ADC Underwater Mag July-Aug 2012 - ADCS0412

July August 2012
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EPA Contaminated Water Diving
Pier Fender Rehabilitation in New Jersey
Navy News
Avoiding the Deadly Trap of Delta P
Scientific Cave Diving
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www.adc-int.org www.underwatermagazine.com UnderWater 7
INSIDE
FEATURES
DEPARTMENTS
09 Board of Directors
11 Presidents Message
Mike Brown
12 Executive Directors Message
Phil Newsum
54 New Gear
62 New ADCI Members
65 Index to Advertisers
JULY AUGUST 2012
VOLUME XXV, NUMBER IV
The official publication of the Association of Diving Contractors International
To contribute articles and photography to UnderWater magazine, please
contact Sean Garrity at 800-369-6220 ext 3442 or sgarrity@naylor.com.
Subscribe to UnderWater magazine at www.underwatermagazine.com.
14 700 Feet below New York
Global Diving & Salvage Ventures Underground
22 EPA Contaminated Water Diving
34 Pier Fender Rehabilitation in New Jersey
36 Standardization of Saturation Diving Systems
39 Southern Partnership Station
Navy Dive Concludes Stop in Guatemala
41 Future EOD Officers Visit NECC
44 The Invisible Threat
50 Cave Diving
Determining the growth rate of Poti Malal gypsum karst,
Malarge, Mendoza, Argentina
61 Navigator Sales to the Royal Australian Navy
39
14
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THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE
ASSOCIATION OF DIVING CONTRACTORS INTERNATIONAL
July August 2012
Volume XXIV, Number IV
Published for
ASSOCIATION OF DIVING
CONTRACTORS INTERNATIONAL
5206 FM 1960 W. Suite 202
Houston, TX 77069
281-893-8388, Fax 281-893-5118
www.adc-int.org
Published by
Naylor, LLC
5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607
800-369-6220, Fax: 352-331-3525
www.naylor.com
Publisher: Kathleen Gardner
Executive Editorial Committee:
Mike Brown, mb@epiccompanies.com
Phil Newsum, pnewsum@adc-int.org
Rebecca Roberts, rroberts@adc-int.org
Managing Editor: Sean Garrity
sgarrity@naylor.com
Advertising Sales Director: Jamie Williams
Marketing Associate: Rebecca Wentworth
Account Representatives: Je Bunkin, Krys DAntonio,
Shaun Greyling, Shane Holt, Chris Zabel
Layout and Design: Surendra Gupta
UnderWater magazine (USPS 010-562) (ISSN 10726098) is published
bi-monthly by Naylor, LLC, 5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607,
on behalf of the Association of Diving Contractors International, Inc,
5206 FM 1960 W, Suite 202, Houston, TX 77069. Periodical Postage paid at
Gainesville, FL and at additional mailing o ces.
Postmaster: Send address changes to UnderWater magazine, c/o Naylor, LLC
5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607.
2012 Naylor, LLC. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may
not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior
written consent of the publisher.
Published July 2012
ADC-S0412/7051
www.underwatermagazine.com
ADCI Executive Committee
President
Mike Brown
EPIC Divers & Marine
General Member, BOD
Executive Committee
1st Vice President
Craig Fortenbery
Mainstream Commercial
Divers
General Member, BOD
Executive Committee
2nd Vice President
David Reser
Infrastructure Engineers, Inc.
General Member, BOD
Executive Committee
Treasurer
Robbie Minstretta
Divers Supply, Inc.
Associate Member, BOD
Executive Committee
Claudio Castro
STS Chilean Chapter Chairman
International Representative
Executive Committee
Bill Crowley
Cal Dive International
General Member
Executive Committee
Executive Director
Phil Newsum
Executive Committee
ADCI Board of Directors
Jay Crofton
Crofton Diving Corp.
General Member
Frank Hazen
Triton Diving Services
General Member
Bob Hendricks
Allied Underwater Services
Midwest Chapter Chairman
ADCI BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Bruce Humberstone
Global Diving & Salvage
General Member
Gary Maines
Broco, Inc.
Associate Member
Mike Malone
Amron International
Associate Member
Connie Morgan
Kirby Morgan Dive Systems
International
Associate Member
Bryan Nicholls
U.S. Underwater
General Member
Wendell Swilley
Underwater Services
International
East Coast Chapter Chairman
Bruce Trader
Madcon Corporation
General Member
Mike Willis
Global Industries, Ltd.
General Member
ADCI Chapter Chairs
Lazaro Del Castillo
Sebute SA Marine and
Underwater Services
Latin American and Caribbean
Chapter Chairman
Randy Davis
Borneo Subsea, Malaysia
Asia-Pacific Chapter Chairman
Tom Ulrich
American Marine
Western Chapter Chairman
Legal Advisor
Douglas Truxillo, Esq.
Onebane, Bernard, et al
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A MESSAGE FROM THE ADCI PRESIDENT MIKE BROWN
WERE TOGETHER IN SOME TOUGH times right now we have been for several
years. The US economy has stalled once again after a few months of encouraging news, and the
stock market has taken back all the gains from earlier this year. Europe is in a quandary over the
European Economic Unions options for Bank and Mediterranean Country bailouts to the tune of
BILLIONS of dollars (over $125 Billion for Spain alone!). Some notable Economists believe Oil will
fall to $65 a barrel and rig counts will drop by 25% in 2013. Natural Gas prices are the lowest theyve
been in recent memory, and are expected to drop further. And Chinas Economy is slowing down
such that theyve lowered interest rates for the first time in over three years in order give it a boost.
Yes, the world economies are struggling like we havent seen in decades; and we as underwater
contractors, suppliers and employees of those contractors and suppliers will feel the repercussive
pinch for a while longer. Local, state and national projects are shelved for lack of funding regard-
less of criticality. Regional, national and international energy companies are also guarding their
operational (OPEX) and capital (CAPEX) funds quite carefully and frugally as everyone watches
our world go round. Everyone is minding their spend. This also means that normal Inspection,
repair and maintenance (IRM) schedules (for most of us, our business bread and butter) of various
infrastructures around the world, from water-supply, to ports and harbors to vessel maintenance
to offshore oil & gas will be cut to the barest of bones.
The good news is the World economy will stabilize and turn-around. It always does; we just
need to be patient and ready when it does. The badly needed projects and delayed IRM will still
need to be addressed and done, but at a higher more frenetic level after years of torpor and lack of
focus. There is a light at the end of this tunnel, albeit fog shrouded and dim.
As we collectively face the economic issues and challenges, and make the hard business and
personal decisions required on spending, cost-cutting and planning, I encourage you to maintain
and continue your safety and training programs to very high standards; maintain your personal
and professional integrity, and do the right thing.
Be ready when the tide turns; it always does.
A MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR PHIL NEWSUM
THE ASSOCIATION HAS UNDERGONE SEVERAL changes with its certification
scheme that has strengthened its overall credibility. At one time, it was acceptable to recognize such
things as on-the-job training and in-company training programs. There was even a grandfather
clause for those divers who did not attend formal programs that offered commercial diver train-
ing. However, that is no longer acceptable for most, if not all, major end-users, as there needs to be
greater assurance that diving personnel on jobs are trained, experienced and competent to perform
the tasks assigned. This all starts with a foundation of formal training.
So what about those individuals that have been diving commercially for years without formal
training? Some of these individuals have been diving and supervising, both in the offshore and inland
sectors without so much as personally logging a dive, let alone acquiring a certification. Do they take
the time away from their routine and pay the tuition to attend dive school full time for six to seven
months? For some, that is exactly what they chose to do. But, realistically, most of these individuals
cannot at this point in their careers afford to leave their families and jobs, as well as relocate to the
location of the nearest dive school.
To properly address this issue, I am recommending that the divers who fall into this category
contact the various formal training programs located in the U.S. and abroad. Ensure that the school is
an accredited and recognized program that has the ability to apply for a certification on your behalf.
Schools that are Associate Members of the ADCI and/or members of the Association of Commercial
Diving Educators (ACDE) are approved to apply for certifications on behalf of individuals whose
training and experience have been vetted to satisfactorily meet or exceed the requirements of ANSI/
ACDE-01-2009. Several of these schools have assessment programs that will evaluate a candidates
experience through written and practical hands-on exercises. The assessments are designed to
accommodate individuals that cannot attend a program full time. Some of the programs will allow
individuals to study material off-site, but will require them to take all of their assessments at the
school location. I encourage candidates to research which schools have such assessment programs
and pursue getting your commercial diving certification.
In short, the stakes of the game are much higher than in years past. Lessons learned and greater
client awareness of project liability have appropriately raised the bar on operational and equipment
requirements, as well as the documented competence and training of diving personnel. Underwriters
for clients who require diving services no longer want to expose themselves to the risks of employing
individuals without proper certification. Make sure that all of your certifications are up to date and
appropriate for the tasks you perform. If you dont possess a certification, explore all of your options
to acquire one by working with one of the various accredited and recognized programs available.
Dont restrict your options to stay in the game.
aqueduct
BY AARON M. LAY
WITHOUT QUESTION, AMERICA IS BLESSED
with some of the best public water supplies in the world. And we
use a lot of it. But as were making our coffee, washing our clothes,
or flushing our toilets, few of us ever stop to consider how our water
gets to our spigots.
For the eight million residents of New York City, over half (800
million gallons per day) of their water begins its journey high in the
Catskills Mountains at several different reservoirs. It finds its way
to New Yorkers taps by way of the Delaware Aqueduct, making it
arguably one of New York Citys most critical pieces of infrastructure.
At 85 miles long, its the worlds longest underground tunnel. Built
between 1939 and 1945, its aging framework has sprung a few leaks,
and its estimated between 10 and 36 million gallons are lost each
day, depending on how much water the aqueduct is carrying. As
part of its Water for the Future program, the New York Department
of Environmental Protection (NYDEP) has been addressing the
problem in stages.
Needless to say, vital maintenance on the aqueduct, which runs
as deep as 2000 feet below ground, is no small task. Leading the
underwater portion of this massive, multi-phase project that has
spanned five years is Global Diving & Salvage Inc., headquartered
in Washington State. Globals staff and crews are no strangers to
unusual and challenging jobs, but this one probably takes the cake
in terms of peculiarity. Mike Langen, Vice President of Marine
Construction, Engineering and Technology, said of the project, I
dont expect to ever see a job quite like this one again. Langens
statement should not be considered as just so much hyperbole hes
saying this for good reason. And to understand why, weve got to
head underground.
Considering when the Delaware Aqueduct was constructed, it
stands as an impressive feat of engineering. Its 85 miles of tunnel
wind through solid granite and limestone and travel underneath
the Hudson River before arriving in Yonkers, New York where the
water it carries is distributed to NYC residents. At one of 13 vertical
access shafts that run perpendicular to the aqueduct (where it passes
beneath the Hudson) is where Global set up shop. This shaft, Shaft
6, is the aqueducts deepest at 13 and a half feet wide and entirely
filled with water, it plunges nearly 700 feet straight down.
Global Diving & Salvage Ventures Underground
700NEW YORK
Feet below
Bell being disconnected - going to work
In the offshore sector, dives of 700 feet
or greater are relatively common. But con-
ducting saturation dives on land in 700
feet of water? In a 13-foot wide shaft? Its
no wonder Langen doesnt expect to see
a job like this one again. He spoke of the
extraordinarily technical challenges this job
brought to fore, The logistics of working
in a 13-foot diameter shaft were interest-
ing, to say the least. We had to carefully
plan all our work. Every tool and piece of
equipment required for a particular task
had to be put down the hole prior to the
(dive) bell going down. Once the bell was
in the shaft, we couldnt bring anything in
or out. Our bell was 8-feet in diameter in a
13-foot shaft, so that doesnt leave a whole
lot of space to work with. Each operation
had to be meticulously planned to make
sure we had all the right tools and equip-
ment in place in order to have it all loaded
and put down in the shaft prior to the bell
going down and the divers getting to work.
It was always a real challenge.
The first phase of Globals work in
the shaft was primarily inspection-based
to help lay the groundwork for eventual
repair of the aqueducts leaks. Among other
tasks, this phase required crews to assess
the integrity of a hemispherical door that
isolated a small 5-foot wide by 7-foot tall,
horizontal access tunnel, which connects
the vertical shaft to the aqueduct. Langen
adds, When the aqueduct is flowing, head
pressure inside can reach 1,200 feet. So, this
door was intended to keep the aqueduct iso-
lated from the access tunnel. In the interest
Diving bell inside shaft It is a tight t
The old valve coming out
of safety, they didnt want to dewater the
shaft until they knew that the door and
the access shaft were in good condition.
The technical challenges of this part of the
project required highly specialized tools,
which had to be designed by the engineers at
Global, including a track/fixture combina-
tion that allowed for the precise physical and
sonar measurement of the horizontal drift
to within 1/16th of an inch. Additionally,
it could be fitted with a core drill allowing
for concrete core samples to be taken at
any engineer-determined location along the
drift. A bridge fitted with a crane arm was
used to access the drift as well as to remove
pieces of the piping and a 24-inch valve that
had to removed.
Langen continues to elaborate on this
part of the project, We did non-destructive
testing on the door including ultrasonic
thickness testing as well as taking physical
samples of the bronze door for chemical
analysis. Crews also had to remove several
pieces of the existing 24-inch bronze pip-
ing works within the shaft. Langen spoke
of this process, We removed a number of
valves and piping from down in the lower
shaft area, eventually removing a 24-inch
(manually operated) bronze valve that was
encased in concrete and replacing that with
a 24-inch hydraulic stainless steel gate valve
which will eventually connect to the dewa-
tering piping, allowing them to open and
close that valve from the surface. All of
this piping was located below the bridge
and away from the main lifting line. The
bridge crane was used to move the sections
of pipe and valves to where they could be
rigged into the main lifting wire. The results
of the testing were used to determine how
the subsequent phases of the project were
approached. Although the interpretation
of the test results and the video inspec-
tion revealed that the bronze door was in
fact functional to static head, and possibly
full operational head, it was decided that a
secondary bulkhead, or plug, capable of
withstanding the 2.5 million of pounds of
force, be installed approximately 50 feet into
the access tunnel to provide added safety
toworkers.
Like the rest of this project, getting this
plug securely in place inside the access tun-
nel was highly involved and required an
almost surgical precision. This horseshoe
aqueduct
New valve ready to be sent down
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aqueduct
Plug outside of mock up
Shaft 6, NY Mock Up in Seattle
shaped mechanical plug measures five feet
across its widest diameter and is nearly
seven feet tall and was designed with "
clearance on all sides during installa-
tion. It was machined from a series
of stainless steel plates and is
approximately four feet
thick and weighs over
23,000 pounds. It fea-
tures a mechanical seal
and two grout actuated hydraulic seals and
is outfitted with a series of restraining struts
that are anchored along the walls of the
Shaft-6 Assembly Bulkhead Install
shaft. Crews used a hydraulic lifting arm
they dubbed the claw to precisely place
different components of the plug, some of
which weighed over 500 pounds apiece.
Operated remotely from the surface, this
arm provided seven degrees of motion. A
purpose built tool was used to push the
plug, mounted on rollers, which allowed
crews to place the plug exactly where it
needed to go in the drift. This plug will
allow the shaft to be dewatered and outfitted
with nine submersible pumps (over 15,000
horsepower), which will serve to drain the
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Shaft 6, NY Plug Mock Up System in the building
aqueduct at a rate of 80 million gallons per
day to facilitate the forthcoming repairs to
the aqueduct itself.
All the aforementioned spatial and envi-
ronmental limitations Global had to contend
with werent the only obstacles in its path.
Anytime a city the size of the Big Apple has
its water supply compromised for any rea-
son, theres bound to be some complications.
Langen discusses this issue, The single big-
gest thing we had to do was deal with the
ability to get outages to take the aqueduct
offline. In the beginning, nobody knew the
condition of a lot of this equipment, so we
didnt want to have it at full head pressure
while the divers were down there working.
So, they had to secure the aqueduct. The
reservoirs downstream had to be filled to
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be able to continue supplying NYC with
water. But theres only so much capacity to
those reservoirs, enough to allow us 25-day
windows of work, and thats what directed
our schedule. There couldnt be more work
planned than could be accomplished in 25
days. Weather could also impact the qual-
ity of the water being delivered from those
reservoirs. Being able to get an outage long
enough to go down and do the work we had
to do could be extremely difficult at times.
We had to balance all these factors with
the operational requirements of the water
department, and those were some of the
biggest hurdles that we had to clear.
Langen reflects on Globals five-year
involvement in the project, For me, it was
a one of a kind experience, and all these
challenges made the job really interesting.
Of course, working in 680 feet of water is a
Theres a great deal of pressure with this kind
of work. Think about it, there are a lot of
people at the end of the spigot who would
not understand if no water came out of it.
Although Globals involvement in the
project is nearing its end, NYDEP is mov-
ing full steam ahead and has current plans
to break ground on a bypass tunnel in 2013.
This three-mile tunnel will detour around
the portion of the aqueduct that is leaking
in Orange County, and other leaks in the
aqueduct will be repaired inside the exist-
ing tunnel. The bypass is scheduled to be
completed and reconnected to the Delaware
Aqueduct by 2019.
aqueduct
Saturation Control Van
challenge, even with the best circumstances.
The people we have had involved throughout
the course of the job have been absolutely
outstanding. The extremely high level of plan-
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and effort required to do this kind of work is
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EPA
THE US ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
has a number of dive teams throughout
the country that perform scientific diving
services in support of the Agencys mission.
The Region 10 Dive Unit has been around
since EPAs inception more than 40 years
ago. The team covers a wide area, from
cold, marine Alaskan waters, to warmer
inland lakes and rivers in Washington, Idaho
and Oregon. The Environmental Response
Team (ERT) has been in place since 1978,
diving in all 50 states to support Superfund
cleanups and emergency response. Both EPA
dive units primarily conduct polluted water
diving in microbial and chemically impacted
water bodies.
Dive Sites, Dive Planning,
and Online Resources
For EPA, scientific diving operations
in support of Clean Water Act, Resource
Conservation Act, and Superfund programs
typically include conducting instrument
recovery, outfall inspections, and a variety
of environmental media sampling, all in
polluted water. EPA uses the online tools
for planning a polluted water dive or to
ensure that a dive being planned is not a
likely polluted water dive as described above.
Concerns over pollution exposure lead the
EPA to upgrade protective measures, such
as keeping the diver completely dry (mini-
mum slick drysuit with integrated hood,
full face mask (FFM), drygloves), use of
decontamination, and medical/monitor-
ing/immunizations for divers. Absence of
definitive information always results in per-
sonal protective equipment (PPE) upgrades
to a positive pressure full face mask with
drysuit, dryhood, and drygloves, tender PPE
upgrades, and decontamination (decon.).
Although the positive pressure FFM may be
subject to leakage, this is deemed acceptable
for EPA uses at low to moderately contami-
nated sites in conjunction with our medical
monitoring program. Exhaust droplet inha-
lation, while a concern for the FFM, is also
of concern for helmets that do not exhaust
to the surface. No amount of good PPE will
do the diver any good outside of a systematic
approach to polluted water: PPE, decontami-
nation, training, and medical monitoring/
immunizations.
EPA Contaminated
BY SEAN SHELDRAKE, UNIT DIVING OFFICER, EPA REGION 10
ROB PEDERSEN, DEPUTY UNIT DIVING OFFICER, EPA REGION 10
ALAN HUMPHREY, UNIT DIVING OFFICER, ERT
WATER DIVING
Figure 1: Sewer outfall near downtown Seattle in a popular
charting program.
Figure 2: An example of available GIS data of storm drains and
combined sewer outfalls in the Central Puget Sound.
Figure 3: US EPA Diver Rob Rau inspecting a discarded 55 gallon drum encountered o a former manufactured gas plant in Seattle,
Washington. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.
Online tools will help divers assess what
contaminants may be present at the dive site,
what effect these contaminants may have
on the diver or the divers equipment, and
what equipment and/or decontamination
procedures may be necessary to protect the
diver. However, few dive sites have or will
have definitive information before you dive.
Those that do have definitive information
only give a general idea of conditionsas
conditions can change rapidly. Upgrading
diver PPE and decontamination proce-
dures is the rule for EPA, absent definitive
information.
Training for Polluted
Water Diving
Though there are methods to limit diver
exposure to these contaminants which
have been widely published and available
since 1985, these methods are not always
employed by divers in general, which may be
due to a lack of formal training. The ADCI
6th edition does not specify exactly what
training is appropriate for contaminated
water dive operations. However, OSHA
explicitly requires that specific training be
undertaken on an initial and reoccurring
basis for hazardous waste site operations
(OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120). EPA divers doing
polluted water work undergo this initial 40
hour training along with required annual 8
hour refreshers.
In addition, Region 10 and ERT practice
decontamination techniques on training
dives, including heat stress management.
Classroom and dive training should empha-
size means and methods to plan a dive, how
Figure 4: Photo of a plume of blood at an US EPA dive site in
Alaska during an enforcement inspection. Photo by Sean
Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.
Figure 5: Photo of US EPA Dive Training at the O ce of Research and Development Gulf Ecology Division Lab (ORD-GED) in Gulf Breeze, Florida. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Unit.
Figure 6: A diver exiting the water at a Portland Harbor Superfund Cleanup site. Neoprene materials cannot be decontaminated.
to wear and maintain appropriate PPE,
techniques/types of decontamination and
division of the dive platform into hot, con-
tamination reduction, and cold zones, and
techniques to manage heat stress endemic
to more protective PPE.
Personal Protective Equipment
and Decontamination
There are a number of ways to pro-
tect the diver from various levels of dive
site contamination, though some of these
are not explicitly discussed in the 6th edi-
tion, such as decon. compatible materials.
EPAs methods include: keeping the diver
completely dry through use of a drysuit,
utilization of drygloves, ensuring materi-
als including the drysuit are constructed
of an easily decontaminated material such
as vulcanized rubber (USEPA, 1985), use
of a positive pressure full face mask that
seats on a dryhood or preferably a hardhat
that mates directly to the drysuit (USEPA
1985; Barsky 1999, USN 2008), appropri-
ate training, and thorough decontamina-
tion such as a potable water post-dive rinse
(USEPA 2001, 2009c). The ADCI 6th edi-
tion also suggests a post dive decon. rinse,
though this is termed a freshwater rinse.
To limit confusion when conducting inland
dive work, EPA protocols specify a potable
water rinse as a finishing step for decon.,
so as to limit any confusion on the use of
ambient waters as a final decon. step. In
contrast, inappropriate drysuit material
(neoprene) and wet gloves are being used
by a commercial diver at a polluted water
dive site (See Figure 6). A neoprene drysuit
cannot be decontaminated and can spread
contaminants onto the boat and potentially
to the next dive operation (USEPA, 1991)
essentially as if the diver were clothed in
an enormous sponge. A slick rubber suit
is generally considered more amenable to
decontamination (USEPA, 1985), though
breakthrough for certain chemicals remains
a concern (Trelleborg Viking,2001).
As far as accepted PPE approach, there
is some disagreement between EPA and the
USN regarding use of a positive pressure
full face mask seated on a dryhood, which
the USN in their Guidance for Diving in
Contaminated Waters, category III gener-
ally considers to be inappropriate for pol-
luted water as full-face masks offer no
protection for the Divers head, neck, or ears,
all of which are potential sites for exposure
to waterborne hazards which is only true if
the full face mask is not used in conjunction
with a properly fitting dryhood. The USN
correctly points out that there is a drop-
let inhalation concern, even when using a
positive pressure mask such as the positive
pressure Interspiro AGA. USN notes that
when using the AGA or any other full face
mask, positive pressure is preferred to mini-
mize exposure, for which there is general
agreement amongst all agencies based on
previous study (USEPA, 1985). USN also
points out that most commercial divers
use helmets, not full face masks. However,
the USN guidance fails to cite that many
commercial divers fail to properly mate
the diving helmet to the drysuit to gain the
stated advantages of helmet usage. Though
not explicitly discussed in the 6th edition
standards, EPA considers neoprene neck
dams are not compatible with CWD usage
for EPA as they can leak profusely into the
divers helmet if the helmet is in any posi-
tion other than absolutely level, with the
amount of leakage varying by tightness
of the neoprene (USEPA 2009b). In other
words, incorrect helmet mating can render
the helmet no more protective, and poten-
tially less protective than a positive pressure,
full face mask. The Navys category 3 level
of full face mask protection due to lack of a
drysuit and dryhood allows for diver dermal
(over the head and neck) and ear exposure to
contamination. The USNs characterization
of insufficient protectiveness of the full face
mask/not using the full face mask in con-
junction with a drysuit/dryhood leads the
USN to primarily dive in wetsuit (category4)
or Viking mated directly to a helmet diving
modes (category 2) as the USN category 3
EPA
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is not or is not believed to be sufficiently
protective. This is a significant difference
in PPE; essentially jumping from virtually
no protection to some of the highest level
of protection available, potentially causing
more exposure to their divers in light to
moderately contaminated environments,
especially in areas where the quantity of gear
involved with category 2 can be prohibitive.
Likewise, the types of water for which the
Navy recommends this type of gear jumps
from not polluted at all for category 4 to
heavily contaminated in the case of cat-
egory 2. Category 3 dives are exposing the
Navy diver through dermal and ear canal
exposure to moderately contaminated
water due to the lack of dryhood/drysuit
usage in category 3.
For example, in a water body such as a
harbor with many nearby outfalls that are
not currently discharging, lacking avail-
able data, EPA Region 10 and ERT would
use a full face mask seated on a dryhood,
drygloves, and a potable water rinse for both
a) unknown pollutants that may likely exist
due to historical practices in the water body,
and b) the possibility that conditions could
change due to a sudden outfall discharge.
Admittedly, keeping the diver fully dry
is easier in cold water and air conditions
prevalent to Region 10 inland and coastal
waters in Alaska, Oregon, Idaho, and
Washington much of the year. However,
the Region 10 dive unit effectively demon-
strated management of heat stress in triple
digit temperatures with varying levels of
humidity for both inland (Yakima River)
and Puget Sound operations (Duwamish
River), primarily through the use of potable
water washdown of primary and standby
divers on a regular basis when on the dive
platform. This has also included manage-
ment of heat stress in warm water conditions
(~70-75degrees F) present in the Willamette
River in conjunction with high air tempera-
ture. Therefore, even absent definitive sam-
pling data, the presence of outfalls would be
enough to trigger use of the above gear, since
heat stress can be managed more easily than
exposure to some exotic disease vectors. It is
possible that a hardhat type diver dress may
be most appropriate for some number of
Figure 7: US EPA Region 10 Diver Rob Pedersen mapping the
zone of discharge along the outfall pipe at an Alaskan Seafood
Processor. Note the diver is kept fully dry in decon. compatible
gear. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.
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sites. However, it could also be the case that
defining PPE as only including a hardhat
mated to a drysuit may discourage dive pro-
grams from taking some measures in PPE
improvements due to the time and logistical
challenges of surface supplied helmet diving,
resulting in additional diver exposure. For
some dive operations outside of commercial
diving, surface supplied/hardhat measures
are simply impractical due to space, cost,
or time constraints in response to the dive
site, such as in the rescue phases of public
safety diving.
Wet gloves are often inappropriately used
for polluted water diving (Figure 6), which
the divers may have deemed necessary due
to impingement hazards that may compro-
mise dry gloves. Wet gloves used in polluted
water cannot be decontaminated and should
be disposed of after dive operations and/or
specially managed to not expose tenders and
divers on this or the next dive operation.
Wet gloves also potentially introduce der-
mal exposure to the diver during the dive,
which can be significant for certain readily
Figure 8: Photo of pooled creosote contamination on the bot-
tom of Puget Sound. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, US EPA Region
10 Dive Unit.
absorbed chemicals. Also, chemicals like
polyaromatic hydrocarbons and creosote
can quickly burn exposed skin when using
a wetsuit or wetgloves (Figure 8). A better
course might be to put nitrile or rubber gar-
dening-type gloves over drygloves to offer
some chafing protection, and then dispose
of all the gloves after the dives.
Drysuit leakage is also a substantial con-
cern for dermal exposure, essentially render-
ing the drysuit to be no more protective than
a wetsuit, (USEPA, 2009b). Though the 6th
edition doesnt contain specific protocols,
EPA has set standards for leakage contin-
gencies. In addition to testing suits before
certain polluted water dives, diving should
be discontinued in the event of a drysuit
leak, the thermal undergarments separately
washed, the diver showered, and the suit
immediately repaired (USEPA, 1985). Due
to the frequency of polluted water diving
operations, Region 10 maintains leak test-
ing equipment in its dive locker such that
leaks found during polluted and non pol-
luted water dives are immediately repaired.
This equipment consists of neck and wrist
clamps to allow the suit to hold air, revers-
ing the exhaust valve such that the drysuit
(e.g. Viking) can hold sufficient pressure to
detect leaks, and localizing leaks via a soap
and water spray.
Some dive programs may fully under-
stand what appropriate PPE is, but may
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have a different view of what constitutes
polluted water. Unfortunately, what consti-
tutes polluted water is a complex issue, and
seems to mean different things to many,
even amongst federal diving organizations.
More and more of the dive sites we are asked
to dive are [at times] polluted, or more exten-
sively polluted each day. One test showing
the site is clean can be negated later in the
day by rainfall or a turned valve. To that end,
there is a wide variety of what EPA considers
to be polluted water, where a positive pres-
sure full face mask seated on a dryhood (e.g.
Viking with a turbo or magnum hood) offers
the diver a modicum of protection. For its
own operations, EPA finds that upgrading
PPE for mild to moderate polluted water is
appropriate given the episodic or otherwise
unknown nature of some releases into the
environment.
Decontamination solutions are well
understood from decades of testing. Some
dive units may choose not to decontaminate
their divers due to the increased logistical
needs for collection of various washdown
rinses, such as those noted in Table 5-1 of
the USN guidance on Contaminated Water
Diving, like the 5 percent bleach solution.
Because of the ease of use of the potable water
rinse (i.e. no general need to collect rinse-
water) and general lack of wear and tear on
equipment in using this solution, EPA Region
10 conducted a study of decontamination
solutions on bacteria. EPA Region 10 has
found that a potable water rinse is quite effec-
tive in removing bacteria when used with
decontamination compatible gear, such as
the Viking drysuit (USEPA, 2009c).
With certain exceptions, appropriate
PPE and decontamination protocols for
polluted water is well documented. What
seems to vary amongst dive units is a) what
constitutes polluted water, and b) what types
of dive sites trigger additional measures,
such that rigorous protocols, e.g. category
two from the USN guidance, is put into
place. Too often, the absence of informa-
tion and/or elevated dive site temperatures
are viewed as being compatible with lower
levels of protection for the diver and tenders.
Medical Monitoring and
Immunizations
Whether diving under the OSHA com-
mercial diving standards, public safety stan-
dards, or OSHA scientific diving exemption,
divers should be working under conditions
that are in compliance with OSHA stan-
dards (29 CFR 1910.120), as the OSHA sci-
entific diving exemption for example does
not exempt scientific or other divers from
employing personal protective equipment
(PPE) and other preventative exposure mea-
sures and monitoring, including medical
monitoring for chemical exposure. However,
as previously discussed, EPAs experience
is that divers in Portland Harbor involved
in sampling/analysis do not always dive in
compliance with the OSHA standards and/
or do not initially propose dive plans in com-
pliance with hazardous waste site operation
Figure 10: ERT diver undergoing potable water decontami-
nation at the McCormick and Baxter portion of the Portland
Harbor Superfund Site. The Region 10 and ERT divers were col-
lecting contaminated bottom sediment cores for lab analysis.
Photo by Bruce Duncan, USEPA Region 10 Dive Team.
Figure 9: A diver exiting the water at a Portland Harbor
Superfund Cleanup site. Neoprene materials cannot be
decontaminated.
Vaccinations for various disease vec-
tors are also provided at EPA hazmat dive
units, such as hepatitis A/B, diphtheria,
and tetanus (USEPA, 2001). Symptoms of
chemical or biological exposure are encour-
aged to be reported immediately, such that
the diver can obtain treatment and use of
PPE can be evaluated for future diving, if
one particular dive site can be localized as
the causal factor.
Conclusion and Discussion
No one approach will eliminate all
diver exposures other than not diving at
all. Consideration of non-diving tech-
niques is always a good start to a dive
operation where time, budget, and other
logistics allows, such as use of boat based,
or unmanned sampling techniques rather
than diver based techniques. For example,
an ROV can be useful in surveying a site
viewed as too polluted to dive and/or used
to look for overt signs of contamination
prior to diving, such as labels on leaking
drums, so long as tenders are adequately
protected.
Heat stress continues to be viewed by
many as an overarching, if not overriding
concern with respect to polluted water by
most. Tunnel vision for many dive units
that focuses primarily on heat stress occurs
despite the fact that in the case of carcino-
gens, there is no way to evaluate success in
the approach to polluted water for decades.
In many cases in the dive community, per-
sonal protective equipment upgrades are
viewed as overprotective given the inher-
ent tradeoff in heat stress, despite available
mitigation for such stress. Medical monitor-
ing generally focuses on only obvious signs
or symptoms or simply physical fitness to
dive, rather than making an attempt to run
tests to detect more subtle signs of chemical
exposure. Many dive organizations could
focus more on the following with respect
to polluted water:
Site Date Specific Chemical
and Physical Factors
Exposure Level Level of PPE Symptoms from
Exposure
1. Quendall Terminals,
Lake Washington
Superfund Site
Sampling
May 2009 PAHs Minimal Level B None
2. Duwamish River
Superfund Site
Sampling
July 2009 PAHs, metals, PCBs,
dioxins
Minimal Level B None
3. Sinclair Inlet, Puget
Sound scuttled vessel
hazmat survey
February 2009 None known None Level B None
4. Ocean dredge mate-
rial disposal survey,
Brookings, OR
September 2009 None known None Recreational
SCUBA
None
5. Lake Pierre, WA
instrument recovery
October 2009 H2S Gas could be smelled
through mask.
Level B None
Figure 11: Excerpt from an exposure history form lled out for scal year 2009 for an EPA Region 10 diver.
Figure 12: Region 10 Diver, Rob
Pedersen, answering exposure
history questions on dives he
made in the past year. Photos
used with permission of patient.
Photos by Sean Sheldrake, EPA
Region 10 Dive Team.
Figure 13: Diver undergoing
medical monitoring, including
analyzing blood work for signs
of chemical exposure.
EPA
(HAZWOPER) standards (USEPA 2009b),
even though sediments contain the same
levels as upland areas where contractors are
required to be in full compliance with OSHA
1910.120. The reason for this is that the div-
ers typically do not believe the dive site to
be contaminated and/or do not track their
contaminated site exposures against the 30
day exposure OSHA exposure monitoring
requirement. Typically, items such as basic
diver environmental isolation/(PPE) and
medical monitoring (1910.120 HAZWOPER
items) are not proposed in the Health and
Safety Plan at Superfund Sites, where EPA
has purview over site health and safety. It is
a reasonable presumption that divers doing
similar work not under EPA oversight may
not be equipping their divers, training their
divers, or monitoring their divers for haz-
ardous waste exposure per OSHA 29 CFR
1910.120. The ADCI 6th edition doesnt
provide guidance on the definition of the
CWD site, recommended immunizations
for typical sites (e.g. sewage exposure) or
details on the OSHA 30 day clock.
Primarily due to the dive programs mis-
sion relative to environmental protection,
necessitating sampling activities at pol-
luted sites, EPAs standard is to inventory
dive exposures for the past year and adjust
blood tests based on the chemical exposures
reported (See Figure 11 below).
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1. Development of an explicit set of dive
planning tools to use as a checklist when
planning a dive including items such as
internet based resources for real-time
dive planning and personnel to contact
with polluted water diving expertise for
specific questions;
2. Provision of training to all divers in their
respective dive programs in polluted
water recognition, planning, PPE, decon-
tamination, and exposure monitoring
regardless of mission. The importance of
this is just as high for an entity that does
not intend to do polluted water dives, as
it is for an agency who has a stated inten-
tion is to do polluted water diving, like
EPA. How is a divemaster to otherwise
appreciate when to dive ornot?
3. Adaptation and broader adoption
of USN/EPA polluted water PPE
standards, or similar. For example,
improvement of the level of protective-
ness of Navy category 3 diver dress and
broader application of category 3 by the
broader dive community for unknown,
but suspect dive site conditions could
mitigate long term exposure to sites we
know are growing more contaminated
by the day.
4. Use and improvements to stan-
dard decontamination protocols by
EPA and USN and development of
decontamination protocols for other
entities is an ongoing need.
5. Development of an exposure monitor-
ing program for those entities conduct-
ing mission oriented dives in polluted
water and contingency protocols for
those inadvertently conducting polluted
waterdives.
6. Development of reporting processes to
evaluate individual divemaster decision
making with respect to the level of pol-
lution at dive sites, such that feedback is
given on the PPE used if under (or over)
protective. A reporting procedure can
also be useful in documenting when
standard practices developed at the
programmatic level are not applied in
the field.
Though over three decades of detailed
information on safe polluted water diving
exists, much improvement is needed on
the part of many units in the scientific,
commercial, military, and public safety
communities to consistently put this infor-
mation into practice to the benefit of divers
and tenders.
Disclaimer: This paper is an illustration
of steps to be taken to minimize exposure
to the diver in hazardous environments
and does not necessarily represent the
official view of the USEPA. Mention of
any specific brand or model instrument or
Figure 14: USEPA Region 10s ROV being used to survey a manufactured gas plant site. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region
10 Dive Team.
For information on how you can use Side
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M A R I N E
CONSTRUCTION
CASUALTY
R E S P O N S E
OFFSHORE
S U P P O R T
material does not constitute endorsement
by the USEPA.
More online resources
Papers on polluted water diving available
fromEPA:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/
investigations/divepubs
SOPs for polluted water diving:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/
Investigations/Dive+Team+Safety
Useful links for polluted water diving:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OEA.NSF/
Investigations/Dive+Team+Links
Like us on FaceBook:
http://www.facebook.com/EPADivers
EPA diving on Flickr: www.flickr.com/
photos/usepagov/sets/72157629017469667/
with/6756929187/
References
Army Times 2010, Army divers work to fix
Haitian ports,
http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/
03/army_divers_030110w/, March 2010.
Barsky SM. Diving in High-Risk
Environments, 4th ed, Santa Barbara, CA:
Hammerhead Press, 2007; 197 pp.
EPA
Figure 15: ERT diver Alan Humphrey preparing to enter the water for a seafood outfall survey in a joint operation with the Region 10
dive unit in Alaska on tethered SCUBA
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Seattle Times 2006, Hawaii gets back to
Sunshine; Waikiki beaches reopening after
sewage spill,
http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/
archive/?date=20060405&slug=webhawaii
sun05, April 5, 2006.
Seattle Times 2009a, Spill sends sewage into
Lake Washington,
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/
localnews/2010282402_websewage16m.
html?prmid=obnetwork,
November 16, 2009.
Seattle Times 2009b, Recent Puget Sound
sewage spill not as bad as it could have been,
localnews/2010551021_sewage20m.html,
December 19, 2009
Seattle Times 2009c, Alleged Drunken Driver
Causes Sewage Spill in Port Angeles,
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/the-
blotter/2010554566_another_raw-sewage_
this_one_in.html?prmid=obnetwork,
December 20, 2009.
Seattle Times 2010, Sewage Pours into Lake
Washington,
localnews/2010777051_sewage13m.html,
January 12, 2010.
Seattle Times 2010, Operator error caused
sewage spill at West Point Plant,
localnews/2010910207_spill28m.html
January 27, 2010.
Trelleborg Viking 2001, Diving in
Contaminated Water, Third Edition, Chemical
and Biological Tests of Viking Drysuits and
Accessories, http://www.trellchem.com/
filearchive/2/2177/DCW144.pdf
USDOL, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 29 Code of Federal
Regulations 1910.120, Hazardous waste
operations and emergency response. http://
www.osha.gov/pls/oshawe\b/owadisp.show_
document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9765
USDOL, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 29 Code of Federal
Regulations 1910 Subpart T, Scientific
Diving Exemption. http://www.osha.gov/
pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_
table=STANDARDS&p_id=10141
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.
show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_
id=9767, March 2010.
USEPA BEACH Program, http://www.epa.gov/
waterscience/beaches, March 2010
USEPA Envirofacts Data Warehouse, http://
www.epa.gov/enviro, March 2010
USEPA, Interim Protocol for Diving Operations
in Contaminated Water, EPA/600/2-85/130,
Nov. 1985; 13: 1-11, 24: 1-10. http://yosemite.
epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/af6d4571f3e2b1698825650f
0071180a/4abeef6113935aff88256e5f00640500/
$FILE/protocol.pdf, March 2010
USEPA 1991, Protection of divers in waters that
are contaminated with chemicals or pathogens,
Undersea Biomedical Research, Vol. 18, No. 3,
pp. 213-219.
http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/3cf247
7404154c6988256bdc0076bda2/4abeef611393
5aff88256e5f00640500/$FILE/Protection_of_
Divers_EPA_Article.pdf
USEPA 1998, Portland Harbor Sediment
Investigation Report, May 1998
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/CLEANUP.NSF/6
d62f9a16e249d7888256db4005fa293/31ae45c9c
90a674988256e470062ced9/$FILE/Portland%20
Harbor%20Sediment%20Investigation.pdf
USEPA 2001, Standard Operating Protocol,
Biohazards of Diving Operations and Aquatic
Environments, EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Revision 1.1, Appendix L; 29 pp.
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OEA.NSF/3cf2477
404154c6988256bdc0076bda2/4abeef6113935af
f88256e5f00640500/$FILE/appendxl.pdf
USEPA 2009a, Portland Harbor Remedial
Investigation
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/CLEANUP.NSF/
ph/Technical+Documents
USEPA 2009b, Diver Exposure Scenario for
the Portland Harbor Risk Assessment, AAUS
2009 Symposium,
http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/34090d
07b77d50bd88256b79006529e8/b5f592b97cf3
6e8d882575940079ab5c/$FILE/Sheldrake%20
AAUS%202009%20paper%20submission%20
4%208%202009.pdf
USEPA 2009c, Region 10 Viking Dive Suit
Decontamination Study,
USEPA 2010a, BEACH Program, http://www.
epa.gov/waterscience/beaches/
USEPA 2010b, Envirofacts Data Warehouse,
http://www.epa.gov/enviro/
USEPA 2009c, Clean Water Act 303(d) List of
Impaired Waters
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/WATER.NSF/
TMDLs/CWA+303d+List/
USEPA 2010d, National Priorities List Where
you Live, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/
npl/where.htm
US Navy Guidance for Diving in Contaminated
Waters, March, 2008, http://www.supsalv.org/
00C3_CONWATER.ASP
Trelleborg Viking, Diving in Contaminated
Water, Third Edition, Chemical and Biological
Tests of Viking Drysuits and Accessories, 2001,
http://www.trellchem.com/filearchive/2/2177/
DCW144.pdf, March 2010
Figure 16: EPA diver conducting groundwater sampling on surface supplied air.
EPA
Fender-removal
rehab
Pier Fender Rehabilitation
FENDER SYSTEMS ARE AN INTEGRAL part in
preserving the structural integrity of bridge piers. Located at the
main channel piers, they protect the structure from impact dam-
age from vessels and barges. Fenders are designed to absorb the
energy of an impact before it can damage the pier itself. Over the
years these systems take a tremendous amount of abuse and require
maintenance and eventually replacement.
In 2012 Hydro-Marine Construction Co., Inc. completed the
rehabilitation of the fender system at the NJ Turnpike Bridge over the
Hackensack River. The fender system rehabilitation was a small part
of a $143,000,000 New Jersey Turnpike Authority project to repair
the entire elevated span over the Hackensack River. A portion of the
fender system had been damaged by a barge and a significant quantity
of the remaining structure was deteriorated and marked for replace-
ment. Prior to beginning any construction work, a survey of the
damaged wing wall was performed using Hydro Marines Konesburg
MS1000 scanning sonar. The imaging was used to determine exact
locations of the debris on the river bottom. The images also helped Delivery
Installation
determine the future location of new timber piles. A detailed report
illustrating the location of the broken piles and other debris along
the channel bottom was developed and submitted.
Most of the work, both demolition and installation was performed
from a 36' by 110' barge spuded down in front of the piers. A 40 ton
hydraulic crane positioned on the work barge was utilized to perform
all the lifting operations involved on the project. Hydro had their
diesel powered steel push boat, the Devils Bridge on site to perform
the many moves the barge had to make. Since all the work was done
out in the channel, the barge was not only the work platform but the
transportation for all the materials and debris that went to and from
the shore. Commercial divers were used for about 50% of the work
on the project. The other 50% was done from floats or from on top
of the pier itself.
The project scope included removing over 250 pieces of timber
and plastic sheeting, replacing damaged or missing walers, replac-
ing the entire catwalk system on both piers and rebuilding the East
end of the South piers wing wall. Existing vertical sheeting, timber
walers, catwalks and dolphins were removed with the assistance
of commercial divers. The 250 new timber and plastic sheets were
replaced using divers for the lower section of sheeting and men on
floats for the top section. New catwalks were built in sections off site
and delivered by truck to the job. These prefabricated sections were
then brought out to the work site via barge and lifted into position
with the crane. About 35' of the southeast wingwall was completely
rebuilt. A new timber dolphin cluster was installed along with several
new plumb and battered piles. The 85' piles were installed using a
diesel pile hammer in accordance with the project specifications.
Fiberglass reinforced plastic lumber walers were used throughout
the new section of wingwall. The engineers opted for full cut timber
sheeting for the new wingwall instead of plastic sheeting. All of the
hardware used on the project was 316 stainless steel.
Hydro Marines portion of the project was completed in April of
2012. By all accounts the project was a success. There were no lost
time incidents recorded and the final cost of the project was just
under the contracted amount of $1,300,000.
in New Jersey
SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY HAS,
IN THE last decade, made advances to
meet the requirements of the offshore oil
and gas industries as they have responded
with increasing urgency to the worlds
energy needs. As long as man, the diver,
is equipped with the correct tools for the
job and the depths are feasible, his sense
of touch, his ability to adapt work methods
to changing conditions and to make the
right decisions quickly make the diver
indispensable.
One of the major correct tools is
the Saturation Diving System. The basic
design of this tool dictates that the systems
must be capable of being interchangeable
and have the ability to be reassembled with
different, but standard components. The
other consideration is modular systems
making them pre-eminent in efficiency
and cost-effectiveness in order to meet
the contractual needs.
The basic System configuration is:
Deck Complex
The Saturation Diving System contains
the necessary equipment and controls
to support saturation diving and short
duration diving. The diving complex
SATURATION
DIVING
Equipment
Standardization
BY DENNIS RENEAR, AQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC.
is capable of supporting anywhere
from six to twenty four-persons div-
ing teams at different depth levels to a
maximum working depth of 1000 FSW
(305 meters).
The Diving Bell should be rated
to 1000 FSW (305 meters) maximum
working depth equipped for two divers
and one bellman. The Bell is designed
to withstand internal pressure although
can be designed to take one atmosphere
or external pressure. The Bell can have
side, bottom or both mating positions
and that is on the top or on the side
of the Transfer Under Pressure Unit
(TUP), which may be incorporated
in the Deck Decompression Chamber
(DDC) or stand-alone unit. In any of
the mating positions, the Bell is fixed
in the structure. All deck chambers
SAT Systems
New 16-Man Insulated HRC with MedLock
ABS Stamped & Certied
Built in accordance with ABS 2002 Rules
for Building and Classing UW Vehicles,
Systems, & Hyperbaric Facilities
New Build 54 Plumbed DDCs
ASME/PVHO-1 2007 Ready to ship!
FOR SALE!
Phone: (504) 362-8124 Fax: (504) 362-3600 sales@aquaairind.com www.aquaairind.com
and the diving bell should be certified by or built to the stan-
dards of the Pressure Vessel Codes, Classification Society
Rules, Government Regulations, and/or Guidance Associations
requirements.
The modular saturation diving components are easily mobi-
lized aboard all types of construction barges and support ves-
sels. Modular construction permits convenient arrangement
of the surface chambers and bell to minimize deck space
requirements. Systems can also be installed internally as well
in support vessel and other types of f loating equipment.
Life Support System
Every Saturation Diving System includes life support modules
which contain the main distribution system and necessary
components required to maintain divers under saturation
conditions. These components consist of the heating and cool-
ing system, high pressure water, power supply, waste disposal
unit, automatic temperature with humidity controls, external
regeneration, and environmental monitoring system. Other
major support equipment includes the dive/saturation controls,
air compressor, divers hot water unit, generators, gas storage
racks, and high pressure transfer pumps.
Launch and Recovery System (LARS for Bell)
The standard handling system for a typical bell incorporates
a U Frame on the structure along with a bell winch, power
sheave, and guideline winch. The winches and the spool piece
with hydraulic clamp are controlled from the bell control
room or may have remote controls. The system should be
designed with safety factors based on its rated capacity at rated
speed. Structural design criteria involve dead, live, dynamic
and other loads. Additionally, the structural members are
treated as stress components of the entire handling system.
The power system and support equipment should be designed
for 100% of the load. The completed Launch and Recovery
System (LARS) unit should be bolted to the top of DDC/TUP
Frames or installed on the side to allow the Bell to side mate.
The LARS remote controls should be located on the deck area
for convenience.
Hyperbaric Evacuation System (HES)
The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be stationed next to
the Saturation System on the vessel of opportunity and is
integrated as part of the over-all complex. Currently there
are several approaches to evacuation methods. Some of the
options availableare:
1) Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Lifeboats or the f loating
Hyperbaric Rescue Chamber (SPHLs)
2) Towable Hyperbaric Rescue Chambers (HRCs) unit that
is suitable for off loading to or recovery by an attendant
vessel/offshore facility.
The Hyperbaric Evacuation System and associated services
must be capable of supporting the maximum amount of per-
sons to maximum working depth of the Saturation System.
The on board life support system can be used in decompres-
sion mode if equipped once the unit is launched. The units
are available with the following mating positions: bottom, end
orside.
The HES pressure vessel should be certified by or built to the
standards of the Pressure Vessel Codes, Classification Society
Rules, Government Regulations, and/or Guidance Associations
requirements.
The Launch System (LS) is designed for safely launching the
Hyperbaric Evacuation Unit (HEU). The LS is provide with suit-
able means that depends on either stored mechanical power or
gravity. For launch system using falls for launching HEUs, the
means provided from releasing the falls after the HEU is af loat is
to permit easy disconnection. The length of the falls is sufficient
to allow the HEU to be launched in the water.
Efforts have been made through various regulatory agencies,
classification societies and equipment guidance associations to
maintain certain standards of standardization on major compo-
nents that make up the Saturation Diving System. The commit-
tees which support these activities are very active and pro-active
with regards for the broad base spectrum of diving companies
around the world.
Great strides have been accomplished to integrate the general
design, manufacturing, and operations concept of the saturation
diving system. Some examples of this coordinated effort and
relationship are:
Classification Societies ABS-DNV-LLOYS, etc. coming
together on the acceptability of each other guides and rules
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)- the devel-
opment of the Pressure Vessel for Occupancy Code (PVHO-1
and2) through industry participation
IMCA and OGP Developing guidance notes on diving equip-
ment and operations again with industry participation
IMO with regards to diving actives. This is international with
regards to f lag state (country) with participating country
representation
USCG this is the arm of the USA government. This agency
is very active on all fronts
ADCI Develops guidance for the diving community on the
operation and manufacturing of diving equipment.
The results of the various committee activities ref lect system
standardization is imperative. Although many different compo-
nents, which the committees have agreed upon, that make up the
system are designed in standard configurations so that no one
failure will stop the whole complex from continuing to function.
It is a fact that the introduction of saturation diving techniques
in the mid 1960s was surprisingly fast. Before the techniques
could be accepted for commercial use, a commitment regarding
two factors had to be resolved:
1. Deep Diving Saturation schedules had to be calculated, test
and prepared for operational use
2. Deep Diving Systems had to be enlarged and redesigned with
additional safety factors due to the need to accommodate divers
for long periods and cater for their long-term domestic needs.
Both of these requirements were resolved. In order for the
diving industry to maintain the conditions of item 2 of this com-
mitment, the basic parameters of the Saturation Diving System
must and will always be standard with the advance of technology
in its separate components.
SAT Systems
navy
Stop in Guatemala
BY MASS COMMUNICATION SPECIALIST 3RD CLASS BRANDON KECK, NAVY DIVESOUTHERN PARTNERSHIP STATION 2012 PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PUERTO BARRIOS, GUATEMALA NNS
Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, deployed
aboard the Military Sealift Command rescue and salvage ship USNS
Grapple (T-ARS 53), concluded a three-week subject matter expert
exchange (SMEE) with Guatemalan divers, May 24.
The SMEE, which was part of Navy Dive-Southern Partnership
Station 2012 (ND-SPS 12), focused on scuba diving, working under-
water with no visibility, underwater search techniques, and salvage
techniques.
We were able to exchange many new and useful techniques with
the Guatemalan divers, said Navy Diver 1st Class Robert Roloff,
assigned to Company 2-1. We shared our procedures for supervising
dives with them, and they shared their knowledge of low visibility
underwater searches.
Divers from MDSU 2, along with members of Maritime
Expeditionary Security Squadron (MSRON) 4 and civilian
Southern Partnership Station
NAVY DIVE Concludes
Divers assigned to Mobile Diving and
Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company
2-1, conduct a hull inspection with
Guatemalan divers. Company 2-1 is
participating in Navy Dive-Southern
Partnership Station 2012, a multi-
national partnership engagement
designed to increase interoperability
and partner nation capacity through
diving operations. (U.S. Navy photo by
Mass Communication Specialist 2nd
Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)
Navy Diver 3rd Class Richard Burby and Navy Diver 2nd Class Ramon Mercado, both assigned to Mobile
Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, and Guatemalan divers set up a metal cutting sta-
tion. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)
mariners deployed aboard Grapple, also volunteered their time
to help out a local school. They spent a day painting the school-
house with the enthusiastic help of the students. In addition, they
provided the school with new bookcases, school supplies, and
sports equipment.
We were happy that we were able to help and participate in this
community relations project, said Lt. Cmdr. Tristan Wagner, mis-
sion commander of ND-SPS12.
U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and U.S. 4th Fleet
(COMUSNAVSO/C4F) supports U.S. Southern Command joint
and combined full-spectrum military operations by providing
principally sea-based, forward presence to ensure freedom of maneu-
ver in the maritime domain, to foster and sustain cooperative
relationships with international partners and to fully exploit the
sea as maneuver space in order to enhance regional security and
promote peace, stability and prosperity in the Caribbean, Central
and South American regions.
For more information, visit www.navy.mil, www.facebook.com/
usnavy, or www.twitter.com/usnavy.
For more news from U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command & U.S.
4th Fleet, visit www.navy.mil/local/cusns/.
Sailors, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, and Guatemalan divers
conduct sea bottom searches during a training evolution. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication
Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)
Navy Diver 1st Class Helen Anderson, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2,
Company 2-1, performs pre-dive checks on several Guatemalan divers. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass
Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)
A Guatemalan diver checks out a portable oxygen bottle as Navy Diver 2nd Class Ramon Mercado,
assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, explains the importance of having
oxygen on the dive station. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen
A. Gorby/Released)
A Guatemalan diver performs a pre-dive brief with the aid of Sailors assigned to Mobile Diving and
Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class
Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)
navy
navy
U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY MIDSHIPMEN VISITED
Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) aboard Joint
Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort Story, Va., May 14, to learn
about Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units and visit with
the commander of NECC forces.
By the end of May, the Midshipmen will graduate from the
Academy and receive their commission as U.S. Navy officers.
Newly commissioned ensigns joinging the EOD community will
complete the EOD/Diver course at Naval Diving and Salvage
Training Center (NDSTC), and progress directly to EOD train-
ing at Naval School Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NSEOD).
Graduates will then be assigned as division officers at EOD mobile
units where they will be immersed in the communitys core war
fighting competencies of EOD, Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection
Future
EOD Officers
Visit NECC
Navy Diver 1st Class James Goodman, from Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit
(MDSU) 2, demonstrates to U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen the capabili-
ties of a transportable recompression chamber during their visit to the
Hampton Roads area. Fifteen midshipmen visited Navy Expeditionary
Combat Command units to learn more about Navy Explosive Ordnance
Disposal. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class
Paul D. Williams/Released)
(AT/FP), Expeditionary Diving and Salvage, and Underwater
Mine Countermeasures.
Their pre-graduation visit to the Hampton Roads area gave them
an opportunity to see first hand Navy EOD technicians and divers
at EOD Training and Evaluation Unit (EODTEU) 2, EOD Group 2,
and Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2.
The MDSU divers are smart guys, they know what they are
doing, and they were more than happy to teach us their jobs. I cant
wait to start working with them, said Midshipman 1st Class Tom
Fick. Im looking forward to getting to dive school and starting
this whole journey.
The visit also included time for the future EOD officers to have
a question and answer session with the commander of NECC forces
Rear Adm. Michael Tillotson, the Navys senior EOD officer.
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toll free 866-784-5050
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Contact us for KMDSI Helmet Availability.
I think it was important for them to
see Rear Adm. Tillotson today because he
is the senior officer and leader in the EOD
community, and he has the best strategic
vision in the EOD community, said Lt.
Jake Keefe, U.S. Naval Academy EOD pro-
gram director. These (Midshipmen) will
be leading at a tactical level, so I think this
is a great opportunity for the admiral to
tell his message to the newest leaders in the
EOD community.
During the Midshipmens visit with
Tillotson, he stressed the importance of
future EOD operations, ethical and fiscal
responsibilities of leaders and his expecta-
tions for EOD officers.
You werent chosen for the Naval
Academy because you were satisfied with
sitting back and watching the world go by,
said Tillotson. When you put those ensign
bars on you will be leaders - that is what we
want and expect from you. What I hope
you will take out of your experience as EOD
officers is to learn from the professionals and
heroes that make up the EOD community
and then retain that knowledge so you can
carry it with you as leaders.
NECC is a single functioning command
that is responsible for manning, equip-
ping, and training the Navys expedition-
ary forces. NECC forces include coastal
riverines; naval construction; explosive
ordnance disposal; maritime expedition-
ary security; expeditionary intelligence;
expeditionary logistics; maritime civil
affairs; security force assistance; expedi-
tionary combat readiness and expedition-
ary training.
For more news from Navy Expeditionary
Combat Command, visit
www.navy.mil/local/necc/.
Navy Diver 3rd Class Patrick Lane, from Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, demonstrates equipment used by Navy Divers to
U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen during their visit to the Hampton Roads area. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist
2nd Class Paul D. Williams/Released)
delta p
maintenance dive at the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant in Los Banos,
CA. The Department of Water Resources maintains the California
Aqueduct which is a 444 mile concrete lined canal that delivers
water from Northern California to Southern California. The
California Aqueduct is 40 feet wide with average depths of 30
feet. Visibility ranges from foot to 3 feet, water temperatures
are frigid and currents are variable. Located throughout the
Aqueduct are pumping stations which lift the incoming water
to allow gravity f low to the next station. The Dos Amigos plant
operates 6 pumping units. Each pumping intake has a trash grate
that needs ongoing inspection for removal of debris. This par-
ticular dive was for the inspections of trash racks 1, 2, and 3 for
Quagga/Zebra Mussels which tend to build up and cause pump
f low problems. It was also decided that one of the plants pumps
(pump #5) would be operating at 100% capacity which operates
at 2600 cubic feet per second. Both divers stated they had dove
in front of energized pumping units before and the force was
not strong enough to hold divers so they decided to leave the
pumps energized.
Invisible
BY SEAN JOHNSON
AS PUBLIC SAFETY DIVERS, WE train for the worst
case scenario such as what to do when you run out of air, how to
free yourself from an entanglement, how to operate effectively in
zero visibility and much more. We survey our dive sites before the
call and pre-plan our districts. And as professionals, we continually
seek to challenge the way we do things and learn from our mistakes.
Why do we do all of this? As rescue professionals we hate surprises!
Surprises are what get us hurt or killed on the job. We can operate
in hostile environments with confidence because we take calculated
risks. We are aware of them and we have preplanned our actions
to mitigate them. What happens then when a professional is intro-
duced to an unknown hazard or worse yet, what happens when a
professional becomes comfortable with a hazard? In this article we
will be discussing a hazard that is sometimes overlooked or possibly
unknown by public safety dive teams.
Recent Tragedy
On February 7, 2007 two divers from the California Department
of Water Resources died in what was supposed to be a routine
What Happened
The divers entered the water at approx 10:10 am. Both divers were
equipped with standard recreational SCUBA gear. The divers were
attached together through a 3 section of rope with one end attached
to a d-ring on diver #1s buoyancy compensator and the other end
wrapped around the wrist of diver #2. Electronic communications
were available but the decision was made by the dive team not to use
them because they felt it was an easy dive. There was one employee
at the surface who served as the diver tender but had never received
any training as a diver tender. The original diver tender and super-
visor was called away to a meeting that morning. Prior to descent
the tender was told that the dive should not take any longer than 30
minutes and if there was a need to surface he should signal the divers
by using a metal rake to strike the trash racks. The divers proceeded
to work and the tender , keeping track of time, watched the bubble
patterns as the divers proceeded along trash racks #1 and #2. At
approximately 10:35 am the tender noticed the divers bubbles being
pulled toward the center of an adjacent pump intake and eventually
disappeared. The tender attempted to signal the divers by banging
on the trash racks but nothing happened. The tender then notified
the plant manager of the situation along with the dive supervisor
who was in a meeting. At 11:40 am, an additional Department of
Water Resources diver (diver #3) arrived and made preparations to
enter the water and at 11:50 am, the operational pump (pump #5)
delta p
was shut down completely. At 11:52 am 911
was called and at 12:00 pm diver #3 entered
the water utilizing communications gear
and a tended line. At 12:40 pm diver #2
was located 30 to 40 feet in front on pump
#5 (the pump that was operational during
the initial dive). At 12:50 pm diver #1 was
located 4-5 feet in front of pump #5. Both
divers were brought to the surface without
a pulse and not breathing. Both divers were
immediately transported to a nearby hos-
pital and pronounced deceased. Although
a complete investigation was conducted
by the California Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (Cal-OSHA) the
specific cause of the divers death was unde-
termined. Although several key factors were
ignored (which will be discussed later), it
is important to know that the divers were
working near differential pressure or as it is
referred to in the commercial diving world
Delta-P and is the focus of this article.
Delta-P
So exactly what is Delta-P and why do I
care as a Public Safety Diver? The world of
commercial diving has known about and
taken steps to mitigate Delta-P for quite
some time now. Delta-P is a leading cause
of diver accidents and fatalities in commer-
cial diving. In fact, 2 out of 3 fatalities occur
because of Delta-P. Delta-P is invisible and
it can occur abruptly and usually without
warning. Once a diver is caught in differ-
ential pressure there is no escape until the
pressure is equalized between the two bod-
ies. Differential pressure occurs when there
is a pressure difference between two bodies
of water. This almost always occurs near a
pipe, drain or pump system.
In order to appreciate the serious danger
associated with Delta-P a little math is in
order. Note this calculation will allow you to
determine the change in pressure. Consider
the following example. A dive team is called
to the scene of an entrapped hydroelectric
plant diver in approximately 110 feet of salt
water (fsw). The diver was doing repair work
when he heard a loud bang followed by a
loud pulsating sound. The diver was then
immediately pulled towards a pipeline and
became trapped. The diver is on a surface
supplied air system with electronic com-
munications. The diver communicates that
he is stuck on a crack in the pipe creating
a perfect seal. The diver calculates the area
of the hole to be approximately 47 square
inches. Now lets do the math. As you can
see the diver cannot escape from this dif-
ferential pressure. The only way to escape
is to find a way to equalize pressure on both
sides of the hole or find a way to allow water
to flow past the diver and into the hole. The
immediate area where the diver is trapped
should be considered hazardous until addi-
tional differential pressures are ruled out
or mitigated. The example above actually
occurred several years ago except that the
divers immediately evacuated the area when
they heard the sound and nobody got hurt.
If you do some research on Delta-P you will
find, unfortunately, many fatalities that have
occurred because of it. The following is just
one more example of many Delta-P fatalities.
May 1993
A SCUBA diver was performing pool
maintenance in 10 of water. He was work-
ing near an open pool drain (protective grate
was removed) and was working alone. He
became entrapped when his body created a
perfect seal on the open drain. He ran out of
air and drowned. Consider a Delta-P force of
a 10 drain which creates an area of 78 square
inches X 10 feet of fresh water X .432 which
creates a static suction force of 336psi. The
pump capacity of the pool pump is unknown
but can create considerable additional force.
We must also be aware that these were
examples of a static body of water. When
you start to involve moving water such as
rivers, canals and urban flooding you add
a whole new dimension to Delta-P. Rescuers
who have taken a swift water rescue class
are taught about forces that act upon a body
caused by the pressure of moving water
which are as shown in the table below.
Current Velocity
(feet per second)
Average Total
Force of Water
(On Legs) (On Body)
3 16.8 33.6
6 67.2 134
9 151 302
12 269 538
Force of moving water increases in proportion to
the square of the velocity of the current.
Urban f looding further complicates
differential pressure problems. A recent
example involved a 28 year old male who
became stuck in storm grating during an
episode of flooding in Hessle near Hull in
East Riding of Yorkshire. Dramatic footage
shows a close-up of the man in despera-
tion as The Humberside Fire and Rescue
Service and Police worked tirelessly to save
him. Unfortunately the victim succumbed
to hypothermia after the 4 hour ordeal and
died. A recent inquest apportioned no blame
to the brave efforts of personnel but recog-
nized that the Fire Service had the neces-
sary cutting equipment but lacked any dive
capability while the Police divers trained in
search lacked the equipment and training to
undertake a technical rescue of this nature.
Another similar case occurred several years
ago in the United States but the rescue team
was able to free the victim by breaching the
storm drainage pipe downstream of the vic-
tim entrapment and inserting low pressure
airbags. This effectively equalized the inflow
pressure and freed the victim.
When rainfall overwhelms the capacity
of the flood control or storm water systems
they act in an unpredictable manner. Even
worse as the storm subsides and water levels
decrease, inflows into the system become
tremendous.
Calculating the force of water
through a hole at depth
Approx area of hole
X
Water Depth
X
Psi. Per Foot of Water Depth
(.432 fresh water)
(.445 salt water)
Example #1
47 sqin.
X
110 fsw.
X
.445 psi
2303 lbs.
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As first responders and public safety
divers, we may be called upon to an inci-
dent involving Delta-P either knowingly
or unknowingly. The key to avoiding it
is survey the incident and look for signs
to recognize that a Delta-P hazard exists.
One of the best ways to avoid Delta-P situ-
ations is pre-panning your response area.
Understand the layout of your storm /
f lood control system. Visit potential target
hazards and meet with the facility owners
to understand the layout of the site. Pay
particular attention to piping and valve
systems and if possible obtain a schematic
for your incident pre-plan. Become famil-
iar with common valves in your area. Take
particular notice of indicating valves. If
the stem is visible it usually indicates the
valve is open. Talk to your local drain
system operators and understand how it
works and well as how to implement lock-
out tag-out procedures. In my area there
are hundreds of retention ponds that are
connected to a f lood control & irrigation
system. These retention ponds have pump
stations and piping. Most of them are oper-
ated locally but a few of them are on remote
telemetry which means they can be turned
on from a remote location and can turn on
at any time without warning. Since we have
been talking about the potential Delta-P
has to entrap divers, we are actually talk-
ing about diving in a confined space per
OSHA definitions. Confined space diving
should be strictly limited to surface sup-
plied air diving with positive electronic
communications. SCUBA diving in con-
fined spaces or near a differential pres-
sure is tempting fate and should be strictly
prohibited. In the case of the Department
of Water Resources double fatality it might
have had a different outcome if the divers
were able to communicate with topside.
Once again, to this date, the exact cause
of the divers drowning are unknown. It
is interesting to note that in the case of
the OSHA Investigation several violations
were noted including:
Employer conducted SCUBA div-
ing operations against currents that
exceeded one (1) knot without Employees
line-tended. (Similar conditions were
measured by the U.S. Department of
the Interior Bureau of Reclamation and
the currents measured approximately
2.94knots)
Employer failed to stop, de-energize
or disengage pumping Unit #5 at the
Dos Amigos Pumping Plant prior to
diving operations. Although OSHA
levied a fine for this item, the report also
states that substantial probability that
deathresulting from this violation
cannot be established. The report also
states that the employees and supervisor
had discussions about diving in front of
this particular pump while energized
A tell tale sign of
an extreme water
inow is a whirlpool
or depression in the
water.
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and that previous diving operations
had been conducted without incident
because the force could not hold a per-
son against the trash racks.
Employer failed to use a high tempera-
ture or carbon monoxide alarm to moni-
tor carbon monoxide levels. Testing of
the air in the victims tanks, however,
revealed no evidence of carbon monox-
ide contamination. We have been talking
about how differential water pressures
act on divers causing entrapments. Since
awareness has been raised in the com-
mercial diving community about this haz-
ard, new configurations of intake grating
have emerged that will allow water to pass
though if a diver gets too close. The same
theory applies if you must breach a pipe of
wall. Make several horizontal cuts instead
of one single hole. The idea is to create
holes that allow water to pass by a diver if
they get too close. Many of the pipe fatali-
ties including the pool incident involved
the victim creating a perfect seal with
his body that would not allow any water
to pass through creating a continuous
differential pressure. We have discussed
different aspects of differential pressures
a.k.a. Delta-P and how they affect divers.
The best defense for this hazard is pre-
planning your response area.
Do NOT rely on visual indications for
Delta-P because it may be completely
invisible.
Never knowingly send your divers into a
Delta-P situation.
Always ensure a thorough lockout/tagout
and de-energize of the system in question
is performed before you even consider
sending a diver in.
Under most circumstances your diver
should be tethered to the surface.
Consider electronic communications as
a mandatory requirement.
If you must search a confined space you must
use surface supplied air and NOT SCUBA.
Calculating the force of water
through a hole at depth
Approx area of hole
X
Water Depth
X
Psi. Per Foot of Water Depth
(.432 fresh water)
(.445 salt water)
Example #1
47 sqin.
X
110 fsw.
X
.445 psi
2303 lbs.
Delta-P is an extremely powerful force,
stay away from it at all costs. Take care of
your team members and take care of your-
self. Remember we are not sacrificial lambs.
Stay safe and stay diving!
Sean Johnson is a Fresno City Fire Dept
firefighter, diver and USAR team member.
This article first appeared in TECHNICAL
RESCUE Magazine issue 51. For more
information, please visit www.trescue.com.
delta p
caves
IN THE AREA OF POTI Malal, the southern sector of the Mendoza province in Argentina,
at the south west of the city of Malargue, the so called San Augustin Cavern is located. This cavern
is carved in marine chalk from the Jurassic period of high potential, in which a hydro-geologic
system of unknown magnitude and dynamics has been found.
The objective of this research is to quantify the growth rate of the Karstic system through the
determination of the velocity of dissolution of chalk in a submerged part. In October 2011 a systematic
Determining the growth rate of Poti Malal gypsum karst,
Malarge, Mendoza, Argentina
CAVE Diving
BY JUAN MANUEL CASAL MARISCOPE ARGENTINA
CHRISTIAN HAAG MARISCOPE CHILE
study started, taking water samples and making measurements on
dissolution, which will be repeated over the time in order to get
representative data that include geomorphologic variables as well
as geochemical and climatic ones, among others.
The installation of samples, the collection of water samples and
the measurements of dissolution plates and bags, are being carried
out by the scientists themselves, using cave diving techniques. These
specialists have the correspondent certifications and equipment
that are requested by the international standards for these kinds
of operations.
It is extremely difficult to reach the diving area and at least two
hours of equipment carriage inside the cave are necessary in order to
get to the point of diving. Before you can reach the area, a good piece
of off-road experience is necessary to get in the neighborhood of the
cave. In order to be able to carry all the equipment to this extreme
event, we used several Land Rover Defender. Once in the area, we
changed our Landys by horses and mules, than even our special 4x4
werent as good as our four legged friends in the heavy terrain. So,
we did our first experiences in Mule Diving.
Once there, the complete gear had to be lowered to the main vault
by ropes and pulleys. The cave diving was performed under TDI and
IANTD standards. For the first incursion, every diver had two side
mounted tanks, instead of the twins on the back. We decided this
way of diving, since the transport of a twin down to the diving area
would have been much more difficult. For the second incursion,
Nitrox Rebreathers of the Drger Dolphin type have been used. The
advantage is that at the end of the day you only have to take a small
5 l tank out of the cave and fill it up with Nitrox. From now on, we
call it Mule Blending.
Since the diving was performed at 1700 m (ARO 4.500 ft) of
altitude, we decided to limit the diving depth to 18 m, giving an
equivalent depth of 23 m. The dive time with Nitrox was 60 minutes
without decompression (40 minutes with air).
For safety, the internationally accepted rule of 1/3 was applied:
1/3 of the amount of gas was used for penetration, 1/3 for the exit
and 1/3 as backup. Obviously every diver had also an emergency
tank with air, in case the rebreather flooded. Even though exact
time calculations for bottom time and exit time have been carried
out, everybody carried a dive computer. Additionally every life
supporting system was redundant, following the international
rules for cave diving.
Surface supplied diving as imposed by international commercial
diving standards is nearly impossible in the exploratory phase of
cave diving, since mobility is extremely important.
For the illumination, modern LED lamps have been chosen, due
to the enhanced autonomy and ruggedness, coupled to separate bat-
tery canisters, attached to one side of the rebreather.
The tasks to be carried out underwater were exploration of the
system, which is still no completed, life line installation and the
selection of the points, were the samples would be installed. After
all this, the scientific part started.
In order to determine the magnitude of the dissolution, two
methods are used: dissolution plates and dissolution bags.
The dissolution plates are basically plane pills, manufactured with
original chalk taken from the system and fixed on a surface that has
been placed in several locations of the underwater system.Knowing
the initial volume and weight of these plates, it is possible to calculate
the volume and mass loss after a certain period of time.
The dissolution bags are samples that have been measured
andweighted, placed in permeable bags. With this procedure, each
side of the sample is in contact with water, giving an idea of the veloc-
ity of dissolution, although it is a little bit distorted and accelerated.
In order to establish a base line, during the first incursion in
the cave system, water samples have been taken in order to obtain
values of PH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, minerals and
dissolved oxygen.
Due to the extreme conditions, which are responsible for a human
and economic weakening during each incursion to the cave system,
initially only once every 6 months these dives will be carried out,
following the marked hydric and climatic seasonality, evidenced at
the beginning of the austral spring and autumn.
In the future, part of these investigations will be carried out by
ROVs specially adapted for these purposes. Vehicles of the FO II type
from Mariscope will be adapted with special camera and lighting
systems, oceanographic sensors and other instruments, in order to be
able to carry out the measurements without putting at risk the divers.
There are obviously tasks that only can be carried out by divers,
i.e. exploration and fixing of samples, but others can perfectly be
run with ROVs.
The challenge will be to reach the area
with all the ROV equipment, power supply,
generators, cables and so on. Probably sev-
eral additional four legged friends will have
to help us out. At the moment, we wonder
how Mule ROVing would look like, but
preparations are already running.
The Argentinean branch of Mariscope
Meerestechnik was founded 2011 and
is dedicated to applied oceanography
and marine geology, ROV services and
professional diving. Similar to Mariscope
in Chile, founded in 2001 as first office
in South America from the German ROV
manufacturer, the company in Argentina
will provide a vast variety of services in
the above mentioned areas, as well as
MuleDiving.
Ge ologic Background
Through the disaggregation of
Gondwana, basins of marine origin were
generated which had a connection at the
occidental border.
The ongoing tectonic processes created
a large number of intracratonic basins,
which have been filled up with sediments
originated from the continents during the
mid-Triassic period till to the upper-Tri-
assic period. To the end of the Triassic the
first marine ingression occurs in the basin.
Simultaneously the rifting process contin-
ues, coupled with the deepening of the basin
caused by alternated sea level rises and falls.
At the beginning of the Jurassic period,
a new marine ingression takes place, which
deposits limestone and calcareous shales. By
the end of the upper Jurassic period, a fall
in the sea level is responsible for a deposit of
large amounts of chalk, which constituted
the Auquilco formation.
The Auquilco (Upper Oxfordian
Kimmeridgian) formation was deposited
in a flat marine ambient, highly restricted
and with very high salinity, surrounded by
a very warm environment, which resulted in
the deposit of white colored laminated chalk
and which has calcareous levels in between.
This Auquilco formation is precisely the
focus of our research.
caves
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2306 Engineers Road
Belle Chasse, LA USA 70037-1196
got cavitation?
Subsurface Pressure Washers
Over this formation marine and conti-
nental sediments follow up in an alternate
pattern, until the Andes were formed during
the Miocene. During this geologic forma-
tion period, the sediments are displaced
and the deposits hereunder are folded. This
elevation of the Andes Mountains gave the
actual shape of the environment. All along
the area, rifts and folds enabled the forma-
tion of cavities.
During the ongoing research, the dis-
solution of chalk in the Auquilco formation
will be investigated. It is known, that the
solubility of chalk is big and the dissolu-
tion is fast and simple, in comparison to
limestone.
The chalk, which is in contact with water,
is dissolved fast, saturating the layer of water
near the wall, meanwhile the concentration
of chalk in the rest of the flow is much lower .
This layer of water saturated with chalk
is called diffusion layer and herein the chalk
moves slowly from the wall to the rest of
the flow.
The diffusion layer is the one that
controls the velocity of dissolution of the
chalk, mainly depending on the layers
thickness.
The flow velocity has a marked effect
on the velocity of dissolution, since before
the cracks are widened through the water
flow (Karstification), the permeability of
the chalk is low.
The thickness of this layer is large, due
to the electric charge of the chalk molecules.
The solubility of chalk in pure water of 20 C
is 2,53 gr/l, between 10 and 30 times more
than the solubility of Calcium Carbonate in
the presence of Carbonic Anhydride(CO2)
The dissolution of the cave depends
more on the f low velocity than on the per-
centage of saturation. In the galleries the
loss of material is higher than in small pas-
sages. Therefore large galleries are growing
permanently faster than the rest. When
the f low velocity is low, the dissolution
depends on the amount of water available.
Therefore these chalk caves have small pas-
sages and big galleries, with normally quite
uniform walls.
new gear
new gear
More Public Safety Dive Teams Employ Side Scan Sonar
The North Seas Most Capable and Cost-Effective Trenching Solution
More public safety dive teams are adding
sonar to assist in their underwater search
and recovery operations. Side scan is the
ideal tool for these operations because it
produces detailed images of the underwater
environment regardless of water clarity. In
addition, the sonar is able to search large
areas quickly, scanning several hundred
feet of ocean, lake, or river bottom with
each pass of the boat. The sonar does this by
transmitting an acoustic beam from a tow-
fish which sweeps the bottom and reflects
off any objects lying there. The reflected
beam returns to the fish and is sent topside
where vivid color images are displayed and
stored on a notebook computer. Connecting
a GPS allows position coordinates to be
captured with the sonar data. Side scan can
easily locate a variety of targets including
sunken boats, submerged vehicles, and
drowning victims. An optional Splashproof
computer with ultrabright display can be
an essential item when operating from a
small, open boat.
One team that recently acquired a
side scan is Grayson Fire Department in
Kentucky. The department serves an area
covering 90 square miles. Their dive team
is responsible for search and recovery mis-
sions in 20 mile long Grayson Lake and
surrounding waterways, where tragically
2 to 3 persons drown each year. To assist
in searching such a large area, the team
decided a side scan sonar would be a great
asset. With support from the community
and assistance from New Horizons Dive
Shop, the team raised the necessary funds
and purchased a sonar. The one they chose
was JW Fishers SSS-600K side scan because
it would give them the optimal combina-
tion of range and resolution. With five
different range settings providing varying
resolution, the 600K lets the operator tailor
the systems operation to meet the mission
requirements. On the long range setting
the sonar is capable of scanning a swath
up to 200 feet wide on each side of the boat,
most helpful when searching large areas.
This setting is best when looking for bigger
targets like a car that has gone off a bridge
or a capsized pleasure craft. When looking
for small or soft targets such as a drowning
victim, shorter range settings are a better
choice. After completing a one day training
session at Fishers factory team members
returned home, and two days later they were
out on Grayson Lake practicing with their
new sonar. Lt. Kyle Morgan reported, We
can clearly see tires, lots of tree limbs, and
several cinder blocks on the bottom. The
images were quite impressive.
Two more departments that have added
Fishers side scan sonars are the Iberville
Parish Sheriff s Office in Louisiana and
the New Bedford Police Department in
Massachusetts. Iberville Parish is located
just south of Baton Rouge and includes 34
square miles of water, much of it bayou. The
sheriff s department went with the single
frequency SSS-600K as it has all the range
needed to work in small bodies of water, but
also the high resolution needed to find small
targets like drowning victims and weapons.
Along with the sonar system they opted for
the mapping software which shows the track
Main - Grayson Fire with side scan, Inset - New Bedford PD with side scan
of the boat as it runs a search grid and the
size of the sonar swath, ensuring no part of
the area is missed. New Bedford is a coastal
city with an active port and small airport.
The police chose the dual frequency SSS-
100K/600K side scan which provides both
detailed images of high frequency com-
bined with the longer scanning range of
low frequency, an essential feature when
searching large areas of open ocean look-
ing for lost vessels or downed aircraft. An
adjustable transducer feature is available
with the single frequency that allows the
sonar to scan vertical structures making
it an excellent tool to inspect ships hulls
for compartments carrying drugs, or scan
piers and bulkheads for explosives. After
completing the training session Sgt. Jill
Simmons, a longtime member of the depart-
ments port security team reports Im very
happy with the unit, and the guys loved it!
Our group was already using Fishers TOV-1
towed video system and Pulse 8X metal
detector and getting good results. When we
got the funding for a side scan, their system
was the obvious choice.
A few more of the many teams using
Fishers side scan sonars are the Lowndes
County Sheriff s Department in Georgia,
the Oxnard Fire Department in California,
the Aronac County Sheriff s Department
in Michigan, the Livingston Parish Office
of Homeland Security in Louisiana, the
Pulaski County Sheriff s Office in Arkansas,
and the National Search and Rescue Agency
of Indonesia.
For more information on JW Fishers
complete line of underwater search equip-
ment go to www.jwfishers.com.
High Quality,
Twisted Diving
Umbilicals
Umbilicals International has teamed
up with Jack Vilas & Associates, Inc (JVA)
in Morgan City, Louisiana, to provide
high quality, twisted diving umbilicals.
JVA will stock spools of already made
twisted diving umbilicals which can be
ordered in custom lengths up to 1000 ft.
After obtaining the footage and hose end
requirements, the hose will be cut to order
and hydrotested to ensure their custom-
ers receive a safe, reliable hose set up.
For more information, please contact
Brandon (brandon@jackvilas.com) or
call 985-384-8012.
Terresolve, an industry leader in pro-
ducing environmentally safe lubricants and
functional fluids, today announces Rolls-
Royce Deck Machinery (Brattvaag Group)
has approved its EnviroLogic 3000 line of
high-performance, readily biodegradable
hydraulic fluids for use in its products.
Terresolves EnviroLogic 3000 hydraulic
fluids are readily biodegradable, non-toxic
and are a direct replacement for their petro-
leum analogues. The fluids are safe to use
in environmentally sensitive applications,
and there are no long term negative envi-
ronmental effects in the event of a leak or
spill. The EnviroLogic 3000 hydraulic fluids
break down into natural parts within 28 days
in accordance with the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Developments
(OECD) ultimate biodegradation test.
Rolls-Royce is very environmentally
conscious. We have been working closely
with the company to make sure our flu-
ids are the right fit for Rolls-Royces deck
machinery, says Terresolve CEO Mark
Miller. Our customers seek environmen-
tal fluids that work. While weve had highly
successful eco-friendly fluids for years, it
takes time to prove their performance before
they become fully embraced and adopted.
Rolls-Royce provides deck machinery
solutions that are suitable for all vessels in
Terresolve Technologies Biodegradable
Fluids Gain Rolls-Royce Approval
Rolls-Royce Line of Deck Machinery Approves EnviroLogic 3000
Series of Hydraulic Fluids
the offshore supply and service f leet. The
offshore industry has seen a multitude of
environmental f luids that have failed due
harsh conditions, such as extreme tem-
peratures and moisture. Successful f luids
must be durable to offer long term perfor-
mance. Terresolve products are ideal for
these types of extreme applications, and
provide Rolls-Royce with an environmen-
tally safe solution that does not sacrifice
performance.
Terresolve products are different than
petroleum based products and other eco-
friendly products, Miller explains. Our
fluids utilize what we call BioPolyOlefins,
which are similar to Synthetic PAOs and fall
into the ISO 6743 Environmental Hydraulic
Fluids Classification HEPR category. Most
other biofluids use synthetic ester (HEES)
technology, which is susceptible to oxida-
tion and hydrolysis.
Approval of the EnviroLogic 3000 series
of fluids, which is comprised of five hydrau-
lic fluids with distinct viscosity grades, dem-
onstrates that performance does not have
to be sacrificed for environmental protec-
tion. Environmentally conscious customers
focused on the marine market like Rolls-
Royce rely on Terresolve fluids to safeguard
against environmental damage and perform
successfully in all offshore applications.
new gear
About Terresolve
Technologies Ltd.
Founded in 1996 and based in Ohio,
Terresolve Technologies, Ltd is dedicated
to providing non-toxic, biodegradable
lubricating products that deliver exceptional
performance. Terresolves biobased and
biodegradable fluids have been extensively
proven in the lab and in the field and are
renewable, support the agrarian community,
and meet federal guidelines for environmen-
tally preferable purchasing. For more infor-
mation, contact: Terresolve Technologies;
9609 Jackson Street, Mentor, Ohio 44060
USA; (800) 661-3558; www.terresolve.com.
Tritech to Supply Sonar Systems for US Naval Order
Tritech has been awarded a contract
to supply German-based Atlas Elektronik
GmbH, a leading systems supplier for
naval electronics, with suites of sonar
equipment for an urgent US Navy
requirement.
Tritech sonars will be installed on
SeaFoxTM mine neutralisation systems,
supplied through ATLAS North America
(ATLAS NA), in support of the US Navy
requirement for a more effective mine
countermeasures (MCM) system.
The SeaFox
TM
system is a fibre-optic
guided, one-shot, mine disposal vehicle,
used for semi-autonomous disposal of naval
mines and other ordnance found at sea. It
is able to automatically relocate previously
acquired positions of underwater objects
within minutes using the integrated homing
sonar equipment.
Mike Broadbent, Tritechs Business
Development Manager comments:
Tritech is a respected industry leader in
the provision of sensors and tools for ROV and
AUV markets. We are delighted to be working
with Atlas Elektronik on this contract and
proud to be playing our part in supporting
the US Navy in this very important activity.
About Tritech
Tritech International Limited [Tritech]
specialises in the production of high perfor-
mance acoustic sensors, sonars, video cam-
eras and mechanical tooling equipment for
professional underwater markets, including
defence.
Tritech has been active in the defence
industry for over a decade and its indus-
try-recognised sonar equipment is the first
choice for many NATO Navies mine-coun-
termeasure an d neutralisation operations.
For further information email:
defence@tritech.co.uk or visit:
www.tritech.co.uk.
SeaFox Vehicle (courtesy of ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH)
Subsalve USA Lift Bags used on
James Camerons Sub during record dive!
Subsalve Usa Underwater Lift Bags were
used during James Camerons record solo
dive. Subsalve Usa Corporation provided
four Enclosed Flotation Bags with 2000
lbs. of buoyancy each for James Camerons
record solo dive to the Mariana Trench,
the deepest point in the Earths oceans.
The bags were used during the launching
of the sub and removal of the sub from
the water after the dive, to stabilize the
submarine and to prevent it from sinking
while Cameron entered and exited the sub.
Additional by using 2 sets of bags, 1 set
forward and 1 set aft, the submarine could
be rotated by def lating the forward set of
bags, positioning the nose of the sub down-
ward in preparation for Cameron to dive
the submarine.
Ecos Canarias starts ROV service and
representation for Mariscope in Spain
ECOS Canarias is an environmen-
tal consulting company with a growing
technological department. Located on
the Canary Islands, the company is in
the middle of an increasing marine sec-
tor, pushed by the Oceanic Platform of the
Canary Islands (PLOCAN). PLOCAN is a
public consortium between the Spanish
National and the Canary Islands Regional
Governments with the main objective of
construct and operate a fixed offshore
oceanic platform to support research,
technology development an innovation in
the marine and maritime sector.
ECOS is a privately owned com-
pany specialized in Marine Technologies
and Operations cooperating with the
German ROV manufacturer Mariscope
Meerestechnik. After purchasing their first
ROV (a Mariscope FO II model) and follow-
ing onsite training, both companies agreed
on a stronger cooperation. As result, ECOS
Canarias will be representing Mariscope
Meerestechnik on the Canary Islands and
the Spanish mainland Additionally, in the
framework of a recent meeting held in Gran
Canaria, members of PLOCAN, ECOS
Canarias and Mariscope agreed to explore
new potentialities to strength technological
and R&D cooperation.
NIGHT DIVER CYCLOPS
NIGHT DIVER Cyclops is a high performance
Underwater Night Vision Monocular Goggle permit-
ting observation both above and below water to a depth
of 50meters.
The system is modular designed and comprises
a 25mm F/0.95 Objective Lens, high performance
2nd Gen or 3rd Generation Image Intensifier
with Battery and hybrid On/Off Switch, 25mm
OcularLens.
Night Diver (Cyclops) is mounted on the Drager
Nova Full-face Mask or Interspiro FFM both are
used worldwide by many Navies, Special Forces, and
Commandos as well as Police and Coast guards. Both
Right hand and Left hand versions are available as
well as Open or Closed Circuit operation.
This novel Underwater Night Vision System can also
be used in above water reconnaissance of Beachhead
Defense Installations as well as underwater searching of
Ships hulls or the seabed for Explosives and/or Narcotics.
Marine Biologists can also use Night Diver (Cyclops) for
observing Marine Life under night conditions.
For a data sheet or for further information please
contact:
Technical Equipment International (TEI) Ltd.
Contact: Donald C.A. Watson.
E-Mail: techg@attglobal.net
ROV, MODEL OUTLAND 1000
new gear
GMC & Horton Wison Deepwater confirm
Joint Venture for ground breaking
Shallow Water Buoyant Tower Design and Supply
First contract secured and underway
design provides multiple benefits for fields
where other concepts would be problematic
requiring high capital costs and expensive
crane barges for installation. The buoyant
tower can operate in water depths up to 700
feet and can be relocated allowing small
marginal plays to be exploited in a cost effec-
tive manner. The design allows for hydrocar-
bon storage if needed, can eliminate separate
shallow water drilling units and provides
a high level of flexibility for the operator.
First Project
The benefits of the design were recog-
nized and adopted by BPZ Energy for their
new platform at the Corvina field offshore
Peru. The tower is composed of four cylin-
drical cells and is connected to the seabed by
a single suction pile which is integral to the
hull structure. The tower and decks with the
production equipment will be transported
from the fabrication yard to Corvina on a
submersible heavy lift ship. After upending,
fixed and variable ballast will be pumped into
the hull to provide stability for the platform.
The CX-15 shallow water tower is well on
track for a Q3 2012 installation and will be
the first application of this design. The plat-
form is designed for 12,200 barrels of oil per
day, gas compression capacity of 12.8million
GMC and Horton Wison Deepwater
today confirmed their Joint Venture estab-
lished to design and supply innovative
Buoyant Towers for shallow water fields.
Kevin Chell CEO of the joint venture stated
The Buoyant Tower concept draws on the
proven technology of the cellspar and the
AIR COMPRESSORS
Wheel Mounted 185 cfm - 1600 cfm
Skid Mounted - Offshore 185 cfm
- 1600 cfm
High Pressure Skid Mounted
Offshore
400 cfm @ 200 psi
760 cfm @ 365 psi
Small Portable 10cfm - 25 cfm
AIR TUGGERS
1000 LB - 22,000 LB
GENERATORS AND
LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
Portable - Diesel 3 kw to 200 kw
Offshore Diesel 3 kw to 200 kw
Tripod Lights 500 watt to 2000 watt
Portable Light Towers 4000 Watt -
Diesel Powered
Explosion Proof Lighting
PRESSURE WASHERS AND
STEAM CLEANERS
Gas Driven-1000psi - 4000psi
Diesel Driven-1000psi - 5,000psi
Cold Water & Hot Water
Steam Cleaner Up to 300 psi
PUMPS
6 x 6 3 Stage 1500 gpm
@ 350 psi
4 x 3 2 Stage 800 gpm
@ 225 psi
3 x 2-1/2 Single Stage 200 gpm
@ 125 psi
Hydrostatic Test Pumps
SPECIALTY DIVING EQUIPMENT
Hydraulic Tools
Hydraulic Power Units
Hose Reels & Hoses
Video Systems
Guillotine Saws
Lift Bags 500 lb 20,000 lb
Hydraulic Torque Wrenches
SCAFFOLDING & BOARDS
MISC. EQUIPMENT
Tool Baskets
Bottle Racks
UMP
6 x 6 3 3 St Stage 1500 1500 gp gp pm p
PS
standard cubic feet per day and produced
water handling and injection capacity of
3,500 barrels per day. A total of 24 drill
slots will be available, some of which will
be used for gas and water reinjection wells.
The CX-15 platform will be located about
one mile from the existing CX-11 Corvina
platform, with both platforms intercon-
nected via a series of subsea pipelines.
The JV completed the FEED scope in
2011 which led to detailed design for the
buoyant tower. Fabrication is underway
at Wison Offshore and Marines yard in
Nantong, China. GMC are also providing
project management and installation ser-
vices for the CX-15 platform.
Jim Maher COO of the JV commented
We are pleased to be working with BPZ
Energy on this important project which
draws upon deepwater technology and
applies it in the shallow water arena.
Ashtead Technology
partners with The
Oceanscience Group
World leading marine rental company,
Ashtead Technology Offshore Division,
announces an exclusive agreement with
The Oceanscience Group, to offer the
UnderwayCTD and UnderwaySV systems
for the rental market. For the first time, the
revolutionary profiler is available for short
or long term hire with systems supplied
out of Ashtead Technologys three regional
bases - Houston, Aberdeen, and Singapore.
This agreement is exclusive within the Oil
and Gas industry.
The UnderwayCTD/SV is a free fall
profiling system that offers research
quality conductivity, temperature, depth
(CTD) or sound velocity (SV) profiles from
a vessel moving at up to 14kts. Profiles
over 1000m are achievable at 4-5kts and
with a turnaround time of only about 30
minutes for a full depth cast, there is no
faster way to gather affordable and high
quality data.
Mark Derry, Ashtead Technology
Offshore Division Managing Director
commented Ashtead Technology endeav-
ours to meet our customers demands for
the very latest subsea equipment. This
agreement with The Oceanscience Group
for the rental of their innovative profilers
will provide our global hydrographic cus-
tomers with the latest technology available,
where and when they require it, on a f lexible
rental basis.
For hydrographic survey projects the
exceptionally simple installation process
and minimal infrastructure requirements
make the UnderwayCTD/SV an ideal pro-
filing system.
Rental systems are available NOW.
THE NEW STANDARD IN UNDERWATER
PIPELINE SUPPORT
Ava||ab|e throughout horth Amer|ca phone: 504-733-8030
For more |nfo go to s||ngbag.net
Products and Services

Inmarsat
VSAT
Iridium
Asset Tracking
Rental, Leasing, Installation
Iridium
Asset Tracking
Rental, Leasing, IIns n tallation
Call record review portal along with competitive airtime rates.
On-line airtime billing retrieval.
24 Hour Tech Support
Training and Service
When Only The Best Will Do Whe henn OOn Only ly TThe he BBes estt Wi Wi Wll ll DDo o
Ph: (985) 384-4100
Toll Free: (800) 706-2515
www.deltawavecomm.com
Did you hear? a he h ou yo d y id Di Di
ABS Certied
Marine Electronics
navigator
SHARK MARI NE TECHNOLOGI ES I NC.
CANADA has been awarded the Underwater Navigation
Integrated Sonar Units (UNIS) contract for the Royal Australian
Navy (RAN). The UNIS contract is for the supply of 34 divers sonar
reconnaissance systems. UNIS will be based on the Shark Marine
Navigator and shall provide the Royal Australian Navy Divers with
the latest technology to conduct underwater navigation, object
identification and beach reconnaissance duties.
The UNIS contract is for 34 systems with spares and dedicated
training packages. Delivery of the systems will begin in June 2012.
UNIS will be based on the Shark Marine divers sonar unit the
Navigator. The Navigator has been employed by some of the worlds
leading military Reconnaissance Teams and Navy Clearance Divers.
The Navigator provides customers with the ability to conduct clan-
destine underwater navigation, beach reconnaissance and object
identification (Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance (EOR) within
the Very Shallow Water (VSW), Surf Zone (SZ) and deep water of
the littoral to 100 metres. The Navigator contributes to the success
of Mine Countermeasure (MCM) duties and amphibious opera-
tions by aiding the operators ability to ensure the sea way is clear
of ordnance, obstacles and the beach gradients are suitable for
landing craft usage.
To assist with larger area surveys the Navigator can be configured
to be operated from small craft. This enables the expansion of area
SHARK MARINE TECHNOLOGIES Inc.
Navigator Sales to
The Royal Australian Navy
surveys around landing beaches to be conducted or to survey the
path for the passage of major warships. These additional tasks are
reported to have been completed with great success.
The object identification capabilities of the Navigator also enables
support to be provided to homeland security by aiding object iden-
tification searches within ports, docks and ship hulls as well as
assisting civilian authorities with specific underwater searches for
objects, missing persons orhazards.
The success of the Navigator is based on its modular design that
enables the operators to configure the Navigator with appropriate
sonar heads, navigating equipment (GPS, Doppler, long base line)
and dedicated operational software to match the mission require-
ments. Shark Marine Technologies has worked closely with the
world military forces to design hardware and software to meet the
requirements of front line operators.
The Shark Marine Navigator is already in service with a number
of the worlds leading military forces. The award of the UNIS contract
to the Royal Australian Navy confirms Shark Marine as the world
leader for underwater divers sonar systems and the Navigator as the
choice of modern military forces.
For further information please contact Shark Marine Technologies
Inc. at Tel: 905-687-6672. E-mail: sales@sharkmarine.com
www.sharkmarine.com
DIVERS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Seattle, WA
1-800-634-8377
www.diversinstitute.edu
Our international certification qualifies
you to work worldwide and year-round.
Offshore diving opportunities include the inspection, installation and repair
of offshore oil drilling platforms and pipelines. Inland opportunities
include construction, repair and inspection of bridges, water towers,
nuclear power facilities and countless other infrastructure.
Our graduates are in high demand. All training is conducted in open water.
Financial aid for those who qualify. Use your VA benefits with us.
Dive Into Success
We open Doors to Worldwide Career Opportunities
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NEW ADCI GENERAL MEMBER
COSL GEOPHYSICAL SUBSEA ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
Subsidiary of CNOOC
Zhang Jing An
No. 1155 Jilin Road
Tanggu Dist., Tianjin 300451
P. R. China
+86 022 25823251; fax +86 022 25340627
zhangja@cosl.com.cn
www.cosl.com.cn
NEW ADCI SUPPORTING MEMBER
R. T. CASEY, INC.
Nathanial Casey
PO Box 165
Belle Chasse LA 70037, USA
504-394-4907; fax 504-393-7479
rtcaseybc@aol.com
www.rtcasey.com
SATURATION DIVING PUMP SYSTEMS
CUSTOM HIGH-PRESSURE POWER UNITS
11150 Airline Hwy Baton Rouge, LA 70816
Ph: 800.673.1505 Fx: 225.291.9256
After Hours - 225.954.4612
www.bozemandistributors.com
ekron@bozemandistributors.com
Sales, Parts, Service, Engineering
Proudly Serving the Gulf Coast & Beyond since 1969
Ofce 504/835-3009
2816 Athania Parkway
Metairie, LA 70002
TECHNICAL PERSONNEL
DIVING, ROV, FABRICATION, ICP ENGINEERING & PROJECT MANAGEMENT
MAGELLAN MARINE
INTERNATIONAL, LLC.
JOHN NAYLON MICHAEL JAMES JOE KLINE
Fax 504/835-7040
mmi-no@magellanmarine.com
www.magellanmarine.com
Diving Gas
Praxair, Inc.
39 Old Ridgebury Rd.
s
Danbury, CT 06810
1-877-PRAXAIR
www.praxair.com/diving
ScrewPile
Pipeline Supports
Hold Down Anchors
Land - Marine
www.anchorpipe.com
9310 Campbell Houston, Texas 77080
Ph. - 713-465-8377 Fax - 713-465-8393
THE FLANGE SKILLET
SOLUTION FOR INSTALLING RTJ GASKETS
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NO MORE PINCHED GASKETS
EFFICIENCY
SAVES INSTALLATION TIME BY OVER 60%
337-236-8229
24/7 Customer Service
sales@angeskillets.com
www.angeskillets.com
PROUDLY MADE IN THE USA
The j obs are there,
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www.MinnesotaCommercialDiving.com
x Eight Week Course
A short, affordable way to get your
International Commercial Diver Certication
x Financial Aid Available
To those who qualify, including VA benets
x Maximum Open Water Training
In a variety of settings, including the rivers,
lakes and mine pits
x Small Class Sizes
Individual attention & more dive time
x Graduates receive the ADCI
Entry Level Diver/Tender Card and
Canadian DCBC International
Certifcation
x Minnesota Commercial Diver
Training Center
712 Washington Street Brainerd, MN 56401
1-800-216-5521 or 218-829-1191
UNDERWATER EXCHANGE
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Please support
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We have imitators, but none can match our reputation.
Connect with Marshall Today!
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515-549-3970
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Manufacturer of STANDARD & CUSTOM neoprene molded underwater
pluggable connectors which can be mated submerged in
de-energized conditions.
Ideal for low voltage applications such as sonar, temperature or cur-
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Voltage/Amperage Ratings - 115V/7.5A and 230/15A
Products Pressure Rated - 10,000 to 20,000 psig
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are in stock and ready to ship.
Contact your local authorized Miller dealer www.millerdiving.com
For Miller Ts, sweatshirts and belt buckles visit: shop.kmdsi.com
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Underwater Cleaning Brushes
Barnacle Cutters for Paint Safe Cleaning
3M Marine Cleaning Disc
Hydraulic Hull & Prop Cleaning Tool
Accepts the following:
10 or 12 diameter UW cleaning brushes
9 3M marine cleaning disc
6 barnacle cutter
Auto Vortex suction
0-1200+ RPM
5 gpm @ 1700 psi
AS-T12 HBPP Twin Hull & Prop Polisher
Accepts the following:
(2) 12 diameter UW cleaning brushes
(2) 9 3M marine cleaning discs
Auto Vortex suction
0-1200+ RPM
Deadman switch
8 to 10 gpm @ 1500 to 1700 psi
Navy Approved!
Armada Systems Inc.
Ph: 850-912-8962 Fax: 850-912-8965
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
AUV MANUFACTURER
OceanServer Technology, Inc. ......................................... 42
www.ocean-server.com
BRIDGES & DAMS
BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10
www.blueview.com
COMMERCIAL DIVING
U.S. Underwater Services, LLC ....................................... 21
COMMERCIAL DIVING CONTRACTORS
Cal Dive International ..............................Inside Front Cover
www.caldive.com
Global Diving and Salvage............................................... 31
www.gdiving.com
COMMERCIAL DIVING EQUIPMENT RENTALS
AQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC. ........................................... 37
www.aquaairind.com
Fast Forward Rentals .......................................................13
www.fastforwardrentals.com
COMMERCIAL DIVING EQUIPMENT SALES
AQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC. ........................................... 37
www.aquaairind.com
Aqua Lung America ......................................................... 49
www.aqualung.com
Armada Systems, Inc ...................................................... 64
www.armadahull.com
Bay-Tech Equipment Rentals, Inc. ................................... 48
www.baytechrentals.com
DIVE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL, INC. .................... 42
www.divecommercial.com
DIVERS SUPPLY, INC. ............................Outside Back Cover
www.diverssupplyinc.com
Gulf Engine and Equipment ............................................. 53
www.gulfengine.com
IUC Technologies............................................................. 52
www.iuctechnologies.com
Jack Vilas & Associates, Inc. .......................................... 47
www.jackvilas.com
JW FISHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY ...................... 8
www.jwshers.com
McMillan Design, Inc. ...................................................... 63
www.seacatch.com
Miller Diving .................................................................... 64
www.millerdiving.com
Redsh Rentals Inc. ........................................................ 59
www.redshrental.com
Steffen Inc. ......................................................................17
www.steffeninc.com
COMMERCIAL DIVING SCHOOLS
COMMERCIAL DIVING ACADEMY.................................... 42
www.commercialdivingacademy.com
DIVERS ACADEMY INTERNATIONAL ............................... 58
www.diversacademy.com
DIVERS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ............................. 62
www.diversinstitute.edu
Minnesota Commercial Diver Training Center ................. 63
www.minnesotacommercialdiving.com
THE OCEAN CORPORATION ............................................ 60
www.oceancorp.com
COMPRESSORS
Bauer Compressors Inc. .................................................. 48
www.bauercomp.com
Nuvair ............................................................................. 60
www.nuvair.com
CORROSION CONTROL & SEALING
Denso North America Inc. ................................................. 6
www.densona.com
CORROSION PROTECTION PROBES
Polatrak .......................................................................... 20
www.polatrak.com
CUSTOMS/COMPLIANCE
InSite Technologies ......................................................... 48
www.insiterov.com
DIVE EQUIPMENT
Morgan City Rentals.......................................................... 5
www.morgancityrentals.com
POMMEC BV.....................................................................17
www.pommec.com
DIVING COMMUNICATIONS
HYDROLINX Diving Communication, Inc. ........................ 29
www.hydrolinx.com
DIVING GAS
PRAXAIR INC. ................................................................. 63
www.praxair.com
DIVING HELMETS
KIRBY MORGAN DIVE SYSTEMS
INTERNATIONAL, INC. ............................ Inside Back Cover
www.kirbymorgan.com
FLANGE GASKET HOLDERS
Flange Skillets International, Inc. .................................... 63
FUELS & LUBRICANTS
Lubrication Technology, Inc. ........................................... 63
www.lubricationtechnology.com
HULL SCRUBBERS
www.armadahull.com
The Desmond-Stephan Manufacturing Co. ..................... 63
www.desmond-stephan.com
HYDROGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
www.blueview.com
INDUSTRIAL & SPECIALTY GAS
TNT GAS AND SUPPLY .................................................... 64
www.gasandsupply.com
INSURANCE
Fisk Marine Insurance International ................................ 25
www.skusa.com
JOHN W. FISK CO. ........................................................... 65
www.jwsk.com
Kibble & Prentice ............................................................ 62
www.kpcom.com
LOGISTICS
www.insiterov.com
MARINE CONSTRUCTION
www.blueview.com
ALPHARENTALS
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS CONTINUED
MARINE PILE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
www.densona.com
MARINE SALVAGE
www.blueview.com
MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICE PROVIDER
DELTA WAVE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ........................... 60
www.deltawavecomm.com
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
www.blueview.com
Greensea Systems, Inc. .................................................. 43
www.greenseainc.com
NUCLEAR & HYDRO ENERGY
www.armadahull.com
www.blueview.com
OFFSHORE OIL & GAS
www.blueview.com
PILE JACKETS
www.densona.com
PILE REPAIR/PILE CLEANING
www.densona.com
Five Star Marine Products, Inc. ....................................... 62
www.5star-marine.com
FOX INDUSTRIES, INC. .................................................... 32
www.foxind.com
PIPELINE SUPPORT
AnchorPipe International Inc. .......................................... 63
www.anchorpipe.com
PROJECT MANAGEMENT,
ENGINEERING & INSPECTION
Magellan Marine International, LLC ................................ 63
www.magellanmarine.com
PROPELLER POLISHERS
www.armadahull.com
REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES
www.blueview.com
DOE. Inc .......................................................................... 21
www.deepocean.com
Greensea Systems, Inc. .................................................. 43
www.greenseainc.com
www.insiterov.com
Mariscope Chilena Ltda. ................................................. 30
www.mariscope.cl
Saab Seaeye Ltd ............................................................. 56
www.seaeye.com
SeaBotix, INC. ................................................................... 4
www.seabotix.com
SATURATION DIVING EQUIPMENT
Bozeman Distributors - CAT Pumps ................................ 63
www.bozemandistributors.com
IUC Technologies............................................................. 52
www.iuctechnologies.com
LexMar Engineering Pte. Ltd ........................................... 26
www.lexmar.com.sg
SECURITY & SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
www.blueview.com
SLINGBAGS
Quikrete .......................................................................... 60
www.slingbag.net
SONAR & AUV SURVEY
www.blueview.com
Marine Sonic Technology Ltd. ......................................... 30
www.marinesonic.com
TRANSPORTATION
www.insiterov.com
SUB SEA CUTTING TOOLS
Gary Herman Rentals, LLC dba Alpha Rentals ................ 66
www.divershotwater.com
UNDERWATER CAMERAS
VideoRay ........................................................................... 3
www.videoray.com
UNDERWATER CLEANING SYSTEMS
Cavidyne, Inc. ................................................................. 27
www.cavidyne.com
UNDERWATER CONNECTOR TECHNOLOGIES
Seacon .............................................................................. 8
www.seacon-usa.com
UNDERWATER ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
Marshall Underwater ...................................................... 64
www.marshallunderwater.com
UNDERWATER IMAGING SYSTEMS
www.blueview.com
Outland Technology Inc. .................................................. 58
www.outlandtech.com
UNDERWATER LIFT BAGS
SUBSALVE USA ............................................................... 48
www.subsalve.com
UNDERWATER OPERATIONS
www.blueview.com
UNDERWATER WELDING
Hydroweld USA LLC .........................................................19
www.hydroweld.com
VIDEO INSPECTION SYSTEMS
National Hyperbaric Centre ............................................. 43
www.nationalhyperbariccentre.com
Kirby Morgan | 1430 Jason Way Santa Maria, California 93455 Phone: 805-928-7772
2012 Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. www.kirbymorgan.com Registered Design Trademark, U.S.
Patent Offce, EU and other foreign Registrations. U.S. and foreign patents have been issued for these products
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INTERNATIONAL
KMB 28
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2396 Belle Chasse Hwy. Gretna, LA 70056
Phone: (504)392-2800 Toll Free: 888-221-8120 Fax: (504)392-3920
www.diverssupplyinc.com divers@diverssupplyinc.com
AIR CONTROL BOXES
For 2 and 3 Divers
CLASS II BELLS
With and Without LARS Guides
Aqua Lung Bauer Broco Divex Kirby Morgan OTS
Outland Technology Purafl PermaCal SeaCon
Sodasorb Subsalve Viking
DIVERS SUPPLY, INC.
Air Control Boxes Chambers Class II Bells Hydraulic Units
Radios Umbilicals
COMPRESSOR PACKAGES
Framed or Tank Mounted
Diesel, Gas or Electric Powered
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Meets PVHO Standards
Conforms to ABS & DNV Standards
CHAMBERS
54, 60, 72 with fange Ior Medical Lock
New
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RECHARGEABLE RADIOS
For 2 and 3 Divers

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July August 2012

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