Additional Revision Questions 2 Solutions

1(i) Let the acute angle between

1
l and
2
l be . Then

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\
|

=
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\
|

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|

\
|
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1

|
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|

\
|
cos
5
1
1
cos 27 3 5 =

o
25 . 56
27 3
5
cos
1
=
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|

\
|
=

(shown)
(ii) P
1
l


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\
|
6
3
0
Q l

R
2
l

Recognising that without the modulus function in (i), the angle between
1
l and
2
l would be
obtuse, must be positive and negative (or vice-versa).
Hence, we set
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=
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\
|

= =
1
1
1
3
5
1
1
1
5 5
1
m QP
and
|
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\
|

=
|
|
|

\
|
= =
5
1
1
27
5
5
1
1
5 5
2
m QR (shown)
(Note: we can also let
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\
|

=
1
1
1
3
5
QP and
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\
|
=
5
1
1
27
5
QP )
Direction vector of line l =
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\
|

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\
|

=
(
(
(

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\
|

+
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|

\
|
5
1
1
27
5
1
1
1
27
15
5
1
1
27
5
1
1
1
3
5


|
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|

\
|

=
(
(
(

|
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|

\
|

|
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|

\
|

=
8
4
2
27
5
5
1
1
3
3
3
27
5

|
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|

\
|
4
2
1

(Note: the direction vector of the acute angular bisector of two lines is simply given by the vector
addition of the direction vectors of these two lines.)
Equation of line l is given by
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+
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\
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=
4
2
1
6
3
0
r (shown)
(iii) Normal to
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\
|

=
|
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|

\
|

|
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|

\
|

=
2
6
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
1

|
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|

\
|

1
3
2

Equation of plane
1
is given by , 3
1
3
2
6
3
0
1
3
2
=
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\
|

|
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|

\
|

=
|
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|

\
|

r
ie 3
1
3
2
=
|
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|

\
|
r (shown)
(iv) 39 5 4 11 11 16 32
1
11
16
5 4
1
2
= + + =
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\
|

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|

\
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+

Hence,
2
l lies in .
2
(shown)
(v) Clearly, the common line of intersection of
1
and
2
is
2
l .
Assuming a certain value of exists
2
l for such that all 3 planes intersect at a common point,
ie b
a
=
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\
|

|
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|

\
|
+

+
1
4
5 4
1
2

b a a = + + + + 5 4 4 4 2

1
8 2
8 2 ) 1 (
+

= = +
a
a b
a b a
Hence, if no common point of intersection exists, then 1 = a and . b (shown)


2(a) Another root would be i 3 2 + (shown).
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) 13 4 ) 3 ( 3 2 3 2 3
2
+ = + z z c z i z i z c z
c c z c z 13 ) 4 39 ( ) 12 ( 3
2 3
+ + + =
Comparing with , 43 3
2 3
b z az z + + + we have
, 1 43 4 39 = = + c c 13 12 = = c a and 13 13 = = c b .
0 43 3
2 3
= + + + b z az z
0 13 43 13 3
2 3
= + z z z
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | 0 3 2 3 2 1 3 = + i z i z z
The third root is given by
3
1
= z . (shown)
The relationship between the roots of the equation 0 43 3
2 3
= + + + b z az z and
0 43 3
2 3
= + b iw aw iw is given by iz
i
z
w iw z = = = . Hence, the new roots can
be obtained by rotating all roots of the original equation 0 43 3
2 3
= + + + b z az z by 90
degrees anti-clockwise about the origin. (shown)

(b) ( )
( ) |

\
|

= =
4
3
2
4
2 1 1 2

k i
e i z
( )
( ) |

\
|

=
4
3
2
4
1

k i
e z

( ) 3 8
16
4
3
2
4
1 1
|

\
|

+ = =
k
i
k
i
e z e z

where 8 = for , 1 = k , 0 2 (shown)

( )
( ) ( )
(

+
(

+ = + =

16
3 8
sin
16
3 8
cos 1 1
3 8
16

k
i
k
e z
k
i


( ) ( )
(

+
|
|

\
|
(

+ =
16
3 8
sin
16
3 8
cos 1 | |
2
2
k k
z

( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
(

+
(

+ =
16
3 8
sin
16
3 8
cos
16
3 8
cos 2 1
2 2
k k k


( ) ( )
(

+ = +
(

+ =
16
3 8
cos 2 2 1
16
3 8
cos 2 1
k k


( ) ( ) ( )
(

=
(

=
)
`

+ =
32
3 8
cos 2
32
3 8
cos 4 1
32
3 8
cos 2 2 2
2 2
k k k

[ Q 1 cos 2 2 cos
2
= ]
Hence, when , 1 = k
( )
32
5
cos 2
16
3 8
cos 2 | |

=
(

= z (shown)


3(a)

=
+
dx
x 1 2
3 dx
x
x
x
3 ln
1 2
1 2
3 ln
3
1 2
+
|
|

\
|
+

+
[Q
1 2
3 ln
3 3
1 2 1 2
+
=
+ +
x
dx
d
x x
]
( ) dx x
x
x
x
2
1
1 2
1 2
1 2 ) 2 (
2
1
3 ln
3
3 ln
1 2
3

+
+
+
|

\
|

|
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\
|
+
=


dx
x
x
x
x
|
|

\
|
+

|
|

\
|
+
=

+
+
1 2
1
3 ln
3
3 ln
1 2
3
1 2
1 2

dx
x
n x
x x
1 2
3 1
3
) 3 (ln
1
3 ln
1 2
3
1 2
2
1 2
+

|
|

\
|
+
=

+ +

C
x
x x
+
|
|

\
|
+
=
+ + 1 2
2
1 2
3
) 3 (ln
1
3 ln
1 2
3
C x
x
+
(

+ =
+
3 ln
1
1 2
3 ln
3
1 2
(shown)

(b) ( ) | |
( )
( ) | | dx x
x
x
dx x
x
x 3
2 1
2
2
3
2 1
4
sin
1
2
2
1
sin
1



=

( ) | | ( ) | |
C
x
C
x
+ = + =

8
sin
4
sin
2
1
4
2 1
4
2 1
(shown)

4(a) ( ) | |
( )( )
x
x
x
x x
x
dx
d
2 tan
2 sec 6
2 tan
2 sec 2 2 tan 3
2 tan ln
2
3
2 2
3
= =

x x x
x
x 2 cos 2 sin
6
2 sin
2 cos
2 cos
1
6
2
=
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\
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=

x x x 4 sin
12
2 cos 2 sin 2
12
= = (shown)


( )
( )dx x
x
dx
x
x
2 tan ln
4 sin
12
12
1
4 sin
2 tan ln
3
3

|

\
|
=
( ) | |
C
x
+ =
2
2 tan ln
12
1
2
3


( ) | |
C
x
+ =
24
2 tan ln
2
3
(shown)


(b) For , 0 x ( ) x x y
2 2
cos sin 2 sin = comprises two halves which are the reflections of
each other, where 0 > y for ,
2
0

x and 0 < y for

x
2
due to the periodicity
factor . 2 sin x ( ) 0 cos sin 2 sin
2
0
2
=

dx x x

for . = (shown)
(It can be understood that the positive area under the curve ( ) x x y
2 2
cos sin 2 sin = for

2
0

x cancels out the negative area under the same curve for

x
2
. )


5. p X E 150 ) ( = , ) 1 ( 150 ) ( p p X Var =
Since | | , ) ( 2 ) ( 75
2
X E X Var = then | |
2
150 2 ) 1 ( 150 75 p p p =
=
2
45000 ) 1 ( 11250 p p p
2
4 ) 1 ( p p p =

2 2
4p p p =
0 5
2
= p p
= 0 ) 1 5 ( p p 0 = p (NA) or
5
1
= p (shown)

(i)
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5
1
, 150 ~ B X
3104 . 0 ) 27 ( ) 28 ( = = < P X P (shown)

(ii) 6 . 0 ) ( > n X P
It is noted that 5487 . 0 ) 30 ( = X P , while 6 . 0 6272 . 0 ) 31 ( > = X P
Minimum value of . 31 = n (shown)


6(i) Let y denote the number of buns which contained both ham and cheese.
C H
10
y 60 y y x


P( random bun contained ham | bun contained cheese) = 0.75
P(random bun contained both ham and cheese) / P (bun contained cheese) = 0.75
45 75 . 0
100
60
100
= =
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y
y

Since it is also known that , 90 ) ( ) 60 ( = + + y x y y substituting in , 45 = y
75 90 45 60 = = + x x (shown)
P (random bun contained ham) = 75 . 0
100
75
=
P (random bun contained cheese) = 6 . 0
100
60
=
Based on the earlier given conditional probability,
P(random bun contained both ham and cheese) 45 . 0 6 . 0 75 . 0 = =
Since P (random bun contained ham) P (random bun contained cheese)
also 45 . 0 6 . 0 75 . 0 = = , Cand H are independent events. (shown)

(ii) P(bun contained only cheese) = 15 . 0
100
45 60
=

P(bun contained both cheese and ham) 45 . 0
100
45
= =
Required probability ( ) 0304 . 0 ) 45 . 0 ( 15 . 0
! 2
! 3
2
= = (shown)

(iii) Out of the 100 buns, 45 of them were contaminated.
Number of buns consumed which were contaminated 18 60 3 . 0 = =
Number of buns which were contaminated yet unconsumed = 27 18 45 =
Number of unconsumed buns = 40 60 100 =
P (random bun is contaminated | buns were not consumed)
= P ( random bun is contaminated yet unconsumed) / P( buns were not consumed)
675 . 0
100
40
100
27
=
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= (shown)




7(i) Im

A
i 2

i

0 1 2 5 Re
2 units B

2 3 | 1 | = = i i z

i 3

4

4
3
) 3 5 arg( 0

+ i z
(ii) Let the adjacent/opposite sides of both congruent small red right-angled triangles be . a
Then the hypotenuse of each of these triangles would be given by . 2a
Hence, 2 ) 1 ( 2 2 2 2 = + = + a a
2 1 = + a
1 2 = a

max
) arg(z occurs at point A given by ( ) ( )( ) i 1 2 2 1 2 + +
( ) ( ) ) ( 1 2 2 1 i + + =

min
) arg(z occurs at point B given by ( ) ( ) ) ( 1 2 1 2 2 i +
( ) ( ) ) ( 2 1 1 2 i + + = (shown)

8(i)
2
| | ) ( ) ( b a b a b a =
Also,
2 2
cos | || | 2 ) ( ) ( b b a a b a b a + =
cos 2 2 1 cos 2 1 = + = (Q 1 | | = = b a )
Similarly,
2
| | ) ( ) ( b a b a b a + = + +
Also,
2 2
cos | || | 2 ) ( ) ( b b a a b a b a + + = + +
cos 2 2 1 cos 2 1 + = + + = (shown)
(ii) = + | | 3 | | b a b a ( ) cos 2 2 3 cos 2 2 = +
cos 6 6 cos 2 2 = +
4 cos 8 =

2
1
cos =

3

= (shown)


9. A
1
C

2
3

3
3
+

x

3


B
Shortest distance from A to BC

|

\
|
=

2
3
sin ) 1 (

2 sin
3
cos 2 cos
3
sin =
( ) ( )

cos sin 2
3
cos sin 2 1
3
sin
2
=
( ) ( ) cos sin 2
2
1
sin 2 1
2
3
2
=
( ) cos sin sin 2 1
2
3
2
=
( ) ( )
|
|

\
|

2
1 2 1
2
3
2
2



2
3
2
3
(ignoring
3
and higher powers of ) (shown)

By the sine rule,
|

\
|
+
=
|

\
|

3
3
sin
3
sin
1 x


|

\
|
=
|

\
|
+

3
sin 3
3
sin x

(

= +

sin
3
cos cos
3
sin 3 sin
3
cos 3 cos
3
sin x
( ) ( )
(

= +

sin
3
cos cos
3
sin sin 4 sin 3
3
cos cos 3 cos 4
3
sin
3 3
x
( ) ( )
(

= + sin
2
1
cos
2
3
sin 4 sin 3
2
1
cos 3 cos 4
2
3
3 3
x
( ) ( ) | | ) 1 ( sin cos 3 sin 4 sin 3 cos 3 cos 4 3
3 3
= + x
When is sufficiently small such that
2
and higher powers of are ignored,
1 cos and sin .
Substituting these into (1), we get the following approximation:
( ) | | ( ) ( ) = + 3 3 3 1 4 3
3
x



3
3 4 3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3 3
2
2

+ + +
=
|
|

\
|
+
+

+
=

+
= x
(once again ignoring
2
)
3 4 3 3 + = x (shown)