b un ge

Klaas Kostro Reservoir GmbH

klaas.kostro@reservoir-consulting.com Telefon: +49 (0)40 609 426 711

ECLIPSE Blackoil User Course Exercises

Table of Contents
Exercise 1: Single Well Coning Model..................................................................................................1 Exercise 2: Sector Model RUNSPEC......................................................................................................4 Exercise 3: Sector Model GRID Section................................................................................................5 Exercise 4: Sector Model PROPS and REGIONS Sections....................................................................7 Exercise 5: Sector Model Initialization..................................................................................................9 Conversion Factors...............................................................................................................................10

Exercise 1: Single Well Coning Model

Purpose
To acquaint the user with editing ECLIPSE data files To acquaint the user with the PRT file for identifying errors To compare several simulation models in ECLIPSE Office

Data This is a radial model of a single oil production well. The reservoir contains oil and free and dissolved gas; there is an initial gas cap. In the course of production the well initially produces only oil but eventually cones gas. Four different models of the case are presented RAD04.DATA, RAD08.DATA, RAD16.DATA and RAD24.DATA. RAD.GRF is a graphics run file you will need at a later stage of this exercise. RAD04 is a complete data set; do not alter it. Each of the others contains a different error in the RUNSPEC section. The errors need to be identified and corrected before the models can be run and the results compared. Do not alter any sections of the data file except RUNSPEC i.e. do not change anything after the GRID keyword. Process Run the simulations 1. Obtain data files. Your course tutor will provide the files you need. Copy them all from the course directory to a convenient location in a sub-directory of your home directory. 1
Seite 1 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

2. Run RAD04.DATA. If you are using a PC run the launcher, select ECLIPSE and choose the directory in which the copied files have been placed. Select RA04 and then press Run. Note that RAD04.DATA generates no errors 3. Run RAD08.DATA, RAD16.DATA and RAD24.DATA 4. Inspect the file RAD08.PRT in the text editor of your choice. There is an error in the RUNSPEC section of the data file. Find the first ERROR message in the PRT file and identify the cause. Edit RAD08.DATA to correct the error. 5. Re-run RAD08.DATA. 6. Repeat the previous portion of the exercise for files RAD16.DATA and RAD24.DATA.

b un ge n

Examine the results using ECLIPSE Office 1. The only difference between the models is that each contains different numbers of cells. 2. To examine the results, run the ECLPSE Office. If you are using a PC, activate the launcher if it is not already running, select Office and choose the directory the data resides in, and press Run on the launcher. 3. From within ECLIPSE Office, select Module | Results Viewer to open the Results Viewer Module. 4. In the Results Viewer Module, select File | Open GRF and select the Graphics Run File (GRF) RAD.GRF in the file browser. This GRF file contains commands for loading simulation results and creating some pictures. 5. If the results for one or more runs are missing ECLIPSE Office will give a pop-up message about missing files. If this happens, examine the output (PRT file) from the simulation runs for errors and make any changes you need to the data files. Rerun the simulations and ensure that the ECLIPSE output is unified. 6. To view the results within ECLIPSE Office a second time you do not need to exit ECLIPSE Office. From within the Results Viewer, select Edit | Clear | Clear Summary data to remove the line plots and associated data. Then select Edit | Clear | Clear Solution Data in order to remove the grid displays and associated data. Then run the file RAD.GRF as before. 7. After playing the GRF, you should now have 4 pictures in the results viewer. Take a look at each of these pictures by choosing View | Next Picture, or by using the appropriate icon on the left-hand icon bar. To timestep through the 2D grid displays, use the icons on the top icon bar. 8. For pictures 3 and 4 (the pictures containing 2D grid displays) change the colour legend from continuous to discrete by the following steps: a. Double click on one colour legend to bring up the Color Map Editor panel b. Under the Edit Color Map section, select the radio button for discrete, c. Set the number of steps to 5 d. Apply the changes and see how the picture is updated. 9. To see the evolution of the gas cone in the reservoir, try the following threshholding a. Select picture 3 b. Double click on one of the colour legends c. Under Min/Max, tick the Override button d. Select a new minimum gas saturation value of 0.6 e. Apply the changes to update the picture. Step through all the timesteps. 2
Seite 2 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Class discussion 1. Since the models are identical except for the numbers of cells in the radial and vertical directions, why is gas breakthrough observed at different times in the simulation? 2. Why are the production profiles different?

n
3

Seite 3 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Exercise 2: Sector Model RUNSPEC

Purpose
To create a RUNSPEC section from scratch Data In order to investigate the efficiency of water injection as a production mechanism for a particular field it has been decided to perform a simulation study of a representative sector of a reservoir. The geological information about the reservoir in this area of the field indicates that there are ten reservoir layers. Seismic data indicates that there is a large aquifer attached to the field. The sector represents one quarter of a faulted anticlinal structure. Symmetry considerations suggest that the other three sectors behave similarly. So, the sector model can be studied in isolation and the results applied to the field as a whole. The sector model boundaries are taken to be no-flow boundaries. In order to justify estimates of future production calculated using ECLIPSE, the model must first be history matched. The first stage of this process is to construct a simulation model suitable for matching. Model Dimensions Based on the amount of data available and the computer resources, it has been decided to carry out the simulation using a 3D model comprising 10 simulation layers, corresponding to the 10 geological layers, and with 20 columns of cells in the lateral direction and 5 rows of cells in the transverse direction. The aquifer volume will be modelled by an analytical aquifer (Fetkovich). There are two producers and one injector. Up to two infill wells may be drilled at a later date. Fluid Properties The reservoir oil is initially undersaturated and the reservoir will be produced in such a way that the fluid remains above bubble point pressure everywhere at all times. The fluid properties are believed to be constant throughout the reservoir. Process Create the RUNSPEC section 1. Using the editor of your choice, create the RUNSPEC section appropriate for the simulation model described above. (Hint: Make sure to insert the all the necessary dimensioning keywords such as WELLDIMS). 2. Request unified output and field units. 3. Choose a START date for this simulation of 1st January 1994. 4. Ensure the data file is named CP.DATA. 5. Insert the remaining major section keywords. (i.e. GRID, EDIT...) 6. Save it in a convenient location in a subdirectory of your home directory.

n
4

Seite 4 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Exercise 3: Sector Model GRID Section

Purpose
Data To provide reservoir geometry descriptions in block-centred and corner point styles and examine the differences between them using ECLIPSE Office To provide basic rock properties for both geometries.

The data in the table above has been obtained from wells drilled throughout the reservoir. The porosity of all layers is 0.25 and the Kv/Kh ratio is 0.04. Two geometric representations of the reservoir have been made, these are available to you as CP.GRDECL and BC.GRDECL.

Layer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kh 10 5 100 2000 200 2000 100 50 2000 50

Process Create the Corner Point grid & quality control it 1. The file CP.GRDECL contains the model geometry in corner point form. Use it together the permeability & porosity information in the table above to complete the GRID section of CP.DATA. 2. Request output of the grid geometry (*.EGRID file), static reservoir properties (*.INIT file) and the X-direction transmissibilities and all non-neighbour connections (*.PRT file). 3. Run CP.DATA: a. On PC, start the Launcher, then choose ECLIPSE.. 4. Once ECLIPSE has finished, open Office 5. From within ECLIPSE Office open the Results Viewer Module. 6. Select File | Open GRID and choose the file CP.GRID. 7. On the Import Properties Panel select OK to accept defaults. 8. Select View | 3D to generate a 3D view of the GRID. By default, the Active Cell display is switched on; confirm that all cells are active. 9. Change the property being displayed by selecting Scene | Grid Property in the 3D viewer. Choose to view several different properties in order to convince yourself that the model 5
Seite 5 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

geometry and properties have been correctly defined. You may find the following notes on mouse buttons useful: Action Select Rotate Translate Zoom Z-Translate Mouse Left Middle Right Shift-Middle CTRL-Right

b un ge n

Create the block centred equivalent & quality control 1. Copy CP.DATA to BC.DATA. Remove the corner point geometrical description from BC.DATA. The file BC.GRDECL contains the block-centered geometry. Add it to BC.DATA 2. Run BC.DATA 3. In the Results Viewer module of ECLIPSE Office, run the GRF file GRID.GRF. You should end up with a series of 2D pictures of your corner point and block centred grids. 4. Practice manipulating these grids using the Results Viewer | 2D menu options. In particular try to exaggerate cross sections using the 2D | XY exaggerate menu option. (Hint: the 2D menu options only apply to the Active Graph. The Active Graph has a yellow border to help identify it.). Change the property being displayed using the 2D | Property menu 5. Create a display of the location of your non-neighbor connections by selecting the following: a. View | 2D and select grid CP b. Select 2D | slice and select a J-slice c. Select 2D | Display control and set the Render mode of the Grid (CP) = Lines d. Select 2D | Options | Show NNCs | Cells and 2D | Option | Show NNCs | Connections e. Use 2D | XY Exaggerate to stretch the grid in the vertical direction f. Compare your results with those on the projection screen

Class discussion 1. How would fluid move across the fault in the CP model? In the BC model? 2. Which geometrical description should we use to solve the sector model problem? 3. Check the transmissibility of the non-neighbor connection between cells (10,2,3) and (11,2,1). Record this value below :

First Cell IJK 10 2 3

Second Cell IJK 11 2 1

Transmissibility ? (units)

6
Seite 6 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Exercise 4: Sector Model PROPS and REGIONS Sections

Purpose
To supply and verify reservoir fluid PVT properties To supply and verify relative permeability and capillary pressure data To define the distinct reservoir regions

Data The next section of our CP.DATA simulation models is the PROPS Section. Here we will add pressure & saturation dependent rock & fluid properties. Fluid PVT and Rock Compressibility Data At surface conditions the oil API gravity is 32 and the specific gravity of reservoir water is 1.05. Relative to air, the gas gravity is 0.7. PVT analysis indicates the reservoir oil to have a bubble point of 2500 psia (17.2Mpa). The bubblepoint solution GOR is 656 scf/stb (402 m3/m3) and formation volume factor is 1.26 Rb/stb. The oil viscosity is constant at 0.5 cP (0.0005 Pas). The oil compressibility Co is 6x10-6 (psi)-1 (0.0009 MPa-1). The water formation volume factor Bw is 1.03 rb/stb at 4000 psia (27.5 MPa) (the initial reservoir pressure at 7000ft (2133m)) with constant water viscosity w 0.4 cP and compressibility 3x10-6 (psi)-1 (0.0004 MPa-1). The rock compressibility is 3.5*10-6 (psia)-1(0.005 MPa-1) at the initial reservoir pressure.

Rock Data From special core analysis the following data has been obtained Sw 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 Krw 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.18 0.28 0.40 1.00 Kro 0.90 0.75 0.55 0.30 0.10 0.00 0.00 PcW 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0

Process 1. Update the PROPS section of CP.DATA with the above information. 2. Create a REGIONS section of CP.DATA. Remember to update the RUNSPEC sections as necessary. a. Create two fluid-in-place (FIP) regions, one for each fault block, using the FIPNUM keyword. b. Create additional fluid-in-place regions, one for each layer, named FIPLAYER. 3. Run CP.DATA. Verify that the saturation functions and PVT data are correct, by visualizing them in Office. (Alternatively, you may output the data to the PRT file.)

7
Seite 7 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

4. Examine the FIPNUM and FIPLAYER regions using the 2D or 3D viewer in ECLIPSE Office. (Optional practice with the 3D viewer: try to create a FIPLAYER display for both grids at J=3.)

b un ge n

Class discussion

1. Explain your choice of Oil PVT Keyword. 2. What family of Saturation Function keywords did you choose to enter?

8
Seite 8 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Exercise 5: Sector Model Initialization

Purpose
To supply initial conditions & define the aquifer Data Water Contact From the results of wells drilled throughout the reservoir the OWC has been determined as 7150ft (2179m). This is coincident with the free water level. Aquifer Specification The geologist has estimated that the aquifer attached to the cross-section is formed by lateral and transverse extension of the reservoir (this will be shown by the instructor) and contains approximately 1E11 stb (15.89E9 m3) of water and could supply this at a rate of 50 bbl/day/psi (0.05 m3/day/MPa). A Fetkovich aquifer should be used. Process 1. Create the appropriate SOLUTION section for CP.DATA using the above information. Use center block equilibration (EQUIL item 9 = 0). 2. Request output of an initial restart file at time zero. 3. Review the summary vectors in SUMMARY.INC and include this file in the SUMMARY section of CP.DATA. 4. You requested output of a restart file at the time of initialisation. However, to get this output, you must remember to advance the simulation by at least one timestep by inserting the following into the SCHEDULE section: TSTEP 1/ END 5. Run CP.DATA and use SOLUTION.GRF in Office to view several 2D slices of initial Oil Saturation. To see if the equilibration is stable, you can play each display using the right arrow on the upper right of the viewer. You can also select View | 3D and practice zooming, rotating and changing properties with the 3D Viewer. Class discussion Is the model stable?

n
9

Seite 9 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge

Conve ersion Fa actors

(iHandb bookbySchlu umberger)

n
10

Seite 10 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b un ge n
11
Seite 11 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b ge un n

Klaas Kostro Reservoir GmbH

klaas.kostro@reservoir-consulting.com Telefon: +49 (0)40 609 426 711

History Match and Prediction Simulation

Table of Contents
Exercise 1: History Match on different parameters................................................... 1 Exercise 2: Workshop ............................................................................................. 2 Exercise 3: Prediction scenarios ............................................................................... 3

Exercise 1: History Match on different parameters Purpose Get used to the ECLIPSE keywords and have the first impressions on how to history match. Notes: Always use the corresponding RSM file (Match_Ex.RSM) as observed data (in Office). The Exercises are organized in separate folders.

Process Cases 1. In the first exercise you should try to match the Field pressure (FPR). Begin with the porosity. 2. In the second exercise you should try to match the Water-Gas Ratio in field or well scale. Use the Aquifer and the Permeabilities to match the results. 3. In the third exercise there are two wells. Focus on matching Well: W1 in bottom hole pressure. Data Folder Boxmodel_D1 o Ex1 o Ex2 o Ex3

Seite 12 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b ge un n

Exercise 2: Workshop

Purpose Get an idea of a full field history match and the hands-on practice on the ECLIPSE tools.

Process Do a full field History Match with the available datasets. Use the ideas from the first day to get the history match done. Create your GRF file(s) by using office Do observation of the interactions between the wells and the complex dependencies of all the important parameters. o Make your individual spreadsheet Datasets Folder: MOD of HM_Box_student_handout (Dataset: HM_BOXA.data) The observed data is placed in the Export folder Volumes OIIP: 48E6 m3 GIIP: 7.2E9 sm3 Uncertain parameters Aquifer high Fault Transmissibility high Permeability high Porosity low Endpoints low

Seite 13 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public

b ge un n

Exercise 3: Prediction scenarios

Purpose Get an idea of using restart cases and scenarios

Process Generate a Restart file after your History Match case. Run some scenarios on Prediction. o Use of different constraints, Rate and Pressure constraints o Group handling o Drill a new well Start date: End of HM

Seite 14 von den bungen Reservoir GmbH public