14. flywheel use for?

The purpose of the flywheel is to store energy and furnish a large angular momentum that keeps the engine rotating between power strokes and smooth out engine operation. 17- role of piston, piston ring, connecting rod ,crankshaft? Piston : reciprocates back and forth in the cylinder, transmitting the pressure forces in the combustion chamber to the rotating crankshaft. Piston ring: The purpose of these is to form a seal between the piston and cylinder walls and to restrict the high-pressure gases in the combustion chamber from leaking past the piston into the crankcase Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft,
Crankshaft Rotating shaft through which engine work output is supplied to external

systems. The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with the main bearings. It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through connecting rods connected to the crankshaft, 4- exhausted gas emission ? how to solve. Four major emissions produced by internal combustion engines are hydrocarbons (He), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and solid particulates. Hydrocarbons are fuel molecules which did not get burned and smaller nonequilibrium particles of partially burned fuel. Carbon monoxide occurs when not enough oxygen is present to fully react all carbon to CO2 or when incomplete air-fuel mixing occurs due to the very short engine cycle time. Oxides of nitrogen are created in an engine when high combustion temperatures cause some normally stable N
2

to dissociate into monatomic nitrogen N, which then combines with reacting oxygen. Solid particulates are formed in compression ignition engines and are seen as black smoke in the exhaust of these engines. Other emissions found in the exhaust of engines include aldehydes, sulfur, lead, and phosphorus. Two methods are being used to reduce harmful engine emissions. One is to improve the technology of engines and fuels so that better combustion Occurs and fewer emissions are generated. The second method is aftertreatment of the exhaust gases. This is done by using thermal converters or catalytic converters that promote chemical reactions in the exhaust flow. These chemical reactions convert the harmful emissions to acceptable CO2, H20, and N2
10.

The thermostat in most cars is about 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter. Its job is to block the flow of coolant to the radiator until the engine has warmed up. When the engine is cold, no coolant flows through the engine. 12. An intercooler is any mechanical device used to cool a fluid, including liquids or gasses, between stages of a multi-stage heating process, typically a heat exchanger that removes waste heat in a gas compressor

9. The diesel engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle just like a gasoline engine. The four strokes
are: Intake stroke -- The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston down. Compression stroke -- The piston moves back up and compresses the air. Combustion stroke -- As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. Exhaust stroke -- The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. Remember that the diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine. In the next section, we'll examine the diesel injection process. *** Diesel combustion uses the thermal energy created from the compression of air and fuel to

create an ignition. This ignition leads to the burning of fuel injected within a combustion chamber of the engine. It differs from gasoline combustion, which uses combustion of air and fuel ignited by a spark plug.
15. - kinematic energy Ec=1/2MV2=1/2x100km/h x1000 kg =13888.889 J - force applied : F=Ma, (V2-02=2ax; a=7711.73 m/s2) F=7711.73kN