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FM &HM LAB MANUAL

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Impact jet of water on vane Performance testing on pelton wheel Francis turbine on test ring Performance test on centrifugal pump Calibration of venturimeter Calibration of orifice meter Frictional losses in pipe flow Loss of head due to sudden contraction Performance test on multistage centrifugal pump

10. Performance test on reciprocating pump

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IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON VANE

AIM: - To find the coefficient of impact of jet on flat circular and hemispherical vanes. APPARATUS: - experimental set-up (counter weight, semicircular vane, horizontral flat
vane), stop watch.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of mainly (1) Nozzle housing, (2) Nozzle, (3) Vane, (4) Transparent Tank (5) Measuring Tank and (6) Sump.

Nozzle housing:
It is of M.S rigidly fixed to the bottom of the tank having transparent tube and suitable to accommodate nozzle. Nozzle: It is of Gun Metal machined and polished nozzle of 8 mm is supplied.

Vane:
It is of Gun Metal machined all over and interchangeable. (1) Flat vane with normal input. (2) Hemi Spherical vane with normal input.

Transparent tank:
To observe the flow and jet deflection the tank is fitted with transparent tube.

Measuring tank: It is of suitable size and provided with gauge glass, scale arrangement for
quick and easy measurements. A Ball valve is provided to empty the tank.

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Sump
It is of suitable size with a supply pump set of 1 HP operating on single phase 220-240V 50Hz AC Supply, and a drain plug to drain the water when the unit is not in use.

Installation
Fix the transparent tube on the measuring tank with the help of four bolts and nuts provided. Make sure that the discharge spout is exactly center of the vane and connect the necessary piping to the apparatus.

Before commissioning
Check whether the nozzle housing, discharge pipe flange etc are fitted with gaskets to prevent water leakage. Check the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the Measuring tank and see that it is fixed water tight and vertical.

PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the required vane on the lever 2. Measure the differential levr arms and calculate the ratio of lever arms(2.0in this case). 3. Balance the lever system by means of counter weight for no load. 4. Place a weight on the hanger. 5. Open the gate valve and adjust the jet, so that the weight arm is balanced 6. Collect water in the collecting tank. 7. Note: (a) the pressure gauge reading P (b) the weight placed W (c) time for 5 cm. rise in the collecting tank t 8. Calculate the discharge by weight. 9. Calculate the vertical force.

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Tabular form

Vane type. P

Inlet pressure

Jet

Time

Mass flow rate M kg/sec

Input force F kg

Counter load W kg

Vane coeff. 2W/F

velocity taken for H m of water V m/sec Rcm rise of water T sec

Kg/cm2

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CALCULATIONS:
1. Area of the collecting tank Rise in water level Actual taken Actual flow rate Actual flow rate A=0.3*0.3 m2 R= 0.05 m(say) = t sec Qa=AR/t m3/sec M=1000Qa kg/sec

2. pressure gauge reading Then, water head

= p kg/cm2 h= (10p) m of water v2/2g=H v =T1-T2 deg = M kg/sec

Assuming the co-efficient of discharge of nozzle as unity, Velocity head Velocity of jet Angle of deflection of the vane to the jet Mass flow rate of water

The lifting force =change in momentum per sec. in vertical For horizontal flat vane, F= M*V*(sinT1-sinT2) T1=90deg and T2=0deg F= (M*V)/g For semicircular vane, T1 =90 deg and T2=-90 F= (2*M*V)/g 3. actual lifting force measured = W*liver arm ratio kg Fact=2.0W The efficiency of the jet=Fact/F

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PRECUTIONS:
See that there is no leakage of water from pipes.

RESULT:
Efficiency of the semicircular vane = Efficiency of the flat vane =

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL

AIM: To study the characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine

APPARATUS: Pelton wheel turbine test rig.

DESCRIPTION
An impulse turbine is a turbomachine in which kinetic energy from one or more fast-moving jets is converted to rotational mechanical energy delivered to the shaft of the machine. A nozzle transforms water under a high head into a powerful jet. The momentum of this jet is destroyed by striking the runner, which absorbs the resulting force. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and so the turbine doesnt require a housing for operation. The conduit bringing high-pressure water to the impulse wheel is called the pen-stock. Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications. Several types of impulse turbines have been invented, but only one has survived in appreciable numbers to the present day, which is the Pelton turbine. The free water jet strikes the turbine buckets tangentially. Each bucket has a high center ridge so that the flow is divided to leave the runner at both sides. Pelton wheels are suitable for high heads, typically above about 450 meters with relatively low water flow rates. For maximum efficiency the runner tip speed should equal about one-half the striking jet velocity. The efficiency can exceed 91 percent when operating at 60-80 percent of full load.

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PROCEDURE: 1. keep the nozzle opening at about 3/8th open position. 2. Prime the pump if necessary. 3. Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump. 4. After the motor starter has changed to delta mode and the motor is running at normal speed, open the delivery gate valve until the venture pressure gauge indicate a differential pressure of about 0.6to 0.65 kg/cm2 this corresponds to the design flow rate. 5. Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauge fixed in the nozzle bend. If the pressure higher or lower than 4.6kg/cm2(design head 46 m of water), adjust the delivery gate valve and/or nozzle opening to set to design inlet pressure. At the same time , ensure that the flow rate does not exceed the design valve as large flow rates(indicated by larger pressure difference in the venturimeter pressure gauges)will over load the motor. 6. Note the speed of the turbine. 7. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge reading. 8. Load the turbine by adding weight to the hangar. 9. Repeat the experiment for different loads.

For constant speed tests, at lower load the flow rate and inlet pressure is reducd by closing the delivery gate valve.

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CALCULATIONS:
1. To deter mine discharge Venturirmeter line pressure gauge reading Venturirmeter throat pressure gauge reading Pressure difference Venturirmeter equation Note: Venturirmeter in let dia Throat dia ratio Discharge = P1 kg/sq.cm =P2 kg/sq.cm dh= (P1-P2)*10 m of water Q=0.0055dH m3/sec .D= 65mm B=0.6 Q= Cd*A*B2*(2*9.81*dH)/1-B4

Where, Cd venturimeter discharge coefficient-0.98 A- Inlet area- 3.14*d2/4 2. To deter mine head: Turbine pressure gauge reading Totel head 3. Input to the turbine In put = 9.81QH KW. 4. Turbine out put Brake drum dia = 0.40m Rope dia Equiealent drum dia Hanger weight-To WeightSpring load Resultant load-T Speed of the turbin Turbine output =0.015m =0.415m =1 kg =T1kg = T2 kg = (T1-T2+To) kg = N rpm = (0.314*D*N*T)/(102*60) KW =0.000215NT. KW = G kg/sq.cm H=G*10 m of water

Turbine efficiency=output/input

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TABULAR FORM FOR CLOSED CIRCUIT

S. no Inlet pres.. P kg/sq.cm Pressure Gauges Readings Kg/cm P1 P2
2

Speed Discharge m/sec N rpm Wt. on hanger T1kg Spring balance T2 kg Net weight T kg

Totle Head H

Input Powr I

Outpt Power O KW

Effiny %

P1-P2

KW

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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TABULAR FORM FOR CONSTANT SPEED

S. no

Inlet pres.. P kg/sq.cm

Totle Head H

Pressure Gauges Readings Kg/cm P1 P2

2

Speed Discharge m/sec N rpm Wt. on hanger T1kg Spring balance T2 kg Net weight T kg

Input Powr I

Outpt Power O KW

Effiny %

P1-P2

KW

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

IMPORTANT FORMULA
Efficiency = Output power Input Power X frictional efficiency X 100

Input Power = 9810 x Supply head in meters (H) x Discharge(Q) = W x Q x H kw;

1000 Frictional efficiency =85%= 0.85

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Discharge = Kh m/sec Where, h = (P1 - P2) x 10 m a1 a2 2g K= ----------------------- (a1 - a2) Where, a1= Diameter of the venturimeter inlet = 50 mm/0.05m a2= Diameter of the Venturimeter throat = 25 mm /0.025m P1 = Inlet pressure, P2 = Throat pressure

Output Power =

2NT 60000

Kw.

N = RPM of the turbine shaft T= Torque of the turbine shaft T= (W1-W2) x R x 9.81 W = Load applied on the turbine. R = Radius of the brake drum with rope in meters = 0.12 meters

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not start a motor without priming. 2. Do not starting the motor without closing the delivery gate valve completely. 3. Only after the starter has changed to delta mode from the start mode ,the delivery gate valve should be open. Note: do not operate the motor at very low voltage of 350V and below as this will draw excessive current, leading to motor coil burn out.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

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FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG

AIM: To study the characteristics of francis turbine. APPARATUS: Francis turbine test rig. THEORY: Francis turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine to convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy and electrical energy. Francis turbine are best suited for medium heads say 40 m to 300 m. the specific speed range from 25 to 300. The turbine test rig consists of a 3.72KW turbine supplied with a water from a suitable 15 HP centrifugal pump through suitable pipe lines. Water under pressure from pump enters through the guide vanes into the runner while passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes a portion of the pressure energy is converted velocity energy. Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining pressure energy converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes the KE is transformed into the mechanical energy. PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the guide vane at required opening (say 3/8th ). 2. Prime the pump if necessary. 3. Close the main sluice valve and then start the pump. 4. Open the sluice valve for required discharge when the pump motor switches from star to delta mode. 5. Load the turbine by adding weight in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling water gate valve for cooling the brake drum. 6. Measure the turbine rpm wit tachometer. 7. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.

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8. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge reading. 9. Repeat the experiment for other loads. 10. For constant speed tests, the main sluice valve has to be adjusted to vary the inlet head and discharge for varying loads(at given guide vane opening position. 11. The experiment can be repeated fir other guide vane position.

CALCULATIONS:
1 To deter mine discharge Venturirmeter line pressure gauge reading Venturirmeter throat pressure gauge reading Pressure difference Venturirmeter equation Note: Venturirmeter in let dia Throat dia ratio Discharge = P1 kg/sq.cm =P2 kg/sq.cm dh= (P1-P2)*10 m of water Q=0.013dH m3/sec .D= 100mm B=0.6 Q= Cd*A*B2*(2*9.81*dH)/1-B4

Where, Cd venturimeter discharge coefficient-0.98 B- Inlet area- 3.14*d2/4 2 To deter mine inlet head of water : Turbine pressure gauge reading Turbine vacuum gauge reading Total head 3 Input to the turbine In put = 9.81QH KW. 4 Turbine out put = G kg/sq.cm = Vmm of Hg H=10(G+V/760) m of water

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Brake drum dia Rope dia Equivalent drum dia Hanger weight-To WeightSpring load Resultant load-T Speed of the turbine Turbine output

= 0.30m =0.015m =0.315m =1 kg =T1kg = T2 kg = (T1-T2+To) kg = N rpm = (0.314*D*N*T)/(102*60) KW =0.000162NT. KW

Turbine efficiency=output/input

TABULAR COLUMN FOR CLOSED CIRCUIT

S. no

Inlet pres.. P kg/sq.cm

Totle Head H

Pressure Gauges Readings Kg/cm P1 P2

2

Speed Discharge m/sec N rpm Wt. on hanger T1kg Spring balance T2 kg Net weight T kg

Input Powr I

Outpt Power O KW

Effiny %

P1-P2

KW

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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TABULA COLUMN FOR CONSTANT SPEED

S. no

Inlet pres.. P kg/sq.cm

Totle Head H

Pressure Gauges Readings Kg/cm P1 P2

2

Speed Discharge m/sec N rpm Wt. on hanger T1kg Spring balance T2 kg Net weight T kg

Input Powr I

Outpt Power O KW

Effiny %

P1-P2

KW

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not start a motor without priming. 2. Do not starting the motor without closing the delivery gate valve completely. 3. Only after the starter has changed to delta mode from the start mode ,the delivery gate valve should be open. Note: do not operate the motor at very low voltage of 350V and below as this will draw excessive current, leading to motor coil burn out.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM: - To conduct a test on single stage centrifugal pump at various speeds to obtain the pump
characteristics.

APPARATUS: - centrifugal pump, stop watch, scale, collecting tank.

DESCRIPTION:
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to Increase the pressure of a fluid. It works by the conversion of the rotational Kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor to an increased static fluid pressure. They are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. In Pump terminology, the rotating assembly that consists of the shaft, the hub, the Impeller blades and the shroud is called the impeller. The performance of a pump is characterized by its net head h, which is defined As the change in Bernoulli head between the suction side and the delivery Side of the pump. h is expressed in equivalent column height of water.
The specific speed will be a constant for a particular pump, or pumps similar to it. If we know the head, speed and the discharge desired, it is easy to find the general type of rotodynamic pump that would prove satisfactory using specific speed. But it is not really a speed, and is a dimensionless number. The speed and discharge used in the expression should be the speed and discharge for maximum efficiency. Centrifugal pumps have low specific speeds among rotodynamic pumps, ranging from 0.02 to 1.5.

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CALCULATIONS: 1. Discharge: Area of tank Rise of level Volume collected A=0.5*0.5 sq m h =0.1 m =A h cu.m =0.25 cu.m Time taken Discharge = t sec Q=volume/time =0.025/t cu.m/sec 2. Head Total head 3. Output of the pump Output 4. Input of the motor Energy meter constant Time for 10 rev Input to motor Efficiency of motor Transmission efficiency Pump input N=1200revs per KWH = T sec = (3600*10)/(N*T) KW =80% (assumed) = 90% (assumed) = motor output*0.8*0.9 KW =3600*10*0.8*0.9/(100*T) =21.6/T KW Pump efficiency =pup output /pump input = 9.81*Q*H KW H=10(P+V/760)m of water.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Loosen the V-belt by rotating the hand wheel of the motor bed and position the V-belt in the required groove of the pully. 2. Prime the pump with water if required. 3. Close the delivery gate valve completely. 4. Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure and delivery 5. Note the following reading . The pressure gauge reading P kg/sq.cm. The vacuum gauge reading V mm of hg. Time for 10 rev of energymeter disc-T secs. Time for 10 cm rise in the collecting tank t- sec Pump speedin rpm. Take 3 or 4 sets of reading by varying the head from a maximum at shut off to a minimum where gate valve is fully open. The experiment is repeated for other pump speeds.

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TABULAR FORM Pressure Vacuume gauge Pump s. speed no N rpm gauge reading reading p kg/sq.cm V m of Hg (P + V) Total head Time taken for collecting Time taken Discharge 10cm rise for 10rev of Q of water energyMeter In disc-T sec Cu.m/sec collecting tank

Input Power Kw

Output Efficiency Power Kw

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Graphs for :-

1. Discharge Vs Head 2. Discharge Vs Input power 3. Discharge Vs Efficiency.

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CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

AIM: To calibrate a given venture meter and to study the variation of coefficient of discharge of it with
discharge.

APPARATUS:

Venturimeter, manometer, stop watch, experimental set-up.

DESCRIPTION:

The obstruction flow meter is a device used to measure the discharge of an Internal flow. In these meters flow rate is calculated by measuring the pressure Drop over an obstruction which is inserted in to path of the flow. There are many Classifications according to the type obstruction used. The most commonly used Categories are Venturi meter, orifice meter and nozzle meter. Venturi meters are generally made from castings machined to close tolerances To duplicate the performance of the standard design, so they are heavy,

Figure 2.1: Venturi meter

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Bulky, and expensive. Inside the venturi meter the fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle 15 20o. The pressure difference between the upstream Side of the cone and the throat is measured by using a differential manometer And it provides a measure for the discharge. The conical diffuser section Downstream from the throat with a lower angle 8 12o gives excellent pressure Recovery and so overall head loss is low compared to other obstruction flow meters. Venturi meters are self-cleaning because of their smooth internal shape.

PROCEDURE:1. Select the require flow meter. 2. Open it cocks and close the other cocks so that only pressure for the meterin use communicated to the manometer. 3. Open the flow control valve and allow a certain flow rate. 4. Vent the manometer if required. 5. Observe the readings in the manometer. 6. Collect the tank in the collecting tank. 7. Close the drain valve and find the time taken for 10cm. rise in the tank. CALCULATIONS: Theoretical discharge for venturimeter Difference in nmanometer level The equivalent pressure drop = h m. of Hg = h(13.6-1) m of water dH = 12.6 h m of water Flow meter equations Where, K- flow meter constant Note: flow meter inlet dia D=20mm/25mm Throat dia B=0.6 Q= KdH m3/sec

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Theoretical discharge Where A=inlet area Qa = flow rate

Qt=A*B2*(2*9.81*dh)/(1.B4)

Cd=flow meter discharge coefficient Qt= 0.000537dH for 20mm pipelines =0.000839dH for 25mm pipelines Actual discharge Area of the collecting tank A=104*0.4 sq.m Rise Time taken The actual discharged r = 0.1 m =t sec Qa=AR/t =0.016/t = Cd*Qt Where Cd is the discharge constant Hence cd=Qa/Qt

Venturi inlet diameter S. No. d1 1. 25mm

Throat Diameter d2 13.5 mm

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S. No.

Differential head in m of mercury

Time for (10 cm) raise of water level t sec

Actual discharge Qa cu. m/sec*10-3

Theoretical discharge = Qt cu. m/sec*10-3

cd = Qt/Qa

h1

h2

dH m of water

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE METER

AIM: To calibrate a given Orifice meter and to study the variation of coefficient of discharge of it with discharge.

APPARATUS:
Orifice meter, manometer, stop watch, experimental set-up.

DESCRIPTION:
The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. The construction is very simple and so cost is low compared to other obstruction meters. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. Reduction of cross-section of the flowing stream in passing through orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of pressure head. This reduction of pressure between taps is measured using a differential manometer and it gives a measure of the discharge. The pressure recovery is poor compared to the Venturi meter. The expression for discharge through any obstruction flow meter can be theoretically obtained using the continuity and Bernoullis equations together. The Bernoullis equation is defined for steady, incompressible and inviscid regions of flow. Since the Bernoullis equation is a simplified form of energy equation, the assumptions used for simplification must be satisfied when using it for practical

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PROCEDURE:
1. Select the require flow meter. 2. Open it cocks and close the other cocks so that only pressure for the meterin use communicated to the manometer. 3. Open the flow control valve and allow a certain flow rate. 4. Vent the manometer if required. 5. Observe the readings in the manometer. 6. Collect the tank in the collecting tank. 7. Close the drain valve and find the time taken for 10cm. rise in the tank.

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CALCULATIONS: Theoretical discharge for orificemeter: Difference in mnanometer level The equivalent pressure drop = h m. of Hg = h(13.6-1) m of water dH = 12.6 h m of water Flow meter equations Where, K- flow meter constant Note: flow meter inlet dia D=20mm/25mm Throat dia Theoretical discharge Where A=inlet area Qa = flow rate Cd=flow meter discharge coefficient Qt= 0.000537dH for 20mm pipelines =0.000839dH for 25mm pipelines Actual discharge Area of the collecting tank A=104*0.4 sq.m Rise Time taken The actual discharged r = 0.1 m =t sec Qa=AR/t =0.016/t B=0.6 Qt=A*B2*(2*9.81*dh)/(1.B4) Q= KdH m3/sec

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=Cd*Qt. Where Cd is the discharge constant Cd=Qa/Qt

Tabular column

S. No.

Differential head in m of mercury

Time for (10 cm) raise of water level t sec

Actual discharge Qa cu. m/sec*10-3

Theoretical discharge = Qt cu. m/sec*10-3

cd = Qt/Qa

h1

h2

dH m of water

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW

AIM:
The goal of this experiment is to study pressure losses due to frictional effects (major losses) in fluid flow through pipes.

APPARATUS:
The pipe flow rig with pipes of different materials, a collecting tank with stop watch to measure the discharge and a differential manometer to measure the pressure drop in the test section.

DESCRIPTION:
When a fluid flows through a pipe, there is a loss of energy (or pressure) in the fluid. This is because energy is dissipated to overcome the viscous (frictional) forces exerted by the walls of the pipe as well as the moving fluid layers itself. In addition to the energy lost due to frictional forces, the flow also loses pressure as it goes through fittings, such as valves, elbows, contractions and expansions. The pressure loss in pipe flows is commonly referred to as head loss. The frictional losses are referred to as major losses while losses through fittings etc, are called minor losses.

PROCEDURE:1. Select the require pipe line. 2. Connect the pressure tapping of the required pipe line (or the pipe fitting for minor losses study) to the manometer b opening the appropriate pressure cocks and closing all other pressure cocks.

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3. Open the flow control valve in the pipe line and allow water to pass. 4. Vent the manometer at a reduce flow rate. Care should be taken to avoid spill over of mercury into the header pipes while venting. Expermint should always be started by slowly opening the control valve and simultaneously observing the mercury column in the manometer. For accidental spill over, stop the experiment and recover the mercury from the bottom of the header. 5. By controlling the valve, required flow rate can be obtain to get a particular Reynolds number. 6. Note the pressure difference from the manometer mercury columns. 7. Collect the water in the collecting tank for a particular rise of level and note the time taken.

8. Repeat the experiments if required at other flow rates.

CALCULATIONS: Area of the collecting tank A= 0.4*0.4 sq.m Rise of level R=0.1 m (say) Volume collected =AR cu.m Time taken =t sec Discharge Q=(AR/t) cu.m/sec 1. Manometer reading (mercury filled): Reading in the left limb=h1 m Reading in the right limb=h2 m Difference level=(h1-h2) m of Hg Equivalent loss of water head = (13.6-1)*(h1-h2) H=12.6(h1-h2) m of water Major losses 2. Pipe line : Diameter of the pipe line
2

=d m

Area of the pipe a=3.12*d /4 sq m Velocity in the pipe V=Q/a m/sec

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Test length in the pipe 3. Darcys constant-f Head loss H=(4flv2/2gd) Substituting the values, L=1.25 m;

l=1.25 m

g=9.81m/sq.sec

F=3.93Hd/v2

Tabular column:

Manometer Pipe s.no dia m

h1 m of hg h2 m of hg

reading

Head losses H m of water

Time for R cm rise T sec

Flow rate Q cu.m/sec *10-3

Pipe area A sq.m*10

-3

Flow velocity Friction V m/sec factor f

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION

AIM:To determine the coefficient of loss in sudden contraction.

APPARATUS: Experimental set-up, stop watch, manometer.

DESCRIPTION:
When a fluid flows through a pipe, there is a loss of energy (or pressure) in the fluid. This is because energy is dissipated to overcome the viscous (frictional) forces exerted by the walls of the pipe as well as the moving fluid layers itself. In addition to the energy lost due to frictional forces, the flow also loses pressure as it goes through fittings, such as valves, elbows, contractions and expansions. The pressure loss in pipe flows is commonly referred to as head loss. The frictional losses are referred to as major losses while losses through fittings etc, are called minor losses.

PROCEDURE:1. Select the required pipe setting sudden expanission or contraction. 2. Connect the pressure tapping to the required pipe setting to manometer. 3. By operating the pressure cocks &closing the all remain cocks. 4. Open the flow control to the pipe line and allow water to pipe. 5. Pressure difference is measured in manometer. 6. Collect the water in the collecting tank&time taken for required rise of water. 7. Repeate this procedure for sudden contraction & bend flow fitting.

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CALCULATIONS:

1. Diameter of the pipe Area of the pipe

=d m. a=3.14*d2/4 sq.m hv=V2/2g

Velocity in the pipe V=Q/a m/sec Velocity head

2. Loss coefficient for bend and elbow Loss coefficient K=loss/velocity head K=H/hv. 3. Loss coefficient for sudden expanision: Let section 1 correspond to uniform region up stream of the expansion and section 2 correspond to uniform regiondown stream of the expansion. then from bernoullies theorem, P1+V12/2g+Z1= P2+V22/2g+Z2+losses Where P,V,Z are the static pressure, velocity and elevation of the water partical and losses is the pressure loss due to the sudden expansion. Since elevation is constant, rearranging the equation, Loss=(P1-P2)+V12/2g(1-(V2/V1)2) But (P1-P2) is the measured static pressure difference H in the manometer and V2/V1=a1/a2, the area ratio of the pipes. Hence, Loss=H+V12/2g(1-(a1/a2)2) Since a1/a2=(d1/d2)2=0.25, Loss=H+0.9375(V12/2g) Loss coefficient K=loss(V12/2g). 4. Loss coefficient for sudden contraction:

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Let section 1 correspond to uniform region up stream of the expansion and section 2 correspond to uniform region downstream of the contraction. Then from bernoullies theorem, P1+V12/2g+Z1= P2+V22/2g+Z2+losses Where P,V,Z are the static pressure, velocity and elevation of the water partical and losses is the pressure loss due to the sudden expansion. Since elevation is constant, rearranging the equation, Loss=(P1-P2)+V22/2g((V1/V2)2-1) But (P1-P2) is the measured static pressure difference H in the manometer and V1/V2=a2/a1, the area ratio of the pipes. Hence, Loss=H+V22/2g((a2/a1)2-1) Since a1/a2=(d2/d1)2=0.25, Loss=H-0.9375(V22/2g) Loss coefficient K=loss(V22/2g)

PRECAUTIONS:

Readings will be taking without parallax error. Apparatus the experiment carefully.

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TABULAR FORM
Loss Velocity coefficient Time for Velocity coefficient S. No. R cm Q K V m/sec V2/2g m h1m of h 2 m of H m of rise t sec cu.m/sec of water water Hg Hg *10-3 Head loss 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Manometer reading Flow rate

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:
To conduct a test at various heads of given multistage centrifugal pump find its efficiency.

APPARATUS: multistage centrifugal pump, stop watch, collecting tank, piezometer, Meter scale, driving unit, energy meter, pressure gauge, vacuum gauge.

DESCRIPTION:
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. It works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor to an increased static fluid pressure. They are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. In pump terminology, the rotating assembly that consists of the shaft, the hub, the impeller blades and the shroud is called the impeller. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads. Fluid enters axially through the hollow middle portion of the pump called the eye, after which it encounters the rotating blades. It acquires tangential and radial velocity by momentum transfer with the impeller blades, and acquires additional radial velocity by centrifugal forces. The flow leaves the impeller after gaining both speed and pressure as it is flung radially outward into the scroll (or volute). The purpose of the scroll is to decelerate the fast-moving fluid leaving the trailing edges of the impeller blades, thereby further increasing the fluid pressure, and to combine and direct the flow from all the blade passages toward a common outlet. If the flow is steady, incompressible and if the outlet

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and inlet diameters are are same, then, according to the continuity equation the average flow speed at the outlet is identical to that at the inlet.

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. It works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor to an increased static fluid pressure. They are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. In pump terminology, the rotating assembly that consists of the shaft, the hub, the impeller blades and the shroud is called the impeller.

PROCEDURE:1. The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the difference in level between the centers of vacuum and pressure gauges (X) measured. 2. The speed of the pump and the energy meter constant (Ne) are noted. 3. The pump is primed with water. 4. With the delivery valve fully closed the driving unit is started. 5. By regulating the delivery valve, the discharge and hence the delivery head varied. For each position of the delivery valve, form completely closed to maximum open (a) Vacuum gauge reading (Hs) (b) Pressure gauge reading (Hd) (c) Time (T) taken for Nr revolution of the energy meter disc (d) Time(t) taken for a particular rise(h) of water level in the collecting tank keeping output valve completely closed 6. The above observations, for different delivery openings are tabulated. The efficiency of the pump is computed.

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CALCULATIONS: Internal area of collecting tank A=1*B Actual discharge Qa=Ah/t Weight of water W*Q*9810 N/S Out put from the pump po=WH Input the motor Pi=(360/Ne)*(Nr/T)*1000= watts % efficiency of the pump = (output/input)*100

Speed of the pump= Avg efficiency= Energy meter constant= Max effi. = Internal diemensions of collecting tank Length= Breadth= Difference in level between the centers of the vaccum and pressure gauge, X= m A=10(l) m2

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TABULAR FORM
Time Time taken for Suction Delivery taken collecting Output Input head hear for Discharge Weight S. Total head 10 cm from to 5rev Q of efficiency No. Ht=Hs+Hd+X rise of pump motor of water In (m) water In Po Pi m of m of energy collecting water water Meter tank disc

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIMTo determine the coefficient of discharge and efficiency of double acting reciprocating pump.conduct a test at various heads of given reciprocating pump find its efficiency.

APPAATUS:
Reciprocating pump , stop watch , scale , collecting tank.

DESCRIPTION:
Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, which causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it then displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. The fluid enters a pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via a outlet valve by the action of the piston or diaphragm. They are either single acting; independent suction and discharge strokes or double acting; suction and discharge in both directions.

Reciprocating pumps are self priming and are suitable for very high heads at low flows. They deliver reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering duties because of constancy of flow rate. The flow rate is changed only by

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adjusting the rpm of the driver. These pumps deliver a highly pulsed flow. If a smooth flow is required then the discharge flow system has to include additional features such as accumulators. An automatic relief valve set at a safe pressure is used on the discharge side of all positive displacement pumps.

PROCEDURE:1. Fillup the sufficient water in the sump tank. 2. Fill up the vessel for about 2/3rd capacity. 3. Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully. 4. Check rate bodes driving belt for properly tighten. 5. Divert funnels into measuring tank and slowly increase the pump speed slightly close the discharge valve and note down the varies readings. 6. In the observations table repeat the procedure for different gate valve openings. Take care that discharge pressure does not rise above 4 kg/m2. CALCULATIONS: 1. Volume per stroke =2R12 m3/sec

2. Theoretical discharge Qth=

3. Suction head =Hs-suction volume of Hg*(Pgh-pw_ 4. Where gh= specific gravity of mercury=13.6 5. w =Sp. Gravity of water 6. Hg = 12.6*suction valve 7. Head= Hd-discharge pressure kg/cm2*10 8. Total head = Hd-discharge pressure kg/cm2*10 9. Actual discharge Qa=0.016/t 10. Output power of pump Po=(wQaHt/1000)=(n/te)*(3600/600)kw 11. Number of pumps =( Po/Sp)*100 12. Coefficient of discharge of the pump= Qa/Qth 13. Slip =((Qth-Qa)/Rl)*100 =1000

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TABULAR FORM Delivery Total Time Actual gauge taken for Discharge Shaft Delivery Speed head reading 10cm power head Input Q kg/sq.cm Sucti rpm (P + V) rise %of w m on Power Qth meters slip sec Cu.m/sec head Kw

Suction gauge reading m of Hg.

%of pump

Precautions:
1. Head is discharge ip pump speed is discharge at constant head. 2. Operate all the count. 3. Never allow the rise discharge above 4kg/sq.m 4. Always use clean water for equipment. 5. Pump speed is tube measured with tachometer and is not part of the equipment

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

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