1

University of Tasmania
School of Engineering
Semester I, 2013
KNE223: Electrical Engineering 1
Lecture Note 2
Transformers
Learning Objectives: On completion of this section, students should be able to
understand the operation of a transformer
know about different type of single phase
transformers
measure the parameters of transformer
calculate voltage regulation and efficiency of a
transformer
understand different three phase transformer
connections

2
Power Transformers
Content
Introduction
Type, construction applications of Transformer
Principle of operation of Transformer
Ideal transformer, Induced voltage in a transformer
Impedance transformation
Power in an ideal transformer
Polarity of transformer
Practical transformer, Equivalent circuit, Phasor diagram
Autotransformer
Transformer rating
Parameter determination: open circuit and short circuit test
Voltage regulation & efficiency of transformer
Three Phase Transformer: Connections, Phase shift, harmonics
Per unit system
3
Power Transformers
Introduction
A transformer is a device that changes ac electric energy at one voltage level to another
voltage level through the action of a magnetic field (without a change in frequency).


Source



Load

Figure 2.1 Transformer and its equivalent circuit
2 1
: N N

+
2
v

+
1
v
Primary
side
Secondary
side
core
(a) Transformer.
(b) Transformer equivalent circuit.
4
Power Transformers
v
1
= Primary voltage v
2
= Secondary voltage
i
1
= Primary current i
2
= Secondary current
N
1
= Primary no of turns N
2
= Secondary no of turns
High voltage winding (HV) High tension (HT) winding
Low voltage (LV) winding Low tension winding
Transformer consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core.
These coils are (usually) not directly connected. The only connection between the coils is the
common magnetic flux present within the core. One of the transformer windings is connected to a
source of ac electric power (primary or input winding), and the second winding (secondary or
output winding) supplies electric power to loads.
Transformer utilizes magnetic coupling between two coils. Transformer can change a low voltage
level to a high voltage level (step up transformer) or a high voltage level to a low voltage level
(step-down transformer).
Transformer is one of the most valuable apparatus in electric systems which enables us to utilize
different voltage levels across the power system for the most economical value.
5
Types & Construction of Transformers
Power Transformers
There are two type of transformer: Step up and step down transformer
There are two core types of transformers. These are: Core type, and Shell type.
These two types differ from each other by the manner in which the windings are
wound around the magnetic core.
(a) Core type (b) Shell type
Figure 2.2 Transformer core construction.
6
The magnetic core is a stack of thin silicon-steel laminations (about 0.35 mm thick for
50 Hz transformer). In order to reduce eddy current losses, these laminations are
insulated from one another by thin layer of varnish.
Figure 2.2 shows the two types of transformer construction. The first is denoted the core
type, which is a single ring encircled by one or more groups of windings. The mean
length of the magnetic circuit for this type is long, whereas the mean length of windings
is short. The reverse is true for the shell type, where the magnetic circuit encloses the
windings.
Power Transformers
Figure 2.3 Low voltage Transformers
[5]
.
7
Figure 2.4 Distribution transformers
[5]
.
Power Transformers
8
Figure 2.5 Transmission transformer
[5]
.
Power Transformers
9
Power Transformers
Applications of Transformer
Transformers have widespread applications. The primary function of a transformer is
to change the voltage level. They are used as a step up or step down voltage at
various stages of the power transmission.
Generation of power at the synchronous generator level is normally at low voltage,
which is most desirable economically. Stepping up of this generated voltage to a high
voltage, extra-high voltage, or even ultra- high voltage is done through a power
transformer to suit the power transmission requirement to minimize losses and
increase the transmission capacity of the lines. This transmission voltage level is then
stepped down in many stages for distribution and utilization purposes.
Figure 2.6 Power transmission using transformer.
240 V 11 kV 33 kV 500 kV
or more
Transformer
Generation Transmission Distribution
40 kV
Generator

Load

10
Power Transformers
An electronic device designed to operate on normal household voltage and
frequency has a transformer to supply suitable voltage for various components of the
device.
Transformers are widely used in low power electronic and control circuits to isolate
one circuit from another circuit or to match the impedance of a source with its load for
maximum power transfer.
Transformer are also used to measure voltages or currents; these transformers are
known as instrument transformers.
V 415/240 : on distributi Secondary
kV 34.5 to kV 4 : on distributi Primary
kV 500 to 69 : on Transmissi
kV 40 upto : Genertaion
11
Power Transformers
Principle of operation of Transformer
A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction (Faradays law).
If a time-varying flux links a coil (or conductor) a voltage will be induced in that coil or
conductor.

flux of change of rate , =
dt
d
where
|
Figure 2.7 Induced voltage in coil due to a time varying flux.
dt
t d
N t e
) (
) (
|
=



t V t v
m
e sin ) ( =
) (t v ) (
1
t e
) (
2
t e
+
+
+


1
N
2
N
dt
d
N t e
|
1 1
) ( =
dt
d
N t e
|
2 2
) ( =
|
(2-1)
12
Power Transformers
Ideal Transformer
The ideal transformer is a device in which coupled coils are assumed to have
perfect coupling and zero power loss.
Let us consider an ideal transformer that has the following properties:
- The winding resistances are negligible,
- All fluxes are confined to the core and link both the windings; i.e,
no leakage fluxes are present.
- Core losses are assumed to be negligible, and
- Permeability of the core is infinite (i.e., ).
13
Figure 2.8 Ideal Transformer.
(a) Core coil assembly
(b) Equivalent circuit.
Power Transformers
1
e
2
e
dt
t d
N t e t v
) (
) ( ) (
1 1 1
|
= =
dt
t d
N t e t v
) (
) ( ) (
2 2 2
|
= =
1
v
2
v

Load

Switch
t V t v
m
e sin ) ( voltage, Supply
1
=
1
e
2
e
14
Power Transformers
When a time varying voltage v
1
(t) is applied to the primary winding, a time varying
flux |(t) is established in the core. A counter emf e
1
(t) will be induced in the winding
and will be equal to the applied voltage if resistance of the winding is neglected:
voltage primary
) (
) ( ) (
1 1 1
= =
dt
t d
N t e t v
|
The core flux also links the secondary windings and induces an emf e
2
(t), which is
the same as the terminal voltage v
2
(t);
voltage secondary
) (
) ( ) (
2 2 2
= =
dt
t d
N t e t v
|
(2-2)
(2-3)
Voltage Relationship
Dividing equation (2-2) by equation (2-3), we get,
raio turns a
N
N
t v
t v
= = =
2
1
2
1
) (
) (
(2-4)
15
Power Transformers
Equation (2-4) indicates that the voltages in the windings of an ideal transformer are
directly proportional to the turns ratio of the windings. In terms of phasor quantities, this
equation becomes:
a
N
N
V
V
= =
2
1
2
1
(2-5)
In a schematic diagram as shown in figure 2.8, it is a common practice to show the two windings in the
two legs of the core, although in an actual transformer the windings are sometimes interleaved as shown
in figure 2.3.
16
we get
2 2 1 1
i N i N =
a
N
N
t i
t i 1
) (
) (
1
2
2
1
= =
In terms of phasor quantities, this equation becomes:
a
N
N
I
I 1
1
2
2
1
= =
(2-7)
(2-8)
(2-9)
Current Relationship
If we connect a load to the secondary winding, a current i
2
will flow in the secondary
winding, and the secondary will provide a mmf (magneto motive force, F
2
) for the core. This
will immediately make a primary winding current i
1
flow to produce mmf F
1
, so that a
counter-mmf can oppose F
2
. The mmf produced by the primary (F
1
= N
1
i
1
) current and mmf
produced secondary current (F
2
= N
2
i
2
) should be equal.
2 2 1 1 2 1
i N i N F F = =
(2-6)
Power Transformers
The current in the windings are inversely proportional to the turns of the windings. Also
note that if the more current is drawn by the load, the more current will flow from the
supply .
0 er, transform ideal For
0
2 1
= 9
= 9 = = | F F F
net
17
Power Transformers
From equation (2-4) and (2-8)
2 2 1 1
i v i v =
output power ous Instantane input power ous Instantane =
The instantaneous power input to the transformer equals the instantaneous power output
from the transformer. This is expected, because all power losses are neglected in an
ideal transformer.
(2-10)


Note that although there is no physical connection between load and supply, as soon
as power is consumed by the load, the same power is drawn from the supply. The
transformer, therefore, provides a physical isolation between the load and the supply
while maintaining electrical continuity.

The phase angle of V
1
is the same as the phase angle of V
2
and the phase angle
of I
1
is the same as the phase angle of I
2
. The turns ratio of the ideal transformer
affects the magnitude of the voltages and currents, but not their angles.
18
The voltage is thus proportional to the number of turns, flux magnitude,
and the frequency. It should also be noted that according to equation (2-11)
and (2-13), the induced voltage E
1
leads the flux phasor by 90
0
.
Power Transformers
Let us assume that the flux is given by the sinusoidal waveform as;
t t)
m
sin ( | | =
We get,
t N
dt
t d
N
dt
t d
N t e
m
m
e e |
e | |
cos
) sin ( ) (
) (
1 1 1 1
= = =
) 90 sin( ) 90 sin( 2 ) (
0 0
1 1
+ = + = t E t f N t e
m m
e e | t
f t e 2 = = = f N E
m m
| t
1
2 Where peak value of the induced voltage and
The rms induced voltage in the primary is;
f N f N
E
E
m m
m
| |
t
1 1 1
44 . 4
2
2
2
= = =
(2-11)
(2-12)
(2-13)
(2-14)
Induced Voltage in a Transformer
1
E
|
0
90
Figure 2.9
44 . 4
2
2
2
: coil secondary For
2 2 2
f N f N
E
E
m m
m
| |
t
= = =
19
Where
2
is the angle between the secondary voltage and secondary current. Since
voltage and current angles are unaffected by an ideal transformer,
1
=
2
= . The
primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer have the same power factor.

Power in an Ideal Transformer
The power supplied to the transformer by the primary is given by the equation
1 1 1
cosu I V P
in
=
Where
1
is the angle between the primary voltage and primary current. The power
supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its loads is given by the equation
2 2 2
cosu I V P
out
=
in out
P I V aI
a
V
I V P = = = = u u u cos cos cos
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
Power Transformers
(2-15)
(2-16)
(2-17)
20
Power Transformers
The same relationship applies to reactive power Q and apparent power P
apparent

out in
Q I V I V Q = = = u u sin sin
2 2 1 1
) ( 2 2 1 1 ) ( out apparent in apparent
P I V I V P = = =
The complex power at primary side is:
2
*
2 2
*
1
2
2
2
1
2
*
1 1 1
S I V
N
N
I
N
N
V I V S = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= Complex power at secondary side
(2-18)
(2-19)
(2-20)
21
Power Transformers
Impedance Transfer
Figure 2.10 Impedance transfer of an ideal transformer.
(a)
(b)
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
) (
) (
Z Z a
I
V
a
I
V
N
N
N
N
I
N
N
V
I
V
Z
'
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
The input impedance is
(2-21)
An impedance Z
2
in the secondary circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
impedance Z
1
in the primary circuit provided that Z
1
=a
2
Z
2

22
Power Transformers
Impedance from primary side can also be transferred to the secondary side, and in that
case its value has to be divided by the square of the turns ratio n
2
. The output
impedance is given by,
'
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
1 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
) (
) (
Z Z
a
I
V
a
I
V
N
N
N
N
I
N
N
V
I
V
Z
This impedance transfer is very useful because it eliminates a coupled circuit in an
electrical system thereby simplifies the circuit.
(2-22)
Impedance Z
2
connected in the secondary will appear as impedance looking from
the primary. The circuit in figure 2-10(a) is therefore equivalent to the circuit in figure 2-
10(b). Impedance can be transferred from the secondary to primary if its value is
multiplied by the square of the turns ratio, a
2
.

'
2
Z
23
Power Transformers
Practical Transformer
[1]

For an ideal transformer certain assumptions have been made, which are not
applicable for a practical transformer. In a practical transformer;
The windings have resistances
All windings do not link the same flux
There are some leakage flux
Permeability of the core material is not infinite, and
Core losses (hysteresis loss, eddy current loss) occur in the core.

In figure 2.11

X
l1
= primary leakage reactance = L
l1
X
l2
= secondary leakage reactance = L
l2
L
l1
= primary leakage inductance
L
l2
= secondary leakage inductance
R
1
= primary winding resistance
R
2
= secondary winding resistance
24
Power Transformers
Figure 2.11 Equivalent circuit of a practical transformer
with winding resistance and leakage inductance
(a)
(b)
1
1 1
1
: 1 Winding
i
N
L
l
l
|
=
2
2 2
2
: 2 Winding
i
N
L
l
l
|
=
1 1 1
2
l l l
L f L X t e = =
2 2 2
2
l l l
L f L X t e = =
25
Figure 2.12 Equivalent circuit with core loss and copper loss component.
26
When currents flow through windings in the transformer, they establish a resultant mutual (or
common) flux
m
that is confined to the magnetic core. However, a small amount of flux known
as leakage flux,
l
links only one winding and does not link the other winding as shown in figure
2.11a. The leakage path is primarily in air, and therefore the leakage flux varies linearly with
current. The effect of leakage flux can be included by an inductance:
Power Transformers
1
1 1
1
: 1 winding of inductance Leakage
i
N
L
l
l
|
=
2
2 2
2
: 2 winding of inductance Leakage
i
N
L
l
l
|
=
(2-23)
(2-24)
In a practical magnetic core having finite permeability, a magnetizing current I
m
is required to
establish a flux in the core. This effect can be represented by magnetizing inductance L
m
. Also,
the core loss in the magnetic material can be represented by a resistance R
c
.
27
Power Transformers
Referred equivalent Circuit
[1]

Figure 2.13 Equivalent circuit referred to primary side.
(a)
(b)
28
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
[1]

Power Transformers
Figure 2.14 Approximate Equivalent circuit.
The voltage drops I
1
R
1
and I
1
X
l1
are small and
In a transformer, the exciting current I

is small percentage of the rated current of

transformer (less than 5%).
.
1 1
V E ~
29
Phasor Diagram of Transformer
[1]

Power Transformers
By using voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter, we
can measure the terminal voltage current. and
also the power factor of the load. Let us call this
power factor angle . I
1
R
1
and I
2
R
2
are the
resistive drops, which are in phase with the
current. I
1
X
l1
& I
2
X
l2
are the are the reactive
voltage drop, which lead the current by 90
0
.
eq
eq eq
l l
l l
Z I V
jX R I V
X X I j R R I V
X j I jX I R I R I V V
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
' + ' =
+ ' + ' =
' + ' + ' + ' + ' =
' ' + + ' ' + + ' =
2 1 2 1 2 1
, ,
l l eq eq
X X X R R R I I ' + = ' + = ' =

V

2

V 1

I
1
R
1
I

2
R

2
I
1
X
l1
I

2
X

l2
I
1
=I

2

Figure 2.15 Phasor diagram.




eq
R
eq
X
1
I
2
I '
1
V 2
V'
(4-25)
1
V
2 1
I I ' =
u
2
V'
eq
R I
2
'
eq
X I j
2
'

eq
Z I
2
'
2 1
I I ' =
2 1
I I ' =
30
1
V
2 1
I I ' =
2
V'
eq
R I
2
'
eq
X I j
2
'
1
V
2 1
I I ' =
u
2
V'
eq
R I
2
'
eq
X I j
2
'
1
V
2 1
I I ' =
u
2
V'
eq
R I
2
'
eq
X I j
2
'
Figure 2.16 Phasor diagram for unity, lagging and leading power factor.
(a) Unity power factor. (b) Lagging power factor.
(c) Leading power factor.
Power Transformers
31
Voltage Regulation[1]
Power Transformers
% 100 regulation Voltage
2
2 2

=
L
L NL
V
V V
Most loads connected to the secondary designed to operate at a constant voltage. However, as
the current is drawn from the transformer, the output voltage of a transformer varies with load
because of the voltage drop across the internal impedance.
The load terminal voltage may go up or down depending on the nature of the load. A large voltage
change is undesirable for many loads. For example, as more and more light bulbs are connected
to the transformer secondary and the voltage decreases appreciably, the bulbs will glow with
diminished illumination. To reduce the magnitude of the voltage change, the transformer should
be designed for a low value of the internal impedance Z
eq
.
Voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary voltage
expressed as a percentage of the full load voltage.
Figure 2.17 Voltage regulation.
(4-26)
32
Efficiency of a Transformer[1]
Power Transformers
Equipment is designed to operate at a high efficiency. Fortunately, losses in transformers are
small. Because the transformer is a static device, there are no rotational losses such as windage
and friction losses in a rotating machine. In a well-designed transformer, the efficiency can be as
high as 99%. The efficiency is defined as follows:
% 100
) ( power Input
) ( power output

+ +
=
+
= =
cu c out
out
out
out
in
out
P P P
P
Losses P
P
P
P
q
Where P
c
is the core loss and P
cu
is the copper loss. The copper loss can be determined if the
winding currents and their resistances are known
eq L eq eq cu
R I R I R I R I R I P
2 2
2
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1
= = = + =
The copper loss is a function of the load current. The core loss depends on the peak flux
density in the core, which in turn depends on the voltage applied to the transformer. Since, a
transformer remains connected to an essentially constant voltage, the core loss is almost
constant and can be determined from the no load test of a transformer. Therefore, if the
parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer are known, the efficiency of the transformer
under any operating condition may be determined.
(2-27)
(2-28)
'
2 2
I I =
33
Power Transformers
in
out
eq c
out
out
P
P
R I P I V
I V
Losses P
P
=
+ +
=
+
=
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
cos
cos
u
u
q
Normally, load voltage remains fixed. Therefore, efficiency depends on load current (I
2
)
and load power factor (cos
2
).
2 2 2
cosu I V P
out
=
The output power is;
(2-29)
(2-30)
34
For constant value of the terminal voltage V
2
and load power factor angle
2
, the maximum
efficiency occurs when,
0 0
2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
in
out
p
P
dI
d
dI
dq
eq c
eq c out in eq out eq c out
eq
out
eq
out out
eq
out in
R I P
R I P P P where R I P R I P P
V
R I
I V P
V
R I
P P
V
R I
P P
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
, 2
cos
2
cos
cos
2
)
cos
2
1 (
=
+ + = + = + +
+ = + = + =
u
u
u u
Maximum efficiency occurs when core loss = copper loss
0
2
2 2
=

in
in out out in
P
P
dI
d
P P
dI
d
P
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
cos
2 cos
u
u
V
R I V
P
dI
d
P
dI
d
P
P
eq
out
in
out
in
+
= =
Maximum Efficiency
Power Transformers
(2-31)
(2-32)
35
For constant values of the terminal voltage V
2
and load current I
2
, the maximum
efficiency occurs when
0
2
=
u
q
d
d
and the condition for maximum efficiency is [using equation (2-30)]
0
2
= u
1 cos factor, Power and
2
= u
Maximum efficiency occurs when power factor is unity and load current is such
that copper loss equal to core loss
(2-33)
(2-34)
36
Figure 2.18 Efficiency of a Transformer
[1]

37
All-Day (or Energy) Efficiency,
AD
[1]
The transformer in power plant usually operates near its full capacity and is taken out of
circuit when it is not required. Such transformer are called power transformer, and they are
usually designed for maximum efficiency occurring near the rated output.
A transformer connected to the utility that supplies power to consumer house and the
locality is called distribution transformer. Such transformers are connected to the power
system for 24 hours a day and operate below the rated power output for most of the time.
It is therefore desirable to design a distribution transformer for maximum efficiency
occurring at the average output power. A figure of merit that will be more appropriate to
represent the efficiency performance of a distribution transformer is the all day or energy
efficiency of the transformer. This is defined as follows
hours 24 over input energy
hours 24 over output energy
=
AD
q
If the load cycle of the transformer is known, the all day efficiency can be determined
(2-35)
38
Transformer Rating
[1]
Power Transformers
In a nameplate of transformer, kVA (kilovolt-ampere) rating and voltage ratings of a
transformer are written. A typical transformer may carry the following information
20 kVA, 2200/220 volts.
This kVA ratings indicate that the transformer has two windings, one rated for 2200 V
and the other for 220 V. The turns ratio is a= 2200/220=10
The 20 KVA rating means that each winding is designed for 20 kVA. The current
rating of high voltage side is 20000/2200=9.09 A and for the low voltage side is
20000/220 = 90.9 A.
Moreover, the winding that is connected to the supply side will carry an additional
excitation current (I

) which is very small compared to the rated current of the

winding.
39
Determination of Transformer Parameters
[1]

Power Transformers
Transformer parameters can be directly and more easily determined by performing
tests that involve little power consumption. These tests are as follows:
No load or open circuit test
Short circuit test

No load or open circuit test
This test is performed by applying a voltage to either the high-voltage side or low-voltage side,
whichever is convenient. Thus if a 2200/220 volts transformer were to be tested, the voltage
would be applied to the low-voltage winding, because a power supply of 220 volts is more
readily available than a supply of 2200 volts.

A wiring diagram for open-circuit test us shown in figure 2.19(a). The primary current is the
exciting current and losses measured by the wattmeter are essentially the core losses. The
equivalent circuit 2.19(b) shows that the parameters R
c
and X
m
can be determined from
voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
40 Figure 2.19 Open circuit (no load) Test.
(c) Phasor diagram for open circuit test.
1 c
I
1
V
1 m
I 1
1 |
I I =
Power Transformers
oc
c
c
oc
P
V
R
R
V
P Power
2
1
1
1
2
1

,
=
=
1
1
1
c
c
R
V
I =
2
1
2
1 1 c m
I I I =
|
1
1
1
m
m
I
V
X =
(2-36)
(2-37)
41
Short Circuit Test
This test is performed by short-circuiting one winding and applying rated current to the other
winding, as shown in figure 2.20(a). In the equivalent circuit of figure 2.13, the impedance of
the excitation branch (shunt branch composed of R
c
and X
m
) is much larger than that of series
branch (composed of R
eq
and X
eq
). If the secondary terminals are shorted, the high impedance
branch can be neglected. Therefore, the equivalent circuit with secondary short-circuited can
be represented by the circuit shown in figure 2.20(b).
The current flow will be limited only by the resistance and reactance (internal impedance) of
each winding. It is known that less than 5% of the rated supply voltage is necessary to
overcome this impedance and produce rated current in each winding. The applied voltage is
therefore obtained from a variable supply to obtain this low voltage.
If the applied voltage is varied until full load current flows in the primary, the total internal
impedance if given by
Power Transformers
current primary (rated) measured
test the in obtained voltage applied actual
1
1
= =
I
V
Z
eq (2-38)
42
Figure 2.20 Short circuit Test.
Note that the voltage applied under the short circuit test is small, the core losses are neglected
and the wattmeter reading can be taken entirely to represent the copper losses in the windings
represented by R
eq .
resistance r transforme Equivalent
2
= =
I
W
R
eq
where, W is the power and I is the current under short circuit condition.
From equations (2-38) and (2-39), we get
(2-39)
2 2 2
eq eq eq
X R Z + = reactance equivalent
2 2
= =
eq eq eq
R Z X
(2-40)
Power Transformers
43
In this test the low voltage side is short-circuited, while the measurements are taken
on the high-voltage side. This is nearly always the method of test, and there are two
good reasons for this:
Rated current on the high-voltage side is lower than that on the low voltage
side, and therefore dangerously high currents are less apt to be encountered.
Also this will permit the use of the more commonly used laboratory
instruments.
Since the applied voltage is less than 5% of the windings rated voltage, an
appreciable voltmeter deflection is more easily obtained when high-voltage
side is used as the primary.
Power Transformers
44
Autotransformer
[1]

Power Transformers
Autotransformer is a transformer in which both the primary and the secondary are in a single
winding. This is a special connection of transformer from which a variable voltage can be obtained
from secondary. A common winding is mounted on a core and the secondary is taken from a tap
on the winding.
Figure 2.21 Autotransformer(Step down ).
a
N
N
V
V
= =
2
1
2
1
If the secondary tapping is replaced by a slider, the output
voltage can be varied over the range 0<V
2
<V
1
.
1
V
2
V
(2-41)
The basic principle of operation is the same as that of the two winding transformer. Since all the
turns link the same flux in the transformer core,
Autotransformer
[6]
45
The ampere turn (mmf) provided by upper half (points a & b)
The ampere turn (mmf) provided by lower half (points b & c)
1 1 1 2 1 1
1
1 ) ( I N
a
I N N F |
.
|

\
|
= =
) ( ) (
1 2
1
1 2 2 2
I I
a
N
I I N F = =
(2-42)
(2-43)
For ampere turn (mmf) balance, F
1
=F
2.

) (
1
1
1 2
1
1 1
I I
a
N
I N
a
= |
.
|

\
|

1
2
2
1
1
N
N
a I
I
= =
The voltage and currents in a autotransformer are related by the same turns ratio as
in a two winding transformer
Power Transformers
(2-44)
46
Figure 2.22 Step up Autotransformer.
1
N
2
N
1
V
2
V
1
I
2 1
I I
2
I
Power Transformers
The advantages of an autotransformer are:

Lower leakage reactances,
Lower losses,
Lower exciting current,
Increased kVA rating, and
Variable output voltage when a sliding contact is used for the secondary.

The disadvantage is the direct connection between the primary and secondary.
47
Three Phase Transformer Connections
Power Transformers
Almost all the major power generation and distribution systems in the world are three phase
system. Three phase transformer are used to step up or step down voltages in the various steps
of power transmission and distribution.
Three phase transformer can be constructed by connecting a set of three similar single phase
transformer to form a three phase circuit as shown in figure 2.23(a). An alternative approach is to
make a three-phase transformer consisting of three sets of winding wrapped on a common core
as shown in figure 2.23(b).
Figure 2.23 Three Phase transformer.
(a)
(b)
Primary
Secondary
3 Phase
Core
48
Power Transformers
Three Phase Transformer Connections
The primary and secondary of a three phase transformer can be connected in either
wye (Y) or delta () configurations. There are four possible connections of a three-
phase transformer:
Y-Y
Y-
-Y

The total kVA of three phase transformer is shared equally for all connections.
However, the voltage and current ratings of each transformer depend on the
connection used.
49
Y- Y Connection
Power Transformers
Figure 2.24 Y-Y transformer connection.
PS LS PP LP
V V V V 3 and 3 = =
The primary phase voltage is related to the
secondary phase voltage by turn ratio. For Y-Y;
a
V
V
V
V
V
V
PS
PP
PS
PP
LS
LP
= = =
3
3
(2-45)
(2-46)
a I
I
LS
LP
1
=
(2-47)
V
LP
- Primary Line to line voltage
V
PP
- Primary phase voltage
V
LS
- Secondary line to line voltage
V
PS
- Secondary phase voltage
This connection is rarely used
because of problems with the
exciting current and induced
voltage
V
LP

V
PP

V
LS

V
PS

LP
I
LS
I
1
N
2
N
2
1
N
N
a =
50
Power Transformers
Y- Connection
Figure 2.25 Y- transformer connection.
PS LS PP LP
V V V V = = and 3
a
V
V
V
V
PS
PP
LS
LP
3
3
= =
a
I
I
LS
LP
3
1
=

V
LP

V
PP

V
LS

V
PS

LP
I
LS
I
This connection is commonly used to step
down a high voltage to low voltage. The
neutral on the high voltage side can be
grounded, which is desirable in most cases
(2-49)
(2-48)
51 51
Power Transformers
Figure 2.26 -Y transformer connection.
-Y Connection
V
LS

V
PS

V
LP

LP
I
LS
I
PS LS PP LP
V V V V 3 and = =
V
PP

3 3
a
V
V
V
V
PS
PP
LS
LP
= =
a I
I
LS
LP
3
=
This connection is commonly used to step
up voltage.
(2-51)
(2-50)
52
References:
[1] P. C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics 2nd Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, 1997. (Chapter 2) .
[2] Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals,
McGraw-Hill, 2002. (Chapter 3).
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrush_current
[4] http://www.ametherm.com/inrush-current/transformer-inrush-current.html
[5]
http://www.google.com.au/search?q=electrical+transformers+photo&hl=en&tbm=isch
&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=uDEwUdL3JMijkAX_jYG4DA&ved=0CDAQsAQ&biw
=1261&bih=693
[6]
http://www.sunequipco.com/electronic%20test%20and%20measuring%20equipment/
AutoTransformer/Auto%20Transformer.htm
Power Transformers