Mathematics Formula

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mathematics
Formula

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Geometry and Measurement
Symbols used:
- Pi r - radius l - slanted height h - height
Area and Perimeter
Area of a square Length Length
Area of a triangle
Height Length
2
1

Area of a rectangle Length Breadth
Area of a parallelogram Length Height
Area of a rhombus Length Length
Area of a trapezium
2
1
(Sum of parallel lines) Height
Area of a circle r
Circumference of a circle 2r
Curved surface area of a cylinder 2rh
Surface area of a cylinder 2r + 2rh
Curved surface area of a cone rl
Surface area of a sphere 4r
Volume
Volume of a cube Length Length Length
Volume of a cuboid Length Breadth Height
Volume of a cylinder rh
Volume of a pyramid
Height Base of Area
3
1


Volume of a cone
h r
2
3
1

Volume of a prism Surface area of the base Height
Volume of a sphere
3
r
3
4

Polygon
Sum of all the angles in a n-sided polygon 180 (n 2)
Each angles of a n-sided regular polygon
( )
n
n 2 180

Pythagoras Theorem
This formula only applies to right-angled triangle.
a + b = c
Where c is the hypotenuse.
Congruency and Similarity
If the two triangles below are similar.

2
AB
PQ
ABC of Area
PQR of Area
|
.
|
\
|
=

3
2
1
B of Volume
A of Volume
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
h

If the two solids below are similar,


Arc, Sector and Segment
Arc length in Degree
r
2
360

Area of sector in Degree
2
360
r

Area of segment
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

r r
sin
2
1
360
2 2

Converting degree to radian
Multiply the angle in degree by
180
.
Arc length in Radian r
Area of sector in Radian
r
2
2
1

Converting radian to degree
Multiply the angle in radian by
180
.

Plane Geometry
Midpoint Theorem
In the triangle ABC, if D and E are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively,
then

BC DE BC DE
2
1
and el to is parall =


Intercept Theorem
In the triangle ABC, if D and E are points on AB
and AC respectively such that DE is parallel to
BC, then the ratio of AD to DB is equal to the
ratio of AE to EC, i.e,

EC
AE
DB
AD
=

The Alternate Segment Theorem (Tangent-Chord Theorem)
The angle between a tangent and a chord drawn at
the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended
by a chord in the alternate segment.
In the diagram, ZTAB = ZAPB

Intersecting Chords Theorem
In the diagram, if two chords AC and BD of a circle
intersect at T, a point which is inside the circle, then
TA TC = TB TD

Tangent-Secant Theorem
In the diagram, if the tangent at C meets chord AB
produced at T, Then

TA TB = TC


Geometrical Properties of Circle
- Equal chords, AB and XY
AM = BM AB = XY, OM = ON

- Tangent is perpendicular Two tangents. OPB OPA Z = Z , to the centre.
BOP AOP Z = Z .

- The angle at the centre of a circle O is twice the angle at the
circumference:
`


- Angle in a semicircle.
= Z 90 APB

- Angles in the same segments.

- Angles in opposite supplementary.

Names of Polygons
Names of Polygon No. of sides Names of Polygon No. of sides
triangle 3 heptagon 7
quadrilateral 4 octagon 8
pentagon 5 nonagon 9
hexagon 6 decagon 10

= Z + Z
= Z + Z
180 BCD BAD
180 ADC ABC
ARB APB Z = Z


Angles
Vertically opposite angle
Za = Zb
Alternate angle
Za = Zc
Corresponding angle
Zb = Zc

Interior angles
Zc + Zd = 180
Zp + Zq = Zr
Zr + Zs = 180

Types of angles

Acute right obtuse
0 < u < 90 90 90 < u < 180

Straight reflex
180 180 < u < 360


Algebra
Important Formulas
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) bd bc ad ac d c b a
b a b a b a
b ab 2 a b a
b ab 2 a b a
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
+ + + = + +
= +
+ = +
+ + = +

Quadratic Equations Formula
ax + bx + c = 0:
a 2
ac 4 b b
x
2

=

Matrices
The matrices below must be in the same order.
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
s d r c
q b p a
s r
q p
d c
b a

|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s d r c
q b p a
s r
q p
d c
b a

Scalar Multiplication
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
kf
kc
ke kd
kb ka
f
c
e d
b a
k

Multiplication
The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the rows of the
second matrix.
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
ds cq dr cp
bs aq br ap
s r
q p
d c
b a


Simultaneous Equations
Determinant:
For a matrix M = |
|
.
|
\
|
d c
b a
,
- Its determinant is given by
bc ad
d c
b a
= = M
.
Inverse Matrix:
If ad bc = 0, M =
|
|
.
|
\
|
d c
b a
has inverse
1
M
- Where
|
|
.
|
\
|
a c
b d
bc ad
1
M
1
.
Surds, Indices and Logarithms
Surds:
For positive a and b,
a a a
b
a
b
a
b a b a
=
=
=

Indices:
( )
( )
0. where ,
0. where ,
= |
.
|
\
|
=
=
=
= =
=
+
b
b
a
b
a
b a b a
a a
a a
a
a
a a a
m
m
m
m
m m
mn
n
m
n m
n
m
n m n m

( )
m
n n
m
n n
n
n -
0
a a a a
: integer positive a is n and a where indices, Fractional
0. a where ,
a
a - indices Negative
0. a where , a - indices Zero
= =
>
= =
= =
1
0
1
1


Logarithms:
For any positive number a, except 1,
x y a y
a
x
= = log

For
y
a
log
to be defined:
(a) y > 0
(b) a > 0, a= 1
0 1 log
1 log
=
=
a
a
a

Common Logarithms
X
Y X Y 10 lg = =

Natural Logarithms
X
Y X Y e ln = =

Power Law:
If a and x are positive numbers and a= 1, then
x r x
a
r
a
log log =
For any real number r.
Quotient Law:
If a, x, y are positive numbers and a= 1, then
y x
y
x
a a a
log log log =
|
|
.
|
\
|

For any number k,
k
a a
a k k log a log = =


Change-of-Base Law:
If a, b and c are positive numbers and a= 1, c = 1, then
a
b
b
c
c
a
log
log
log =

a
b
b
a
log
1
log =

For two logarithms of the same base,

N M N log M log = =
a a

Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
ax + bx + c = 0 (a= 0)
a
c
roots of Product
a
b
roots of Sum
=
=

- 0 roots) of (Product roots) of (Sum = + x x
2

Discriminant b - 4ac
- b - 4ac > 0 the roots are real and distinct
- b - 4ac = 0 the roots are real and equal
- b - 4ac < 0 the roots are not real
- b - 4ac >0 the roots are real
The Modulus Function
For real values of a and b (b= 0),
0 > a

a a =

b a ab =

b
a
b
a
=

n
n
a a =

b a b a b a = = = or


Binomial Theorem
Expansion of
n n
b
n
n
b
n
b
n
b
n
b
n
b
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + ...
3 2 1 0
) 1 (
3 2 1 0

Finding specific term of

n
b) 1 ( +
,
r
r
b
r
n
T
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+1 .
Expansion of

n n n n n n
b b a
n
b a
n
b a
n
a b a + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +

...
3 2 1
) (
3 3 2 2 1

Finding specific term of

n
b a ) ( +
,
r r n
r
b a
r
n
T

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1


Trigonometry

Sine Rule
C
c
B
b
A
a
Z
=
Z
=
Z sin sin sin
or
c
C
b
B
a
A Z
=
Z
=
Z sin sin sin

Area of triangle formula:
C ab Z = sin
2
1

A bc Z = sin
2
1

B ac Z = sin
2
1


Cosine Rule
A bc c b a Z + = cos 2
2 2 2

B ac c b Z + = cos 2 a
2 2 2

C ab b c Z + = cos 2 a
2 2 2

Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
1 45 tan
2
1
45 sin
2
1
45 cos
=
=
=

Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
( )
( )
( )
u
u
u u
u u
tan
1
90 tan
sin 90 cos
cos 90 sin
=
=
=

Signs of Trigonometric Ratios in Quadrants
1
st
Quadrant 0 - 90 (All trigonometric functions are positive.)
2
nd
Quadrant 90 - 180 (Only sin is positive, cos and tan are negative.)
3
rd
Quadrant 180 - 270 (Only tan is positive, sin and cos are negative.)
4
th
Quadrant 270 - 360 (Only cos is positive, sin and tan are negative.)
( )
( )
( ) u u
u u
u u
tan tan
sin sin
cos cos
=
=
=

3 60 tan
2
3
60 sin
2
1
60 cos
=
=
=
3
1
30 tan
2
1
30 sin
2
3
30 cos
=
=
=


Three More Trigonometric Functions
u
u
u
u
u
u
tan
1
cot
sin
1
cosec
cos
1
sec
=
=
=

Basic Identities
u u
u u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
2 2
2 2
2 2
sec tan 1
cosec cot 1
0 sin where ,
sin
cos
cot
1 cos sin
0 cos ,
cos
sin
tan
= +
= +
= =
= +
= =

Additional Formulae
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan
sin sin cos cos cos
sin sin cos cos cos
sin cos cos sin sin
sin cos cos sin sin
+
+
=

+
= +
+ =
= +
=
+ = +

Double Angle Formulae
A
A
A
A
A
A A A
A A A
2
2
2
2 2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan
sin 2 1
1 cos 2
sin cos 2 cos
cos sin 2 2 sin
=
=
=
=
=


R-Formulae
( )
( )
a
b
b a R
R b a
R b a
=
+ =
=
=
> >
o
o u u u
o u u u
o
tan
where
sin cos sin
cos sin cos
acute, is and 0 b 0, a for
2 2

Factor Formulae
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Q P Q P Q P
Q P Q P Q P
+ =
+ = +
2
1
sin
2
1
cos 2 sin sin
2
1
cos
2
1
sin 2 sin sin

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Q P Q P Q P
Q P Q P Q P
+ =
+ = +
2
1
sin
2
1
sin 2 cos cos
2
1
cos
2
1
cos 2 cos cos


Coordinate Geometry
Equation of a line:
y = mx + c m Gradient, c y-intercept
Length of a line:
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x +

Gradient of a line:
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

Midpoint of a line:
|
.
|
\
| + +
2
,
2
2 1 2 1
y y x x

Area of a Triangle:
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
=
) (
2
1
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x + +

Area of a Quadrilateral
2
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
=
) (
2
1
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + + +

Area of Polygon (n-sided)
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
...
...
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
n
n

Two lines with gradients m
1
and m
2
are perpendicular:
1
2 1
= m m


Circles
The equation of a circle with centre C(a, b) and radius r is
( ) ( )
2
2 2
r b y a x = +

Equation of a circle in the form
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x

g = a, f = b
c b a r + =
2 2

c g f + =
2 2


Probability and statistics
Standard Deviation
Ungrouped data:
2
x
n
x
s =
2

Grouped data, frequency distribution:

Probability
For a finite sample space with equally likely outcomes, the probability of an
event E, denoted by P(E), is given by
.
) (
) (
) (
, ) (
S n
E n
E
E
E
=
=
P
mes ible outco er of poss Total numb
nt to the eve avourable outcomes f Number of
P

1. 0 s P(E) s 1 for any event E
2. P (certain event) = 1, P (sample space) = 1.
3. P (impossible event) = 0.
4. P (E) = 1 P (E).
If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then the probability of A or B
Occurring is P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)
If A and B are independent events, the probability of both events A and B
occurring is the product of their individual probabilities.
i.e. P (A and B) = P (A) P (B)

2
x
f
fx
s
E
=
2


Vectors in Two Dimensions
Addition of Vector
If u, v and w are vectors, then
Addition
1. u + v = v + u, (commutative law)
2. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w). (associative law)
Subtraction
u v = u + (-v)
a + (-a) = 0 for any vector a.
Scalar Multiplication
If u and v are vectors, and m and n are real numbers, then
1. m(nu) = n(mu) = (mn)u;
2. (m + n)u = mu + nu;
3. m (u + v) = mu + mv.
Position Vectors

Vectors on Coordinate Plates
. tor column vec a of magnitude The
2 2
y x
y
x
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
2 1
2
2
1
1
y y
x x
y
x
y
x

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
2 1
2
2
1
1
y y
x x
y
x
y
x
,
scalar. a is where , k
ky
kx
y
x
k
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|


Mathematics in Practical Situations

Speed
Time
Distance
Speed =

Density
Volume
Mass
Density =

Profit and Loss
Profit = Selling price Cost price.
Loss = Cost price selling price.
Simple Interest
Interest I is based on the initial principal P only.
Interest, I = P i% n
Amount, A = P (1 + i% n),
Where n = number of years and I % = interest rate per annum
Compound Interest
Interest I is based on the principal P and the interest earned.
Amount,
,
100
1
n
n
i
P A |
.
|
\
|
+ =

Where n is the number of periods (years or months) and i% is the
interest rate per period (year or month).


Hire-purchase
Total interest = Loan Flat rate Period in years
Monthly payment =
months in Period
interest Total Loan +

Utility Bills
Charge for a service = Usage
Rate
Money Exchange
If S$1 = $m
Then $1 = S$
m
1

Taxation
Individual income tax is calculated using a progressive tax rate on the
chargeable income.
Property tax of a property = Annual value
Tax Rate


Calculus
Differentiation
The Gradient Function

( )
1 1
or

= =
n n n
anx ax
dx
d
anx
dx
dy

( ) constants. are and , , , n m b a bnx amx bx ax
dx
d
n m n m 1 1
+ = +

Chain Rule

dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
=

( )
dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n 1
=

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
=

Product Rule

( )
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ =

Quotient Rule

2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

=
|
.
|
\
|


Maxima and Minima Problems
Nature of Stationary Points
Given a curve y = f(x),
(a) For the stationary point at x = a,
(i) if
dx
dy
changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through
a, the point S is a minimum point,
(ii) if
dx
dy
changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a,
the point S is a maximum point,
(iii) if
dx
dy
does not change sign as x increase through a, the point S is a
stationary point of inflexion.
(b) A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a maximum point or
a minimum point.
Second Derivatives
Given a curve y = f(x),
(a)
dx
dy
= 0 and
2
2
dx
y d
= 0 at x = a S (a, f (a)) is a turning point.
(i) If
2
2
dx
y d
> 0, then S is a minimum point.
(ii) If
2
2
dx
y d
< 0, then S is a maximum point.


(b)
dx
dy
= 0 and
2
2
dx
y d
= 0 at x = a,
(i) If
dx
dy
does not change sign as x increase through a, S is a
stationary point of inflexion.
(ii) If
dx
dy
changes sign from negative to positive as x increases
through a, S is a minimum point.
(iii) If
dx
dy
changes sign from positive to negative as x increases
through a, S is a maximum point.

Maximum and Minimum Values
In general, for a function y = f(x),
(a) If
dx
dy
= 0 at x = a, f (a) is a stationary value of y;
(b) If
dx
dy
= 0 at x = a and
2
2
dx
y d
> 0, then f (a) is the minimum value of y;
(c) If
dx
dy
= 0 at x = a and
2
2
dx
y d
< 0, then f (a) is the maximum value of y;


Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
( )
( )
( ) x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
2
sec tan
d
d
sin cos
d
d
cos sin
d
d
=
=
=

( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( ) b ax a b ax
x
b ax a b ax
x
b ax a b ax
x
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
2
sec tan
d
d
sin cos
d
d
cos sin
d
d

( )
( ) x x n x
x
x x n x
x
1 n n
1 n n
sin cos cos
d
d
cos sin sin
d
d
=
=

Where n is constant.
Exponential and Logarithms Functions
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) | | constants. are and where ,
. of function a is where ,
constants. are and where ,
. of function a is where ,
b a
b ax
a
b ax
x
x u
x
u
u
u
x
x
x
x
b a a
x
x u
x
u
x
x
b ax b ax
u u
x x
+
= +
=
=
=
=
=
+ +
ln
d
d
d
d 1
ln
d
d
1
ln
d
d
e e
d
d
d
d
e e
d
d
e e
d
d


Integration
Indefinite Integral
( )
( )
( )
c
n a
b ax
x b ax
c c
n
ax
x ax
n
n
n
n
+
+
+
= +
+
+
=
+
+
}
}
1
d
1
d
1
1
arbitrary. an is where ,

Definite Integral
( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a b x x x x
x
b
a
F F d f f F
d
d
= =
}

Some results of definite integrals:
a.
( ) 0 d f =
}
x x
a
a

b.
( ) ( ) x x x x
a
b
b
a
d f d f
} }
=

c.
( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x x
c
a
c
b
b
a
d f d f d f
} } }
= +

Integration of Trigonometric Functions
( )
( )
( )
}
}
}
+ = =
+ = =
+ = =
c x x x x x
x
c x x x x x
x
c x x x x x
x
tan d sec sec tan
d
d
cos d sin sin cos
d
d
sin d cos cos sin
d
d
2 2


( )
( )
c
a
x
a x

, a ,
c x
x

c x
x

b ax b ax b ax b ax
x x x x
x x x x
+ = =
(
=
+ = =
+ = =
+ + + +

}
}
}
e
1
d e e e
1
d
d
0 if general In
e d e e e
d
d
and
e d e e e
d
d

Note that the angle x is measured in radians.
If a= 0, then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
+ + = + + =
(
+
+ + = + + =
(
+
+ + = + + =
(
+
}
}
}
tan
1
d sec sec tan
1
d
d
cos
1
d sin sin cos
1
d
d
sin
1
d cos cos sin
1
d
d
2 2

Integration of Exponential Functions and
x
1

For logarithmic functions, we have, for x > 0,
( )
( ) ( ) c b ax
a
x
b ax b ax
b ax
a x
a b ax
c x x
x

x
x
x
+ + =
+
+
=
(
+
= > +
+ = =
}
}
ln
1
d
1

1
ln
1
d
d
0, 0 and , for In general
ln d
1 1
ln
d
d


Application of Integration
Area Between a Curve and an Axis
In general, if A(x) is an area function under the curve y = f(x),
then area under the curve y = f(x) from x = a to x = b is given by

Where f(x)>0 for asxsb.
Area enclosed by the curve y = f(x) from x = a to x = b (where a < b) is
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) -axis) he 0 (below t f for d f
-axis) he 0 (above t f for d f
x x x x A
x x x x A
b
a
b
a
< =
> =
}
}

Area between a Curve and the y-axis
Area enclosed by the curve x = h(y),
the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by
(a)
. 0 for where
d
b y a x
y, x A
b
a
s s >
=
}

(b)
. 0 for where
d
b y a x
, y x A
b
a
s s s
=
}

( ) x, x A
b
a
d f
}
=


}
}
=
=
t a v
t v s
d
d
Kinematics
Symbols: v = velocity, s = distance, t = time, a = acceleration
t
s
v
d
d
=
. at time placement is the dis and where
d
d
d
d
on accelarati
2
2
t s
dt
ds
v
t
s
a
t
v
a ,
=
=
=


Graphs



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Mathematics Formula

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