EXPLORING LIFE Manifestation of Life 1) Order 2) Evolutionary Adaptation 3) Growth 4) Development 5) Response to Environment 6) Energy processing 7) Reproduction Life:

Structure, Function and Control The function determines the optimum structure so that the activities have been properly controlled to ensure healthy normal organism. Levels of Biological Organization BIOSPHERE

ECOSYSTEM

COMMUNITY

ORGANISM

ORGAN SYSTEM

ORGAN

TISSUE

CELL

ORGANELLES

MOLECULES

ATOMS

Cell Prokaryotes - Cytoplasm. Contains organelles.

- Nucleiod. Contains the genetic material. Not enclosed by a nuclear membrane. - Flagella. For movement or sensory organelle. - Pili. Hairlike that is for adhesion and not for motility. - Ribosomes. Creates protein. - Capsule. Keeps the bacteria off the cell. - Cell wall. Protects cell. - Cytoplasmic Membrane. Regulates the constant flow of what goes in and out of the cell. Eukaryotes - Mitochondria. Produces energy. - Lysosome. Bag of hydroitic enzymes. Suicide sacs. - Peroxisome. Involve in catabolism of acids. - Centrioles. Involve in the cytokinesis. - Microtubules. Help to support and shape. Function as routes to which organelles flow. - Golgi Apparatus. Packaging factory. - Smooth ER. Synthesizes lipid, steroids and phospholipids. - Rough ER. Where Ribosomes are found. - Nucleus. Control center. Contains genetic material. - Nuclear Pores. Transport to the nucleus. - Plasma Membrane. Security guard. - Nucleolus. Transcribe RNA. Organ Systems Skeletal System. Serves as framework. (Optimum) Serves as the center for calcium and phosphate metabolism. Chemopoiasis takes place in the bone marrow. Muscular System. Serves for body movement. (Optimum) Nervous System. Serves for body coordination. (Optimum) Central and Peripheral system. Circulatory System. Serves as transportation for blood. (Optimum) Respiratory System. Serves for gas exchange and voice production. (Optimum) Walls of Alveoli Sacs must be: 1) Highly vascularized, 2) Thin, and 3) Moist.

Digestive System. It breaks down foods into proteins. (Optimum) Excretory System. For the collection and release of waste products. (Optimum) Endocrine System. Releases hormones. (Optimum) Hypothalamus. Sexual Desire Thymus. Mini military training ground for body soldier. Responsible for anti-bodies. Pituitary gland. Manufactures the most number of hormones. Releases 7 hormones. Reproductive System. Serves for reproduction. (Optimum) Testis. Manufactures sperm. Ovary. Manufactures egg. Uterus. Connects the fallopian tube to the cervix Lymphatic System. Serves in the production of antibodies. Serves in the protection of the body against foreign bodies. (Optimum) Methods in the Study of Biology Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Can make millions of copies of DNA. Electrocardiography (ECG). Detects the condition of heart. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Can show the peripheral features of microscopic cells by scanning beams of electrons. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Electron is transmitted and interact with the specimen. Fluorescence Microscopy. Fluorescence light to reflect and absorb to study the properties of substances. Cell Cultivation. Cell is grown under controlled conditions to be study. Mist Hetting. Tagging. Used to track animals. Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM).