A SIMPLE APPROACH TO RATIONALISE CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY-SETTING PERSONAL KYOTO TARGETS

Abhinandan Chopra MIT,Manipal abhinandan.chopra @rediffmail.com Anup Anand MIT,Manipal anupanand2005 @gmail.com Ankit Kumar MIT,Manipal ankit.taurian @gmail.com

Abstract
Nowadays people are more concerned about conservation of energy and using it efficiently. One of the focal point is on the energy consumption in housing sector. Energy Audit is considered as one of the comprehensive methods in checking the energy usage and wastage. Though energy auditing in housing sector is a new concept, this paper proposes a simple way to monitor the electricity usage, set a reduced consumption target based on historical energy data collection and outline methods to achieve it.

Keywords- Energy wastage, residential

sector, energy efficiency and conservation.

1. Introduction
With the growing awareness people have started showing their concerns regarding the three Es economics, energy and the environment which must be constantly weighed against one another. All three are important in the scheme of things for life as we know and enjoy it. And there is concurrence that in some major countries energy and economics has ganged up on the environment. One of the results appears to be global warming which everyone more or less grudgingly agree could be a worldwide problem, i.e. a problem shared by everyone. But by when, where and how to solve it?. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) which aims to reduce the emission of the gases that cause

climate change. The protocol was first signed in 1997, with distinct climate goals set for 2008-2012 .During the first time period of the protocol, the signing emissions to between nations negotiated to reduce their CO2 -8% and +10% of 1990 levels. The protocol allows for the trading of emissions certificates by nations that exceed their reduction goals. Details of the trading system were negotiated after the initial signing date, with the goal of determining how the trading of emissions permits would work. Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol puts a price on emissions to the atmosphere. Pricing emissions, with limits will increase costs. The effect of increasing cost, in a balanced market, where demand must be met, accelerates the search for alternatives. These alternatives become energy efficient or green. Thus, because of the Kyoto Protocol, an increase in cost within one sector can become the catalyst to energy efficient technologies in another. Another benefit is that limiting GHG emissions will soften the blow of a coming fossil fuel crisis by prematurely forcing, a least in a limited way, a transition to lower energy intensive technologies. This preemptive transition seems, by chance, to have landed exactly at the time when fossil fuel production is peaking and reserves are declining. As a result, we can predict that the sector will offer superior opportunities for GHG friendly technology investment. Demand will continue to increase as the fuel supply decreases. The same analysis reveals that these GHG limiting factors will actually increase the profitability and net worth of the oil and gas sector. Bureau of energy actively promotes a policy of energy conservation and energy efficiency

in order to reduce the energy consumption. The action plans for the promotion of energy efficiency in residential and commercial sectors include raise the energy efficiency standard of electrical appliances, establish an inspection system for energy conservation in buildings, establish a total energy consumption control system for buildings and implement energy-saving measures in the government sector.

2. Refrigerator: With a similar load of contents in the two fridges, with similar door opening and closing frequencies, same time of year, the house interior temperature being the same between the two measurements, the old fridge consumed twice the amount of energy 3. Air Conditioner: For the same cooling capacity(1ton=12000btu) the power required by the new efficient air conditioner is 2030% less with respect to the old ones. 4.Electric geyser replaced by solar water heating system(SWHS): Heat energy required for raising temperature of water is given by the

2. Methodology 2.1 Power Factor Improvement

Active power with old power factor P1=VIcos1 Apparent power , S = VI Reactive power , Q1 = S P After improvement of power factor to unity in case of lights, fans, etc. P2 = VICos2 = VI Therefore, percentage increase in useful power = (P2 P1)/P1 * 100 Eg. LOAD CFL FAN TL WATTAGE 25 75 40 HRS. of USAGE 8 14 10 DAILY SAVING AFTER PF IMPROVEMENT 7.5% 10% 8%

E1 = quantity of water (M) * specific heat(S) * temperature difference (t) in Kcal or kWh The total solar energy required at the entry of the collector is given by E2 = E1/(th) in kcal or kWh Where th is the efficiency of the SWSH. Saving in electricity consumption or fuel consumption per day is given by Se = E1/ c kWh/day Where c is the efficiency of conventional heating system consuming electricity of fuel. The saving in electricity per month is given by Sm= Se* Nm in kWh Where Nm = no of sunny solar day per month.

In case of motor to pump water the power factor is being improved from 0.7-.75 to .9.95. herefore, percentage saving is equal to 30-35%. Assuming that supply voltage and frequency remains constant

2.2 Replacement of old electrical appliances with new efficient ones

1.Replacement of incandescent lamp with CFLs : percentage saving of electricity = 7580%.

2.3 Insulation
Windows can be one of your home's most attractive features. Unfortunately, they can also account for 10% to 25% increase in your electricity bill. During the summer, your air conditioner must work harder to cool hot

air from sunny windows. Install ENERGY STAR windows and use curtains and shade to give your air conditioner a break and reduce the energy bill by 10% to 15%. Let X1 = energy consumed by air conditioner per day = power rating (P) * daily usage (H 1 in hrs.). Therefore, savings(S) achieved by installing energy efficient windows is given by S = X1 * Energy star rating of the window.

P1, PUMP = active power consumed at old pf TPUMP = hrs. of usage of pump per day A = A 1 + A2 + A3 + A4 Where, A = total power saved by improving the pf. B1 = NL * (PL PCFL) * TL Where, B1 = power saved by replacement of incandescent lamp by cfl NL = no. of lamps replaced PL = power rating of lamp PCFL = power rating of cfl TL = hrs. of usage of lamp B2 = NR * (PR, OLD - PR, NEW) * TR Where, B2 = power saved by replacement of old refrigerators by new ones NR = no. of refrigerators replaced PR, OLD = power rating of old refrigerators PR, NEW = power rating of new refrigerators TR = hrs. of usage of refrigerator B3 = NAC * (PAC, OLD - PAC, NEW) * TAC Where, B3 = power saved by replacement of old air conditioners by new ones NAC = no. of acs replaced PAC, OLD = power rating of old ac PAC, NEW= power rating of new ac TAC = hrs. of usage of ac B = B 1 + B2 + B 3 + S e Where, B= total power saved by replacing old appliances by new ones. Total power saved per day, Psaved = A + B + S Hence net power saved per month, E= Psaved * Ndays

2.4 Total power saved

A1 = NCFL * (P2,CFL P1,CFL) * (TCFL) Where, A1 = power saved by improving pf of CFL NCFL = no. Of cfls P2,CFL =active power consumed at new pf P1,CFL = active power consumed at old pf TCFL = hrs. of usage of cfl per day A2 = NFAN * (P2,FAN P1,FAN) * (TFAN) Where, A2 = power saved by improving pf of FAN NFAN = no. of fans P2, FAN = active power consumed at new pf P1, FAN = active power consumed at old pf TFAN = hrs. of usage fan per day A3 = NTL * (P2,TL P1,TL) * (TTL) Where, A3 = power saved by improving pf of TUBE LIGHT NTL = no. of tube lights P2,TL = active power consumed at new pf P1,TL = active power consumed at old pf TTL = hrs. of usage of tube light per day A4 = NPUMP * (P2,PUMP P1,PUMP) * (TPUMP) Where, A4 = power saved by improving pf of pump NPUMP = no. of pumps P2, PUMP = active power consumed at new Pf

3. RESULTS
By carrying out the analysis based on the above methodology we find that there is significant opportunity to reduce consumption and wastage without compromising on quality of life and appliances. We find that 20-35% reduction is possible in the electricity bill by implementing simple and not so costly measures like power factor improvement, replacement of appliances, proper window insulation. There is a seasonal variation of power consumed from 350kWh to 850kWh per month(case study of a residence). It is seen that the consumption can be brought in the range of 240kWh-640kWh. Hence we set a achievable target of 400 kWh(seasonal variation allowed).

Chen, Cheng-Hung Lee, Huei-Wei Lo The study of greenhouse gases reduction in residential and commercial sector in Taiwan 3. G. C. Contaxis, Measures to reduce Green house gases in Greece 4.IEEE Potentials Energizing Change 5. A. F. Zobaa International Response to Climate change: An Overview 6. Sean Walker, Keith W. Hipel strategic analysis of Kyoto Protocol 7.Mukherjee & Chakravarty fundamentals of renewable energy systems
8. www.thomex.com 9. www.bee.org 10. www/homeenergyaudit.com 11.www.wikipedia.com

4. CONCLUSION
People must work together to save electricity and use it efficiently. Energy efficiency improvement is the most important issue to address the global climate change issues in residential sectors. Energy audit is the most comprehensive methods in achieving energy savings in buildings in housing sector thus reducing excessive energy consumption wastage. If the housing sector led by the builders participates in the implementation of personal Kyoto target programs to their buildings, wasteful consumption of energy will be minimized. Kyoto protocol has succeeded to some extent to minimize the wastage of energy and setting up personal Kyoto targets will add to the fulfillment of its objectives

5. REFERENCES
1. H.K.Wong C.K.Lee Application of Energy Audit in Buildings and a case study 2. Syed Enamul Haque, Nazar H. Malik, M.S.Smiai online power factor improvement of induction motors 3. Fei-Chiao Yang, Nan-Hwa

ELECTRICITY SAVED IN CFL BY POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

50 45 40 Power 35 In kWh 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

AT PF=0.93 AT PF=UNITY

Months

ELECTRICITY SAVED BY POWER FACTOR CORRECTION IN FAN LOADS

100
P O W E R
(KWH)

80 60 40 20 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D P.F.=0.9 P.F.=UNITY

MONTHS

% SAVING BY TAKING REPLACED ONES AS BASE (100)

120 100 80
LAM P OLD AC OLD REF. WATER HEATER

NEW AC NEW REF.

60 40
CFL

Series1 Series2

20 0 1 2 3
SWHS