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Principles of AMR
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Introduction
Since its conception, the GSM system was designed with the (now old) GSM half-rate (HR) and full-rate (FR) codecs. This pair of codecs lacked behind the quality of the wireline telephony
(32 kbps adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM))
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These two codecs satisfied the initial expectations of the GSM system. However, the user demand for better speech quality, along with capacity gains enabling cost savings for network operators motivated the further development of the speech services and codecs
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FR codec
Information - User 1
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HR codec
Information - User 1 Information - User 2
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It was introduced in ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) specifications in 1996, as well as in IS-641 in the USA the same year. EFR provides equivalent quality as a normal fixed connection even in typical error conditions. EFR codec was jointly developed by Nokia and University of Sherbrooke.
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So, it was decided to continue the codec specification work with a new codec generation the AMR
GSM HR & FR EFR AMR GSM AMR WCDMA
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Basically, it consists of the introduction of an extremely efficient and adaptable speech codec, the AMR codec. The AMR codec contains
A set of fixed rate speech and channel codecs, Fast in-band signalling and Link adaptation.
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Benefits of AMR
AMR FR gives better speech quality than Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) under severe radio conditions. AMR FR gives always better speech quality than HR.
This makes more attractive to use FR.
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Up to doubled capacity with AMR HR due to the improved robustness (due to possibility to use tighter frequency reuse). Reduced number of dropped calls (with unchanged frequency planning).
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M Channel U Coder X
Speech Synthesis
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Each of them use a number of codec modes which use a particular speech codec. The full-rate codec is actually a combination of eight speech codec The six lowest ones are used by the half-rate codec.
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( * ) Requires 16 kbit/s TRAU. Therefore it is not seen as a feasible CODEC mode and is not supported by NOKIA BSS10.
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Each mode utilises a 6-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for detecting bad frames.
In order to maximise the commonality with GSM, all channels use polynomials used for the previous GSM channels.
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Transcoder (TC)
Speech in
MultiMI Multi- MI Rate Rate S Speech Speech S Abis Channel Decoder Out Decoder MR DownLink Mode Control Uplink Mode Control
MC
Link Adaptation
S = Speech Data QI = Quality Indicator MC = Codec Mode Command MR = Codec Mode Request MI = Codec Mode Indicator MC, MR & MI = (In-band Signalling)
Speech Out
Radio Channel
(DOWNLINK)
MC S MI
MC MI
Speech In
MI
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Link Adaptation
Both the MS and the BTS perform channel estimation of the received signal. Based on channel quality measurements, a codec mode command (down-link) or codec mode request (up-link) is sent over the radio interface in in-band messages. The receiving end uses this information and selects the best codec mode for the prevailing channel conditions The codec used in the up-link may be different to the one used in the down-link, However, the channel mode (HR or FR) MUST BE THE SAME
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In-Band Signalling
An in-band signalling channel is defined for AMR that enables the MS and the BTS to exchange messages on applied or requested speech and channel CODEC modes. The benefit of in-band method is that it does not require a separate signalling channel for the message transfer. With in-band signalling, messages and indicators are sent together with the speech payload. This makes Link Adaptation faster and leads to improvements in the system performance.
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The BTS, on the other hand, may use complementing information, in addition to codec mode request, to determine the downlink codec mode.
That is, the BTS has an option to override the MS's request.
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The default CODEC sets include also a default set of decision thresholds and hysteresis. The initial CODEC mode and CODEC set with thresholds and hysteresis are transferred between network elements and MS by using the existing layer 3 signalling
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Average Code Rate GMSK Channel FR HR 0.57 0.49 0.54 0.54 0.45 0.35 0.7 0.32 0.65 0.29 0.59 0.26 0.52 0.23 0.45 0.21 0.42
8-PSK Channel FR HR
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AMR-WB increases the naturalness and intelligibility of the speech. The major difference in the deployment scenarios is that for preserving the superior quality of the wide-band speech, no transcoders are allowed in the transmission path of the speech from one terminal to the other.
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The link adaptation mechanism is similar to the one defined for the AMR-NB and based on the in-band signalling bits that are transmitted along the speech frames. AMR-WB has been selected by 3GPP as its recommended wide-band speech codec.
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Bit Rate (Kbits/s) 23.85 23.05 19.85 18.25 15.85 14.25 12.65 8.85 6.6
8-PSK Channel FR HR 0.35 0.7 0.34 0.67 0.29 0.58 0.27 0.53 0.23 0.46 0.21 0.42 0.18 0.37 0.13 0.26 0.1 0.19
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Contents
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Principles of AMR
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Coding Sets
In every call setup and handover two parameters are selected by this algorithm
A Coding Set and A Channel Rate/Mode
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A Coding Set (CS) is a group of up to four CODEC rates/modes that an MS or a BTS could use
All of them using the same channel rate (FR or HR).
A Channel Rate/Mode is the speed (in Kbps) of the codec selected. This set is called ACTIVE CODING SET .
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Decision Thresholds
For each of the predefined CODEC sets, there is an associated set of Decision Thresholds that determine which CODEC rate should be used for a certain C/I. This algorithm allows a CODEC rate to be changed every second speech frame. This change can be done only to the closest higher or lower CODEC rate in the active coding set ( Fast CODEC mode adaptation.)
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Uplink
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Transcoder
B T S
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The selection of CODEC mode within the CODEC set is based on measurements of the up-link and down-link radio channel. The CODEC modes in an Active CODEC Set are defined as follows:
Codec Mode 1 2 3 4 Decription Codec Mode with the lowest bit rate Codec Mode with the second lowest mode Codec Mode with the third lowest mode Codec Mode with the highest mode (if the Active Coding Set includes four modes)
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These CODEC sets with their associated decision threshold and hysteresis values are hard-coded and can not be changed.
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Value 12 21 21
dB 6 10.5 10.5
Value 2 3 3
dB 1 1.5 1.5
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Full Rate Codec Set 2 CODEC RATE Codec_Mode_1 4.75 Kbps Codec_Mode_2 5.90 Kbps Codec_Mode_3 7.95 Kbps Codec_Mode_4 12.2 Kbps
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This means that 5.9 kbps will be the ICM for both full rate CODEC sets. !!!!
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Contents
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Principles of AMR
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NOKIA MetroSite GSM and MetroSite EDGE and UltraSite EDGE Base Stations: NOKIA MetroSite and UltraSite base stations have full AMR support however NOKIA UltraSite EDGE TRXs have AMR support in CX3.1 software release.
AMR CODECs support in NOKIA BSC and TCSM: All the NOKIA BSCs have full AMR support. except 7.95 kbit/s on HR channel. NOKIA TCSM2/E has full AMR support. TC PCM pool type is needed for transcoder configuration in A-interface. At minimum the basic AMR type, which supports FR AMR and HR AMR (pool 23), is at least implemented. The other pool types support is still for further study.
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NOKIA TCSM Transcoder??? does not support AMR. When the AMR HR solution is implemented, the BSCs maximum channel capacity 4096 must be taken into account in the BSCs TRX amount dimensioning.
The BSC2i provides with 512 half-rate TRXs capacity or 256 fullrate TRXs.
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The CODEC mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality estimation in both MS and BTS. The basic AMR CODEC mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by BSC via layer 3 signalling. AMR interacts with DADL/B (Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band).
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All modes of operation of the AMR codec have been implemented in TCSM2. Transcoder encodes downlink TRAU frames in the mode, which is commanded by the BTS and decodes uplink TRAU frames it receives from MS via BTS. A new version of transcoding software (TD3PRB) has been created for AMR.
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FEP (Frame Erasure Probability), when available (FER Measurement feature is optional), replaces RxQual in HO algorithms.
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Link Adaptation
There are two link adaptation (LA) modes; 1) ETSI specified fast LA
Allows in-band CODEC mode changes on every other TCH frame
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During both LA modes the BTS indicates the first and the last CODEC used during the last measurement interval as well as the average quality.
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The same CODEC MODE has to be used in all 12 frames 26 Frame Multi-Frame
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Any Rate means that the chosen channel rate is defined by taking into account the currently used information (Channel Type IE, resource situation on radio interface, circuit pool, current channel rate, handover parameters, etc.). The other option is AMR FR, which means that full rate channel is allocated despite of the values of the currently used information.
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The reason behind the Initial AMR channel rate parameter is that quality may not be sufficient for HR AMR call set-up (radio measurement is done on SDCCH). AMR capable TRXs are allocated first for AMR speech call use and then for other speech calls.
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If an operator wants to replace or remove the most robust mode on the AMR set, the corresponding PC and HO RxQual thresholds have to be edited manually.
This also applies to the least robust mode. Replacement or removal of a middle mode on a AMR set does not effect the new PC and HO thresholds.
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That is, until the number of free full rate resources increases above the value of the parameter Upper Limit For FR TCH resources.
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Then, the BSC performs ordered HOs for FR AMR calls, whose quality is above the intra HO threshold Rx qual for AMR FR and which use the least robust CODEC mode. A packing request is valid until it is overwritten by a new one. A packing request, which indicates the amount N as 0, is used to remove any pending packing requests.
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Handover Algorithm
In order to support AMR call continuation also after internal or external HO, the handover target cell list is manipulated so that AMR capable cells which load is low, are on the top.
The candidate cells on the target list are already pruned by the adjacent cell parameter HO Margin PBGT (PMRG). Define?? AMR capable cells are verified by the new adjacent cell parameter amr Dadlb Target Cell of direct access to desired layer
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AMR capable adjacent cells that are below the threshold of BTS parameter BTS Load Threshold (BLT) are prioritised.
Prioritisation is only done when the current call type supports AMR
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If AMR call is the aim and there are no TCHs available in the accessed cell, then Directed Retry (DR) due to congestion, with or without queuing, is made.
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DADL/B (2)
If on the other hand there are TCHs available in the accessed cell and there are adjacent cells defined as DADL/B handover target cells with the parameter amr Dadlb Target Cell, then the DADL/B handover is applied. Adjacent cells are not verified according to the MS capabilities (single band, dual band or tri-band), but they have to fulfill the current signal level requirements in order to be considered as a target cell for DADL/B handover. If there are no DADL/B handover target cells defined, the TCH is allocated from the accessed cell and another speech codec than AMR is chosen.
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4.75
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Codec Threshold Hysteresis Lower Mode (C/I) (C/I) threshold(C/I) 7.4 5.9 14 11 1 1 -
14 11
4.75
Lower threshold in the tables above means towards more robust CODEC and upper threshold means towards less robust CODEC.
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Range 0 1
Definition Initial CODEC mode is defined by the implicit rule provided in GSM 05.09 Initial CODEC mode is defined by the Start Mode field.
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The definition of the initial channel rate, Any Rate or AMR FR, in call set-up, internal inter-cell HO and external HO is handled with parameter initAmrChannelRate.
The default is the Any Rate, meaning that there are no extra requirements by this parameter The chosen channel rate is defined by taking into account the MSC input and other parameters effecting to channel allocation.
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The source side downgrade is used to align the source side CODEC set with the one chosen for the target side in order to utilise the uni-directional downlink connection for the target side. The utilisation of uni-directional downlink connection decreases the amount of muting experienced in the speech path connection during internal inter-cell HO.
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Description less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8 less than 0.2% - greater than 12.8
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HANDOVER CONTROL AMR SIGNAL QUALITY THRESHOLD PARAMETERS OF BTS-044 TESTLABANIMALOO THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR FR ............... < 0.2% THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR FR ............... 0.8% - 1.6% THRESHOLD DL RX QUAL AMR HR ............... > 12.8% THRESHOLD UL RX QUAL AMR HR ............... 0.4% - 0.8% INTRA HO THRESHOLD RX QUAL AMR FR ......... 3.2% - 6.4% INTRA HO THRESHOLD RX QUAL AMR HR ......... 1.6% - 3.2% SUPER REUSE GOOD C/I THRESHOLD AMR FR ..... 16 dB SUPER REUSE BAD C/I THRESHOLD AMR FR ...... 11 dB SUPER REUSE GOOD C/I THRESHOLD AMR HR ..... - 5 dB SUPER REUSE BAD C/I THRESHOLD AMR HR ...... - 90 dB
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TCH requests for AMR calls, in other words AMR CODEC is the most preferred one AMR CODEC mode set downgrades and upgrades
(Successful AMR CODEC Set Downgrades, Unsuccessful AMR CODEC Set Downgrades, Successful AMR CODEC Set Upgrades and Unsuccessful AMR CODEC Set Upgrades).
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Handover Measurement
Number of HO attempts from AMR FR to AMR HR (HO ATT FOR AMR TO HR)
Number of HO attempts from AMR HR to AMR FR (HO ATT FOR AMR TO FR)
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If the parameter is defined as disabled, then other AMR FR set related parameters (thresholds, hysteresis, ICMI and start mode) are set as 0. Range: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 kbit/s This parameter can be assigned the values 0 or 1-4 at the same time by using the wild card character &. MML default: 12.2 7.40 5.9 4.75
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If the parameter is defined as disabled, then other AMR HR set related parameters (thresholds, hystereses, ICMI and start mode) are set as 0. Range: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 This parameter can be assigned the values 0 or 1-4 at the same time by using the wild card character &. MML default: 7.40 5.90 4.75 kbit/s Description:
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Link adaptation (LA) mode can be fast LA or slow LA. The LA mode is handled with the parameter slowAmrLaEnabled.