OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LEARNING

02 / MAY 2011

OUMH 1303

ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION

NO. MATRIKULASI NO. KAD PENGENALAN NO. TELEFON E-MEL PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

: : : : :

840217075866001 840217075866 013-9288428 oumainie@yahoo.com PAHANG LEARNING CENTRE

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

CONTENT

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Communication is the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within context, have some effect and provide some opportunity for feedback. The universals of communication is the elements present in every communication act which has context, culture, source and receiver, message, channel, noise, sending or encoding processes, receiving or decoding processes, feedback and feed forward, effect and ethics. Communication research is a systematic search for information about communication. For example, information are about perception and listening, verbal and nonverbal message, interpersonal interactions, small group encounters and public speaking situation. Elizabeth Tierny ( 1998 ) describes communications as a process which begins when you have a message that you want to deliver to an audience. Your audience receives the message, react to it and responds to your message. The response may lead you to react and give another message. The process may go on and on. The importance of speaking English in study and working is the basic principles of speaking and listening skill and it because of the organizations are almost entirely determined by communication techniques. Communication in working may be either formal or informal situations. Formal communications are those that are sanctioned by the organization itself and deal with the workings of the organization, with productivity, and with the various jobs done throughout the organization such as memos, policy, statements, press releases, and employee newsletters. Other types of formal organizational communication take place between one organization and another or between the organization and in public relations. Business and professional people depend a lot of and oral communication skills when they engage in different activities. Educationist deliver lectures and hold tutotials, discussions, forums and seminars. Listening is important for both employers and employees. As an employer, you need to listen to the suggestions, complaints and feelings of your employees. Employee need to listen to the instructions, demands and advice by the superior at work. At the beginning of the semester, all student probably have some dealing with the administrators, coordinators or tutors about the course, registration procedurs, schedules, assignments and fees. As a student, advices from the tutors, friends or seniors about the courses are important. When you attent the class, you will meet your new friends. For some, meeting and talking is the mark of the beginning in friendship.

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

Verbal communication or speaking skills has its own set of unspoken but widely understood rules. Communications rules are shares understanding of what communication means and what kinds of communication are and are not appropriate in various situations .

Communication Context

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

2.0

HOW ORAL COMMUNICATION WORKS

The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Transactional model means that communication is and ongoing and continuously changing process. Each element exists in relation to all other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source. Oral communication has been described as the process of people using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within and across various context, cultures, channels and media. It encompasses various sets of skills including the ability to speak coherently and persuasively, understanding of communication theory and processes, knowledge of verbal and non-verbal cues, audience analysis, listening skills as well as communication ethics. Oral communications can be also in the form of intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, public mass, corporate and intercultural communication. After all, for all Malaysian to be able to compete, English communication skill are essential to success. To success in any field, the ability to convey or sharing knowledge and interact with other people is a concern. Communications is a process whereby meaning is defined and shared between living organisms. Also, each person acts and reacts on the basis of the present situation but this present situation, your immediate context, is influenced by your history, past experiences, emotions and a host of related issues. One implication of this is that actions and reactions in communication are determined not only by what is said, but also by the way each person interprets what is said. Another implication is that two people listening to same message will often derive two very different meaning. Although the words and symbols are the same, each person interprets them differently.

Transactional Model

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

3.0

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Interpersonal communication defined that it occupied a part of the continuum toward the

more personal and intimate end and is distinguished from interpersonal communication by three factor which is psychological based prediction, explanatory knowledge and personally established rules ( Miller, 1978 ). In interpersonal interactions, you also base your communication on explanatory knowledge of each other. When you know a particular person, you can predict how that person will act in a variety of situations. But as you get to know the person better, you can predict not only how the person will act, but why the person behaves as he or she does. For example, in an interpersonal communication, lecturers may be able to predict Mat`s behaviour and know that Mat will late to class each Monday. But in an interpersonal situation the lecturer can also offer explanations for the behaviour, giving reasons for Mat`s lateness. In interpersonal communication, you talk with yourself. You learn about and evaluate yourself, persuade yourself of this or that, reason about possible desicions to make and rehearse message you intend to send to each other. We also engage in interpersonal communication to help us better understand what someone says in a given context. The words we say can mean very different things depending on how they are said or in what context. Content messages refer to the surface level meaning of a message. Relationship messages refer to how a message is said. The two are sent simultaneously, but each affects the meaning assigned to the communication. Interpersonal communication helps us understand each other better. Another reason we engage in interpersonal communication is to establish an identity. The roles we play in our relationships help us establish identity. So too does the face, the public selfimage we present to others. Both roles and face are constructed based on how we interact with others. Finally, we engage in interpersonal communication because we need to express and receive interpersonal needs.

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

4.0

SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

A small group is a collection of individuals that is small enough for all members to

communicates with relative ease as both senders and receivers. The members are connected to one another by some common purpose and have some degree of organization or structure among them. Relationship groups ( primary group ) generally serve relationship needs for affiliation and affection and include family and friendship networks. Task group ( secondary groups ) are formed to accomplish something, often work related and may then be disbanded. Reference groups are groups from which you derive your values and norms of behaviour. Membership groups are groups in which you participate but whose values you don`t necessarily adopt. Small groups make use of four major format which is the round table, the panel, the symposium and the symposium or forum. Power operate in all groups. Six types of power may be identified. Most researchers define a small group as having at least three and no more than twelve or fifteen members. A group needs to have at least three members, otherwise it would simply be a dyad. With three members, coalitions can be formed and some kind of organization is present. Too large of a group (more than twelve or fifteen members) inhibits the group members' ability to communicate with everyone else in the group. A group's members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. Groups will develop norms about discussion and group members will develop roles which will affect the group's interaction. A group must have a common purpose or goal and they must work together to achieve that goal. The goal brings the group together and holds it together through conflict and tension. A group may be more willing to take on a large project than would an individual. In addition to its increased ability to perform work, the group can provide encouragement and support to its members while working on a big project. The focus group aims to discover what people think about an issue or project through a kind of in depth group interview. Discussion making methods include authority, majority rules or consensus.

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

Another option for decision-making is brainstorming. When brainstorming, group members are encouraged to generate as many ideas about a particular topic as they can. For instance, group members may use brainstorming to generate as many solutions as they can in step four of the standard agenda. Group members should be encouraged to say anything that comes to mind when brainstorming. Every idea is written down and judgments about ideas are saved until later, when the group returns to all of the ideas and selects those that are most useful. Nominal group technique is a group decision-making tool used when the group must rank order a set of options. In order to use the nominal group technique, group members work individually to list all alternatives to a problem or issue. Sometimes, nominal group technique is used after a brainstorming session is held. Then, the group facilitator asks each group member to individually rank all of the options from lowest to highest priority. Finally, the facilitator computes an average score for each idea. The lowest score is the highest priority for the group.

Small Group Communication

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

5.0

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION ( OR PUBLIC SPEAKING )

In public speaking a speaker present a relatively continuous message to a relatively large

audience in a unique context. Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson ( 1967 ) said that like all forms of communication, public speaking is transactional. Each element in the public speaking process depends on and interacts with all other elements. For example, the way in which you organize a speech will depend on such factors as the speech topic, the specific audience, the purpose you hope to achieve and a host of other variable.

Especially important is the mutual interaction and influence between speaker and listeners. True, when you give a speech, you do most of the speaking and the listeners do most of the listening. However, the listeners also send messages in the form of feedback for example applause, bored look, nods of agreement or disagreement and attentive glances. The audience also influences your arguments, your language and your method of organization.

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

6.0

CONCLUSION OF COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY IN SPOKEN ENGLISH

IN SELECTED SOCIAL CONTEXTS Communicating effectively in English is an important ability one must learn. Effective communication enables us to adhere to social communities and culture thus increase our adaptability in selected social groups. The importance of English in knowledge management is undeniable as most knowledge base medium are written and conveyed in English. Most intellectuals are comfortable using English as an information transfer medium. By learning the complex communication skills of listening and oral, one can increase the ability to understand lectures in class or in study group. This study concludes that effective communication in spoken English in selected social contexts is important to enhance our self value. It is also very important to understand and implement the skills of effective communication.

( 2551 words )

OUMH 1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION AINI NOORBAYA BINTI SUHAIMI ARIF 840217-07-5866

BIBLIOGRAPHY