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German nationalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Pan-Germanism German nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Germans are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Germans.[1] The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when PanGermanism started to rise. Advocacy of a German nation began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon. After the rise and fall of Nazi Germany that committed the genocide now known as the Holocaust in the name of extreme nationalism against Jews and others during World War II, German nationalism has been generally viewed in the country as negative and taboo.[2] However, during the Cold War a mainstream moderate German nationalism arose that supported the unification of East and West Germany that was achieved in 1990.[2] German nationalism has faced difficulties in promoting a united German identity as well as facing opposition within Germany. The Catholic-Protestant divide in Germany at times created extreme tension and hostility between Catholic and Protestant Germans after 1871, such as in response to the policy of Kulturkampf in Prussia by German Chancellor and Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck, that sought to dismantle Catholic culture in Prussia, that provoked outrage amongst Germany's Catholics and resulted in the rise of the pro-Catholic Centre Party and the Bavarian People's Party.[3] There have been rival nationalists within Germany, particularly Bavarian nationalists who claim that the terms that Bavaria entered into Germany in 1871 were controversial and have claimed the German government has long intruded into the domestic affairs of Bavaria.[4] Outside of modern-day Germany in Austria, there are Austrian nationalists who have rejected unification of Austria with Germany on the basis of preserving Austrians' Catholic religious identity from the potential danger posed by being part of a Protestant-majority Germany.[5]

The Reichsadler from the coat of arms of Henry VI dated 1304, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany. The Reichsadler, now known as the Bundeswappen, is a symbol of Germany.

Contents
1 History 1.1 16th to mid-19th century 1.2 Revolutions of 1848 to German

The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

Unification of 1871 1.3 1871 to World War I, 19141918 1.4 Interwar period, 1918-1933 1.5 1933-1945 under Nazi Germany 2 German nationalism in Austria 3 Symbols 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 See also

History
16th to mid-19th century
The Protestant Reformation begun by Martin Luther has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common Germanic language and literature.[1] Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.[6] However it was not until the concept of nationalism itself was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder that German nationalism began.[7] German nationalism as promoted by Herder and Immanuel Kant was Romantic in nature that were based upon the principles of collective self-determination, territorial unification and cultural identity, and a political and cultural programme to achieve those ends.[8] The German Romantic nationalism of Herder and Kant derived from the Enlightenment era philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau's and French Revolutionary philosopher Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys' ideas of naturalism and that legitimate nations must have been conceived in the state of nature.[9] This emphasis on the naturalness of ethno-linguistic nations continued to be upheld by the early 19th century Romantic German nationalists Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Ernst Moritz Arndt, and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn who all were proponents of Pan-Germanism.[9]

Johann Gottfried Herder, the founder of the concept of nationalism itself and the founder of the original Romantic German nationalism.

The invasion of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) by Napoleon's French Empire and the subsequent dissolution of the HRE brought about a German liberal nationalism as advocated primarily by the German middle-class bourgeoisie who advocated the creation of a modern German nation-state based upon liberal democracy, constitutionalism, representation, and popular sovereignty while opposing absolutism.[10] Fichte in particular brought German nationalism forward as a response to the French occupation of German territories in his Address to the German Nation (1808), evoking a sense of German distinctiveness in language, tradition, and literature that composed a common identity.[11] After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna, German nationalists tried but failed to establish Germany as a nation-state, instead the German Confederation was created that was a loose collection of independent German states that lacked strong federal institutions.[10] Economic integration between the German states was achieved by the creation of the Zollverein ("Custom Union") of Germany in 1818 that existed until 1866.[10] The move to create the Zollverein was led by Prussia and the Zollverein was dominated

by Prussia, causing resentment and tension between Austria and Prussia.[10]

Revolutions of 1848 to German Unification of 1871

The Revolutions of 1848 resulted in a liberal nationalist revolution in various German states.[10] Liberal nationalists did not seize power in a number of German states and an allDepiction of the session of the Frankfurt Parliament German in 1848. parliament was created in Frankfurt in May [10] The Frankfurt Parliament attempted to create a national 1848. Germania, painting by Philipp constitution for all German states but rivalry between Prussian and Veit, 1848. Austrian interests resulted in proponents of the parliament advocating a "small German" solution (a monarchical German nation-state without Austria) with the imperial crown of Germany being granted to the King of Prussia.[10] The King of Prussia refused the offer and efforts to create a liberal German nation-state faltered and collapsed.[12] In the aftermath of the failed attempt to establish a liberal German nation-state, rivalry between Prussia and Austria intensified under the agenda of Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who blocked all attempts by Austria to join the Zollverein.[13] A division developed amongst German nationalists, with one group led by the Prussians that supported a "Lesser Germany" that excluded Austria and another group that supported a "Greater Germany" that included Austria.[13] The Prussians sought a Lesser Germany to allow Prussia to assert hegemony over Germany that would not be guaranteed in a Greater Germany.[13] Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the "wars of unification": the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War [which effectively excluded Austria from Germany] (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870).[13] A German nation-state was founded in 1871 called the German Empire as a Lesser Germany with the King of Prussia inheritting the throne of German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) and Bismarck becoming Chancellor of Germany.[13]

1871 to World War I, 19141918

Unlike the prior German nationalism of 1848 that was based upon liberal values, the German nationalism utilized by supporters of the German Empire was based upon Prussian authoritarianism, and was conservative, reactionary, anti-Catholic, anti-liberal and anti-socialist in nature.[14] The German Empire's supporters advocated a Germany based upon Prussian and Protestant cultural dominance.[15] This German nationalism focused on German identity based upon the historical crusading Teutonic Order.[16] These nationalists supported a German national identity claimed to be based on Bismarck's ideals that included Teutonic values of willpower, loyalty, honesty, and perseverance.[17]

German language area in 191011; the boundaries of states are in red.

German nationalists in the German Empire who advocated a Greater Germany during the Bismarck era focused on overcoming dissidence by Protestant Germans to the inclusion of Catholic Germans in the state by creating the Los von Rom! ("Away from Rome!") movement that advocated assimilation of Catholic Germans to Protestantism.[18] During the time of the German Empire, a third faction of German nationalists (especially in the Austrian parts of the Austria-Hungary Empire) advocated a strong desire for a Greater Germany but, unlike earlier concepts, led by Prussia instead of Austria; they were known as Alldeutsche.

Social Darwinism, messianism, and racialism began to become themes used by German nationalists after 1871 based on the concepts of Volksgemeinschaft.[19] An important element of German nationalism promoted by the government of the German Empire was its emphasis on Germany asserting itself as a world economic and military power, aimed at competing with France and the United Kingdom for world power.[2] Eventually this direction led to the onset of World War I.[2]

Interwar period, 1918-1933

After the defeat of Germany in World War I, Germany faced being forced to accept the punitive conditions of war repratations and territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles as well as the effects of hyperinflation, economic insecurity, and constitutional Germany after the Treaty of weaknesses.[2] Germans Versailles: were dissatisfied with the Administered by the League of state of affairs in Nations Germany.[2] New Annexed by neighbouring institutions of the new Weimar Republic faced countries difficulties in mobilizing the Weimar Germany masses in favour of its policies. Economic, social, and political cleavages fragmented Germany's society.[2] Eventually the Weimar Republic collapsed under these pressures and the political maneuverings of leading German officials and politicians.[2]

1933-1945 under Nazi Germany

Election poster of the nationalist and monarchist German National People's Party (DNVP). The DNVP is symbolized by the large and strong eagle bearing the black-white-red imperial flag, while depicting proWeimar Republic movements with the small and weak bird holding the black-red-yellow republican flag.

German nationalism was one of the key points of Nazism "(National Socialist Program)" that the Nazis used for support to the German people and the German nation. The first point to the program was that "We demand

for support to the German people and the German nation. The first point to the program was that "We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination." Adolf Hitler, an Austrian German by birth, began to develop his strong patriotic German nationalist views from a very young age. He was greatly influenced by many other Austrian German nationalists in Austria-Hungary. The annexing of Austria (Anschluss) and the Sudetenland (annexing of Sudetenland) finally completed Nazi Germany's desire to the German nationalism of the Volksdeutsche (people/folk).

German nationalism in Austria

Main article: German nationalism in Austria After the Revolutions of 1848/49, in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution, the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany, and increasing ethnic conflicts in the Habsburg Monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a German national movement evolved in Austria.[20] Led by the radical German nationalist and anti-semite Georg von Schnerer, organisations like the Pan-German Society demanded the link-up of all German-speaking territories of the Danube Monarchy to the German Empire, and decidedly rejected Austrian patriotism. Schnerer's vlkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Hitler's ideology.[21] In 1933, Austrian Nazis and the national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against the Austrofascist regime which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity.[22] Whilst it violated the Treaty of Versailles terms, Hitler, a native of Austria, unified the two German states together "(Anschluss)" in 1938. This meant the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists was achieved and a Greater German Reich briefly existed.[23] After 1945, the German national camp was revived in the Federation of Independents and the Freedom Party of Austria.[24]

Symbols

Flag of Germany, originally designed in 1848 and used at the Frankfurt Parliament, then by the Weimar Republic, and the basis of the flags of East and West Germany from 1949 to 1990.

Flag of the German Empire, originally designed in 1867 for the North German Federation, it was adopted as the flag of Germany in 1871. This flag was used by opponents of the Weimar Republic who saw the black-redyellow flag as a symbol of it. Recently it has been used by far-right nationalists in Germany.

Flag of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. This flag was used by the Nazi Party and is banned in Germany under German law. The flag is used today by neoNazis. It is based on the colours of the flag of the German Empire.

References
1. ^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 189. 2. ^ a b c d e f g h Motyl 2001, pp. 190. 3. ^ Wolfram Kaiser, Helmut Wohnout. Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918-45. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2004. P. 40. 4. ^ James Minahan. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group, Ltd., 2000. P. 108. 5. ^ Spohn, Willfried (2005), "Austria: From Habsburg Empire to a Small Nation in Europe", Entangled identities: nations and Europe (Ashgate): p. 61 6. ^ Kesselman 2009, pp. 180. 7. ^ Motyl 2001, pp. 189-190. 8. ^ Smith 2010, pp. 24. 9. ^ a b Smith 2010, pp. 41. 10. ^ a b c d e f g Verheyen 1999, pp. 7. 11. ^ Jusdanis 2001, pp. 82-83. 12. ^ Verheyen 1999, pp. 7-8. 13. ^ a b c d e Verheyen 1999, pp. 8. 14. ^ Verheyen 1999, pp. 8, 25. 15. ^ Kesselman 2009, pp. 181. 16. ^ Samson 2002, pp. 440. 17. ^ Gerwarth 2005, pp. 20. 18. ^ Seton-Watson 1977, pp. 98. 19. ^ Verheyen 1999, pp. 24. 20. ^ Bauer, Kurt (2008) (in German), Nationalsozialismus: Ursprnge, Anfnge, Aufstieg und Fall (http://books.google.de/books?

21.

22.

23.

24.

id=n9L1GyROMi0C&pg=PA41&dq=deutschnationalismus+in+%C3%B6sterreich+k%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz &hl=de&ei=3Q5iTrCGIobtsgbNgamPCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ #v=onepage&q=deutschnationalismus%20in%20%C3%B6sterreich%20k%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&f=false) , Bhlau Verlag, p. 41, http://books.google.de/books? id=n9L1GyROMi0C&pg=PA41&dq=deutschnationalismus+in+%C3%B6sterreich+k%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz &hl=de&ei=3Q5iTrCGIobtsgbNgamPCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ #v=onepage&q=deutschnationalismus%20in%20%C3%B6sterreich%20k%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&f=false ^ Wladika, Michael (2005) (in German), Hitlers Vtergeneration: Die Ursprnge des Nationalsozialismus in der k.u.k. Monarchie (http://books.google.de/books? id=hAh8RPuxUEUC&pg=PA38&dq=deutschnationale+bewegung&hl=de&ei=sm5jToHMGsjZsgaN9tSWCg&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=snippet&q=linzer%20programm&f=fals e) , Bhlau Verlag, p. 157, http://books.google.de/books? id=hAh8RPuxUEUC&pg=PA38&dq=deutschnationale+bewegung&hl=de&ei=sm5jToHMGsjZsgaN9tSWCg&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=snippet&q=linzer%20programm&f=fals e ^ Morgan, Philip (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=ZVGAZJWJOWkC) . Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 0-415-16942-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books? id=ZVGAZJWJOWkC. ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998), A history of eastern Europe: Crisis and Change (http://books.google.de/books? id=IuW7T8wfNGAC&pg=PA355&dq=pan+german+society+sch%C3%B6nerer&hl=de&ei=jHFjTvyYLIv4sgbe kP2LCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false) , Routledge, p. 355, http://books.google.de/books? id=IuW7T8wfNGAC&pg=PA355&dq=pan+german+society+sch%C3%B6nerer&hl=de&ei=jHFjTvyYLIv4sgbe kP2LCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ^ Pelinka, Anton (2000), "Jrg Haiders "Freiheitliche" ein nicht nur sterreichisches Problem" (http://books.google.com/books? id=NWmudq4s4GAC&pg=PA233&dq=deutschnational+freiheitliche&hl=de&ei=OZzTouFIsTLswaP5YSMCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepag e&q&f=false) (in German), Liberalismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Knigshausen & Neumann): p. 233, http://books.google.com/books? id=NWmudq4s4GAC&pg=PA233&dq=deutschnational+freiheitliche&hl=de&ei=OZzTouFIsTLswaP5YSMCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepag e&q&f=false

Bibliography
Gerwarth, Robert (2005). The Bismarck myth: Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928184-X. Jusdanis, Gregory (2001). The Necessary Nation. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08902-7. Kesselman, Mark (2009). European Politics in Transition. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-87078-4. Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12227230-7. Samson, James (2002). The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59017-5. Smith, Anthony D. (2010). Nationalism. Cambridge, England, UK; Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Polity Press. ISBN 0-19-289260-6. Seton-Watson, Hugh (1977). Nations and states: an enquiry into the origins of nations and the politics of nationalism. London, England, UK: Methuen & Co. Ltd.. ISBN 0-416-76810-5. Verheyen, Dirk (1999). The German question: A Cultural, Historical, and Geopolitical Exploration. Cambridge, England, UK; Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-

6878-2.

See also
Deutschtum German National People's Party Frankfurt Parliament German unification Related nationalisms Austrian nationalism Bavarian nationalism Prussian nationalism Rhenish nationalism Swabian nationalism Swiss nationalism Vlkisch movement Nazi Party Nazism Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_nationalism&oldid=540472992" Categories: Nationalism by country or region History of Europe History of Germany German culture This page was last modified on 26 February 2013 at 03:03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.