10

Flow in Open Channels

10.1 Varied Flow (Non uniform flow)
bottom slope: S0 Bernouilli equation:
v 2 v2 v2 S0 dx + y + = y + dy + + d + S dx 2 g 2 g 2 g divided by dx : dE = S0 S f dx dE dE dy = dx dy dx dy d v 2 + = S0 S f , dx dx 2 g d v 2 y+ = S0 S f dx 2 g

Slope of EL = Sf

( E specific energy ),
dy S0 S f = dx 1 Fr2

dE Q2 b 2 =1 3 = 1 Fr dx g A Q2 b Fr = , non rectangular channel g A 3

Basis equation of gradually varied flow (water surface profiles can be deduced from this

equation):
dy S0 S f = , dx 1 Fr2 Q Channel Shape in Fr S f

This equation shows how the depth (y) changes with distance (x) in terms of bed slope (S 0) and friction (Sf). Classification of surface profiles: For a given discharge Q:
Q n 2 n 2 Q2 p 4 3 S f = , = A R 2 3 A10 3 S f Fr as A y Q2 b F = g A 3
2 r

When the flow is uniform Sf = S0 and y = y0 S0 once y over y 0 S f below S0 S f < S0 when y > y 0 S f > S0 when y < y 0 and Fr2 > 1 when Fr2 < 1 when y < yc y > yc

From these inequalities, we can know the sign of changes for differnt slopes & Froude numbers. The classification proceeds as follows:

dy . For example the surface slope dx

S0 < SC S0 > SC S0 = SC S0 = 0 S0 < 0

y 0 > yC y 0 > yC y 0 > yC y 0 > yC y 0 > yC

Mild Slope Steep Slope Critical Slope Horizontal Slope Adverse Slope

M profile S profile C profile H profile A profile

Takins a mild slope channel as an example:

yc: critical depth y0: normal depth

Identifying 3 zones in the flow: Zone 1: above the normal detph Zone 2: between normal & critical depth Zone 3: below critical depth
Zone 1: y > y 0 > y c Zone 2 : y 0 > y > y c Zone 3 : y 0 > y c > y S f < S0 S f > S0 S f > S0 Fr2 < 1 dy >0 dx dy Fr2 < 1 <0 dx dy Fr2 > 1 >0 dx surface rising surface falling surface rising

At the boundary:

Zone 1: As y then Sf Fr 0,

dy S0 dx

Hence the water surface is asymtotic to a horizontal line for it maximum.

dy As y y0 then Sf S0 and 0 dx
Hence the water surface is asymtotic to the line y = y0 . i.e. uniform flow.

dy Zone 2: As y y0 then Sf S0 and 0 dx

Hence the water surface is asymtotic to the line y = y0.

As y yc then Fr 1 and

dy dx

This is physically impossible. In reality a very steep surface will occur.

dy Zone 3: As in zone 2, As y yc then Fr 1 and dx dy S0 the slope of channel bed. dx The gradually varied flow equation is not available here.
As y 0 then

Example:

Methods of solution of varied flow equation: There are 3 forms of varied flow equation:
dH = S f dx dE = S0 S f dx dy S0 S f = dx 1 Fr2

(1) (2) (3)

There are 2 basic methods (For prismatic channels):

1 - Direct step: distance from detph 2 - Standard Method: depth from distance

1 The direct step method: distance from depth

(2)

dE E Ei = S0 S f dE = S0 S f dx x = i+1 ( 3) dx S0 S where i & i +1 represent location along the channel with the distance x :

S : the average value of S in the interval. Varies very gradually along the channel, if x is small This method is to determine a point in the channel where the depth is known and
use that point as the starting point for computation of a distance upstream / downstream:
2 2 Q n 2 Si + Si+1 1 Q n 1 Q n S= = S = = + 2 3 A R 2 3 2 2 Ai Ri2 3 2 Ai+1 Ri+1

This method will calculate a distance for a given change in surface height.

(3)

1 F 2 r ( finite difference) x = S S y 0 f

Steps in solution are:

1. Determine the control depth as a starting point. 2. Decide on expected curve and depth change if possible. 3. Choose a suitable depth step by y 4. Calculation term in brackets at "mean" depth (yinitial + y/2). 5. Calculate x 6. Repeat 4 & 5 until the appropiate distance / depth change is reached. 5

Example: A flow rate of 25 m3/s occurs in a trapezoidal channel. Bottom width = 6m, slide slopes = 1.5:1, z = 1.5, Manning value n=0.025, bed slope = 0.0001 m/m. If the depth at a point in the channel is 1.3m, how far (upstream / downstream) from this point will the depth be 1.6 m?

Calculate critical depth :

25 2 (6 + 2 z y c ) 25 2 (6 + 3 y c ) Q2 b =1 = = 2 3 2 3 gn A 3 9.81 (6 y c + z y c ) 9.81 (6 y c +1.5 y c )

2

y c = 1.1 m

2 Critical slope : A = 6 y c +1.5 y c = 6 1.1+1.5 (1.1) = 8.415 m 2

Rh =

A 8.415 8.415 = = = 0.844 2 2 p 6 + 2 y c + z 2 y c 6 + 2(1.1) 1+ (1.5) 2 S0 < Sc Mild Slope

A 8.415 2 Sc = gn n 2 = 0.007 4 3 = 9.81 0.025 (6 + 3 1.1) 0.844 4 3 b Rh

Example:

A flow rate of 10 m3/s occurs in a rectangular channel 6m wide, Manning value n=0.013, bed slope = 0.0001 m/m. If the depth at a point in the channel is 1.5m, how far (upstream / downstream) from this point will the depth be 1.65 m?
6 y 0 2 3 6 y 0 2 3 1 1 12 23 12 Q = A R S0 , 10 = (6 y 0 ) (0.001) = 0.769 (6 y 0 ) n 0.013 6 + 2 y 0 6 + 2 y 0 Solving by trial-and-error, we obtain y0=1.94m

Calculate critical depth: (specific energy)

y c = 3 q 2 g = 3 (10 6) 9.81 = 0.66m, y 0 > y c , the slope is mild. y c < y < y 0 in zone 2
2

so depth 1.65 m must be upstream of depth 1.5 m. We choose y = 0.005m

Q n 2 E i+1 E i v2 x = , E =y+ , S = A R 2 3 S0 S 2 g

2 The standard step method: depth from distance

Steps in solution are similar to the ones in the direct step. However for each x the followings steps are performed:

From Eq(2) : E = x S0 S f

mean

( 4)

1. Assume a value of depth y (the control depth or las solution depth)

2. Calculare Specific Energy EG 3. Calculate Sf 4. Calculate E using (4) 5. Calculate Ei+1= Ei+E 6. Repeat until Ei+1 = EG

Another formula of Stantard Step Method

Q n 2 S 0 dy S 0 S f A R 2 3 ' Based on equation ( 3) : y = = = Q2 b dx 1 Fr2 1 g A 3

(5)

Using trapezoidal Method to integrate this OD equation: y i+1 = y i + in interval i to i +1: y' = 0.5 ( y 'i + y 'i+1 )

dy x = y i + y' x dx y i+1 = y i + 0.5 ( y 'i + y 'i+1 ) x (6)

' So if A, n, P, Q & y i are known, y i+1 & y i+1 can be solved by the following steps :

Using (5) to calculate y 'i where y i is known form initial on previous steps.

a) Set y 'i+1 = y 'i as a first estimate. b) Calculate y i+1 from Eq. (6) for a selected x. c) Adjust y 'i+1 = y 'i from (5) using y i+1 from step e) d) If

y 'i+1 y 'i >

: tolerance repeat steps (c), (d) & (e) until

y i+1 y i < proceed to the next section of the channel

' ' y i+1 y i <

repeat the process.

Irregular channels: natural channels

+ More complicated geometry & flow in the main channel & flood plain. + Instead of depth y, we are using the height h-stage (water level above a datum).

+ For a given discharge, the river stage is known at one section calculate the stage at the adjacent section. At both sections, a plan of the waterway is available: A, P, n, etc. are known. + We take a trial value of the unnknow stage h2 and calculate A2, v2, v22/2g
2 v2 and hence H2 (total energy) the friction slope S f 2 = 2 can also be e2 R2

calculated and from mean value S f1 + S f 2

) 2 we obtain a total energy

difference H2 - H2. The test of the trial process is whether this value of H2 is equal to the previous calculated one. If not, a further trial will be continued.

H 2 = y 2 + z2 +

2 v2 1 = H1 + x S f1 + S f 2 Eq (1) 2 g 2

Difference beween the energy values : S f + S f2 v2 H E = 2 + z2 + y 2 H1 1 x Since z2 , H1 & S f 2 = const. 2 g 2 Sf dS f 2 dH E d v2 1 = y 2 + 2 2 x = 1 Fr22 x dy 2 dy 2 2 g 2 2 dy 2 dS f 3 S f 2 3 S f 2 Since S f 2 has approximated by : 2 dy 2 y2 R2 3 S f 2 x dH E HE we have = 1 Fr22 + or y 2 = 3 S f 2 x dy 2 2 R2 1 Fr2 + 2 R2 y 2 is amount by which the water level must be changed in order to make a small error H E vanish. Note : In the natural river the surface width b is to the wetted perimeter P v2 b v2 F = g A g R
2 r

10.2 Uniform flow - Chezy equation

All forces are balanced:

dv =0 ds

dy = 0 y : water depth ds

=F1 + w sin F2 0 A0 = 0

(1)
on the bottom & both sides:

+ Resistance

force

exented

0 , A0

( A0 : area of sides & bottom)

hL12 l

0 , P,l

+ No change: F1 F2 = Q (V2 V1 ) = 0

W = A l sin =

S0 = tan

Slope of Channel bed

A A In ope channel is small tan sin = S0 Hydraulic Radius : Rh = P = P Rh A A l sin 0 l = 0 0 = Rh tan = Rh S0 Rh

In pipe flow, we have 0 = f v2 8 v= 8 gn f Rh S0 = C Rh S0

v2 f = Rh S0 = gn Rh S0 8

C=

8 gn f

Chezy coefficient Chezy equation (Frech hydraulician)

Q = C A Rh S0

Fundamental equation for uniform flow in open channels

10.3 Chezy and Manning Coefficient

1 2 n : Manning coefficient Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 ( SI unit ) o n R1 6 1.49 2 Chezy -Manning equation (US unit ) : C = h , Q= A Rh 3 S1 2 o n n 8gn 8gn C= , n = R1 6 h f f C= R1 6 h n

(SI unit )

Example 1:

A rectangular channel lined with asphalt width = 6m, So = 0.0001. Calculate the depth of uniform flow when the flowrate is 12 m3/s.

1 2 Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 ; o n

A = B y = 6 y,

Rh =

A 6 y = , P 6 + 2 y

n = 0.013( Smooth )

6 y 2 3 1 12 = (6 y ) Solving by trial y = 2.2m , 0.013 6 + 2 y for rough asphalt n = 0.016, y = 2.55m

Example 2:

A concrete-line canal with a n-value = 0.0014, is constructed on a slope og 0.33m/km and conveys 23 m3/s. Find uniform flow depth if the canal has a trapedoizal crosssection with bottom width = 6m, side slope of z = 1.5

1 2 Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 , o n
2

S0 = 0.33m km = 0.00033,

1 A = 6 y + 2 y 1.5y = 6 y +1.5 y 2 2 A 6 y +1.5 y 2 = P 6 + 3.61 y

P = 6 + 2 y 2 + ( y z) = 6 + 2y 1+ (1.5) = 6 + 3.61 y,

Rh =

23 =

6 y +1.5 y 2 1 12 (6 y +1.5 y 2 ) (0.00033) 0.014 6 + 3.61 y y = 1.77m

6 y +1.5 y 2 17.726 = (6 y +1.5 y 2 ) 6 + 3.61 y

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10.4 Uniform Laminar Flow

Flow in a thin sheet infinite width (without side wall) considering one rectangular crosssection with depth y0 & width b.

A b y 0 = = y 0 0 = Rh S0 = y 0 S0 P b dv dv Lamin ar flow : = 0 = dy dy 0 Rh = ( R y ) 2 r 2 v = v c = 1 2 = v s 1 R 2 R dv = 2v s y 0 dy 0 1 v= y0
y0

2 ( R y ) ( 1) ( R y ) dv = v s = 2v s 2 2 dy R R

( R y ) 2 v v s1 R 2 dy = y s 0 0

y0

v dy y s 0 0

y0

R 2 2 R y + y 2 dy = ... R2 0

2 1 3 2 vs v s R y 0 R y 0 + 3 y 0 1 2 = y 0 = vs vs = vs 2 y0 y 0 R 3 3 R =y
0

3 dv v s 2 2 v 3v 0 = = 2 = = , y0 y0 y0 dy 0
2 2 gn y 0 S0 gn y 0 S0 v= = , 3 3 2

0 = y 0 S0 = gn y 0 S0 =
vy 0 Re =

3v y0

3 gn y 0 S0 Re = 3 2

3 gn y 0 2 S0 Chezy form : v = 3

y 0 S0 = C y 0 S0

C = gn Re 3

11

10.5 Hydraulic Radius Considerations

+ Hydraulic Radius Rh plays a prominent role in the equations of open-channel flows: Rh = f(y). + Rectangular channel:
A = By, P = B + 2y, Rh = y 0 y Rh 0 b Rh 2 A B y = P B + 2 y B 2

For narrow deep section R h =

+ Even for any (non-rectangular) section, when the channel narrow & depp, this
approximation can be applied.
B y , B = 0 Rh = 0 B + 2 y + For constant depth y = const. B Rh y Rh =

+ Wide shallow rectangular channel: Rh y + This approximation is also valid for non-rectangular channel if the setion is wide & shallow. Hydraulic Radius is approximated by the mean depth. Trapezoidal cross-setcion channel

z: Side slopes, z = tan

A = B y + z y 2 , P = B + 2 y 1+ z 2 , Rh = A B y + z y 2 = P B + 2 y 1+ z 2

1+ 2 z ( y B) 1+ ( y B) 1+ z 2 dRh = dy 1+ 4 1+ z 2 ( y B) 1+ ( y B) 1+ z 2

12

For 0 90

(0 z ) & any y

Denominator > Numerator dRh dRh < 1, and as y dy dy

In engineering open channel design = Rh =

A P

Minimum P minimize friction & cost of material Minimum Rh most efficient

Trapezoidal section is wide used in practice:

A A A z y + 2 y 1+ z 2 , Rh = = A y P z y + 2 y 1+ z 2 y A A 2 z +2 1+ z 2 dRh y Assume A & z fixed : = =0 2 dy A 2 z y + 2 y 1+ z y A = 2 1+ z 2 z A = y 2 2 1+ z 2 z y2 A y B = 2y = y 2 1+ z 2 z 2y Substituting into Rh Rhmax = y 2 P = B + 2 y 1+ z 2 =

This is the best hydraulic design condition for a trapezoidal open channel section.

For a rectangular channel (a special form of trapezoidal)

z =0
Example:

A = 2 y 2 ,

y Rhmax = , 2

A = By B = 2y

y=

B , best hydraulic design 2

Find the dimensions of the most- efficient cross section for a rectangular channel that is to convey a uniform flow 10 m3/s ig the channel is lined with gunite, concrete and has a slope of 0.0001. Rectangular Channel, most efficient cross-section:
y 2 3 y0 1 1 2 2 2 , A = 2 y 0 , Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 = 2 y o 0 S1 2 o o 2 2 n n From Table 5, Gunite concrete n = 0.019 (normal) Rh = y 0 2 3 1 12 2 10 = (2 y o ) (0.0001) , 2 0.019 y 0 = 2.77m B = 2 y 0 = 5.54m

13

Example: Solve above problem for a trapezoidal channel with a slope z =2. The best efficient trapezoidal channel has : Rh =
A = y 2 2 1+ z 2 z = 2 5 2 y 2 1 2 Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 0 n

y 2

) (

1 10 = 2 y 2 0.019

( (

y 2 3 12 5 2 (0.0001) 2

y = 2.56 m B = 2y 1+ z 2 z = 2 2.56

5 2 = 1.21m

10.6 Specific Energy, Critical Depth and Critical Slope- Wide

Rectangular Channels:

Specific Energy :

(Bakhmetejf , 1912)

v2 12 Q E =y+ , E =y+ , 2gn 2gn A

Flowrate per unit of width q = q v= y

Q (Q total channel discharge) b 2 12 q 2 3 E =E =y+ q = 2 gn ( y E y ) 2gn y

14

A: q = constant, plot E versus y

Critical depth, yc, corresponding to the condition of minimum specific energy, Emin:
1

dE q2 =1 =0 dy g y 3

q 2 3 y c = g

Critical depth, yc, is a function of only the flowrate per unit width q for a rectangular

channel:

E min

q2 3 = yc + 2 = yc 2 g y c 2

2 y c = E min 3 E y E min y c as q

q2 , if y 0 E ,if y E = y + 2 g y 2
2

At

y = yc

(v y c ) = v 2 = F 2, y > y : Subcritical y < y : Supercritical q2 1= = r c c 3 2 g y c g y c g y c

+ We can conclude that the critical depth condition is specified by the Fr

becoming unity. + Ony value of E Corresponding to 2 values of y: 2 possible depths for a given value of a Specific Energy. This 2 depths are called alternate depths.

15

B: E = constant, plot q versus y

q = 2 g( y 2 E y 3 ) 2 g (2 y E 3 y 2 ) dq = dy y2 E y3

dq 2 = 0 y (2E 3 y ) = 0 y = 0, y c = E dy 3

Flow over a hump: Assumption: Structure is sufifcient smotth, no additional friction loss.

B: E (1) & (2)

y1 + v12 v2 = y 2 + 2 + z 2 gn 2 gn

q= const.

16

z > hmax

dam /choke : no water overflow

flow back up gainning the elevation until obtain enough specific Energy to flow over

the dam. Channel with restriction:

Assuming: Constriction is smooth, no addition friction loss. Qtotal = constant, q/unit as flow passes the constriction.

17

 B B qcon = 1 q1, qmax = 1 q1, Critical condition : B < Bmin choke Bcon Bcon
Explain by formula:

q2 dE dz dE dy dz + =0 + =0 2 = E + z = const. 2 g y dx dx dy dx dx dE q2 v2 y2 v2 dy dz =1 =1 =1 = 1 Fr2 (1 Fr2 ) + dx = 0 3 3 g y g y g y dx dy S0 , q = const, in the E - y curve Fr : plays a prominent role H = y+z+

+ If there is a upward step

dz >0 dx

dy Hence +If Fr < 1: Subcritical < 0 y over step dx dy +If Fr > 1: Supercritical > 0 y over step dx
+ If there is a downward step

dy (1 Fr2 ) < 0 dx

dz <0 dx

18

dy (1 Fr2 ) > 0 dx dy > 0 y over step dx dy +If Fr > 1: Supercritical < 0 y over step dx

Hence +If Fr < 1: Subcritical

Example:

Uniform Subcritical flow at a depth 1.5m in a lon rectangular channel of width 3m, Manning value n=0.012, slope of 0.001. Calculate: a) Minimum height of hump which can be brult on the floor of the chanel to produce critical depth. b) The maximum width of constriction which will produce critical depth. (q = const)

E0 = y +

2 1 Q 2 gn A

1.5 3 2 3 1 1 12 23 12 Q = A Rh S0 = (1.5 3) (0.001) = 7.83m 3 s 2 1.5 + 3 n 0.015 7.83 2 1 E 0 = 1.5 + = 1.65m 2 9.81 1.5 3
2 13 q 2 1 3 ( 7.83 3) = 0.886m Flow over hump, critical depth occurs once E = E min when y c = = 9.81 gn 3 3 E min = y c = 0.886 = 1.33m hump height z = E 0 E min = 1.65 1.33 = 0.32m 2 2

b) E = const 2 yc = 3 Bcon =
2 13 7.83/B 2 1 3 q 2 1 3 (Q /Bcon ) 2 2 con ) = ( E min = E 0 = 1.65 = 1.1m y c = 1.1 = = 3 3 gn 9.81 gn 7.83 = 2.17m 3 (1.1) 9.81

Critical Slope:

In uniform flow, the slope of the channel bottom under critical depth condition is called critical slope Sc. For a rectangular channel of a wide depth (Rh=yc), Sc can be obtained as follows. 19

1 1 Q 1 5 2 2 Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 = b y c y c 3 S1 2 q = = y c 3 S1 2 c c c n n b n 1 53 12 gn n 2 q = gn y = y c Sc Sc = 1 3 n yc If slope of a channel > Sc : steem slope

3 c

Example:

< Sc : mild slope

For a flowrate 1.5 m3/s in a rectangular channel 12m wida a water depth is 1.2m. Is the flow a subcritical or supercritical if n = 0.017, what is Sc ot this channel? What chanel slope would be required to produce uniform flow at a depth of 1.2m?
1

q 2 3 Q 1.5 q= = = 0.125 m 2 s, critical depth : y c = = 0.117m B 12 gn

2

y = 1.2m > y c : flow is subcritical S1 2 = 0 Q n 2 A Rh 3

gn n 2 9.81 (0.017) 1 2 Sc = 1 3 = = 0.0058, Channel slope : Q = A Rh 3 S1 2 13 0 yc n (0.117) 2 Q n 2 1.5 0.017 6 S0 = 2 3 = 3.136 10 2 3 = 1.2 12 A Rh 1.2 12 2 1.2 +12

S0 < SC : mild slope

10.7 Specific Energy, Critical Depth and Critical Slope- Non rectangular

Channels:
2 2 1 Q 1 Q E =y+ = y + , 2 gn A 2 gn f ( y )

dE Q2 2 dA Q 2b Q2 b = 1+ = 1 = 1+ dy 2 gn A 3 dy 2 gn A 3 gn A 3 Fr = Q2 b = gn A 3 v gn A b

dE Q2 b = 0, =1 Q = dy gn A 3
Critical depth: at E = Emin

gn A 3 b

Critical slope: Q =

A gn A 3 1 2 1 = A Rh 3 SC 2 SC = gn n 2 4 3 b n b Rh

20

Example: A flow of 28 m3/s recurs in an earth-lined canal having a base width of 3m, side slopes z=2, Manning n-values of 0.022. Calculate the critical depth & critical slope:
Critical depth : happens when dE =0 dy y c = 1.5m

28 2 ( 3 + 2 z y c ) 28 2 ( 3 + 4 y c ) Q2 b =1 = = 2 3 2 3 gn A 3 9.81 ( 3 y c + z y c ) 9.81 ( 3 y c + 2 y c )

A 2 2 Critical slope : Sc = gn n 2 A = 3 y c + 2 y c = 3 1.5 + 2 (1.5) = 9 m 2 4 3 , b Rh A 9 9 9 2 Rh = = = = 0.93m SC = (9.81) (0.022) 4 3 = 0.00523 2 2 P 3 + 2 y c + 4 y c 3 + 2 1.5 5 3 (0.93)

10.8 Controls and the occurrence of Critical depth:

+ In subcritical flow, a disturbance can move upstream, In practice, a control mechanism such as a gate can make its influence felt on the flow upstream, so that subcritical flow is subject to downstream control. + Conversely, supercritical flow can not be influenced by any feature downstream, and can be controlled from upstream. + Subcritical flow is produced by downstream control, and supercriticalflow by upstream control. "The water doesn't know what's happening downstream". 21

10.9 Hydraulic Jump:

When a change from supercritical to subcritical flow occurs in open channel: Hydraulic jump appears to be a complicated phenomenon: turbulence, air entrainment, ...

Assumptions: rectangular, unifor flow. Work energy & continuity Eqs:

22

( F )
ext

= F1 F2 FX = Q V2 x V1x = q (V2 V1 ) (V = q y ) FX q 2 y 2 q 2 y 2 = + 1 + 2 = M1 M 2 gn y1 2 gn y 2 2

2 1 1 y12 y 2 FX = q 2 2 2 y 2 y1

q2 y2 M= + Force + Momentum Equation gn y 2 In the simple hydraulic Jump : FX = 0 q2 y2 q2 y2 + 1 = + 2 gn y1 2 gn y 2 2 (V = q y )

y 2 1 8 v12 1 = 1+ 1+ 8 Fr12 = 1+ 1+ y 2 gn y1 2 1

or

2 y1 1 8 v 2 1 = 1+ 1+ 8 Fr22 = 1+ 1+ y 2 2 gn y 2 2

Boundary-Equation:

Work-Energy:

v 2 v 2 hL j = y1 + z1 + 1 y 2 + z2 + 2 2 gn 2 gn
Location og Hydraulic jump:

y 2 1 8 v12 = 1+ 1+ y1 2 gn y1

(10.24)

or

2 y1 1 8 v 2 = 1+ 1+ y 2 2 gn y 2

(10.25)

+ If the jump occurs on the mild slope, the flow remains at normal depth on the

steep slope and decelerates on the mild slope until the jump froms. In this case: y < y01 < yc Table 6 Zone 3: M3

23

+ If the jump occurs on the steep slope, the slow jumps from the normal depth to the conjugate depth y2 on the sttep slope, decelerates it until it reachs the normal depth y02 on the mild slope. In this case: y > y02 > yc Table 6 Zone 1: S1 In order to determine which scenarios applies, we are going to calculate the conjugate depths across the jump corresponding to the twho normal depths. For a given flowrate: If y1 > y01 on steep slope, an M3 profile will take place, then the flow decelerates and the depth will increase, so that the jump occurrs. If y1 < y01 : impossible situation. For M3 the depth cannot decrease in dowstream and consequently the jump must occur in the steep slope. an incresae in the n-value in the downstream (mild slope) channel could increase the normal depth y02 so, it would be impossible for the jump to form on the downstream: channel roughness plays a role in positioning of hydraulic jump.

Example: A flowrate of 15m3/s occurs in a long rectangular channel with a width of 3m, and n = 0.015. Uniform low. Verify whether a hydraulic jump must occur and its position: y01 < yc : upstream is steep slope: S-profile. y02 > yc : downstream is mild slope: M-profile. Supercritical --> subcritical --> Hydraulic jump occurs To determine whether the jump located on upstream / downstream of the channel break, we assume that it occurs on the downstream and check to see if this assumption is valid.
y1 =
2 1 8 v 2 Q 15 1 8 3.332 = ... v 2 = = 1.24m y 2 1+ 1+ = = 3.33m /s.... = 1.5 1+ 1+ 2 gn y 2 A2 3 1.5 2 gn 1.5

As y1 > y01, conditions are right for a M3 curve to be developed.

Consequently, the jump will be located on the downstream. To find the exact position of the jump, we are going to calculate the distance downstream from the break (control) to the point where the depth of 1.24m occurs. Using direct step method: 24

x =

E i+1 E i S0 S v2 Q2 15 2 =y+ = 1.24 + 2 = 2.07m 2 gn 2 gn A 2 2 9.81 ( 3 1.24 ) v2 Q2 15 2 =y+ = 0.75 + 2 = 3.02m 2 gn 2 gn A 2 2 9.81 ( 3 0.75)

E1.24 = y + E 0.75 = y +

2 Q n 2 (15 0.015) S1.24 = S0.75 = 0.012, same as channel slope due to u 2 3 = 0.079 , 2 3 = 3 1.24 A Rh ( 3 1.24 ) 3 + 2 1.24 S + S0.75 2.07 3.02 S = 1.24 = 0.01 , x = = 111.76m 2 0.0015 0.01
The hydraulic jump is located 111.76 m downstream of the control.

25