisofficially "neutral"inthewarbetweenFranceandBritain.TheUnitedStates evenbeginstosolveitsownforeignproblemsbysendingitsnavyand marines(18011805)totheMediterraneantostopTripolipiratesand ransomersfromcollectingtributefromAmericanYankeetraders operatinginthearea."MillionsforDefensenotapennyforTribute" wasAmerica'srallyingcry,andtheincidentcametobememorializedin thesecondlineoftheMarineCorps'hymn:"TotheshoresofTripoli." 1803Napoleon,needingmoneytopresswarwithGreatBritainand pursuecontroloftheEuropeancontinent,bargainsellstheLouisiana TerritorytotheUnitedStatesfor$15million,orroughlytwoanda halfcentsperacre.Thisareaisaboutonethirdofwhatisnowthe48 contiguousstates.1803ONTheLouisianaPurchasegivesrisetosome Americans'mostlyWesterners'dreamsof"ManifestDestiny."Thatis, theUnitedStatesshouldextendtotheutmostbordersofNorthAmerica: FromthetopofCanadatothebottomofMexicoandfromtheAtlanticto thePacific.1803TO1807Britaincontinuestotradeandbuy90%ofits hempdirectlyfromRussia.1807NapoleonandCzarAlexanderofRussia signtheTreatyofTilset,whichcutsoffalllegalRussiantradewith GreatBritain,itsallies,oranyotherneutralnationshipactingas agentsforGreatBritaininRussia.Thetreatyalsosetsupabuffer zone,theWarsawDuchy(approximatelyCentralEasternPoland)between

Napoleon'salliesandRussia.Napoleon'sstrategyandhismost importantgoalwiththetreatyistostopRussianhempfromreaching England,therebydestroyingBritain'snavybyforcingittocannibalize sails,ropes,andriggingfromothershipsandNapoleonbelievesthat eventually,withnoRussianhempforitshugenavy,Britainwillbe forcedtoenditsblockadeofFranceandtheContinent.1807TO1809 TheUnitedStatesisconsideredaneutralcountrybyNapoleon,aslong asitsshipsdonottradewithorforGreatBritain,andtheUnited StatesconsidersitselftobeneutralinthewarbetweenFranceand GreatBritain.However,Congresspassesthe1806NonImportationPact: BritisharticleswhichareproducedintheU.S.,butwhichcouldalso beproducedelsewhere,areprohibited.Congressalsopassesthe1807 EmbargoAct,towit:Americanshipscouldnotbringorcarryproducts toorfromEurope.TheselawshurtAmericamorethanEuropehowever, manyYankeetradersignoredthelawanyway. 1807TO1814AftertheTreatyofTilsetcutsofftheirRussiantrade, Britainclaimsthattherearenoneutralcountriesorshippinglanes. Hence,anyshipthattradeswithNapoleon's"ContinentalSystem"of alliesaretheenemyandaresubjecttoblockade.Onthispretext, BritainconfiscatesAmericanshipsandcargoandsendssailorsbackto theUnitedStatesatAmericanshipowners'expense.Britain"impresses" someAmericansailorsintoserviceintheBritishNavy.However, Englandclaimsthattheyonly"impress"thosesailorswhoareBritish subjectandwhoseAmericanshippingcompaniesrefusedtopayforthe sailors'returnfares.1807TO1810Secretly,however,Britainoffers thecapturedAmericantradersa"deal"(actuallyablackmail proposition)whenthey"overhaul"BoardandconfiscateanAmericanship andbringitintoanEnglishport.Thedeal:Eitherloseyourshipand cargosforever,orgotoRussiaandsecretlybuyhempforBritain,who willpayAmericantraderswithgoldinadvance,andmoregoldwhenthe hempisdeliveredback.Atthesametime,theAmericanswillbeallowed tokeepandtradetheirowngoods(rum,sugar,spices,cotton,coffee, tobacco)totheCzarforhempadoubleprofitfortheAmericans.1808 TO1810OurshrewdYankeetraders,facedwiththechoiceofeither runningBritishblockadesandriskinghavingtheirships,cargo,and crewsconfiscatedoractingassecret(illegal)licenseesforBritain, withsafetyandprofitsguaranteed,mostlychoosethelatter.John QuincyAdams(latertobecomepresident),whowasAmericanConsulat St.Petersburg,in1809noted:"Asmanyas600clipperships,flying theAmericanflag,inatwoweekperiod,wereinKronstadt"(thePort ofSt.Petersburg,oncecalledLeningradintheformerUSSR)loading principallycannabishempforEngland(illegally)andAmerica,where qualityhempisalsoingreatdemand.(Bennis,JohnQ.Adamandthe AmericanForeignPolicy,NewYork,NY,AlfredA.Knopf,1949.)The UnitedStatespassesthe1809NonIntercourseActwhichresumeslegal tradewithEurope,exceptforBritainandFrance.Itissoonreplaced withtheMaconBillresumingalllegaltrade.1808TO1810Napoleon insiststhatCzarAlexanderstopalltradewiththeindependentUnited Statestradersastheyarebeingcoercedintobeingillegaltradersfor GreatBritain'shemp.NapoleonwantstheCzartoallowhimto place/stationFrenchagentsandtroopsinKronstadttomakesurethe Czarandhisportauthoritiesliveuptothetreaty.1808TO1810.The Czarsays"Nyet!"despitehistreatywithFrance,andturnsa"blind eye"totheillegalAmericantraders,probablybecauseheneedsthe popular,profitabletradegoodstheAmericansarebringinghimandhis noblesaswellasthehardgoldheisgettingfromtheAmericans'

(illegal)purchasesofhempforGreatBritain.1809.Napoleon'sallies invadetheDuchyofWarsaw.1810NapoleonorderstheCzartostopall tradewiththeAmericantraders!TheCzarrespondsbywithdrawing RussiafromthatpartoftheTreatyofTilsetthatwouldrequirehimto stopsellinggoodstoneutralAmericanships.1810TO1812.Napoleon, infuriatedwiththeCzarforallowingBritain'slifebloodofnavyhemp toreachEngland,buildsuphisarmyandinvadesRussia,planningto punishtheCzarandultimatelystophempfromreachingtheBritish Navy.1811TO1812.England,againanallyandfulltradingpartnerof Russia,isstillstoppingAmericanshipsfromtradingwiththerestof theContinent.BritainalsoblockadesallU.S.tradersfromRussiaat theBalticSeaandinsiststhatAmericantradershavetonowsecretly buyotherstrategicgoodsforthem(mostlyfromMediterraneanports), specificallyfromNapoleonandhisalliesontheContinentwhobythis timearehappytosellanythingtoraisecapital. 1812TheUnitedStates,cutofffrom80%ofitsRussianhempsupply, debateswarinCongress.3Ironically,itisrepresentativesofthe westernstateswhoargueforwarundertheexcuseof"impressed" Americansailors.However,therepresentativesofthemaritimestates, fearfuloflossoftrade,argueagainstwar,eventhoughit'stheir shipping,crews,andstatesthatareallegedlyafflicted.Notone senatorfromamaritimestatevotesforwarwithGreatBritain,whereas virtuallyallwesternsenatorsvoteforwar,hopingtotakeCanadafrom Britainandfulfilltheirdreamof"ManifestDestiny,"inthemistaken beliefthatGreatBritainistoobusywiththeEuropeanwarsagainst NapoleontoprotectCanada.It'sinterestingtonotethatKentucky,a bigsupporterofthewarwhichdisruptedtheoverseashemptrade,was activelybuildingupitsowndomestichempindustry.Atthistime, 1812,AmericanshipscouldpickuphempfromRussiaandreturnwithit threetimesfasterthanshipperscouldgethempfromKentuckytothe Eastcoastoverland(atleast,untiltheErieCanalwascompletedin 1825shorteningtraveltimedramaticallybyasmuchas90%).The westernstateswininCongress,andonJune18,1812,theUnitedStates isatwarwithBritain.AmericaentersthewaronthesideofNapoleon, whomarchesonMoscowinJuneof1812. NapoleonissoondefeatedinRussiabytheharshwinter,theRussian scorchedearthpolicy,2,000milesofsnowyandmuddysupplylinesand byNapoleonnotstoppingforthewinterandregroupingbeforemarching onMoscow,aswastheoriginalbattleplan.Ofthe450,000to600,000 menNapoleonstartwith,only180,000evermakeitback.1812TO1814 Britain,afterinitialsuccessinwarwiththeUnitedStates(including theburningofWashingtoninretaliationfortheearlierAmerican burningofToronto,thenthecolonialCanadiancapitol),findsits financesandmilitarystretchedthinwithblockades,warinSpainwith France,andatoughnewAmericaontheseas.Britainagreestopeace, andsignsatreatywiththeUnitedStatesinDecember,1814.Theactual termsofthetreatygivelittletoeitherside.Ineffect,Britain agreesitwillneveragaininterferewithAmericanshipping.Andthe UnitedStatesagreestogiveupallclaimstoCanadaforever(whichwe did,withtheexceptionof"5440orFight").1813TO1814Britain defeatsNapoleoninSpainandbanisheshimtoElba,butheescapesfor 100days.1815BritaindefeatsNapoleonatWaterloo(June18)and banisheshimtoSt.HelenaIslandoffAntarcticawhere,in1821,he diesandhishairsandprivatepartsaresoldtothepublicfor souvenirs.JANUARY1815TragicallyforBritain,morethantwoweeks aftertheDecember24,1814,signingoftheGhentpeacetreatybetween

theUnitedStatesandBritain,AndrewJacksondefeatsahugeBritish attackforceatNewOrleans(January8,1815)whilenewsofthetreaty slowlymakesitswayacrosstheAtlantic.20THCENTURYAmerican, British,French,Canadian,andRussianschoolseachteachchildren theirown,completelydifferentversionsofhistorywithvirtuallyno mentionofhempinthiswar(nor,intheAmericanversions,atany othertimeinhistory). CHAPTER12CANNABISDRUGUSEIN19THCENTURYAMERICA Althoughby1839,cannabishempproductsforfiber,paper,nautical use,lampoil,food,etc.,werepossiblythelargestagriculturaland industrialbusinessintheworldandAmerica,thehundredsofmedical usesofcannabis(knownforthousandsofyearsintheOrientandMiddle East)werealmostentirelyunknowninWesternEuropeandAmerica becauseoftheearlierMedievalCatholicChurch'ssuppression.However, the19thCenturysawadramaticrediscoveryofthebenefitsof cannabisdrugs,whichwerethenumberonemedicineinAmericapriorto 1863.Itwasreplacedbymorphinewhenthenewinjectableneedle becametherage,butnotbeforecannabisbroughtwithithealthful elixirsandpatentmedicines,luxuriantTurkishSmokingParlors,and withthemafountainofliterarycreativity.Cannabisremainedthe numbertwomedicineuntil1901whenitwasreplacedbyaspirin. MarijuanaMedicinein19thCenturyAmerica From1850to1937,cannabiswasusedastheprimemedicineformore than100separateillnessesordiseasesinU.S.pharmacopoeia.During allthistime(untilthe1940s),science,doctors,anddrug manufacturers(Lilly,ParkeDavis,Squibb,etc.)hadnoideaofits activeingredients.Yetfrom1842untilthe1890s,marijuana,generally calledCannabisIndicaorIndianHempextractums,wasoneofthethree items(afteralcoholandopium)mostusedinpatentandprescription drugs(inmassive*doses,usuallybyoralingestion).*Dosesgiven duringthe19thCenturytoAmericaninfants,children,youth,adults, womeninchildbirth,andseniorcitizens,inoneday,were,inmany cases,equaltowhatacurrentmoderatetoheavyAmericanmarijuana userprobablyconsumesinamonthortwo,usingU.S.government's1983 guidelinesforcomparison.Violencewasequatedwithalcoholuse addictiontomorphinewasknownasthe"soldiers'illness."Andso, duringthatera,cannabisgainedfavorandwasevenrecommendedasa wayofhelpingalcoholicsandaddictsrecover.Sometemperance organizationsevensuggested"hasheesh"asasubstitutefor(wife beating)"Demon"alcohol.However,cannabismedicineshadbeenlargely losttotheWestsincethedaysoftheInquisition.(Seechapter10, "ALookAtThesociology")Until,thatis,W.B.O'Shaugnessy,a30year oldBritishphysicianservinginIndia'sBengal*province,watched Indiandoctorsusedifferenthempextractssuccessfullytotreatall typesofillnessanddiseasethenuntreatableintheWest,including tetanus.*"Bengal"means"BhangLand,"literallyCannabisLand. O'Shaugnessythendidanenormous(andthefirstWestern)study,*in 1839,andpublisheda40pagepaperontheusesofcannabismedicines. Atthesametime,aFrenchdoctornamedRochewasmakingthesame rediscoveryofhempinMiddleEasternmedicines.*O'Shaugnessyused patients,animals,andhimselfforhisresearchandexperiments. Incidentally,O'Shaugnessywentontobecomeamillionaireandwas knightedbyQueenVictoriaforbuildingIndia'sfirsttelegraphsystem

inthe1850s.O'Shaugnessy'smedicalpaperandfindingsonhemp extractsstunnedandsweptthroughtheWesternmedicalworld.Injust threeyears,marijuanawasanAmericanandEuropean"superstar."Papers writtenbyfirsttimeAmericanusers(novices)anddoctorsusing, treating,orexperimentingwithcannabis,toldstraightforward accountsofitsusuallyeuphoric,andsometimesdisphoric,mindand timeexpandingpropertiesforbothchildandadult,aswellashilarity andincreasedappetites,especiallythefirstfewtimestheytriedit. Interestingly,duringthiswholeperiodoftime(1840sto1930s)Lilly, Squibb,ParkeDavis,SmithBrothers,Tildens,etc.,hadnoeffective waytoprolongitsveryshortshelflifeandhadgreatdifficulty standardizingdosages.Asnotedbefore,marijuanamedicinewasso highlyregardedbyAmericans(includingsomeProtestanttheologians) duringthelastcenturythatin1860,forexample,theCommitteeon CannabisIndicafortheOhioStateMedicalSocietyreportedand concludedthat,"HighBiblicalcommentators[scholars]"believe"that thegallandvinegar,ormyrrhedwine,offeredtoourSaviour, immediatelybeforehiscrucifixion,wasinallprobability,a preparationofIndianhemp[marijuana],andevenspeakofitsearlier useinobstetrics."* *Reprintedfromthetranscriptsofthe15thannualmeetingoftheOhio StateMedicalSociety,atWhiteSulphurSprings,Ohio,June1214, 1860,pg.75100.Themainreasonsthatcannabismedicinesfellinto disuseinAmericawasthedifficultyofidentifyingandstandardizing dosage,e.g.,in1964,27yearsafterAmericaoutlawedcannabisin 1937,Dr.RaphaelMechoulamofTelAvivUniversityfirstdiscoveredthe THCdeltamoleculesastheactiveingredientsincannabis.Also, doctorsinthelate19thCenturycouldnotfindawaytoinjectitinto humanswiththeirbrandnewhypodermicneedlesandstillhaven't.By the1890s,someofthemostpopularAmericanmarriageguidesrecommend cannabisasanaphrodisiacofextraordinarypowersnooneever suggestedaprohibitionlawagainstcannabis.Andwhiletherewastalk ofanalcoholprohibitionlaw,anumberofwomen'stemperance organizationsevensuggested"hasheesh"asasubstitutefor"demon" alcohol,whichtheysaidledtowifebeating. APopularInspirationofthe19thCenturyLiteraryGreats Fromtheearly1800son,someoftheworld'sforemostromanticand revolutionarywritersonindividualfreedomandhumandignityextolled cannabisuse.Westudytheirworksinschooltodayas"classics": VictorHugo:LesMiserables,1862,NotreDamedeParis(Hunchbackof), 1831AlexandreDumas:TheCountofMonteCristo,1844,TheThree Musketeers,1844Coleridge,Cautier,DeQuincy,Balzac,Baudelaire, andJohnGreenleafWhittier(BarbaraFritchie),etc.Cannabisand mushroomimageryinfluencedLewisCarroll'sAliceinWonderland,1865, andThroughtheLookingGlass,1872.Intheearly1860s,MarkTwain's bestfriendandmentorwasthealreadyfamousbestsellingwriterand advocateofcannabis,theyoung(mid20s)FitzHughLudlow(TheHashish Eater,1857).Ludlowextolledhashisheatingasawondrousmind adventurebutwarnedstronglyagainstoverindulgenceofitandall drugs.Theseauthors'storiesusuallyhadseveralthingsincommon:A completeloveofindividualfreedomrespectforthedignityofeach human'ssearchforindividualconsciousnessandhumorouscontemptfor theestablishment,beliefs,bureaucracies,andinjusticesoftheirday (forexample,LesMiserables)Thescienceofpsychopharmacology

startedinFrancecirca1845withDoctorJ.J.MoreauDeTours,and cannabisbecameoneofthefirstdrugsusedtotreattheinsaneand depressed.MoreauwasbestfriendswithDumas,Hugo,andGautier,and in1845cofoundedwiththeminParisthefirstcannabisclubinthe WesternWorld:LeClubDesHaschischins. MapleSugarHashishCandy Startinginthe1860s,theGanjaWallahHasheeshCandyCompanymade maplesugarhashishcandy,whichsoonbecameoneofthemostpopular treatsinAmerica.For40years,itwassoldoverthecounterand advertisedinnewspapers,aswellasbeinglistedinthecatalogsof SearsRoebuck,asatotallyharmless,delicious,andfuncandy. TurkishSmokingParlors WorldFairsandInternationalExpositionsfromthe1860sthroughthe early1900softenfeaturedapopularTurkishHashishSmokingexposition andconcession.HashishsmokingwasentirelynewforAmericansits effectscameonmuchfaster.However,smokinghashishwasonlyabout onethirdasstrongorlonglastingasorallyingestingthecannabis extractmedicinesthatevenAmericanchildrenwereregularly prescribed.AtAmerica'sgiant100year1876CentennialExpositionin Philadelphia,fairgoerstooktheirfriendsandfamilytopartake (smoke)attheextremelypopularTurkishHashishExposition,soasto "enhance"theirfairexperience.By1883,similarhashishsmoking parlorswerelegallyopenineverymajorAmericancity,includingNew York,Boston,Philadelphia,Chicago,St.Louis,NewOrleans,andsoon ThePoliceGazetteestimatedthereweremorethan500hashishsmoking parlorsinNewYorkCityinthe1880sanditwasestimatedbytheNYPD thattherewerestill500ormorehashishparlorsinN.Y.C.inthe 1920smoreoftheseparlorsthantherewere"speakeasys"duringthe same1920salcoholprohibitionperiod. AsAmericanasApplePie BythestartofthiscenturyalmostfourgenerationsofAmericanshad beenusingcannabis.Virtuallyeveryoneinthiscountrywasfamiliar fromchildhoodonwiththe"highs"ofcannabisextractyetdoctorsdid notconsiderithabitforming,antisocial,orviolentatallafter60 yearsofuse.Thisleadsustoanimportantquestion:Ifitwasnot fearofhealthorsocialconsequencesthatledtotheeventualbanof cannabisuseinAmerica(andlaterforcedontherestoftheworld), whatdid? TheSmearCampaign WhatsociopoliticalforcewouldbestrongenoughtoturnAmericans againstsomethingasinnocentasaplantletaloneonewhicheveryone hadaninterestinusingtoimprovetheirownlives?Earlier,youread howthefirstfederalantimarijuanalaws(1937)cameaboutbecauseof WilliamRandolphHearst'slies,yellowjournalism,andracistnewspaper articlesandravings,whichfromthenonwerecitedinCongressional testimonybyHarryAnslingerasfacts.ButwhatstartedHearstonthe marijuanaandracistscarestories?Whatintelligenceorignorance, forwhichwestillpunishfellowAmericanstothetuneof14million yearsinjailsandprisonsinjustthelast60years,(390,000arrested

in1990formarijuana410,000arrestedin1993formarijuana642,000 arrestedin1997aloneformarijuana,almosttwiceasmanyas1990) Broughtthisallabout?Thefirststepwastointroducetheelementof fearoftheunknownbyusingawordthatnoonehadeverheardof before:"marijuana."Thenextstepwastokeepthemaneuveringshidden fromthedoctors,scientists,andhempindustrieswhowouldhave defendedhemp.Thiswasdonebyholdingmostofthehearingson prohibitioninsecret.And,finally,prohibitionistssetouttostirup primalemotionsandtaprightintoanexistingpoolofhatredthatwas alreadypoisoningsociety:racism. CHAPTER13PREJUDICEANDJIMCROWLAWS SmokinginAmerica Thefirstknown*smokingoffemalecannabistopsintheWestern hemispherewasprobablyinthe1870sintheWestIndies(Jamaica, Bahamas,Barbados,etc.)andarrivedwiththeimmigrationofthousands ofIndianHindus(fromBritishcontrolledIndia)importedforcheap labor.By1886,Mexicansandblacksailors,whotradedinthose islands,pickedupandspreaditsusethroughoutalltheWestIndies andMexico.*Thereareothertheoriesaboutthefirstknown"smoking" ofhempflowertops,e.g.,byAmericanandBrazilianslaves,Shawnee Indians,etc.,somefascinatingbutnoneverifiable.Cannabissmoking wasgenerallyusedintheWestIndiestoeasethebackbreakingworkin thecamefields,beattheheat,andtorelaxintheeveningswithout thethreatofanalcoholhangoverinthemorning.Givenitslate19th CenturyareaofusagetheCaribbeanWestIndiesandMexicoitis notsurprisingthefirstmarijuanauserecordedintheU.S.wasby MexicansinBrownsville,Texasin1903.Andthefirstmarijuana prohibitionlawinAmericapertainingonlytoMexicanswaspassed inBrownsvilleinthatsameyear."Ganja"usewasnextreportedin1909 intheportofNewOrleans,intheblackdominated"Storeyville" sectionfrequentedbysailors.NewOrleans'Storeyvillewasfilledwith cabarets,brothels,music,andalltheotherusualaccoutrementsof "redlight"districtstheworldover.Sailorsfromtheislandstook theirshoreleaveandthermarijuanathere. Blackface ThePublicSafetyCommissionerofNewOrleanswrotethat,"marijuana wasthemostfrighteningandviciousdrugevertohitNewOrleans,"and in1910warnedthatregularusersmightnumberashighas200in Storeyvillealone.TotheDAandPublicSafetyCommissionersandNew Orleansnewspapers,from1910throughthe1930s,marijuana'sinsidious evilinfluenceapprentlymanifesteditselfinmakingthe"darkies" thinktheywereasgoodas"whitemen."Infact,marijuanawasbeing blamedforthefirstrefusalsofblackentertainerstowearblackface* andforhystericallaughterby"negroes"undermarijuana'sinfluence whentoldtocrossastreetorgotothebackofthetrolley,etc.* That'sright,youreyeshavenotdeceivedyou.Becauseofacurious quirkinthe"JimCrow"(segregation)laws,blackAmericanswerebanned fromanystageintheDeepSouth(andmostotherplacesintheNorth andWestalso)."Negroes"hadtowear(throughthe1920s)blackface (likeAlJolsonworewhenhesang"Swanee")adyewhichwhite entertainersworetoresembleormimicblackpeople.Actually,by"Jim Crow"law,blackswerenotallowedonthestageatall,butbecauseof

theirtalentwereallowedtosneak/enterthroughbackdoors,puton blackface,andpretendtobeawhitepersonplayingthepartofablack person! AndAllThatJazz InNewOrleans,whiteswerealsoconcernedthatblackmusicians, rumoredtosmokemarijuana,werespreading(selling)averypowerful (popular)new"voodoo"musicthatforcedevendecentwhitewomentotap theirfeetandwasultimatelyaimedatthrowingofftheyokeofthe whites.Todaywecallthatnewmusic...jazz!Blacksobviously playeduponthewhiteNewOrleansracists'fearsof"voodoo"totryto keepwhitesoutoftheirlives.Jazz'sbirthplaceisgenerally recognizedtobeStoreyville,NewOrleans,homeoforiginalinnovators: BuddyBohler,BuckJohnsonandothers(19091917).Storeyvillewas alsothebirthplaceofLouisArmstrong*(1900).*In1930oneyear afterLouisArmstrongrecorded"Muggles"(read:"marijuana")hewas arrestedforamarijuanacigaretteinLosAngelesandputinjailfor 10daysuntilheagreedtoleaveCaliforniaandnotreturnfortwo years.Americannewspapers,politicians,andpolicehadvirtuallyno idea,foralltheseyears(untilthe1920s,andthenonlyrarely),that themarijuanathe"darkies"and"Chicanos"weresmokingincigarettes orpipeswasjustaweakerversionofthemanyfamiliarconcentrated cannabismedicinesthey'dbeentakingsincechildhood,orthatthesame drugwassmokedlegallyatthelocal"whiteman's"plushhashish parlors.Whiteracistswrotearticlesandpassedcityandstate "marijuana"lawswithoutthisknowledgeforalmosttwodecades,chiefly becauseof"Negro/Mexican"vicious"insolence"*undertheeffectof marijuana.*ViciousInsolence:Between1884and1900,3,500documented deathsofblackAmericanswerecausedbylynchingsbetween1900and 1917,over1,100wererecorded.Therealfigureswereundoubtedly higher.Itisestimatedthatonethirdoftheselynchingswerefor "insolence,"whichmightbeanythingfromlooking(orbeingaccusedof looking)atawhitewomantwice,tosteppingonawhiteman'sshadow, eventolookingawhitemandirectlyintheeyeformorethanthree secondsfornotgoingdirectlytothebackofthetrolley,andother "offenses."Itwasobvioustowhites,marijuanacaused"Negro"and Mexican"viciousness"ortheywouldn'tdarebe"insolent"etc... Hundredsofthousandsof"Negroes"andChicanosweresentencedfrom10 daysto10yearsmostlyonlocalandstate"chaingangs"forsuchsilly crimesaswehavejustlisted.Thiswasthenatureof"JimCrow"laws untilthe1950sand'60sthelawsMartinLutherKing,theNAACP,and generalpublicoutcryhavefinallybegunremedyinginAmerica.Wecan onlyimagetheimmediateeffecttheblackentertainers'refusaltowear blackfacehadonthewhiteestablishment,butsevenyearslater,1917, Storeyvillewascompletelyshutdown.Apartheidhaditsmomentof triumph.Nolongerdidtheupright,uptightwhitecitizenhavetoworry aboutwhitewomengoingtoStoreyvilletolistento"voodoo"jazzor perhapsberapedbyitsmarijuanacrazed"blackadherents"whoshowed viciousdisrespect(insolence)forwhitesandtheir"JimCrowLaws"by steppingontheir(whitemen's)shadowsandthelikewhentheywere highonmarijuana.Blackmusiciansthentooktheirmusicandmarijuana uptheMississippitoMemphis,KansasCity,St.Louis,Chicago,etc., wherethe(white)cityfathers,forthesameracistreasons,soon passedlocalmarijuanalawstostop"evil"musicandkeepwhitewomen fromfallingpreytoblacksthroughjazzandmarijuana.

MexicanAmericans In1915,CaliforniaandUtahpassedstatelawsoutlawingmarijuanafor thesame"JimCrow"reasonsbutdirectedthroughtheHearstpapersat Chicanos.Coloradofollowedin1917.It'slegislatorscitedexcesses ofPanchoVilla'srebelarmy,whosedrugofchoicewassupposedtohave beenmarijuana.(Iftrue,thismeansthatmarijuanahelpedto overthrowoneofthemostrepressive,evilregimesMexicoever suffered.TheColoradoLegislaturefelttheonlywaytopreventan actualracialbloodbackandtheoverthrowoftheir(white's)ignorant andbigotedlaws,attitudesandinstitutionswastostopmarijuana. Mexicansundermarijuana'sinfluenceweredemandinghumanetreatment, lookingatwhitewomen,andaskingthattheirchildrenbeeducated whiltetheparentsharvestedsugarbeetsandmakingother"insolent" demands.Withtheexcuseofmarijuana(KillerWeed),thewhitescould nowuseforceandrationalizetheirviolentactsofrepression.This "reeferraciscm"continuesintothepresentday.In1937,Harry AnslingertoldCongressthattherewerebetween50,000to100,000* marijuanasmokersintheU.S.,mostly"NegroesandMexicans,and entertainers,"andtheirmusic,jazzandswing,wasanoutgrowthof thismarijuanause.Heinsistedthis"satanic"musicandtheuseof marijuanacausedwhitewomento"seeksexualrelationsiwthNegroes!"* Anslingerwouldhaveflippedtokonwthatonedaytherewouldbe26 milliondailymarijuanausersandanother3040millionoccasional usersinAmerica,andthatrock'nrollandjazzarenowenjoyedby tensofmillionswhohaveneversmokedmarijuana. SouthAfricaToday In1911,SouthAfrica*begantheoutlawingofmarijuanaforthesame reasonsasNewOrleans:tostopinsolentblacks!WhiteSouthAfrica, alongwithEgypt,ledtheinternationalfight(LeagueofNations)to havecannabisoutlawedworldwide.*SouthAfricastillallowedits blackmineworkerstosmokedaggainthemines,though.Why?Because theyweremoreproductive!Infact,inthatsameyear,SouthAfrica influencedsouthernU.S.legislatorstooutlawcannabis(whichmany blackSouthAfricansreveredas"dagga,theirsacredherb).ManySouth Africans'AmericanbusinessheadquarterswereinNewOrleansatthe time.Thisisthewholeracialandreligious(MedeivalCatholicChurch) basisoutofwhichourlawsagainsthemparose.Areyouproud? Fourteenmillionyearssofarhavebeenspentinjails,prisons,parole andprobationbyAmericansforthisabsurdracistandprobablyeconomic reasoning.(SeeChapter4,"LastDaysofLegalCannabis.")Isn'tit interestingthatin1985theU.S.incarceratedalargerpercentageof peoplethananycountryintheworldexceptSouthAfrica?In1989,the U.S.surpassedSouthAfrica,andthe1997incarcerationrateisalmost fourtimesthatofSouthAfrica,isthehighestintheworld,andis growing.PresidentBush,inhisgreatdrugpolicyspeechofSeptember 5,1989,promisedtodoublethefederalprisonpopulationagain,after ithadalreadydoubledunderReagan.Hesucceeded.In1993,President BillClintonplannedtoredoublethenumberofprisonersagainby1996. Hedid.Remembertheoutcryin1979whenformerU.N.AmbassadorAndrew YoungtoldtheworldthattheU.S.hadmorepoliticalprisonersthan anyothernation?(AmnestyInternational,UCLA.) LastingRemnants

Eventhoughblackfacedisappearedaslawinthelate1920s,aslateas the1960s,blackentertainers(suchasHarryBelafonteandSammyDavis, Jr.)stillhadtogointhebackdooroftheatricalestablishments, bars,etc.bylaw!Theycouldn'trentahotelroominLasVegasor MiamiBeachevenwhilebeingtheheadlineact.BenVereen's1981 PresidentialInaugurationperformanceforRonaldReaganpresentedthis country'sturnofthecenturyBlackface/JimCrowlawsinagreatstory, aboutblackcomicgeniusBertWilliams(circa1890to1920).Vereenhad beeninvitedtoperformfortheReaganInaugurationandhadaccepted onlyontheconditionthathecouldtelltheentire"Blackface"story butthewholefirsthalfofVereen'sshow,depictingBernWilliamsand blackface,wascensoredbyReagan'speopleonABCTV,contrarytothe specialagreementVereenhadwiththem. CHAPTER14MORETHANSIXTYYEARSOFREPRESSION 1937:Hempbanned.Anestimated60,000Americanssmoke"marijuana," butvirtuallyeveryoneinthecountryhasheardofit,thankstoHearst andAnslinger'sdisinformationcampaign. 1945:Newsweekreportsthatmorethan100,000personsnowsmoke marijuana. 1967:MillionsofAmericansregularlyandopenlysmokehempleavesand flowers. 1977:Tensofmillionssmokecannabisregularly,withmanypersons growingtheirown. 1998:OneinthreeAmericans,approximately90millioncitizens,have nowtrieditatleastonce,andsome1020%(25to50million Americans)stillchoosetobuyandsmokeitregularly,despiteurine testsandtougherlaws.Throughouthistory,Americanshaveheldthe legaltraditionthatonecouldnotgiveupone'sConstitutionalrights andifsomeonewasstrippedoftheseprotections,thenheorshewas beingvictimized.Howeverby1989,ifyousignedupforan extracurricularactivityinschoolorappliedforaminimumwagejob, youcouldbeaskedtoforegoyourrighttoprivacy,protectionfrom selfincrimination,Constitutionalrequirementsofreasonablegrounds forsearchandseizure,presumedinnocenceuntilfoundguiltybyyour peers,andthatmostfundamentalrightofall:personalresponsibility foryourownlifeandconsciousness. By1995,theU.S.SupremeCourtupheldthattheseintrusionsintoyour privacywereconstitutional! InNovember1996,asearlierstated,Californiapassedastatewide people'sinitiativethatlegalizedmedicalmarijuanawithinthestate. AlsoinNovember1996,Arizonapassedastatewideinitiative(by65%of thevote)thatincludedmedicalmarijuanabut,unlikeCalifornialaw, Arizona'slegislatureandthegovernor(nowimpeached)canandhave sincerejectedthepeople'slaw.Thiswasthefirstrejectionbythe legislatureandthegovernorofanyArizonastateinitiativein90 years! TheArmedForcesandIndustry

TheArmedForces,aswellasmanycivilianfactories,willbootyouout ifyousmokemarijuanaevenifyousmokeit30daysbeforetestingand whileoffduty.Thesetestsaredoneatrandomandoftendonot includeliquor,tranquilizer,orotherspeed/downertypedrugs. However,accordingtoOSHAandinsuranceactuarialfindings,plusthe AFLCIO,itisalcohol(!)thatisinvolvedin9095%ofdrugrelated factoryaccidents.Infact,numerousU.S.Armytestoftheeffectsof cannabisonsoldiers(throughthe1950sand'60s)atEdgewoodArsenal, Maryland,andelsewhere,shownolossofmotivationorperformance aftertwoyearsofheavy(militarysponsored)smokingofmarijuanaThis studywasrepeatedsixmoretimesbythemilitaryanddozensoftimes byuniversitieswiththesameorsimilarresults.(Also,British IndianHempReportPanama/SilerstudyJamaicanstudy,etal.)South AfricangoldanddiamondminesallowedandencouragedBlackstouse cannabis/Daggainordertoworkharder.(U.S.GovernmentReports,1956 58616368697076.) PrivacyisaRight GroupslikeNORML,HEMP,ACLU,BACH,andtheLibertarianParty(for example)feelthataslongasmilitarypersonnel(unlessonalert)or factoryworkersdonotsmokecannabiswhileondutyorduringthe periodfourtosixhoursbeforeduty,it'stheirownbusiness.Thisis consistentwiththeconclusionsoftheU.S.government'sownSiler Commission(1933)andShaferCommission(1972)reports,aswellasthe LaGuardiareport(1944),theCanadianGovernmentStudy(1972),Alaska StateCommission(1989),andtheCaliforniaResearchAdvisoryPanel (1989),allofwhichheldthatnocriminalpenaltiesareinorderfor itsuse. InaccurateUrineTesting Military/factoryworkermarijuanaurinetestsareonlypartially accurateanddonotindicatetheextentofyourintoxication.They indicateonlywhetheryouhavesmokedorbeeninthepresenceof cannabissmokeorhaveeatenhempseedoiloranyhempseedffodproduct inthelast30days.Whetheryousmokedorateitanhouragoor30 daysagoandsometimesifyouhaven'tsmokeditatallthetestresults arethesame:Positive.JohnP.Morgan,M.D.,statedinHighTimes February1989(andin1999hestillsays),"Thetestsarefarfrom reliable.Tamperingandhighratesoffalsepositives,false negatives,etc.arecommon,andfurtherthesetestingcompaniesare heldtonostandardsbuttheirown."At2050nanograms(billionthsof agram)permilliliterofTHCCarboxyAcid(ametabolite)thesetests canbereadaspositiveornegativeyetresultsderivedfromthispart ofthescaleareknowntobemeaningless.Totheuntrainedeye,any positiveindicationsendsuparedflag.Andmosttestersare untrainedanduncertified.Still,thedecisiontohire,fire,detain, retest,orbegindrugabusetreatmentismadeforyouonthespot."I believethetendencytoreadtheEMIT[theurinetestforTHC metabolites]testbelowthedetectionlimitisoneoftheimportant reasonswhythetestwasnotoftenconfirmedinpublishedreports,"Dr. Morgansaid.In1985,forthefirsttime,Milton,Wisconsin,high schoolkidswereorderedtohaveurinetestsweeklytoseeifthey smokedpot.Local"FamiliesAgainstMarijuana"typeorganizationswere demandingthistesting,butnotforliquor,downers,orotherhazardous drugs.Hundredsofcommunitiesandhighschoolsthroughoutthecountry

wereawaitingtheoutcomeofconstitutionalchallengesinMiltonin 1988beforeimplementingsimilartestingprogramsintheirownschool districts.BecauseofthisrulinginMilton'sfavor,testingforhigh schoolstudentsparticipatinginextracurricularactivitieshassince beenwidelyadoptedandcontinuesacrosstheUnitedStatesin1998.For instance,inOregonthetestingofhighschoolathleteshasspreadby courtordertoanyandallextracurricularactivity.Bandmembersand majorettesevendebateteammembers,somedebatingonthemarijuana issuecannowbetestedatwillinallstatesexceptCalifornia,where evenahighschoolstudentcan,since1996,legallyhaveadoctor's recommendationoracknowledgementforthemedicaluseofmarijuana. (NORMLreports,HighTimes,ABC,NBC&CBSNews,andLATimes,1981 1998,Oregonian,October23,1989.) BaseballandtheBabe FormerBaseballCommissionerPeterV.Ueberrothfirstorderedin1985 allpersonnel,exceptunionizedplayers,tosubmittotheseurine tests.Fromtheownerstothepeanutvendorstothebatboys,itis mandatoryinordertobeemployed.By1990,ithadbeenincorporated intoallcontracts,includingballplayers.Now,sinceNovember1996,a professionalbaseballplayer(oranyothersportsplayerforthat matter)inCaliforniamaytakeadvantageofcannabisasmedicine,and continuetoplaybaseballprofessionally.Asidefromthecivil libertiesquestionsraised,itisapparentlyforgottenthat"Babe"Ruth wouldregularlyinvitereporterstoaccompanyhimwhilehedrank12 beerspriortoplayingagame,duringalcoholProhibition.Many"dry" organizationsandeventheleaguecommissionerimploredhimtothinkof thechildrenwhoidolizedhimandstop,butthe"Babe"refused.If PeterUeberrothorhisilkhadbeeninchargeofbaseballduring Prohibition,the"SultanofSwat"wouldhavebeenfiredinshameand millionsofchildrenwouldnothaveproudlyplayedin"BabeRuthLittle Leagues."LyndonLaRouche's"WaronDrugs"committeetoldusthat, alongwithnewmarijuanalaws,theyexpectedtoimplementtheirmost importantgoal:anyoneinthefutureplayinganydisco,rock'n'roll, orjazzontheradio,ontelevision,inschools,orinconcert,orwho justsoldrock'n'rollrecordsoranymusicthatwasn'tontheir approvedclassicallistswouldbejailed,includingmusicteachers, discjockeys,andrecordcompanyexecutives.Tensofmillionsof averageAmericanschoosetousecannabisasselfmedicationortorelax duringtheirtimeoffthejob,andthereforeriskcriminalpenalties. Jobperformanceshouldbetheprinciplecriterionforevaluationofall employees,notpersonallifestylechoices.TheBabeRuthsofsports, theHenryFordsofindustry,thePinkFloyds,Beatles,Picassos,and LouisArmstrongsofthearts,andoneoutoftenAmericanshavebecome criminalsandthousandsunemployedforsmokingcannabis,evenwhen merelyunwindingintheprivacyoftheirownhomes.RobertMitchum's filmcareerwasalmostdestroyedbya1948marijuanaarrest.Federal JudgeDouglasGinsburgwasonthevergeofbeingappointedtotheU.S. SupremeCourtin1987whenitwasrevealedthathehadsmokedgrass whileauniversityprofessorandhisnamewaswithdrawnfrom nomination.However,GeorgeBush'sappointeeSupremeCourtJustice ClarenceThomas'1991admissionthathesmokedmarijuanaincollegewas notanissueinhiscontroversialconfirmation. DividingCommunitiesandSplittingUpFamilies

"Helpafriend,sendhimtojail,"saysabillboardinVentura, California.Thisisanexampleofthe"zerotolerance"campaign's informonyourneighbortacticsbeingusedtoenforcethelawsagainst thevictimlesscrimeofcannabissmoking.Here'sanotherexamplefrom TV:"Ifyouhaveknowledgeofafelonyyoucanearnuptoonethousand dollars.Yournamewillnotbeusedandyouwillnotberequiredto appearincourt."*Onemanreceivedapostcardinjailsaying,"Our informantreceived$600forturningyouin.Crimestoppers."* (Crimestoppers,Ventura,California,October,1989.) SurveillanceandSeizures InruralCalifornia,wherecannabisgrowinghassupportedwhole communities,thewellarmedCAMPforcesgointoathickforest discovering15foottall,lush,heartyeightmontholdplants.These arehackeddown,piledup,andsmotheredwithgasolineandrubber tires.Uncured,theyburnslowly.Elsewhere,ahelicopterpilot circlesoveraneighborhood,peeringintoaheatsensitivecamera pointedatahouse."We'relookingfortheindoorsun,"heexplains matteroffactly."Weonlypursuespecificobjectives,"houseswhere growlightshavebeenboughtorsomeothertangiblebasisexiststo suspect"manufacturingacontrolledsubstance":afelony."Look, there'sthelightfromthehouse."Histhermalsensitivescreenshows heatleakingoutfromundertheeavesofthehouse.Siteconfirmed. Nexttheyobtainasearchwarrant,raidtheproperty,seizethehouse undercivilproceedings,andprosecuteitsinhabitantsundercriminal law.(48Hrs.,CBStelevision,"MarijuanaGrowinginCalifornia," October12,1989.) UnAmericanPolicies&PoliticalExtortion RichardNixonorderedtheFBItoillegallymonitorJohnLennon24hours adayforsixsolidmonthsin1971becauseLennonhadgivenaconcert inMichigantofreeastudent(JohnSinclair)fromfiveyearsinjail forpossessionoftwojoints.(L.A.Times,August,1983.)Thedrug, oil,paper,andliquorcompanieswantpotillegalforever,nomatter whoserightstheysuppressorhowmanyyearswehavetospendinprison toassuretheirprofits.Politicianswhoareliberalareinvestigated and,webelieve,areblackmailedtokeeptheirmouthsshutonthis subjectandothers,orriskbeingexposedforsomepastindiscretionby themselvesormembersoftheirfamiliespossiblysexualordrug related. Police,Secrets&Blackmail Afewyearsago,thenLosAngelesPoliceChiefDarylGates(19781992) orderedsurveillanceofCityCouncilmanZevYarslovsky,CityAttorney JohnVanDeKamp,andMayorTomBradley,amongothers.Hemonitored theirprivatesexlivesformorethanayear.(LosAngelesTimes, August,1983.).EdgarHoover,asDirectoroftheFBI,didthisfor fiveyearstoMartinLutherKingJr.and,inthemost"sick" situation,deliberatelydroveactressJeanSeburgtosuicidewith terribleongoingfederallettersandinformationfedtotabloids exposingherpregnanciesandprivatedateswithblacks.Infact,using theFBI,Hooverharassedselectedtargets,foraslongas20years becauseoftheircivilrightsstands.TheformerdirectoroftheFBI andalsodirectoverseeroftheDEA,WilliamWebster,answered

questionsaboutthesquanderingof50%($500million)offederaldrug enforcementmoneyoncannabisenforcementthisway:"Oh,marijuanais anextremelydangerousdrugandtheproof[referringtototally discreditedbrainandmetabolitestudiesbyHeath,Nahas]isnowcoming in."Websterthenaskedformoremoneyandmoreunrestrainedpowersto stoppot.(Nightwatch,CBS,January1,1985.)(1998footnote:The DEA'sbudgetformarijuanainformationalonefiguresoutto10times thecostof1985'sbudgetand100timesthecostofits1981budget.) PublicHumiliation Entertainerscaughtwithcannabishavehadtodoa"Galileo"type recantingtostayoutofjailortoretaintheirtelevision, endorsement,ornightclubcontracts,etc.Somehavehadtogoon televisionanddenouncemarijuanatostayoutofjail(e.g.,Peter YarrowofPeter,PaulandMary,DavidCrosby,andactressLinda Carter).OurcourtsandlegislatorshavesoldourAmerican "guaranteed"BillofRights,writtenoncannabis,tosecureacannabis freeworld."Don'tsuspectyourneighbor,turnhimin."Anyhearsay istobereported.Thatwhichrevoltedusaschildrenthespectreof NazisandCommiesaskingeveryonetospyandinformononeanother Stalin'ssecretpolicetakingpersonsfromtheirhomesatnightto administerstupefyingdrugsandextortinformationagovernment spreadingliesandcreatingapolicestatehasnowbecomeoureveryday Amierkanreality.Andthosewhodaretostandagainstthetideof oppressionfacetheprospectoffinancialruin. Seizure:FeudalLaw&Order Whenthefederalgovernmentseizescars,boats,money,realestate,and otherpersonalproperty,proceedingaresetintomotionbasedonlaws thatoriginatedwithmedievalsuperstition.Englishcommonlawofthe MiddleAgesprovidedforforfeitureofanyobjectcausingaman's death.Knownasa"deodand,"theobject,suchasaweaponorrunaway oxcart,waspersonifiedanddeclaredtaintedorevil,andforfeitedto theking.Today'sinrem(againstthingsratherthanagainstpersons) forfeitureproceedingsarecivilsuitsagainstthepropertyitself. Relyingonanalogytothedeodand,alegal"personificationfiction," declaresthepropertytobethedefendant.Itisheldguiltyand condemned,asthoughitwereapersonalityandtheguiltorinnocence oftheownerisirrelevant.Byapplyingthiscivillabeltoforfeiture proceedings,thegovernmentsidestepsalmostalltheprotections offeredbytheConstitutiontoindividuals.ThereisnoSixth Amendmentguaranteeofrighttocounsel.Innocentuntilprovenguilty isreversed.Eachviolationofaconstitutionalrightisthenusedas thebasisforthedestructionofanother.TheviolationoftheFifth Amendment's"innocentuntilprovenguilty"dueprocessstandardisused todestroytheprohibitionofdoublejeopardy.Evenacquittalofthe criminalchargestheforfeitureisbasedupondoesnotpreventre tryingthesamefacts,because,eventhroughthegovernmentcouldn't proveacrimewascommitted,atthesecondtrialthedefendantmust provideproofofinnocence.TheSupremeCourtholdsthatitis constitutionaltoforfeitpropertyinremfromapersonwhois completelyinnocentandnonnegligentinhisuseoftheproperty. Lowercourtsacceptprosecutors'argumentsthatifitispermissibleto forfeitpropertyfromcompletelyinnocentpersons,thenconstitutional protectionscouldnotpossiblyapplytoanyonewhoisguiltyofevena

minordrugoffense.Unlikecivilsuitsbetweenindividuals,the governmentisimmunetocountersuit.Thegovernmentcanuseits unlimitedresourcestorepeatedlypressasuitinthemerehopeof convincingonejurorthedefendantdidnotprovideapreponderanceof evidence.ForfeituresimposedbytheEnglishCrownledournation's founderstoprohibitbillsofattainder(forfeitureconsequentto conviction)inthefirstarticleoftheAmericanConstitution.The mainbodyoftheConstitutionalsoforbidsforfeitureofestatefor treason.ThefirstCongresspassedthestatue,stilllawtoday, statingthat"Noconvictionorjudgementshallworkcorruptionofblood oranyforfeitureofestate."However,earlyAmericansdidincorporate inrem(proceedingagainstathing)proceduresunderAdmiraltyand Maritimelaw,toseizeenemyshipsatseaandtoenforcepaymentof customsduties.ItwasnotuntiltheoutbreakoftheCivilWarthat theseCustomsprocedureswereradicallychanged.TheConfiscationAct ofJuly17,1862,declaredallpropertybelongingtoConfederate officersorthosewhoaidedtherebelstobeforfeitableinrem.The U.S.SupremeCourtheldthatiftheActwasanexerciseofthewar powersofthegovernmentandwasappliedonlytoenemies,thenitwas Constitutionallyallowableinordertoensureaspeedyterminationof thewar.Today,thepassionsofthe"WaronDrugs"havecausedCongress toonceagainuseinremproceedingstoinflictpunishmentwithoutthe nuisanceoftheprotectionsprovidedbytheConstitutionandBillof Rights."WehavetosaveourConstitution,"saysVickieLinker,whose husbandservedtwoyearsinprisonforacannabisoffense."Wehave thetruth." Entrapment,IntoleranceandIgnorance Whennotenoughpersonsseemtobecommittingcrimes,theDEAand policedepartmentsoftenresorttoentrapmenttomakecriminalsoutof unsuspectingandotherwisenoncriminalpersons.Governmentagents havebeencaughttimeaftertimeprovokingandparticipatingindrug smugglingandsales.**HighWitnessNewsdepartment,HighTimes magazine"InsidetheDEA,"DaleGeiringer,ReasonMagazine,December, 1986ChristicInstitute"LaPenca"lawsuitDeLoreancocainetrial testimonyandverdictofinnocencePlayboymagazine,etcThisconstant fanningofpublicfearsofmarijuanaturnsintodemandsformoremoney fora"WaronDrugs"(aeuphemismforwaroncertainpeoplewhofreely choosetouseselectedsubstances)andpoliticalpressureforthe permissiontouseunconstitutionalmeanstoenforcetheconstantly harsherlaws.InanOctober,1989,Louisville,KY,addresstothe PoliceChiefsofthatstate,thenDrugCzarandsocialdrinking, nicotineaddictWilliamBennett*announcedthatmarijuanasmokingmakes peoplestupid.*Thisisthesamemanwhohelpedengineera$2.9 milliongrantfortheTexasNationalGuardtodressitsagentsupas cactustopatroltheMexicanborder.ThiswastheNationalGuardunit thatlatershotandkilledayoungAmericanbornMexicansheepherder assuminghimtobeanillegalimmigrant.Heofferednoproof,and althoughcrackwasnotamajorissueinKentucky,proclaimedthatmore moneywasnecessaryforthewarondrugsbecauseofthisnewfound marijuanainduceddangerstupidity!(Which,asfarasweknow,is stillnotacrime.)Bennettwasseentobracehimselfwithalate morningginandtonicinDecember,1989,ashetriedtopitchasimilar antimarijuanamessagetorepresentativesofthebroadcastandfilm industriesinBeverlyHills,CA.(HighTimes,February,1990.See "BoozeBrunch"inappendixofthepaperversionofthisbook.)Have

yourballoonsandbumperstickersreadyBennettisrunningfor presidentin2000! PDFA:SlicklyPackagedLies AnotherrecentdevelopmenthasbeentheformationofthePDFA (PartnershipforaDrugFreeAmerica)inthemedia.PDFA,with primarilyinkindfundingfromadagenciesandmediagroups,makes available(freeofchargetoallbroadcastandprintmedia)slick publicserviceadsdirectedprimarilyagainstmarijuana.Inadditionto releasingsuchmeaninglessdrivelasanadwhichshowsaskillet("This isdrugs.")onwhichaneggisfrying("Thisisyourbrainondrugs. Anyquestions?"),PDFAisnotabovelyingoutrightintheirads.Inone ad,thewreckageofatrainisshown.Now,everyonewillagreethatno oneshouldattempttodriveatrainwhilehighonmarijuana.Buta man'svoicesaysthatanyonewhotellsyouthat"marijuanaisharmless" islying,becausehiswifewaskilledinatrainaccidentcausedby marijuana.Thiscontradictsthedirectsworntestimonyoftheengineer responsibleforthatdisasterthat"thisaccidentwasnotcausedby marijuana."Anditdeliberatelyignoreshisadmissionsofdrinking alcohol,snacking,watchingTV,generallyfailingtopayadequate attentiontohisjob,anddeliberatelyjammingthetrain'ssafety equipmentpriortotheaccident.Yet,foryearsthePDFAhasdescribed thetrainaccidentasbeingmarijuanacaused,eventhoughtheengineer waslegallydrunkandhadlosthisautomobiledriver'slicensesix times,includingpermaently,fordrunkendrivinginthepreviousthree years.Inanotherad,asadlookingcoupleistoldthattheycannot havechildrenbecausethehusbandusedtosmokepot.Thisisadirect contradictionbothoftheclinicalevidencedevelopedinnearlya centuryofcannabisstudiesandofthepersonalexperiencesofmillions ofAmericanswhohavesmokedcannabisandborneperfectlyhealthy children.Andinyetanotherad,thegroupwassoarrogantinputting outliesthatitfinallygotintotrouble.Theadshowedtwobrain wavechartswhichitsaidshowedthebrainwavesofa14yearold"on marijuana."Outraged,researcherDr.DonaldBlumfromtheUCLA NeurologicalStudiesCentertoldKABCTV(LosAngeles)NewsNovember2, 1989,thatthechartsaidtoshowtheeffectsofmarijuanaactually showsthebrainwavesofsomeoneinadeepsleeporinacoma.Hesaid thatheandotherresearchershadpreviouslycomplainedtothePDFA, andaddedthatcannabisuser'sbrainwavechartsaremuchdifferentand haveawellknownsignature,duetoyearsofresearchontheeffectsof cannabisonthebrain.Evenafterthispublicrefutation,ittookthe stationKABCTVandPDFAweekstopullthespot,andnoapologyor retractionhadyetbeenofferedforthedeceit.Despitebeingordered bythecourtstostop,thePDFAhasshownthatadcontinuouslyon hundredsofTVchannelsthroughouttheUnitedStatesforthelast decade.**GroupsincludingtheAmericanHempCouncil,theFamily CouncilonDrugAwareness,andHelpEndMarijuanaProhibition(HEMP) havedecidedtostepuptheirpressuretoexposePDFAliesandget theirdistortionsbannedfromtheairwavesor,betteryet,replaced withaccurateinformationonthemedical,social,andcommercialuses ofhemp.PerhapsamorevalidadforthePDFAtoproduceandthe networkstorunwouldshowaskillet("ThisisthePDFA.")andanegg frying("Thesearethefacts."). DARE:PolicePropaganda

TheDARE(DrugAbuseResistanceEducation)program,anationalprogram thatwasinitiatedin1983bythenLosAngelesPoliceChiefDaryl Gates,hasbecomeyetanothertooldisinformingthepubliconhemp. Typically,apolicedepartmentspokespersonwillconducta17week courseatalocalelementaryschooltopromotepersonalresponsible behaviorbyyoungpersonswhileirresponsiblygivingthemdistorted informationandoutrightliesaboutcannabis.Mostofthecoursedoes notdealwithdrugsassuch,butratherwithmakingchoicesabouthow toactwhenthereareopportunitiesorpressurestodrink,smoke, steal,lie,breaklaws,etc.However,theprogram'strulyuseful supportforgoodbehaviorisunderminedbyanundercurrentofliesand innuendoaboutmarijuana'seffectsandusers.**Inaninterview, L.A.'smainDAREinstructor,Sgt.Domagalski,gaveinformationonthe programandmadesuchunsubstantiatedanduntruestatementsas marijuanaleadstoheroin,"Theguyacrossthestreetornextdoorhas beensmokingmarijuanaforyearsandtheredoesn'tseemtobeanything wrongwithhim. Thereissomethingwrong,butitmaynotbeobvious." And,"PeopleintheSixtiessmokedmarijuanaandthoughttherewas nothingwrongwithit.Nowit'swateredandsprayedandpamperedand they'renotconcernedwhattheysprayitwith,either.Butparents don'tknowthis.TheygotalltheirinformationintheSixties,and they'renotinterestedinthisnewinformation."(DowntownNews,July 10,1989.Alsoseeletterssection,July31,1989forBACH'sreply.) Seechapter15,"Debunking"forthefactsonhis"newinformation."In 1999,DAREstillconsciouslyteachesthesesameliestoourchildren andthreatensanycommunitythatdarestotellDAREtostoporceasein theirschooldisrict.However,in1997thecityofOakland, California,withdrewfromtheDAREprogramandhassofarsufferedno consequences.WhatmakestheDAREprogramuniquelydangerousisthat itprovidessomeaccurateinformation,butunderminesitselfandthe publicrecordbyusingliesandinnuendoaboutmarijuana.Forexample, accordingtoteacherswhositinonthesessions,*thepoliceofficer willremark,"Ican'ttellyouthatsmokingpotcausesbraindamage, becauseyouallknowpeoplewhosmokepotandtheyseemprettynormal. Butthat'swhatitdoes.Youjustcan'ttellyet."*Someofthe teacherswetalkedtofindthemselvesintheuncomfortablepositionof knowingtherealstudies,orhaveusedcannabisthemselvesandknowits effects,butcannotopenlypresenttheircaseforfearofbeingurine testedordismissed.Nosupportingevidenceisthenoffered,andthe literaturethatgoeshomewiththechild(andispotentiallyseenby marijuanasavvyparents)tendstoappearmorebalanced,althoughit referstomysterious"newstudies"showingthedangersofmarijuana. Butthroughouttheentirecourse,thepoliceofficerreferstolung damage,braindamage,sterility,andotherunfoundedclaimsofhealth damageanddeathbeingcausedbymarijuana.Ortheyreportonstudies detailingthecardiopulmonaryrisksofusingcocaine,thenmention marijuanasmokeunrelatedexceptbycontext.Orthe"wellintentioned" officertellsanecdotesaboutpersonsheclaimstoknowwho"started" withmarijuanaandultimatelydestroyedtheirliveswithharddrugs, crime,anddepravitythenlumpsmarijuanainwithgenuinelydangerous drugsanddescribeshowyoungstersorfellowpoliceofficerswere killedbythesedesperate,drugcrazedcriminals. Thentheofficerencouragesthestudentsto"help"theirdrugusing friendsandfamilybybecomingapoliceinformant.Thesekindsof indirectliesthroughinnuendoandimplicationaregiveninanoffhand mannercalculatedtoleaveastrong,permanentimpressiononthesub

consciousmind,withoutbasingitonanyresearchorothersourcesthat canbeobjectivelystudiesordirectlychallengedjustalasting, indistinctmentalimage.WhatmakestheDAREprogramuniquelydangerous isthatitprovidessomeaccurateinformationandhasgenuinevaluefor youngpeople,butunderminesitselfandthepublicrecordbyusing theseirresponsible,underhandedtactics.IfDAREofficialswant responsiblebehaviorfromstudents,theymustalsoactresponsibly.If theyhaveinformationaboutmarijuanathatishiddenfromtherestof us,let'sseeit.But,sofarasweknow,noDAREorganizationhasyet daredtodebateanymarijuanalegalizationadvocacygroup*orinclude theirliteratureinitsprogram.*Since1989,HelpEliminateMarijuana Prohibition(HEMP)andtheBusinessAllianceforCommerceinHemp (BACH)haveissuedongoingstandingchallengestopubliclydebateany DARErepresentativesintheLosAngelesarea,whichhasyettobetaken up.Thesegroupshavealsoofferedtoprovidefreeandaccurate literatureoncannabisforDARE'suse,butasofJuly1998,have receivednoresponse. TheMediainaStupor Despiteastronginjectionofreasonandfactintothecannabisdebate bythemediainthelate1960sand1970s,thenationalmediahas largelyfailedtodistinguishmarijuanaprohibitionfromthebroader "drugwar"hysteria,which"soldmorecopy"inthe1980s.Hemp activistshavebeenignored,theireventscensoredandexcludedfrom calendarlistingsevenpaidadvertisementsabouteventsorlegal,non smokinghempproductsarerefusedbynewssources. Whateverhappened tofactchecking?Insteadofservingastheprobingwatchdogsof governmentandkeepersofthepublictrust,corporatenewsgroups regardthemselvesastheprofitmakingtoolforforging"consensus"on nationalpolicy."Penaltiesagainstpossessionofadrugshouldnotbe moredamagingtoanindividualthantheuseofthedrugitself." PresidentJimmyCarterAugust2,1977AccordingtogroupslikeFairness andAccuracyInReporting(FAIR)andresearcherslikeBenBakdikianand MichaelParenti,thesecorporationsdefineandprotectthe"national interest"Oftenmeaningtheirownvestedfinancialinterestsand politicalagendas.Itmustberememberedthatmanyofthelargest publishershavedirectholdingsintimberlandforpaperdevelopment, andthepharmaceuticaldrug,petrochemicalcompanies,etc.areamong themedia'smajoradvertisers.InanarticlepublishedintheL.A. TimesMagazineMay7,1989,entitled"NothingWorks,"(andsince mimickedinhundredsofmagazines,includingTimeandNewsweek), StanleyMeiselerlamentstheproblemfacingschoolsindrugeducation programsandinadvertentlyrevealsthenewsmedia'sownassumptionsand bias:"Criticsbelievethatsomeeducationprogramshavebeencrippled byexaggeratingthedangersofdrugs.Principlesandteachers,watched closelybycityofficials,feelpressurednottoteachpupilsthat marijuana,althoughharmful,*islessaddictingthancigarettes. Failuretoacknowledgesuchinformationmeansschoolprogramscanlose credibility.Butmorehonestprogramscouldbeevenmoreharmful." (Emphasisadded.)TheharmMeislerpredictsisanexpectedincreasein consumptionwhenpeoplelearnthehealthbenefitsandlackofphysical orpsychologicalrisksinvolvedwithcannabisconsumption.Many personsdecidethattheypreferpot(whichapparentlydoesnotneedto advertise)toalcoholandtobacco,forwhichsomanyadvertising dollarsarespent.*Nospecificstudiesshowingtheallegedharmful effectswerecitedinthearticle.Infact,cannabiswasbarely

mentionedexceptforthisreferenceandanotethatdetoxification businessesreportsomesuccessin"breakingamilddependenceon marijuanaandalcohol." OngoingJustice PresidentJimmyCarteraddressedCongressonanotherkindofharmdone byprohibitionandthedrugissueAugust2,1977,sayingthat "penaltiesagainstpossessionofadrugshouldnotbemoredamagingto anindividualthantheuseofthedrugitself."Therefore,Isupport legislationamendingfederallawtoeliminateallfederalcriminal penaltiesforthepossessionofuptooneounceofmarijuana."However, hiseffortstoapplyeventhisbitofreasontoAmerica'smarijuana laws21yearsagowerederailedbyaCongressdeterminedtoshowthat itistoughoncrime,nomatterwhetheranactioniscriminalorposes anyrealthreattosociety,nomatterhowmanypersonsarehurtinthe process.Andthisattitudeofintoleranceandoppressionhasescalated inthepostCarteryears.By1990,some30stateshadestablished "SpecialAlternativeIncarceration"(SAI)camps(called"bootcamps") wherenonviolent,firsttimedrugoffendersareincarceratedinaboot camplikeinstitution,verballyabused,andpsychologicallyworndown tobreakthemoftheirdissidentattitudetowardsdruguse.Now,in 1999,thereare42stateswithspecialalternativeincarcerationcamps implementingsimilarprograms.Theinmatesarehandledwithrobotic precision,andthosewhodon'tconformaresubjecttoincarcerationin thestatepenitentiary.Mostoftheseoffendersareinformarijuana. Evenmorestatesareconsideringimplementingsimilarprograms.**In TheseTimes,"Gulagfordrugusers,"December20,1989,pg.4.What pretexthasbeenusedtorationalizethisantiAmericanpolicy?A handfulofofficialgovernmentreportsandstudiesthataretoutedby theDEA,politicians,andthemediatoshowthatmarijuanareallyis "damagingtoanindividual." LaRoucheDeclaresWaronRock'NRoll IfyouthoughtAnslinger'smusiccrazinesswasoverafterhewentafter jazzinthe1930sand40s,thenconsiderthis:Oneofthechief organizationsamongthe4,000orso"FamiliesAgainstMarijuana"type groupstodayisLyndonLaRouche's"WaronDrugs"committee,supported byNancyReagan,TVevangelistsJerryFalwell,JimmySwaggart,Pat Robertson,andotherrightwingactivists.InJanuary,1981,this authorandfivemembersoftheCaliforniaMarijuanaInitiative(CMI) secretly,bypretendingtobeproLaRouche,attendedtheWestCoast conventionofthisorganization,whoseguestspeakerwasEdDavis, formerLosAngelesPoliceChief,whowasatthattimeafreshmanstate senatorfromChatsworth,California.Asweeachwalkedinseparately, wewereaskedtosignapetitionendorsingaDetroitreporterwhohad writtenanopenlettertothenewPresident,RonaldReagan,askinghim togiveimmediatepresidentialclemencyandmakeanationalheroof MarkChapman,whohadmurderedJohnLennonoftheBeatlessixweeks earlier.TheletterstatedthatJohnLennonhadbeenthemostevilman ontheplanetbecausehealmostsinglehandedly"turnedon"theplanet to"illicitdrugs".Theevilsofrock'n'rollareaconstantthemeof the"WaronDrugs"publications.Tokeepupwiththepartwewere playing,wesignedthepetition.(John,forgiveuswewereplayinga clandestinerole:undercoverCMIantinarc.Werememberyoufor"Give PeaceaChance,""Imagine,"andalltherest.)Afterwesignedthe

petition,theirleaderstookustothebackoftheroomtoshowussome ofthegoalsthatwouldbeachievedwhentheywouldcometofullpower overthenextdecade.Onfiveorsolongtablessetupinthebackof theLosAngelesMarriottLAXmeetingroomwerehundredsofrecordings ofBach,Beethoven,Wagner,Chopin,Tchaikovsky,Mozart,andothers, anddozensofpronuclearpowerpublications.Theytoldusthatalong withnewmarijuanalaws,theyexpectedtoimplementtheirmost importantgoal:anyoneinthefuturewhoplayeddisco,rock'n'roll, orjazzontheradio,ontelevision,inschools,orinconcert,orjust soldrock'n'rollrecordsoranyothermusicthatwasn'tfromtheir approvedclassicallists,wouldbejailed,includingmusicteachers, discjockeys,andrecordcompanyexecutives.Schoolteachers,ifthey allowedsuchmusicbystudents,wouldbefired.(LATimesKNBCTV.) Theyweredeadserious.Theirmagazine"WaronDrugs"hasalwaysspent morespacedenouncingmusicwiththe"evilmarijuanabeat"thanon heroin,cocaine,andPCPcombined!EdDaviswasgenuinelyshockedand embarrassedaboutthisoutfrontaspectoftheirantimusicdogmaand said,"Well,Idon'tbelievewecouldevergetlegislationatthistime outlawingtheseothertypesofmusicortheirlyrics.ButIdo believewiththenewReaganLawandOrderAdministration,wearegoing tobeabletopasssomenewandstrongerantimarijuanaparaphernalia laws,evenrecriminalizingmarijuanaaltogetherinthestatesthathave decriminalizationlawsnow...That'sthestart."Icalledhis officeafewdayslaterandwastoldbyanassistantthatDavishadno advanceideaofthisgroup'smusicalfixationandthathehadaccepted theinvitationbasedsolelyonthename"WaronDrugs".Mostofwhat Davispredictedthatdayhascomeabout.Thosevisionariesofanew society,onefreefromtheinfluenceofpotandanymentionofithad theirwayinthe1980s.RememberJamesWattandtheBeachBoysin 1986? Since1981,TVprogramshavebeencensored,cut,andpulledfromthe airforhavingapromarijuanaconnotationorevenmakingjokesabout it.Inanepisodeof"BarneyMiller",DetectiveFish(AbeVigoda)was toldthatsomebrownieshe'dbeeneatingalldaywerelacedwithpot. Helookedforlornforamoment,thensaidwithasigh,"Wouldn'tyou knowit,thisisthebestIeverfeltinmylifeandit'sillegal." Thisepisodehasbeenpulledfromdistribution.Thelate"screaming comic",SamKinison,stoodonthestageofNBC's"SaturdayNightLive" in1986andbellowed"Goahead,youcanhavethecocaine!Justletus smokeourpot!"Thelinehasbeendeletedfromaudioportionin subsequentreruns.TheReagan/Bushdrugczar,CarltonTurner,fromhis positionastheWhiteHouseChiefDrugAdvisorinthemid1980squoted tothepresspassagesofTheRiseandFalloftheRomanEmpireandtold policeandinterviewersthatjazzmusiciansandrocksingerswere destroyingtheAmericahelovedwiththeirmarijuanadrugbeatmusic. In1997,inanepisodeoftheTVseries"MurphyBrown",starring CandiceBergen,Murphyundergoescancertreatmentfromwhichsheis vomittingconstantlyandhaslostherappetite.Finallysheistoldby herdoctortoillegallyusemarijuanafornauseaandappetite stimulation.Murphysmokespotandsheissavedbydoingso.The PartnershipForaDrugFreeAmericaandDAREtriedunsuccessfullyto stopthisepisodefromairingasit"Sentthewrongmessagetoour children"Whatwrongmessage!?Thatmarijuanaisthebestantinausea andthebestappetitestimulantonourplanetandcansavemillionsof lives?

PaulMcCartney&HisBandontheRun TimothyWhiteinterviewedPaulMcCartney,formerlyoftheBeatles,for abookanddevelopeditintoaradioprogramcalled"McCartney:The First20Years".Heaskedthesongwritertoexplainhissong"Bandon theRun",onthealbumofthesamename."Well,atthetime,bandslike usandtheEagleswerefeelinglikeandbeingtreatedlike,outlawsand desperadoes,youknow,"repliedMcCartney."Imean,peopleweregetting bustedforpot,thatis.Andthat'saboutalltheyweregettingpopped for.Neveranythingserious."Andourargumentwasthatwedidn't wanttobeoutlaws.Wejustwantedtobepartoftheregularscene, youknow,andmakeourmusicandliveinpeace. Wedidn'tseewhywe shouldbetreatedlikecriminalswhenallwewantedtodowassmokepot insteadofhittingthebooze."Andthat'swhatthesongwasaboutit wasmyreactiontothatwholescene...""Andthecountyjudge/who heldagrudge/willsearchforevermore/forthebandontherun." From"TheFirst20Years",broadcastonKLSX97.1FM(LosAngeles)and otherstationsoftheWestwoodOneradionetworkJanuary29,1990. McCartneyalsowrotethefamouslinethatgotthesong"ADayinthe Life"bannedfromBritishradio:"Hadasmoke.SomebodyspokeandI wentintoadream."Avocalsupporterofmarijuanalegalization, McCartneyhasrepeatedlybeenarrestedandwasimprisonedfor10days duringaconcerttourofJapan.TheJapanesegovernmentcanceledhis tourandbannedhimfromplayinginthatcountry,costinghimmillions ofdollars.Tohiscredit,hehascontinuedtospeakoutforpot smokers. TheUltimateHypocrasy Whilewagingitsselfstyled"WaronDrugs"againstThirdWorld peasantsandAmericancivilians,theReagan/Bush/Quayle/Clinton/Gore administrations(19811999)haveencouragedandcoveredupdrug smugglinganddistributionbyhighrankingofficialsoftheU.S. government.Ononehand,Bushviolatedinternationallawbyinvading PanamatobringreputeddrugsmugglerandlongtimeBush/CIAemployee ManuelNoriegatotheU.S.tostandtrial.Ontheotherhand,he refusedtoextraditeOliverNorth,JohnHull,AdmiralPoindexter, GeneralSecord,LewisTambs,andotherAmericanstoCostaRica,where theyareunderindictmentbythatgovernmentforoperatingadrug smugglingoperationthere.(TheGuardian,Britishnewspaper,"Cocaine shippedbycontranetwork",July22,1989.)Federalhearingsconducted byU.S.SenatorJohnKerry's(MA)SubcommitteeonTerrorismand Narcoticsin1988and1989documentedwidespreadactsbytheCIAand NationalSecurityAgency(NSA)toblockinvestigationsbytheCustoms DepartmentandFBIintococainesmugglingby"intelligenceoperatives" undertheguiseofnationalsecurity.Noindictmentswereeverhanded down,andwitnessestestifiedundergrantsofimmunitywithlittle mediaattention.SpecialIranContrainvestigatorsfailedtoacton thisinformationorevidencedevelopedbytheChristicInstitute implicatinggovernmentcomplicityinnarcoterrorism.AndwhenGeneral SecordwasconvictedinJanuary1990forcrimesrelatedtotheIran Contradrugsforarmsscandal,hewasgivenafineof$50andabrief probationwhenafederaljudgedecidedthatthepoorfellowhadalready "sufferedenough".Thisfromanadministrationthatpromotesthedeath penaltyevenbeheadingFormarijuanadealers.**OntheLarryKingShow inlate1989,thendrugczarWilliamBennett,apossibleRepublican presidentialcandidatein2000,saidhehadnomoralproblemswith

beheadingdrugdealersonlylegalones. CHAPTER15THEOFFICIALSTORY:DEBUNKING"GUTTERSCIENCE" After15daysoftakingtestimonyandmorethanayear'slegal deliberation,DEAAdministrativeLawJudgeFrancisL.Youngformally urgedtheDEAtoallowdoctorstoprescribemarijuana.InaSeptember 1988judgement,heruled:"Theevidenceinthisrecordclearlyshows thatmarijuanahasbeenacceptedascapableofrelievingthedistress ofgreatnumbersofveryillpeople,anddoingsowithsafetyunder medicalsupervision...Itwouldbeunreasonable,arbitraryand capriciousfortheDEAtocontinuetostandbetweenthosesufferersand thebenefitsofthissubstanceinlightoftheevidenceinthisrecord. Instrictmedicalterms,marijuanaisfarsaferthanmanyfoodswe commonlyconsumemarijuanainitsnaturalformisoneofthesafest therapeuticallyactivesubstancesknowntoman."YetformerDEA AdministratorJohnLawn,hissuccessor,RobertBonner,andcurrentDEA AdministratorJohnConstantinenondoctorsall! haverefusedto complyandhavecontinuedtodeprivepersonsofmedicalcannabis, accordingtotheirownpersonaldiscretion. WastingTime,WastingLives Morethan100yearshavepassedsincethe1894BritishRajcommission studyofhashishsmokersinIndiareportedcannabisusewasharmless andevenhelpful.Numerousstudiessincehaveallagreed:Themost prominentbeingSiler,LaGuardia,Nixon'sShaferCommission,Canada's LeDainCommission,andtheCaliforniaResearchAdvisoryCommission. Concurrently,Americanpresidentshavepraisedhemp,theUSDAamassed volumesofdatashowingitsvalueasanaturalresource,andin1942 theRooseveltadministrationevenmadeHempforVictory,afilm glorifyingourpatriotichempfarmers.Thatsameyear,Germany producedTheHumorousHempPrimer,acomicbook,writteninrhyme, extollinghemp'svirtues.(SeeappendixIofthepaperversionofthis book.)Yeteventhehumaneuseofhempformedicineisnowdenied. Askedinlate1989abouttheDEA'sfailuretoimplementhisdecision quotedabove,JudgeYoungrespondedthatadministratorJohnLawnwas beinggiventimetocomply.Morethanayearafterthatruling,Lawn officiallyrefusedtoreschedulecannabis,againclassingitasa ScheduleI"dangerous"drugthatisnotevenallowedtobeusedas medicine.DecryingthisneedlesssufferingofhelplessAmericans,the NationalOrganizationtoReformMarijuanaLaws(NORML)andtheFamily CouncilonDrugAwarenessquicklydemandedLawn'sresignation.His successors,Bonner,andnowConstantine,retainthesamepolicy.What hypocrisyallowspublicofficialstoscoffatthefactsanddenythe truth?Howdotheyrationalizetheiratrocities?How?Theyinvent theirownexperts. GovernmentDoublespeak Since1976,ourfederalgovernment(e.g.,NIDA,NIH,DEA*,andAction), policesponsoredgroups(likeDARE*),andspecialinterestgroups(like PDFA*)haveproclaimedtopublic,press,andparentgroupsalikethat theyhave"absoluteevidence"oftheshockingnegativeeffectsof marijuanasmoking.*NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse,National InstitutesofHealth,DrugEnforcementAgency,DrugAbuseResistance Education,PartnershipforaDrugFreeAmerica.Allsubsequent

researchersfoundHeath'smarijuanafindingstobeofnovalue,because carbonmonoxidepoisoningandotherfactorsweretotallyleftout.When U.S.governmentsponsoredresearchpriorto1976indicatedthat cannabiswasharmlessorbeneficial,themethodologyofhoweachstudy wasdonewasalwayspresentedindetailinthereportse.g.,readThe TherapeuticPotentialofMarijuana(1976)andyouwillseeexactlywhat themethodologyofeachmedicalstudywas.However,whenourgovernment bureaucratsdeliberatelysponsorednegativemarijuanaresearch,time andtimeagainPlayboymagazine,NORML,HighTimes,etc.hadtosue underthenewFreedomofInformationActtofindouttheactual laboratorymethodologythese"experiments"employed.Whattheyfound wasshocking.Dr.Heath/TulaneStudy,1974 TheHype:BrainDamageandDeadMonkeys In1974,CaliforniaGovernorRonaldReaganwasaskedabout decriminalizingmarijuana.AfterproducingtheHeath/TulaneUniversity study,thesocalled"GreatCommunicator"proclaimed,"Themost reliablescientificsourcessaypermanentbraindamageisoneofthe inevitableresultsoftheuseofmarijuana."(L.A.Times)Thereport fromDr.HeathhadconcludedthatRhesusmonkeys,smokingthe equivalentofonly30jointsaday,begantoatrophyanddieafter90 days.Andeversince,deadbraincellsfoundinmonkeyswhowereforced tosmokemarijuanahasbeengivenmaximumscareplayinfederal bookletsandgovernmentsponsoredpropagandaliteratureagainstpot. SenatorEastlandofMississippiuseditthroughoutthemid1970sto horrifyandstopnationallegislatorsfromsupportingNORML's decriminalizationbillsinCongress,mostlysponsoredbythelate SenatorJacobJavittsofNewYork.Reportsofthestudyhavealsobeen distributedbythehierarchyofdrugrehabilitationprofessionalsas partoftheirrationalizationforwantingtogetkidsoffpot,basedon supposedscientificstudies.Itisusedtoterrorizeparentgroups, churchorganizations,etc.,whoredistributeitstillfurther.Heath killedthehalfdeadmonkeys,openedtheirbrains,countedthedead braincells,andthentookcontrolmonkeys,whohadn'tsmoked marijuana,killedthemtoo,andcountedtheirbraincells.Thepot smokingmonkeyshadenormousamountsofdeadbraincellsascomparedto the"straight"monkeys.RonaldReagan'spronouncementwasprobably basedonthefactthatmarijuanasmokingwastheonlydifferenceinthe twosetsofmonkeys.PerhapsReagantrustedthefederalresearchtobe realandcorrect.Perhapshehadothermotives.Whatevertheir reasons,thisiswhatthegovernmentballyhooedtopressandPTA,who trustedthegovernmentcompletely.In1980,PlayboyandNORMLfinally receivedforthefirsttimeaftersixyearsofrequestsandsuingthe governmentanaccurateaccountingoftheresearchproceduresusedin theinfamousreport:WhenNORML/Playboyhiredresearcherstoexamine thereportedresultsagainsttheactualmethodology,theylaughed. TheFacts:SuffocationofResearchAnimals AsreportedinPlayboy,theHeath"Voodoo"Researchmethodology involvedstrappingRhesusmonkeysintoachairandpumpingthemwith equivalentof63Colombianstrengthjointsin"fiveminutes,through gasmasks,"losingnosmoke.PlayboydiscoveredthatHeathhad administered63jointsinfiveminutesoverjustthreemonthsinstead ofadministering30jointsperdayoveraoneyearperiodashehad firstreported.Heathdidthis,itturnedout,inordertoavoid

havingtopayanassistant'swageseverydayforafullyear.The monkeysweresuffocating!Threetofiveminutesofoxygendeprivation causesbraindamage"deadbraincells."(RedCrossLifesavingandWater SafetyManual)Withtheconcentrationofsmokeused,themonkeyswerea bitlikeapersonrunningtheengineofacarinalockedgaragefor5, 10,15minutesatatimeeveryday!TheHeathMonkeystudywasactually astudyinanimalasphyxiationandcarbonmonoxidepoisoning.Among otherthings,Heathhadcompletely(intentionally?incompetently?) omitteddiscussionofthecarbonmonoxidethemonkeysinhaled.Carbon monoxide,adeadlygasthatkillsbraincells,isgivenoffbyany burningobject.Atthatsmokeconcentration,themonkeyswere,in effect,likeapersonlockedinagaragewiththecarengineleft runningforfive,10,15minutesatatimeeveryday!Allsubsequent researchersagreethefindingsinHeath'sexperimentregarding marijuanawereofnovalue,becausecarbonmonoxidepoisoningandother factorsweretotallyleftoutandhadnotbeenconsideredinthe report.Thisstudyandothers,likeDr.GabrielNahas'1970sstudies, triedtosomehowconnecttheTHCmetabolitesroutinelyfoundinthe fattytissueofhumanbrains,reproductiveorgans,andotherfatty areasofthebodytothedeadbraincellsinthesuffocatedmonkeys. Now,in1999,17yearshavepassedandnotasinglewordofDr.Heath's orDr.Nahas'researchhasbeenverified!Buttheirstudiesarestill hauledoutbythePartnershipforaDrugFreeAmerica,theDrug EnforcementAdministration,cityandstatenarcoticsbureaus,plus politiciansand,invirtuallyallpublicinstances,heldupas scientificproofofthedangersofmarijuana.ThisisU.S.government propagandaanddisinformationatitsworst!Thepublicpaidforthese studiesandhastherighttothecorrectinformationandhistorybeing taughtinourtaxpayersponsoredschools.In1996,GabrielNahas,in France,suedMishka,thetranslatoroftheFrencheditionofthisbook, "L'EmperorestNu!",fordamages.MishkawrotethatNahas'studies wereviewedbytheworldasgarbage.TheFrenchcourt,uponhearing allthetestimonybyNahas,andafterNahashadspentanquivalentof tensofthousandsofAmericandollarsonlegalfees,awardedhimits highestinsult:onefranc,theequivalentofapproximately15cents Americanfordamages,andnolegalfees! LingeringTHCMetabolites TheHype:ItStaysinYourSystemfor30Days Thegovernmentalsoclaimedthatsince"THCmetabolites"stayinthe body'sfattycellsforupto30daysafteringestion,justonejoint wasverydangerousinferringthatthelongrangeviewofwhatthese THCmetaboliteseventuallycoulddotothehumanracecouldnotevenbe guessedandotherpseudoscientificdoubletalk(e.g.,phraseslike: "mightbe,""couldmean,""possibly,""perhaps,"etc.)**"May,might, could,andpossiblyarenotscientificconclusions."Dr.FredOerther, M.D.,September1986. TheFacts: Government'sOwnExpertsSayThatMetabolitesAreNonToxic,Harmless ResidueWeinterviewedthreedoctorsofnationalreputationeither currentlyworking(orhavingworked)fortheU.S.governmenton marijuanaresearch: Dr.ThomasUngerlieder,M.D.,UCLA,appointedbyRichardNixonin

1969tothePresident'sSelectCommitteeonMarijuana,reappointedby Ford,Carter,andReagan,andcurrentlyheadofCalifornia's"Marijuana MedicalProgram" Dr.DonaldTashkin,UCLA,M.D.,forthelast29yearstheU.S. government'sandtheworld'sleadingmarijuanaresearcheronpulmonary functionsand Dr.TodMikuriya,M.D.,formernationaladministratorandgrant distributoroftheU.S.government'smarijuanaresearchprogramsinthe late1960s. IneffectthesedoctorssaidthattheactiveingredientsinTHCare usedupinthefirstorsecondpassthroughtheliver.Theleftover THCmetabolitesthenattachthemselves,inaverynormalway,tofatty deposits,forthebodytodisposeoflater,whichisasafeand perfectlynaturalprocess.Manychemicalsfromfoods,herbs,and medicinesdothissamethingallthetimeinyourbody.Mostarenot dangerousandTHCmetabolitesshowlesstoxic*potentialthanvirtually anyknownmetabolicleftoversinyourbody!*TheU.S.governmenthas alsoknownsince1946thattheoraldoseofcannabisrequiredtokilla mouseisabout40,000timesthedoserequiredtoproducetypical symptomsofintoxication.(Mikuriya,Tod,MarijuanaMedicalPapers, 1976Loewe,journalofPharmacologicalandExperimentalTherapeutics, October,1946.)THCmetabolitesleftinthebodycanbecomparedto theashofacigarette:Theinertingredientleftoveraftertheactive cannabinoidshavebeenmetabolizedbythebody.Theseinert metabolitesarewhaturinaryanalysisstudiesshowwhentakento dischargemilitaryorfactoryorathleticpersonnelforusing,orbeing inthepresenceofcannabiswithinthelast30days. LungDamageStudies TheHype:MoreHarmfulThanTobacco AccordingtotheAmericanLungAssociation,cigarettesandtobacco smokingrelateddiseaseskillmorethan430,000Americanseveryyear. FiftymillionAmericanssmoke,and3,000teensstarteachday.The Berkeleycarcinogenictarstudiesofthelate1970sconcludedthat "marijuanaisoneandahalftimesmorecarcinogenicthantobacco." TheFact:NotOneDocumentedCaseofCancer Therearelungirritantsinvolvedinanysmoke.Cannabissmokecauses mildirritationtothelargeairwaysofthelungs.Symptomsdisappear whensmokingisdiscontinued.However,unliketobaccosmoke,cannabis smokedoesnotcauseanychangesinthesmallairways,theareawhere tobaccosmokecauseslongtermandpermanentdamage.Additionally,a tobaccosmokerwillsmoke20to60cigarettesaday,whileaheavy marijuanasmokermaysmokefivetosevenjointsaday,evenlesswhen potenthighqualityflowertopsareavailable.Whiletensofmillions ofAmericanssmokepotregularly,cannabishasnevercausedaknown caseoflungcancerasofDecember1997,accordingtoAmerica's foremostlungexpert,Dr.DonaldTashkinofUCLA.Heconsidersthe biggesthealthrisktothelungswouldbeapersonsmoking16ormore "large"spliffsadayofleaf/budbecauseofthehypoxiaoftoomuch smokeandnotenoughoxygen.Tashkinfeelsthereisnodangerfor anyonetoworryaboutpotentiatingemphysema"inanyway"bytheuseof marijuanatotallytheoppositeoftobacco.Cannabisisacomplex,

highlyevolvedplant.Therearesome400compoundsinitssmoke.Of these,60arepresentlyknowntohavetherapeuticvalue.Cannabismay alsobeeaten,entirelyavoidingtheirritatingeffectsofsmoke. However,fourtimesmoreoftheactiveingredientsofsmokedcannabis areabsorbedbythehumanbodythanwhenthesameamountiseaten.And theprohibitioninflatedpriceofblackmarketcannabis,combinedwith harshpenaltiesforcultivation,preventmostpersonsfrombeingable toaffordtheluxuryofalessefficient,thoughhealthier,meansof ingestion. LabStudiesFailtoReflecttheRealWorld Studieshaveproventhatmanyofthecarcinogensincannabiscanbe removedbyusingawaterpipesystem.Ourgovernmentomittedthis informationanditssignificancewhenspeakingtothepress.Atthe sametimepoliticiansoutlawedthesaleofwaterpipes,labelingthem "drugparaphernalia." HowRumorsGetStarted In1976,Dr.Tashkin,M.D.,UCLA,sentawrittenreporttoDr.Gabriel NahasattheRheims,France,Conferenceon"PotentialCannabisMedical Dangers".Thatreportbecamethemostsensationalizedstorytocome outofthisnegativeworldconferenceoncannabis.Thissurprised Tashkin,whohadsentthereporttotheRheimsconferenceasan afterthought.WhatTashkinreportedtotheRheimsconferencewasthat onlyoneofthe29pulmonaryareasofthehumanlungstudiedthelarge airpassagewayDidhefindmarijuanatobemoreofanirritant(by15 times)thantobacco.Thisfigureisinsignificant,however,since Tashkinalsonotesthattobaccohasalmostnoeffectonthisarea. Therefore,15timesalmostnothingisstillalmostnothing.inany event,cannabishasapositiveorneutraleffectinmostotherareasof thelung.(Seechapter7,"TherapeuticUsesofCannabis.")(Tashkin, Dr.Donald,UCLAstudies,196983UCLAPulmonaryStudies,196995.) Afterwardsin1977,theU.S.governmentresumedfundingforongoing cannabispulmonarystudieswhichithadcuttwoyearsearlierwhen Tashkinreportedencouragingtherapeuticresultswithmarijuana/lung studies.Butnowthegovernmentlimitedfundingonlytoresearchto thelargeairpassageway.WehaveinterviewedDr.Tashkindozensof times.In1986Iaskedhimaboutanarticlehewaspreparingforthe NewEnglandJournalofMedicine,indicatingthatcannabissmokecaused asmanyormoreprecancerouslesionsastobaccoin"equal"amounts. Mostpeopledonotrealize,norarethemediatold,thatanytissue abnormality(abrasion,eruption,orevenredness)iscalledapre cancerouslesion.Unlikelesionscausedbytobacco,theTHCrelated lesionscontainnoradioactivity.WeaskedTashkinhowmanypersonshad goneontogetlungcancerintheseoranyotherstudiesoflongterm cannabisonlysmokers(Rastas,Coptics,etc.)SittinginhisUCLA laboratory,Dr.Tashkinlookedatmeandsaid,"That'sthestrange part.Sofarnoonewe'vestudiedhasgoneontogetlungcancer." "Wasthisreportedtothepress?""Well,it'sinthearticle,"Dr. Tashkinsaid."Butnooneinthepressevenasked.Theyjustassumed theworst."Hisanswertouswasstillthatnotonesinglecaseof lungcancerinsomeonewhoonlysmokedcannabis,haseverbeen reported.Itshouldberememberedthatheandotherdoctorshad predicted20yearsago,theircertaintythathundredsofthousandsof marijuanasmokerswouldbynow(1997)havedevelopedlungcancer.

AnotherFact:EmphysemaSuffersBenefit Duringalaterinterview,TashkincongratulatedmeonthetipI'dgiven himthatmarijuanausedforemphysemaproducedgoodresultsamong personsweknew.Helaughedatmeoriginally,becausehehadpresumed thatmarijuanaaggravatedemphysema,butafterreviewinghisevidence foundthat,exceptintherarestofcases,marijuanawasactuallyof greatbenefittoemphysemasuffersduetotheopeninganddilationof thebronchialpassages.Andsothereliefreportedtousbycannabis smokingemphysemapatientswasconfirmed.Marijuanasmokeisnotunique initsbenefitstothelungs.YerbaSanta,Colt'sfoot,Horehound,and otherherbshavetraditionallybeensmokedtohelpthelungs.Tobacco anditsassociateddangershavesoprejudicedpersonsagainst"smoking" thatmostpersonsbelievecannabissmokingtobeasormoredangerous thantobacco.Withresearchbanned,thesepublichealthandsafety factsarenotreadilyavailable.InDecember1997,weaskedDr.Tashkin again,andheunequivocablystatedthat"marijuanadoesnotcauseor potentiateemphysemainanyway."Inaddition,therehasnotbeenone caseoflungcancereverattributedtosmokingcannabis. ...AndSoOn Mostoftheantimarijuanaliteraturewehaveexamineddoesnotciteas muchasonesinglesourceforustoreview.OthersonlyrefertoDEA orNIDA.Thefewstudieswehavebeenabletotrackdownusuallyend upbeinganecdotalcasehistories,artificialgroupingsofdata,or otherwiselackingcontrolsandneverreplicated.Reportsofbreast enlargement,obesity,addiction,andthelikeallremain unsubstantiated,andaregivenlittlecredencebythescientific community.Otherreports,likethetemporaryreductioninspermcount, arestatisticallyinsignificanttothegeneralpublic,yetgetblown faroutofproportionwhenpresentedbythemedia.Stillothers,like thehandfulofthroattumorsintheSacramentoareaandthehighrate ofinjuriesreportedinaBaltimoretraumaunitareisolatedclusters thatruncontrarytoallotherstatisticsandhaveneverbeen replicated.ThespuriousresultsofHeath,Nahas,andthepregnantmice andmonkeystudiesatTempleUniversityandUCDavis(wherethey injectedmicewithsyntheticthirdcousinanaloguesofTHC)arenow discreditedinthebodyofscientificandmedicalliterature.Though thesestudiesarenotusedinscientificdiscourse,mountainsofDEA andpharmaceuticalcompanysponsoredliteratureaboutthelongterm possibleeffectsofthesemetabolitesonthebrainandreproduction stillgoestoparentgroupsasiftheywerebrandnewstudies.This disinformationisstillverymuchaliveinU.S.government,DEA,DARE, andPDFAreports.(Readthe1982N.I.H.theNationalAcademyof Science'sevaluationonpaststudiesandtheCostaRicareport,1980.) NoHarmtoHumanBrainorIntelligenceHemphasbeenusedinvirtually allsocietiessincetimeimmemorialasaworkmotivatorandto highlightandrenewcreativeenergies. Naha'sPrescriptionforBloatedPoliceBudges Incredibly,afamousstudywhichfoundthatcannabisreducestumors (seeChapter7),wasoriginallyorderedbytheFederalGovernmenton thepremisethatpotwouldhurttheimmunesystem.Thiswasbasedon the"ReeferMadness"studiesdonebythedisreputableDr.GabrielNahas

ofColumbiaUniversityin1972.ThisisthesameDr.Nahaswhoclaimed hisstudiesshowedpotcreatedchromosome,testosterone(malehormone) damage,andcountlessotherhorribleeffectswhichsuggestedthe breakingdownoftheimmunesystem.Nahas'backgroundisinthe OSS/CIAandlatertheU.S.whereheworkedcloselywithLyndonLaRouche andKurtWaldheim.In1998,Nahasisstillthedarlingfavoriteofthe DEAandNIDA(NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse)yetnoantimarijuana studiesofNahas'haveeverybeenreplicatedincountlessother researchattempts.ColumbiaUniversityspecificallydisassociated itselffromNahas'marijuanaresearchinaspeciallycalledpress conferencein1975!Old,discreditedNahasstudiesarestilltrotted outbytheDrugEnforcementAdministrationtoday,anddeliberately giventounknowledgeableparents'groups,churches,andPTAsasvalid researchregardingtheevilsofpot.ThedisseminationofNahas'* dangeroushorrorstoriesispaidforwithyourtaxdollars,evenyears aftertheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)in1976specifically forbadeNahasfromgettinganotherpennyofU.S.governmentmoneyfor cannabisstudiesbecauseofhisembarrassingresearchintheearly 1970s.*Nahas,inDecember1983,underridiculefromhispeersanda fundingcutofffromNIDArenouncedallhisoldTHCmetabolitebuildup anduniquechromosomepetridishtissuedamagestudies,conclusions, andextrapolations.YettheDEA,NIDA,VISTA,the"WaronDrugs,"and nowdeceasedwriterPeggyMann(inReader'sDigestarticlesandher bookMarijuanaAlert,wilthforewardbyNancyReagan)haveusedthese discreditedstudiesonparents'groupssuchasParentsforaDrugFree Youth,etc.,oftenwithNahasasahighlypaidguestlecturer,without awordofhowhisstudiesarereallyconsideredbythispeers.This,we assume,isdonetoscareparents,teachers,legislatorsandjudges, usingscientificterminologyandbogusnonclinicalstatistics, ultimatelyaimedatsellingmoreurinetestingequipment.Therefore, moreprofitsarecreatedforthedrugrehabilitationclinicsandtheir staffsofprofessionalsandtomaintainfundingfortheDEA,local police,judicial,penal,correctionsandothergovernmentporkbarrel, policestateinterests.The"WaronDrugs"isbigmoney,sothe shamelesspetitioningformorepoliceandmorejailcellscontinues. Andwestillhavethousandsofjudges,legislators,police,Reader's Digestreaders,andparentswhohaveforyearsusedandcitedNahas' studiesinparticularastheprimereasonstocontinuetheseunjust lawsandtojailmillionsofAmericansoverthelastdecade.TheDEA, afterNahas'1983wafflingrenouncement,consciouslyandcriminally continuestousehisstudiestopolarizeignorantjudges,politicians, press,andparentgroups,whoareunawareofNahas'denouncement. Thesegroupstrustthegovernmenttotellthemthetruththeirtax dollarspaidfor.Mostofthemedia,press,andtelevision commentatorsstilluseNahas'1970s,unreplicatedstudiesasgospel, andmuchofthefrighteningfolkloreandstreetmythstahtare whisperedaroundschoolyardsspringfromthedeceitful"scientist's" work. Refutedandneverreplicatedresultsarestilltaught,whilethehonest researcherfacesprisonifheattemptstotestanythoughtsaboutthe medicaluseofcannabis.Infact,usingNahas'refutedandunreplicated syntheticTHCpetridishstudiesontheimmunesystem,hysterical FamiliesforDrugFreeYouth,or"JustSayNo"organizationshave gottenthepresstosaymarijuanacouldcauseAIDSwhichhasnobasis whatsoever,butthepresspublishedallthisrhetoriccreatingmore ReeferMadness!GabrielNahas,in1998,islivinginParisandgoes

aroundEuropeteachingasgospelthesameoldliestolessinformed Europeans.Whenaskedtodebateus(H.E.M.P.)oncannabisbeforethe worldpressonJune18,1993inParis,hefirstenthusiastically accepteduntilhefoundoutthatwewouldbespeakingonallaspectsof thehempplant(e.g.paper,fiber,fuel,medicine).Thenhedeclined, eventhoughwemetallofhisrequirements. RadioactiveTobacco:TheUntoldStory TobaccosmokingkillsmorepersonseachyearthanAIDS,heroin,crack, cocaine,alcohol,caraccidents,fire,andmurdercombined.Cigarette smokingisasaddictiveasheroin,completewithwithdrawalsymptoms, andthepercentageofrelapses(75%)isthesameasfor"kicking" cocaineandheroinusers.Itisfarandawaythenumberonecauseof preventabledeathintheU.S.today.Tobaccosmokershavetentimes thelungcancerofnonsmokers,twicetheheartdisease,andarethree timesmorelikelytodieofheartdiseaseiftheydodevelopit. Yet tobaccoistotallylegal,andevenreceivesthehighestU.S.government farmsubsidiesofanyagriculturalproductinAmerica,allthewhile beingourbiggestkiller!Whattotalhypocrisy!IntheU.S.onein sevendeathsarecausedbysmokingcigarettes.Womenshouldknowthat lungcancerismorecommonthanbreastcancerinwomenwhosmokeand thatsmokingonthepillincreasescancerandheartrisksdramatically. Sevenmilliondollarsadaypromotesthetobaccobusiness,anditis estimatedthatthecigaretteindustryneedsabout3,000newsmokersa daytoreplacethosewhoquitordieeachdayfromsmoking.Kentucky's principalbusinessandagriculturefor100years(until1890)wasthe healthful,versatile,andusefulcannabishemp.Ithassincebeen replacedbynonedible,nonfibrous,soildepletingtobacco,whichis growninsoilfertilizedwithradioactivematerials.U.S.government studieshaveshowthatapackandahalfoftobaccocigarettesperday overayearforjustoneyearistheequivalenttoyourlungsofwhat some300chestxrays(usingtheold,pre1980sslowxrayfilmand withoutusinganyleadprotection)aretoyourskin.Butwhileanx raydissipatesitsradioactivityinstantly,tobaccohasaradioactive halflifethatwillremainactiveinthelungsfor21.5years.Former SurgeonGeneralC.EverettKoopsaidonnationaltelevisionthat radioactivitycontainedintobaccoleavesisprobablyresponsiblefor mosttobaccorelatedcancer.Noradioactivityexistsincannabistars. (NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,1964AmericanLungAssn. Dr.JosephR.DiFranza,U.ofMass.MedicalCenterReader'sDigest, March1986Surg.Gen.C.EverettKoop,1990.) SomeStudiestheFedsDon'tTalkAbout TheCopticStudy(1981) NoHarmtoHumanBrainorIntelligence Hemphasbeenusedinvirtuallyallsocietiessincetimeimmemorialas aworkmotivatorandtohighlightandrenewcreativeenergies. (JamaicanstudyCopticstudyCostaRicanstudyVedasDr.Vera Rubin,ResearchInstitutefortheStudyofManetal)In1981,astudy showedthat10ofAmerican'sheaviestpotsmokers(fromtheCoptic religionandresidinginFlorida)actuallybelievedthatusing16huge highpotencyspliffs*adayhadimprovedtheirmindssomewhatovera periodof10years.TheywerestudiedbyDrs.UngerliederandShaeffer

(UCLA)andwhoshowedabsolutelynobraindifferencesbetweenthemand nonsmokersnordiditconfirmanyincreaseinIQthattheCopticshad claimed.*OnespliffisgenerallyequaltofiveaverageAmerican joints. LongerLife,FewerWrinkles Moststudies(matchedpopulations,pastandpresent)indicatethat everythingelsebeingequalanaverageAmericanpotsmokerwilllive longerthanhiscounterpartwhodoesnodrugsatallwithfewer wrinkles,andgenerallylessstresstherebyhavingfewerillnessesto upsettheimmunesystem,andbeingamorepeacefulneighbor.(Costa RicanandJamaicanStudies) JamaicanStudies(196874,1975) DefiniteBenefitsForMarijuanaSmokers Themostexhaustivestudyofhempsmokinginitsnaturalsettingis probablyGanjainJamaicaAMedicalAnthropologicalStudyofChronic MarijuanaUsebyVeraRubinandLambrosComitas(1975Mouton&Co., TheHague,Paris/AnchorBooks,NY).TheJamaicanstudy,sponsoredby theNationalInstituteofMentalHealth(NIMH)CenterforStudiesof NarcoticandDrugAbuse,wasthefirstprojectinmedicalanthropology tobeundertakenandisthefirstintensive,multidisciplinarystudy ofmarijuanauseanduserstobepublished.FromtheJamaicanStudy introduction:"Despiteitsillegality,ganjauseispervasive,and durationandfrequencyareveryhighitissmokedoveralongerperiod inheavierquantitieswithgreaterTHCpotencythanintheU.S.without deleterioussocialorpsychologicalconsequences.Themajordifference isthatbothuseandexpectedbehavioursareculturallyconditionedand controlledbywellestablishedtradition.""Noimpairmentof physiological,sensoryandperceptualmotorperformance,testsof conceptformation,abstractingability,andcognitivestyleandtestof memory." PositiveSocialAttitudes Thestudyoutlinesthepositivereinforcementgivensociallytoganja smokersinJamaica,theuniversalpraiseforthepracticeamongusers, whosmokeitasaworkmotivator.Subjectsdescribedtheeffectsof smokingmakingthem"brainier",lively,merry,moreresponsibleand conscious.Theyreporteditwasgoodformeditationandconcentration, andcreatedangeneralsenseofwellbeingandselfassertiveness. NoLinktoCriminalBehavior VeraRubinandhercolleaguesfoundnorelationofcannabistocrime (exceptmarijuanabusts),noimpairmentofmotorskills,andsmokers andnonsmokersalikehadidenticalextroversionscoreswithno differenceinworkrecordsoradjustment.Heavyuseofganjawasnot foundtocurtailthemotivationtowork.Fromthepsychological assessmentthesmokersseemedtobemoreopenintheirexpressionsof feeling,somewhatmorecarefree,andsomewhatmoredistractable.There wasnoevidenceoforganicbraindamageorschizophrenia. NoPhysiologicalDeterioration

MarilynBowman,inabatteryofpsychologicaltestsonchroniccannabis usersinJamaicain1972,found"noimpairmentofphysiological, sensoryandperceptualmotorperformance,testsofconceptformation, abstractingabilityandcognitivestyleandtestsofmemory."These Jamaicanshadsmokedanywherefromsixto31years(16.6meanaverage) andtheaverageageatthefirstpuffwasat12yearsandsixmonths. Inthe1975studybetweenusersandnonusers,nodifferencewasfound inplasmatestosterone,nodifferenceintotalnutrition,slightly higherperformanceontheintelligencesubtests(notstatistically significant),and"abasicmeasureofcellmediatedimmunitywasno lessvigorousintheusers"Finally,"Usersinourmatchedpairsample smokedmarijuanainadditiontoasmanytobaccocigarettesasdidtheir partners.Yettheirairwayswere,ifanything,abithealthierthan theirmatches."Wemusttentativelyconcludeeitherthatmarijuanahas noharmfuleffectsonsuchpassagesorthatitactuallyofferssome slightprotectionagainsttheharmfuleffectsoftobaccosmoke.Only furtherresearchwillclarifywhich,ifeither,isthecase." No"SteppingStone"/GatewayEffect Astothesteppingstoneorgatewaydrugchargesleveledagainst cannabis:"Theuseofharddrugsisasyetvirtuallyunknownamong workingclassJamaicansnooneinthestudy(Rubin's)hadevertaken anynarcotics,stimulants,hallucinogens,barbituratesorsleeping pills"InAmericaduringthelate1800scannabiswasusedintreating addiction.Opiate,chloralhydrate,andalcoholaddictswere successfullytreatedwithpotentcannabisextracts.Somepatients recoveredwithlessthanadozendosesofcannabisextract.1Likewise, smokingcannabishasbeenfoundtobevaluableinmodernalcohol addictiontreatment.2 CostaRicanStudy(1980) TheJamaicanresultswerelargelyconfirmedbyanotherCarribeanstudy, the1980CannabisinCostaRicahAStudyinChronicMarijuanaUse editedbyWilliamCarterfortheInstituteforStudyofHumanIssues. (ISHI,3401ScienceCenter,Philadelphia.)Againresearchersfoundno palpabledamagetothenativepopulation'schroniccannabissmokers. Alcoholicsocialproblems,soevidentonneighboringcannabisfree islands,arenotfoundinCostaRica.Thisstudymakesclearthat sociallyapprovedganjausewilllargelyreplaceormitigatetheuseof alcohol(rum)ifavailable. TheAmsterdamModel Sinceadoptingapolicyoftoleranceandnonprosecutionof cannabis/hashishsmokers(itisavailableincafesandbars)and rehabilitationanddiversionprogramsforharddrugusers,Hollandhas seenasubstantialreductionincannabisconsumptionamongteenagers2 anda33%dropinthenumberofheroinaddicts.Thestrategyof separatingcannabissalesfromharddrugdealersbybringingpotabove groundhasbeenquitesuccessful.(L.A.Times,August1989).In1998, despiteconstantpressurefromtheU.S.governmentandtheDEA,the Dutchgovernmenthastotallyrefusedtorecriminalizemarijuana! Footnotes:

1."CannabisIndicaasanAnodyneandHypnotic,"J.B.Mattison,M.D., TheSt.LouisMedicalandSurgicalJournal,vol. LVI,no.5,Nov. 1891,pg265271,reprintedinMarijuana:TheMedicalPapers,Tod Mikuriya,M.D. 2."CannabisSubstitution:AnAdjunctiveTherapeuticToolinthe TreatmentofAlcoholism,"TodH.Mikuriya,M.D.,MedicalTimes,vol. 98,no.4,April,1970,reprintedinMarijuanaMedicalPapers,Tod Mikuriya,M.D.) MoreProhibitionistDeceptions ScientificAmericanreportedin1990:"Thealarmingstatistics,cited bytestingadvocates,todemonstratethehighcostsofdrugabuse.. .donotalwaysaccuratelyreflecttheresearchonwhichtheyare based.Infact,someofthedatacouldbeusedto'prove'thatdrug usehasnegligibleorevenbeneficialeffects."(March1990,page18) Oneoftheexamplesgivenistheoftencitedstatisticformerpresident GeorgeBushutlizedin1989:"DrugabuseamongAmericanworkerscosts businessesanywherefrom$60billionto$100billionayearinlost productivity,absenteeism,drugrelatedaccidents,medicalclaimsand theft."Yetaccordingtoa1989assessmentbyNIDA,allsuchclaims derivefromasinglestudythatgrewoutofa1982surveyof3,700 households.TheResearchTriangleInstitute(RTI)foundthathouseholds whereatleastonepersonadmittedhavingusedmarijuanaregularly reportedaverageincomes28percentlowerthanaveragereportedincome ofotherwisesimilarhouseholds.RTIresearchersascribedtheincome differenceto"lossduetomarijuanause."RTIthenextrapolatedcosts ofcrime,healthproblemsandaccidentstoarriveata"costtosociety ofdrugabuse"of$47billion.TheWhiteHouse"adjusted"for inflationandpopulationincreasestoprovidethebasisforBush's statement.YettheRTIsurveyalsoincludedquestionsaboutcurrent druguse.Theanswersrevealednosignificantdifferencebetween incomelevelsofhouseholdswithcurrentusersofillegaldrugs, includingcocaineandheroin,andotherhouseholds.Thusthesame statistics"prove"thatcurrentuseofharddrugsdoesnotresultin any"loss,"incontrasttoasinglemarijuanabingeinthedistant past! OfficialCorruption:CarltonTurner Inalltheresearchthisauthorhasdoneaboutthemisapplicationof publicfundsandtrusts,nothing,itseems,compareswiththeeither totallyignorantorwillfulmanslaughteroffellowAmericansbythe bureaucratsandpoliticiansofthefollowingstory: OneMan&HisDrugScams TheU.S.governmentpolicy,startingintheNixonandFord administrationsandcontinuingunderCarltonTurner*(DrugCzarunder Reagan19811986),allowedfederalmedicalmarijuana,suppliedtothe individualstatemarijuanamedicalprograms,toconsistonlyofthe leafofthemarijuanaplant,eventhoughit'susuallyonlyonethirdas strongasthebudanddoesn'tcontainthesamewholespectrumofthe "crudedrug,"i.e.theTHCandCBNs.*PriortobecomingSpecialWhite HoseAdvisor(read:NationalDrugCzar)CarltonTurner,from1971to 1980,wastheheadofallU.S.governmentmarijuanagrownfordrugsby

reasonofhispositionattheUniversityofMississippi.TheU.of MississippiMarijuanaResearchProgramisdirectedbystatecharterto discoverinitiateorsortouttheconstituentsofThca"simple"crude cannabisdrugthatworksasamedicinethensynthesizethesubstances withbeneficialmedicinalpropertiestoattaintheirfullpotentialfor pharmaceuticalcompanies.Forexample,theleaf'sreliefofocular pressureforglaucomapatientsismuchshorterlastingandtherefore unsatisfactory,comparedtothebud.Also,theleafsometimesgives smokersaheadache.Thefederalgovernmentuntil1986usedonlythe leaf.Turnersaidtothepharmaceuticalcompaniesandininterview, thatleafisallAmericanswouldevergetalthoughthebudworks better.Stilltodayin1999,thesevenlegalmarijuanausersinthe U.S.onlygetleaf,branch,andbudchoppedupandrolledtogether. Althoughbudsworkbetterforchemotherapy,glaucoma,etc.,the branchescanbeastoxicassmokingwood.Turnersaid,in1986,that naturalmarijuanawill"never"begivenasamedicineand,asofApril 1998,itstillhasn't.(ExceptinCalifornia,wherecitizens successfullyvoted,inNovember1996,tooverrulethefederal governmentonmedicalmarijuana!) TheReasonsGiven: Budsaretoohardtorollthroughacigarettemachine.(Forgetthe 25millionAmericanswhodoquitewellatrollingbudeveryday.) Byextractingcompoundsfromthe"crudedrug"ofthebud,therewould benopharmaceuticalpatents,thereforenoprofits.Therefore,his programwouldhaveworkedagainsthisformeremployers,theMississippi University'slegislativecharterandfunding.(InterviewsbyEd RosenthalforHighTimesMagazineDeanLatimer,etalNational OrganizationfortheReformofMarijuanaLaws,orNORML.)Althoughbuds workbetterforchemotherapy,glaucoma,etc.,Turnersaidtheywill "never"begiven.Italsobecameevidentthefamousmarijuana 'munchies'(appetitestimulation)werenotworkingforthecancer chemotherapypatientsusingfederalleaf.Andeventhoughnostudies havebeenallowedtocompareleafwithbud,weknowofdoctorswho unofficiallyrecommendedbudandwatchtheirwastingcancerpatients putonweight(NORML). PoisoningPotSmokers InAugustandSeptember,1983,Turnerwentonnationaltelevisionto justifytheillegalmarijuanaspraying(byplane)ofparaquatin Georgia,Kentucky,andTennesseebytheDEA.Hesaiditwouldteacha lessontoanykidwhodiedfromparaquatpoisonedpot.Turnerwas forcedtoresignafterannouncinghisconclusionsinpublicthat marijuanacausedhomosexuality,thebreakdownoftheimmunesystem, and,therefore,AIDS.Lookingintothetherapeuticpotentialof cannabisisthemostcontrolledanddiscouragedresearch,butanytests pursuingnegativeorharmfuleffectsofcannabisarepromoted.Since thesetestsoftenbackfireorareinconclusive,eventhisresearchis rare.Turnerquoted"TheRiseandFalloftheRomanEmpire"toshowhow jazz(rock)singersareerodingtheAmerica"he"loveswiththis hallucinogenicdrugmarijuana!Whichhemeanttostampout. PhonyParaquatKits Duringthe1978Mexicanmarijuanaparaquatscare,andwhilestilla

privatecitizenworkingforthestateofMississippimarijuanafarm, thissameCarltonTurnercalledHighTimesmagazinetoadvertisea paraquattester.UnknowntoTurner,HighTimeswasnotacceptingads foranyparaquattestersbecauseallevidenceshowedthetestersdidn't work.DeanLatimerthenaHighTimesassociateeditor,strungTurner alonginvirtuallydailyphoneconversationsforamonth,listeningto TurnertalkabouthowmuchmoneyTurnerwasgoingtomakefromsalesof thedevice.HighTimeswantedtoseeasample.WhenTurnerdelivered hisprototypeversionoftheparaquattestkittoHighTimes,itwasa total"RubeGoldberg"typeripoff,"justlikethedozenorsophony kitsothercompaniestriedtobuyadspaceforatthistime,"wrote Latimerinanarticlepublishedin1984.Turnerapparentlynever thoughtHighTimeswasethicalenoughtocheckthecontraptionout.He assumedtheywouldjusttaketheadmoneyandrunprinttheadandmake Turnerrich.Hedidn'tcareifsomekiddiedorwasbilkedoutofmoney believinginhisbogusparaquattestkit.Afterthisattemptedmail fraud,thismanbecamePresidentReagan'snationaldrugczarin1981, recommendedbyGeorgeBushandNancyReagan. AWantonDisregardForLife Turnerevensaidthathedoesn'tevencareifhundredsofkidsdiefrom smokingpotthefederalgovernmenthasdeliberatelysprayedwith paraquat.ThenattheApril25,1985,PRIDEconferenceinAtlanta, Georgia,withNancyReaganand16foreignFirstLadiesinattendance (includingImeldaMarcos),Turnercalledforthedeathpenaltyfordrug dealers.Turnerwas,afterall,Reagan's,Bush's,andthe pharmaceuticalcompanies'ownhiredgun,whosawhisentiremissionas notagainstheroin,PCP,orcocaine,buttowipeoutpotandjazz/rock musicCarltonTurnerwasforcedtoresignafterNewsweekmagazine excoriatedhimOctober27,1986,inalargeeditorialsidebar.His resignationwasaforegoneconclusionafterbeinglampoonedinthe WashingtonPostandelsewhereasnootherpublicfigureinrecent memoryforhisconclusions(inpublicaddresses)thatmarijuanasmoking causedhomosexuality,thebreakdownoftheimmunesystem,and, therefore,AIDS.HeresignedDecember16,1986.Whatshouldhavebeen frontpageheadlinenewswasburiedinthebackpagesduringtheIran contrascandalthatexplodedthatweek. UrineTestingCompany Afterhisresignation,TurnerjoinedwithRobertDuPontandformerhead ofNIDA,PeterBensinger,tocornerthemarketonurinetesting.They contractedasadvisorsto250ofthelargestcorporationstodevelop drugdiversion,detection,andurinetestingprograms.Soonafter Turnerleftoffice,NancyReaganrecommendedthatnocorporationbe permittedtodobusinesswiththeFederalgovernmentwithouthavinga urinepuritypolicyinplacetoshowtheirloyalty.JustasG.Gordon Liddywentintohightechcorporatesecurityafterhisdisgrace, CarltonTurnerbecamearichmaninwhathasnowbecomeahugegrowth industry:urinetesting.Thiskindofbusinessdeniesthebasicrights ofprivacy,selfincrimination(FifthAmendment)rights,unreasonable searchandseizure,andthepresumptionofinnocence(untilproven guilty).Submissiontothehumiliationofhavingyourmostprivatebody partsandfunctionsobservedbyahiredvoyeurisnowthetestof eligibilityforprivateemployment,ortocontractforalivingwage. Turner'snewmoneymakingschemedemandsthatallotherAmericans

relinquishtheirfundamentalrighttoprivacyandselfrespect. BushStrikesAgain PresidentRonaldReagan,attheurgingofthenVicePresidentGeorge Bush,appointedCarltonTurnerastheWhiteHouseDrug(czar)Advisor in1981.Atconventions(19811986)ofpharmaceuticalcompaniesand theirlobbyisttheAmericanChemicalManufacturers,Turnerpromisedto continuetheresearchbanonthe400chemicalcompoundsofcannabis. Bushmanagedtocontinuetodirectthiseffort,simplybynotallowing anygrantsforprivateorpublicresearchwithapositiveimplication tobeissuedbyNIDAorNIH,orapprovedanyrecentFDAapplications unlesstheypursuednegativeresults.Asofthiswriting(July1998) PresidentClinton'spolicyhasremainedthesame. ComparisontoAlcohol Therearemanyterribledrughabits.Theworstofwhichisalcohol,in bothnumbersofusersandtheantisocialbehaviorassociatedwith extremeuse.Alcoholismistheleadingcauseofteenagedeaths:8,000 Americanteenagersarekilledeachyearand40,000aremaimedfrom mixingalcoholanddriving.(MADD,MothersAgainstDrunkDriving SADD,StudentsAgainstDrunkDrivingNIDA,NationalInstituteonDrug Abuse,etc.)Infact,U.S.government/policestatisticsconfirmthe followingstrangenumbers:Themortalityfigureforalcoholuseare 100,000annually,comparedwithzeromarijuanadeathsin10,000years ofconsumption.From4050%ofallmurdersandhighwayfatalitiesare alcoholrelated.Infact,highwayfatalitiesthatarealcoholrelated mightbeashighas90%,accordingtotheChicagoTribuneandL.A. Times.Alcoholisalsoindicatedinthemajority(6980%)ofallchild rape/incestcaseswifebeatingincidentsareingreatmajority(60 80%)alcoholinfluenced.Heroinisindicatedin35%ofburglaries, robberies,armedrobberies,bankrobberies,grandtheftauto,etc.And thereweremorethan600,000arrestsforsimplemarijuanapossessionin theU.S.in1997(upfrom400,000in1992),accordingtotheUniform CrimeReportingStatisticsoftheU.S.DepartmentofJustice,Federal BureauofInvestigation. CHAPTER16THEEMPEROR'SNEWCLOTHES AlternativestoProhibition Inconclusion,weseethatthegovernment'scaseagainstmarijuanais wovenoftransparentlies.Inthischapter,webringtolightsome researchthatthegovernmentdoesnotlikethepeopletoknowabout. Thenwetalkaboutsomerealisticalternatives.Butfirst,abrief fable: TheStoryoftheEmperor'sNewClothes ThereoncewasaveryveryvainandterribleKing/Emperorwhoheavily taxedhissubjectsinordertopayforhisincrediblyfinewardrobe madefromthemostexpensiveclothing.Oneday,twoswindlers, representingthemselvesasgreattailorsfromafar,arrivedandsought anaudiencewiththeEmperor.Theytoldofanamazingnewfabricthey hadinvented,madeofaveryexpensivegoldfiberthatonlythebest, purest,andwisestofpeoplecouldsee.Excited,theEmperoraskedto

seeasample,andthemenbroughtforthanemptyspool."Ah,isn'tit lovely,"theyaskedtheEmperor.TheEmperoragreed,afraidtoadmit thathedidnotseeanythingbecausethatwouldmeanhewasadulland stupidperson.So,totesthisministers,theEmperorbroughtthemall intogettheiropinions.Oncethepowerofthefabricwasexplained tothem,allagreedthatthiswas,indeed,thefinestandmost beautifulclothintheworld.ThevainEmperororderedanewoutfitbe madeforhim,sothephonytailorstookhismeasurements.TheEmperor orderedthegoldfromthetreasurybegiventothesupposedtailorsto bespunintothread.Theysetaboutatonceworkingdayafterday, pretendingtocutandsew,whiletheEmperorandhisministers periodicallycamebytoadmiretheirhandiworkandtopaytheenormous billsthemerchantswererunningupinthecourseoftheiractivities. Finally,thebigdaycamewhenallthepeopleinthelandwereordered gatheredtoseetheEmperor'snewoutfit,whichtheyhadpaidsomuch forandheardsomuchabout.Whenhenakedlystrodeforth,allthe peoplelookedindisbeliefandsaidnothing.Thentheysangthe praisesofthemiraculousnewcloth."It'sthemostbeautifulwork I'veeverseen!""Magnificent!""IwishIhadsuchlovelyfabric!" Theyallcheered,afraidofbeingdenouncedandcalledstupidand impureiftheydidotherwise.AndtheEmperorproudlyparadedinfront ofhissubjects,secretlyworriedafraidthathewouldlosethecrown ifthepeopleknewthathe,himself,couldnotseethecloththat drapedhisbody.Untilhepassedthroughthecrowd,asmallboyperched onhisfather'sshoulder,inhisinnocencecriedout,"ButtheEmperor hasnothingon!""Justhearwhattheinnocentsays!"saidthefather. Andeachpersonwhisperedtoanotherwhatthechildhadsaid.Theword spreadthroughouthissubjectswhatthelittleboyhadsaid.Then, everyoneknewthattheEmperorandallhisministershadbeentricked byswindlers.Nowhisguardsandministers,aswellasthepeople, realizedthattheswindlershadnotonlytrickedtheEmperor,buthe, theEmperor,hadspentalltheirtaxmoney,wastedonthisfarce.The Emperorheardthepeoplemurmuring.Heknewtheywereright,buthe wastooproudtoadmithewaswrongandhadbeenmadethefool.Sohe drewhimselfuptohisfullheightandstareddownathisguards,until hecaughtoneguard'seye.Theguard,lookingaroundnervously, realizingthisvainEmperorcouldhavehimimprisonedorevenbeheaded, avertedhiseyesandlookeddownattheground.Thenanotherguard, seeingthathewasn'tlaughinganymore,gotscaredandloweredhiseyes totheground,too.Soon,alltheguards,ministers,andeventhe childrenpretendingtocarryhisinvisibletrainofgoldcloth,were staringattheground.Thepeople,seeingtheministersandguards,who amomentagowerelaughingattheEmperorwiththem,nowstaringatthe ground,quakingintheirboots,stoppedlaughingandquicklybowed theirheadsaswell.Thelittleboywhohadfirstexclaimedthatthe Emperorwasnaked,seeingallthegrownupsaroundhim,andevenhis father,completelyscaredandsubdued,bowedhisheadinfear!Then theEmperor,pullinghimselfuptohisfullheight,announcedtohis subjects,ashemarchedproudlythroughhiskingdom,"Whoistosay thatthesearenottheveryfinestclothesofall?"TheEmperorheld hisheadhighandlookeddownhisnoseatthecrowddeterminedtosave hisroyalfacefrompublichumiliation.TheEmperorcontinuedhis processionactingasthoughhewereoblivioustohisnakedness,andhis ministersheldthetrainofhisinvisiblecloakhigherthanever.The peoplelookedonindisbeliefanddidnothingastheEmperorandhis ministerskeptmarchingdownthestreetparadingtheirnakedignorance. *ParaphrasedfromHansChristianAndersen'sFairyTale.

TheMoraloftheStoryis: WecannotsimplycalltheEmperor(U.S.government)onhis(its)acts ofdeceitandmanipulationoffact.Hisguards(FBI,CIA,DEA,etc.) arefartoopowerful.Hisfearofshamefuldiscoverysogreathe ceaselesslyuseshispower(throughfundingmuchoftheUnitedNation's andtheworld'santidrugcrusades)tobuyallegiancethroughbribery andintimidation(foreignaid,armssales,etc.).ThoseAmerican citizenswhowoulddarespeakoutagainstthistyrannyareoften slanderedas"druggies"or"dopers"andmaybethreatenedwiththeloss oftheirjobs,income,families,andproperty.Towin,wemustdrivea stakethroughtheheartof(theU.S.government's/DEA's)lies,overand overandoveragainbyhammeringatthemrelentlesslywithhardcore factstodefeattheevilofthishardheartedEmperor(unjustcannabis laws)andevenimprisontheseperpetrators,ifnecessary,tosetour peoplefree! TheLogicalAnalogy WecontendthatAmerica'smarijuana/hemplawsareliketheEmperor's clothes!Liketyrantsandprohibitionistsinthepast,thisEmperor reliesonbruteforce,intimidation,fear,andapolicestateto maintainhisauthoritarian,despoticreignwhiledrainingthefederal treasuryanddismantlingallvestigesoftheBillofRightswhile imprisoninginnocentsouls.Ourgreatcountrywasfoundedonthe principlesthateachpersonhas"inalienablerights"to"life,liberty, andthepursuitofhappiness,"andthateachpersonhasthe responsibilityofmaintainingtheserightsbycastingherorhis individualballot.Itisacriminaloffenseforofficialsorexecutives oftheU.S.governmenttodirectorconspiretowageadeliberate campaignofmisinformation,omissionoffact,andoutrightlieswith ourtaxdollars.Onthesubjectofcannabis,RonaldReagan,George Bush,andnowevenBillClinton,haveactedthepartoftheEmperor. WemightaddthatNancyReaganhasactedthepartoftheeviland ruthlessQueenofHeartsinLewisCarroll'sAliceInWonderlandwho decreed,"Sentencenowverdictlater!".PastandpresentDrugCzars CarltonTurner,WilliamBennett,BillMartinez,LeeBrown,andnow GeneralBarryMcCaffreyactingthepartsoftheEmperor'sadvisors, haveallupheldthefallacyofthe"purefabricthatonlythepurest eyesmaysee,"wovenforthemoriginallybyAnslinger/DuPont/Hearstand theirmalevolentpolicestatebureaucrats.Nowitiscomaintainedby energy,pharmaceutical,alcohol/beercompanies,drugrehab professionals,drugtesters,police,prisonguards,andprisonbuilders allwithenormousfinancialinterestsandpolicestatemotives.When agentsoftheU.S.governmentdeliberatelyactorconspirethiswaybe theyPresident,VicePresident,NationalDrugCzar,headoftheDEA, FBI,orCIAtheyshouldbeimprisoned.AndinanhonestAmerican society,theywouldbeheldaccountableforthe14millionyears they'vealreadysentencedsomanyAmericansforthe"crime"ofpot.Our FederalbureaucraciesandtheU.S.SupremeCourtarerapidlychipping awayatourfreedomsasoutlinedintheBillofRights(writtenonhemp paper).Hemp/marijuanahasbecometheirprincipalexcusefortaking awayourguaranteedConstitutionalrightsmoresothanallother crimes,policeactions,insurgencies,strikes,uprisings,andwarsin thelast200yearscombined!Andthelossbasicfreedomsisevenworse inoursatelliteCentralandSouthAmericancountries,wheretheir

leadershaveactedatAmerica'sofficialbehest.Whatdoesitmeanto driveaplantspeciestoextinction?Whowillforgiveusifweallow thesegreedytyrantstodestroyAmericaandperhapslifeonEarth?At coffeeshopsliketheBulldogPalaceinAmsterdam,onecanquietly pondertheseissuesasyousmokeyourchoicefromawideselectionof marijuanaandhashishsamples. TheSmithsonian'sSuppressionofFactsAboutCannabisHemp Itshouldbenotedthat,eventhough5080%ofalltheirdisplayed fibersforpaperandclothfromtheir"LifeinAmerica:1780stothe 1800s"exhibitand"AmericanMaritimeExhibit,14921850"weremadeof hemp,theSmithsonianInstitutionhasremovedallmentionofcannabis hempasitwasusedinpaper,textiles,ropes,andsails,referringto itonlyas"otherfibers"whilecotton,wool,flax,sisal,jute,Manila hemp,etc.arespecificallymentioned.Cottonwaslessthan1%ofall fiberspriorto1800.Hempwasabout80%ofallfibers.Museumcurator Arkadero'sresponsewhenquestionedonthistopicwasthat,"Children don'tneedtoknowabouthempanymore,itconfusesthem,"andthe directoroftheSmithsoniansaidthateventhoughhempwastheprimary fiber,"Wearenotafibermuseum."Hedidnotmentionhowtheyhad determinedthatchildrendoneedtoknowabouttheminorfibercropsin Americanhistory.Werechildren'sinnocentquestionsabouthempand marijuanamakingtheSmithsoniantourguidesuncomfortable?Andina June20,1989,letter,InstitutionsecretaryRobertMcCormicAdams wrotethat,"WedonotseeacatalogingoffibersinearlyAmericaas partofourtask,"inpresentingtheseexhibits."Attimesthisfocus doesleadcuratorstomentionfabricssuchaslinen,woolorothers." HereturnedcopiesofthisbookandtheU.S.government'sown1942pro marijuanafilm,HempforVictorytous,apparentlywithoutreviewing anyoftheinformation. InConclusion:TruthorConsequencesofProhibition WhenDuPonttellsyouthattheybring"BetterLivingThrough Chemistry",theydon'ttellyouthatit'sonlyfor100years,thenthe entireplanetdiesfortheirprofit.EnglandandHollandtreattheir substanceabusersashumanbeingskeepingthemsuppliedwithenough affordablemedicantssotheydon'tdisrupttheactivitiesofothers. Suchpoliciesallowthemtoleadotherwiseproductiveandnormallives. Thesepoliciesarenowfirmlyestablished,effective,andpopularin thosecountries.Inthemid1900s,Switzerlandbeganitsown experimentsinlocalizedtoleranceofpublicdruguse.WhentheSwiss tried,in1997,torecriminalizecannabiswithaballotinitiative,it lostby79%ofthevote!So,whyshouldotherwisepeaceful hemp/marijuanagrowersandusersbelabeledandpersecutedaslifetime criminalswhile35%ofallrobberiesandburglariesarecommittedby heroinandalcoholaddicts,4055%ofmurders,rapes,andhighway fatalitiesarealcoholrelated*andheroinismoreavailableinjail thanonthestreets?Yetcannabisusersstatisticallyhavethesameor lowerincidentsofcrimeandviolenceasthenoncannabisusing populationasawhole.*FBIStatistics,1993,1996.Infact,aside fromcannabisusage,takethemobandthedealersoutofheroinand otherdrugsandyoureduceasmuchas80%ofnonalcoholrelatedcrime. Asadirectexample,throughoutthe"RoaringTwenties"eraofalcohol prohibition,themurderrateroseconsistently,thendroppedeveryyear forthenext10followingprohibition's1933repeal.**FBIStatistics.

Let'sfindanotherwaytodealwithdrugusageorbepreparedfor continuedexponentialerosionofourfreedoms,includingtherigthsof selfexpression,publicdebate,andafreepress,includingbooksand songs.Acceptthefactthatalldrugrelatedcrimeendsifyoutreat addictsandusersinsteadofremovingthemfromsociety.Helptem, educateandencouragethembefinanciallyproductive.In1999,thetop priorityoftheU.S.government,NewtGingrichandmostofthe RepublicanPartyistotrytoenactlegislationthatwillautomatically takeaway100%ofallcitizens'rightstoprivacyandfreedomfrom unwarrantedsearchasifthedrugwarwereatruestateofemergencyin ordertofurthertheirfascistic,police,andprisonstateagenda. HighTechRepression InorderforAmericatobemarijuanafree,allofus,smokersandnon smokersalike,willhavetogiveupourBillofRightsforever!You willhavetoconformtothelikesofLyndonLaRouche,JerryFalwell, NancyReagan,EdwinMeese,WilliamBennett,Gen.BarryMcCaffrey,and mindsofthatridiculousilk.Each,intheirsmugignorance, contributingtothepermanentpoisoningoftheEarthwhiletryingwith alltheirmighttocompletelyannihilatetheonethingthatcansave us:hemp.Thecomputer,thatgreatboontohumankind,willironically allowthepolicetofinish,today,thejobtheRomanCatholicChurch's Inquisitionstarted(seeChapter10:DarkAges)becausethechurch couldnotstandthe"commoners"laughingatthem,orknowingthe secretsof,amongotherthings,hygiene,astronomy,andhemp.Using computers,thepotpolicecanpeerintoanindividual'sfamily background,hisorhersalesreceipts,incometaxes,andsoforthto enablethemtoblackmailand/orbribeAmericansaswellasdetroytheir politicians,judges,andotherVIPsbyexposingissuesliketheir privatesexlivesorpersonaldruguse.Forexample,thesonof Clinton'sformerSurgeonGeneralJocelynElders,wassystematicallyand perpetuallybadgered,oversixmonths,byhisfriend(whohadbeen previouslybustedandforcedtoworkundercoverfortheDEA, specificallytosetupyoungElders)togethimtopurchaseasmall amountofcocaineforhimself.Elder'sson,whohadneverbeenknown todeal,consistentlyrefused,buteventuallygaveintothefriend's constantpressure.Thegovernmentrevealedtheinformationaboutthis transactiontonooneforanothersixmonthsuntiltheycoulduseitto directlyblackmailSurgeonGeneralEldersintorecantinghersoft stanceonmedicalcannabis. Instead,refusingtobesilenced,Elders resigned.Withsuchblatantlyunderhandedtactics,theDEAisdaily bringingusclosertoOrwell's1984nightmare.Apostscript:asofthis writing,youngEldersisstillappealinghiscaseongroundsof entrapment. WastingourTaxMoney Approximately50%ofalldrugenforcementmoney,federalandstate, duringthelast60yearshasbeendirectedtowardmarijuana!Some70 80%ofallpersonsnowinfederalandstateprisonsinAmericawouldn't havebeenthereascriminalsuntiljust60orsoyearsago.Inother wordswe,inour(AnslingerandHearstinspired)ignoranceand prejudice,haveplacedapproximately800,000ofthe1.2millionpeople inAmericanprisons(asofAugust4,1998)forcrimesthatwere,at worst,minorhabits,upuntiltheHarrisonAct,1914(wherebytheU.S. SupremeCourtin1924firstruledthatdrugaddictsweren'tsick,they

wereinsteadvilecriminals).Eightypercentofthesegovernment"War onDrugs"victimswerenotdealing.Theyhavebeenincarceratedfor simplepossession.Andthisdoesnotincludethequarterofamillion moreincountyjails.Remember,just20yearsago,in1978,beforethe ""WaronDrugs,"therewereonly300,000personsinAmericanprisons forallcrimescombined.Someradioandtelevisionpreachershaveadded tothehysteriabycallingrockmusic"satanicandvoodoo"and associatingitwiththedrugculture.Theywanttooutlawrock,burn albumsandbooks,andlockupeveryonewhodoesn'tagreewiththem.So doesCarltonTurner.SodoesLyndonLaRouche.SodoesWilliamBennet. SodoesLeeBrown.SodoesGeneralBarryMcCaffrey.Duringthelast threegenerations,Hearst'sandAnslinger'spropagandaandlieshave beenrelentlesslyjammeddownAmericans'throatsasunimpeachable gospeltruthresultinginthemassivedrainontaxpayer'smoneyto buildthegovernment'santidrugmachine(see"FightingthePolice State"intheAppendixofthepaperversionofthisbook).And virtuallyeverystateisinthemidstofthebiggestprisonexpansion everinAmerica'sandtheworld'shistory,whilepoliticalvultures, concernedonlyforgrowthoftheirprisonrelatedindustriesandjob security,demandthatwebuildmoreprisonsandexpandtaxbasesto pursuethis"lawandorder"madnessagainstformerlymisdemeanoror evennonexistentoffenses. DoubleStandards Inthe1980s,whenU.S.SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamRehnquist(now ChiefJustice)was"noddingoff"inCourtandsendingotherdruggiesto prisonfortheirhabitshejustkeptfeedinghis"eightaday"Placidyl habit.Thiswastheequivalentindollars,"high,"andmentaleffect ofa$70to$125adaystreetabuser'sheroinhabit.Placidyl,acousin ofQuaaludes,isknownasa"heavydown,"popularonthestreetsfor impartingaveryplacidfeelinginusers.Thephysicaldependencyand mentaleffectsofusingthelegaldrugsPlacidyl,Dilaudad,Quaaludes, etal.,arevirtuallythesameasforthereviledbarbiturates,opium, morphine,andheroin.Inessence,theydisturbthebody's"endorphin" (painreceptorsandnullifiers)balance.Rehnquist,whowassaidto haveusedPlacidylfarinexcessofnormallimits,didnotrobliquor stores,physicallyassaulthisfellowcitizens,orcommitanyofthe antisocialbehaviorsattributedto"junkies."Hishabitwaseasily maintainedbecausethePlacidylwasbothlegallyavailableandwithin hisnormalincomelimits.Placidylwasalsowelllabeledastopurity andfrequencyofdosage,whilepersonswithoutlaweddrughabitshave togetbyona"dimeoftar"(a10dollarbag),thepurityofwhich whether5%or95%Isunknownanddangerousestimate.Thegreatmajority ofdrugoverdosesarecausedbyunknown,unregulated,andunlabeled purityfactor.Thegovernmentalsoacknowledgesthat90%ormoreof overdosesbyillegaldrugswouldprobablybeavoidedwithaccurate labelsandappropriatewarnings. PoliciesBasedonIgnorance Whileresearchingthisbookoverthelast24years,wetalkedwithand questionedsenators,legislators,judges,police,DAs,scientists, historians,NobelPrizewinners,dentists,andMDs.Allknewlittle bitsandpiecesofthehistoryandusesofcannabis,butvirtuallyno oneknewanydepthaboutmarijuanainits360degreeentiretyexcept longtermmedicalresearchers,suchasUngerlieder,Mikuriya,etal

andwriterslikeEdRosenthal,DeanLatimer,andDr.MichaelAldrich, etal.Forexample,15yearsago,atalargeCaliforniaNORML fundraiserinFebruary1983,wespokeprivatelywiththenSenate MajorityWhipTomRutherford,ofNewMexico.Hehasbeenaleading promarijuanapoliticianforadecadeandwas,atthattime,probably themostknowledgeableelectedgovernmentrepresentativeonthesubject ofmarijuana,intheUnitedStates.Weaskedhimwhythegovernment didn'tjustcomeoutandlegalizemarijuana,especiallywitheverything weknewmedically,industrially,andhistoricallyaboutcannabis.We wereshockedwhenherepliedthathewasnotawareofanyargumentin favorofthelegalizationofmarijuana,excepttoendthelunacyof criminalizationforatworstaminoract.So,weenthusiastically outlinedthefactsandentirehistoryofhemp/marijuanatohim, figuringhemusthaveheardsomeofitbefore.Hesatliterallyinawe ofwhathewashearingfortheveryfirsttime.Whenwefinished speaking,hesaid,"IfIhadthatknowledgeoutlinedanddocumentedfor measyoujusttoldit,thegovernment,police,andjudicialsystem wouldbethroughpersecutingpot.""Butisittrue?"headdedThiswas inFebruary1983andherewereAmerica'stoppropotpoliticianswho literallydidn'tknowenoughabouthemptofillasinglepageofa book,andsomeleftofficeintheReagan"justsayno"erabefore havinglearnedenoughtopubliclysupporthemp/marijuana.Butnow,many doknowhempispotentiallytheEarth'snumberonecropandthatthe presentlawsareunjustifiable,andthatthegovernment'spositionon potisutterlyfalseandcan'tstandthesimplelightoftruth. WhatistheLaw? "Alllawswhichcanbeviolatedwithoutdoinganyoneanyinjuryare laughedat."Spinoza,(c.1660)Tocontrolmarijuanaistogiveupour freedoms,forourselves,ourkids,andourkid'skids,forever.And that,myfriends,iscalledfascismandsimplyput,ifthelawson cannabisarenotoverturned,andifpresentEarthdestructive practices,suchasstripmining,oildrilling,clearcuttingoftrees, industrialpollutionofwaters,anduseofpesticidesandherbicides arenotdiscontinued,ourplanetwillsoondieatthehandsofthese ignorant(notknowingand/orevil)politicianswhothinktheyhavea righttopassmoreandmoreDraconianlawstofillmoreandbigger prisonsandjailswithsomeofourmostdecentcitizens.Thesesame politiciansportraythemselvesasbeingmotivatedpurelyoutofconcern forchildren.Meanwhile,theypromotethemassiveongoing environmentalpoisoningofthesesamechildreneveryday!Buttotruly understandwhytensofmillionsofdecentAmericansarescaredsillyof potafter60yearsofdisinformationthatcontinuestothisday, considerthementalityandcharacterofformerLosAngelesPoliceChief DarylGates(19781992),whohasadmittedtohelpingdirectaprogram ofsquashingaccuratehempinformationandorderingthearrestand harassmentofCaliforniaMarijuanaInitiativeworkersfordoingtheir civicandConstitutionaldutytocollectpetitionsignatures.In September1983,ontelevisionandthroughapolicespokesman,Gates calledhempreformadvocates"wellintentionedbutterriblyna?ve regardingmarijuanaand[they]reallydon'tknowmuchaboutit."In January,1984,GateswasaskedbyaparentataSanFernandoValley, CA,publicschool,"WhatcanIdoifIfindoutmychildhasused marijuana?"Hereplied,"It'stoolate.Oncethey'vesmokedone marijuanacigarette,theyarelosttousforever!"**Theseexactwords werealsousedbyLACountyD.A.IraReinerinhis1990campaignfor

StateAttorneyGeneral.Helost.Afewmonthslater,thethen Californiaattorneygeneral,JohnVandeKamp,suppressedtheAugust 17,1990,reportbyhisownadvisorypanelthatcalledforhempre legalization.GatestestifiedbeforetheU.S.SenateJudiciary CommitteeonSeptember5,1990,that"casualdrugusersshouldbetaken outandshot."Heheldtothispositionforalmostaweek,until publicoutcryforhisdismissal*forcedhimtomodifyhiscommenttoa callforstricterpenalties.FormerDrugCzarWilliamBennettsaid,"I havenoproblemwithbeheadingmarijuanausers,onlylegalones(in beheadingthem)"andoneMississippilegislatorsaidin1998that marijuanapunishmentshouldincludeseveringofhands,arms,feet,and legs(seriously!).Afewmonthslater,onMarch3,1991,theworldwas shockedtolearnthatGates'officerswereindeedcapableofsuch brutalandheinousbehaviorwhenthevideoofLosAngelespolice officerssavagelybeatingadefenselessRodneyKing(accusedof speedingabdevadingcapture)wasrevealedtotheworld.Aurinetest laterrevealedtracesofTHC.Gatescontinuedtobackhisofficersin thebeating,throughthetimeoftheriots.*Reinerwasalmostthe onlyofficialtopubliclysupportGates.InJulyof1998,DrugCzar BarryMcCaffrey,onafactfindingmissiontoEurope,addedinsultto ignorancebyproclaimingtoaStockholmaudience,"Themurderratein Holland[where"soft"drugsaretreatedasalegalproduct]isdouble thatintheUnitedStates.That'sdrugs."Actually,theAmericanmurder rateis8.2per100,000.TheDutchmurderrateis1.7per100,000, lessthanonefourththatoftheU.S.Thiswasonlythelatestin McCaffrey'scontinuingstreamofludicrousmisinformation.InDecember 1996,forexample,hehadbeenquotedinthemediaassaying,"There's notoneshredofevidencethatmarijuanahasmedicinalvalue" Conclusion Onthebasisoftheinformationprovidedinthisbook,wedemandanend totheenforcementoftheseprohibitionlaws.Alllawsregardingthe cultivationoftheplantmustbestrickenfromthebooks,includingthe UN'sSingleConventionTreatyof1961,atwhichAnslingerrepresented theUnitedStates.Althoughhewasforcedtoretirebyanangry PresidentKennedyfor,amongotherthings,hisanticsatthe Convention,Anslinger'slegacyofliesanddeceitlivesonin1999. Ourgovernmentowesanapologytoallpersonswhospentjailorprison timeforcannabis(14millionyearsinaggregatesofar),hadtogo throughthecourts,hadtheireducation,families,andprofessionstorn apart,andtheirlives,wealth,andhealthoftendestroyed.Wealsoowe anapologytohonestbutignorantteachers,police,andjudgesforour lackofcouragetospeakupandeducatethem.Butthereisno apologizingfortheprofitmindedcorporateandgovernmentleaderswho haveactedillegallytocensorandrefutetheundeniabletruthofhemp. WhatJusticeDemands Justicedemandsnothinglessthantheliftingofallpenalties (criminalandcivil)andremovalofallrestraintsuponthecultivation anduseofbothsmokingandnonsmokingusesofthis,ourmost remarkableplant.Prisonersbeingheldforthepeacefulpossession, sale,transport,orcultivationofcannabishempmustbereleased immediately.Moneyandpropertyseizedmustbereturned.Criminal recordsmustbewipedclean,amnestygranted,andsomesortof reparationspaidfortimeserved.Thesecannabisprisonersarethe

realvictimsofthismonstrouscrimecalledthe"WaronDrugs."Inthe end,halfmeasureswillnotbeacceptable.Inthemeantime,wemust beginwithamoratoriumonhemp/marijuanalawenforcement.Andwemost moveswiftlytorestoreandexpandthenationalarchivesandhistorical recordonhempanditsmultiplicityofvaluableuses. WhatYouCanDo Wethink,nowthatyou'vehadagoodlookatoursideandthe government'ssideofthisstory(bothasweseeitandasthemedia projectsit),you'llwanttojoinusinputtingthisissueontothe ballotsandintothelegislaturesofthiscountry,whereeveryonecan expresstheiropinionsinthestraightforwardmannersetforthinour UnitedStates'andindividualstateconstitutions.Teachhempto everyonetalkaboutitallthetime.Lookforhempproducts,askfor hempbuyhemp.Defendhemp.Andusetheinformationandsuggestions includedintheAppendixattheendofthepaperversionofthisbook. PurchasecopiesofthepaperversionofthisbookandtheCDROMfor youlocalpublicandschoollibraries.Attheriskofrepetition,let usoncemorestateinthestrongestpossibleterms,thatcannabishemp indeedtheplantwedenigratewiththeslangnamemarijuanawillbecome knowntofuturegenerations,asitwasknowntopastgenerationsfor millenia,asthenumberoneannuallyrenewable,fullysustainable,non pesticiderequiring,andmostabundantsourceofpaper/fiber/fuelon thefaceoftheearthwithmoreoverallusesthananyotherknown plant.Inotherwords,cannabishempisthegreatestplantonearth! Writetoyourelectedofficialsandthenewsmedia,tohelpcreatea moreconsciouspoliticalleadershipandfavorablenewscoverageon marijuanaandhemp.Givecreditforgoodvotesandcoverage,and complainaboutbad.Registerandrunforoffice.Andalwaysvote!! Demandthatourprisonersofconsciencebefreed,rewarded,and honored.Theydeservetobewelcomedhomeasheroes,andasP.O.W.sin this"WaronDrugs,"toreceiveveteran'sbenefitsandrightsnotthe DEAorpolice.Thinkofthis:Iftheseoutlawcitizenshadnotdefend thegovernmentandpreservedthehempseed,ourgovernmentandits prohibitionistpolicieswouldhaveeradicatedthisplantfromour Earth.So,theheroesofthiswararenotWilliamBennett,Nancy Reagan,BillClinton,GeneralBarryMcCaffrey,theDEA,orDARE,but thosewhodeedthem.Thesetrueheroesmusthavetheirlivesand propertyreturned.Fordefyingthesetyrannicallaws,theymustbe rememberedbyeachofusforalltime.Fortheysavedtheseedthat's goingtosavetheplanet! HempforVictory! Letourpeoplego.Letourpeoplegrow.Andneverallowour politiciansagainimposesuchfanaticalprohibitionlawsagainstany naturalsubstanceinitsnaturalform.Wealmostlosttheseedand knowledgetosavetheplanet.Democracydoesn'tworkeverunlessitis honest.Andifthesuppressionofhempisjustoneexampleofthemany lieswhichAmericanpolice/bureaucratsandprisonguardshavebeen blackmailingtheirtheoreticalbosseselectedpoliticiansandthe publicweareinbigtrouble!Wehavereviewedthis"drugwar"against cannabishemp/marijuanaasthoroughlyaswepossiblycould,andwhatwe haveseensickensus.Andonlythosewiththisknowledgeofhemp, whosedoorsofperceptionhavebeencleansed,cankickthescumbagsout andreclaimourfreedoms,ourplanet,andourlifesustaining

environment.WethereforeagreewiththelittleboyfromHansChristian Andersens'stalewho,whilewatchingtheparadepassby,shoutedwith courageousinnocence:"TheEmperorwearsnoclothes."