P,B

E &Tc

\ DePt B E e U9 -

sw tT C H E D cA P A C l roR cl R cu l T S Topics @ve"ed 4

. pi:advan*age
o lntegtrator
-l

r What is o. st"litched caPacitov . Utilit? swz"*ched ca:paci*.67 o/ o rt

al

sc. eircui*s

sl

. Coro*fnuous livne r Rc inle|ratov . . CIpAMp iifearafor. o Dlscrele *irne r D-rovrbacxs . *erneda

Q

(
:l
t

F-i

5 W ITCHE D CA P A CITO R. ...'''

. Nhat

is o.
AR

".sn'r-*ched ,Ca.pacitor " ?

.r*

ahe to

rt cha.rXe from node .A' azzd to rrrlve or deliver lh.ic ,fb - node in a . , c a NT lNUb u s v lL a , rt rt q 7 , 'B ',
t1 ' D

vole of the yesisJo, R fs 'o.'moun* t*r<g ,a. ceytafn oF

Cqn o r . -p a c i* d i d o (h is , sir,ce i+ ca1 'storb , charge o? relea"se thern I

.-

C o n s f d e r th e

cfrcu i *
- , ,, .

i: Tl.r*:y 4.3 dePlcred.-

bT two

sh o r^l?1..6elow, r lher e

^hd NCINovE;LApprNcr etocKs,

Sa

sr

uA

f"x * elocx ta,te f"^ +- plocx ,a,te t

The ca"pacitor ca is atternat ivelrX ccrnnec'fed to- node 'node g" 'o.t 4 ' r'o-* of ' f"^ Fev . teranA, or, 4 ,arnd ('cloct<, {requenetrtror sxi*ch i"a1uen""D. f.* Hz
:

lrrl hout t"s the t1nis ea/ta !

avero-'Aeamodnt

of , curren t frt

cu*ent fs bul *lie gi,ork. trahsacted. ^rno*hil pe? urnit ttrne r'rLr,rol ., t,e i';;'1:"";;: ;;;;;: 6l = f"*' T , i+ 'T t's *he .clocr period d' o Lz q- T = f' z K a. -' TNow fl= C'V

= c .(v j - v r)

I
(

a nd,

i eq=

t^C ,
:11

(vo- v").-.,.--,(t) t ' h e c u r t e v r t it ,

l

In th e c c .s e o{ Fl & . 1, (v e-v u) t'RR,

..c-," ' (tI

Irr order hq equal

achieve the , saqre :"espor .e IR s hould i E q r {h fu tnaxes, (va f"* C, (vh * v, ) = + R= 4l r ,C, .@ =v") R to *o
cK

e .Ori2fn al'swi*ched
-r Nh1 In i t e g t "a te d cL tc.v-ge ualue. re s i s t o r s u s fn g
Y

Ca,pactfor' i 'sv,ri+ched capacitor ' of all !

do we nequire

cfrcu i ts , w often r equir e nesistor s of If Lde wa.n* to fvnplernezrt iarge vaLue Mo s, th e re eye cevtain dr ' FFf"1alties,

'ds

ince .$

t"
or, ts.

&
s-

I (ta.:u.)
I
\/

'

"6,sr

,*
VT

We t in

ya s

":"

Xiu", to a- noticab/ e eh.ange iri " fhe r"es isiq,nce Mo s r' r " fhe r e6fon , AB. rds alfered routrth e 'to pn"oduce.' o. hi3h" resLls tance , we 4 hre wan* rleoLT *he 'ae 1, raqion :, d'e %g rn.ust operate of B t-tt, a s d fscu ssed, %"n , ff Vr "r gr 1 sensitive about thfs reg'ion to Vc,, in
'Fise there t's some ehange in Vrs ( due to ^ p o b ,e T su p p i X ftucfLr af ion) tt' i, golr ,g , I o,rf e c6.an1e in the fobr:r'cat"edin a *o r esutt *ou, ql:lowed. r. e s i s { a n c , a n d , th i s ca n n o.* To. auar ? Mo s rd o rK r "n "Bc r agion , a.r td {h i s , ' r n a - Ke th e value d o n .t s t' sfa"r zce. L:' e r z , .? o u S :i o v hi6h "r e
?-

cq?, easr {"4 n,ofice {ho-f sr na_f chan l Ae kv) ::".' d " " *he

v altu1,u,*tlu'

_ S.o, if noise or

L l-oT

exo\Tnple,

\t

.
' in Vc,sr sr'vrce Vc,sr , fvr K "(

53 = Rr

"&s.r t vn r*
he:rtce , oa lar g e ye'y'e srnal 1 change in chan,,e

{} vesults' the

, fn

denornina*or,

Tna-Ke"s the

R , beeaose, ra-tio hi6n. I

'fs

The simpll

other si'mple w^n to rna.Ke l,o.r1ue t"stc.nce res using f nfrinsr'c Ei rnaterfal. But c.ga,r'n _, a n d *o Ae t a hnh ua- lue e=f I sh o rtl d V l e to * IC high and f+ vnaKes it p o i n t of r r Cew.

v es fsf a r n c e , inap p r o p r i o . t e '

So *o : o u r-co ? i n s th r's a ;" fficulttes in .r-ea.Ltsing lov3e r . e g isf a n c e s , S w ,T cH E D C A P A ctT oR is 4 coraveTl ierrt
Rn d Q as y t

r,..Jal

?'

. ! .Disa.duan*aXe oF Switched , ca,pacifor i Non- liraearitT :

S l a .nd sL are Mos sNi*ches, s f y rc e ?ro rnecho.nical switches operate a,t *ht:s f reguenc call t and fhr's c4n fn*raduce ! N o N LIN EAR ITY as diseuS sed beiow, As a result, draira-capq.c itonee (r,.rhfch ji a.

deple*fon ; i :" :*p:""^:.,,!:.. d; l.;T;,;i :i" "',.1j "'j fhus , it is ip: - 3:nl : "?1.*,^s'", c^ p o .cr-*o r. f h e s w i fcA e1".j,Lp-?dh;,;i;il;: , 4-l9.n with d C,

the

, -l I ine a r , r f
.b

its-

.t

ch S n g a

change in
Fcy o-

. i^ the - stiynutani
e.= CV

? We... i alli a'' ca,pa"c -: c cj( "*tr itor. ,"r ' por ,r " ' f' " Iinear

quoriog"j'

r^rr.-l h

co.paci{or

and

r=

at

d&

d (cv) dt'

= cdv
dv

dL

+V JL

dc dt

or, rFor' a-

c 4!

dL

+ v d e" dv

io-pa.citor +o be linea.r, ' r .C * o n |,6 , dt

+he 'vallo_Xe doubf es the

, " g i nce , ,t"n .this cctsg, doubfflg : .,1v7gnfi , as shorxrr

iz='#
H e n c e, e h a lr A e. ir.

2-cdv-e rr
dL

the (c -of ."-espo. n s e u rre z rf ) ' rt lr. rre o . v . urfth +he udrt'a-*rrczr fhe stirnuiornt (wottaqe) . The'sw i *i h Cd . c a.pac i tor v ,,,r.l t e r ( e c * _ 4 " p b e t f n e a r , if

*#=e
:i o'r # is ,:,o
dv . ts obuiiruslT eT uoltaga ,-,.o{.,^equalb zera, a-n-d if , d,ependa*tce. is -there Thus, rLarl_linearii1 ,!' , . # *o fvr*roduce,d oy'., *1. wortage dependdnt copac ifarr", o{ +he MOs swttches, Sr qnd Sz..
I n ls t5

the founclc-tfor ,

ci t c u ib s ,

-P of Ynan'11 switched,ca-pueilor

For a_ specffrL desi1n, eloc4 speed .not ba . c a : rL q l t e r e - d, h e n ce , *o maK ]' R., lar 6 e , Cs rn u s l L e lo we re { , can easilr1 be dane 4s 3t d th is peT reluirernent-

SWITCHED CAPACITOR INTETNRATOR CON'TINUOUS TrME INTECnRAToR: ;i,

ft fs q- .uey'? ' t*s.efqt : Carnfohe:nt of f ilters o.v-td o\rer- serr.pjed A/.D.,q*nverfurs, The cire,-sit- is shoarn in the fiigure
FlGr. F16r. rcontinudus tfrne S. 3.

fntegra,tor

r operation i i = ui', R or;

co,siderin? .rfrtyaf Xround, .or,."p"; _ I dq;t and i = -c F;;_" =_ -{;* '*_ {in Rtr

."

',,,uo,.,. - E4:lr;, :
It

dt --

-- (i)
wlth a pha,se

.u1ence, ft is a_ good inleXralor bub . ! r e ve ysa r of lgor exa,ynplglf

.D

,rof 3_""":f:l;;n . hn'+h =^'. ?"]o'd::t":: ,"i1",;:r1, ? nt e g r a i o

fn the case
L

Bt'n = A u(t)

[.steg]

.r

t or

inlegra-*or,

this
,l

vor,rt= =
slope A =
tl

oE
RC.'

IA

u&) at

' =-3-

slope= (b)

{t denotes *he outpr-1t yavn? ' r"n'lh a- slope =n

i
-1-t .

Rc"
-

. ._

RC*

l.) "-r idea"l integrator [b) -' op-AF,lpfnteirotor

:Them the outpu t of t he M ,RR o R,M4& E a(

taKlyi?
aa

'^1. slope co_n be rnaAa. 9 uo-l to . A in -mqgnif ude uu4 choasinX R+ = Io ,:,","o',.4,

t * c.x is

ars the

)lfror,ro"^,

*l;- i"jiary1" hrr /r 7.u t st fnteq,oti,. with "

-. :'

'OP. AMP

.coMPARtSoNBEThIEE.N:Rc.1NTE(nR'AToR.:.AND

1 . 11.11g613.ATOR

.1

-r

frnte g ra * o rs ' Fl6r' ' Bo t h F l GrA 4nd'^ ,B nard ( ' i orre PTeteYYed second

s o whil

is .*he

.. r_.-arrllnE_?-.? \r. I "rn I.

t'"ut 1

Uoud

F l (n,

-t

A resutts,ihAnaln4sis fn 'FlGr.
-\ U6r 1 ( S ) /

fi6r
or; 5irnc.

='

q--F

SC

=
"'

:. U on l C s)

u r- (s) s C R+1

ynust haug 'relotz'on 3.n ideal inte1iat:or , , *a *-i'jt)" (s) a ,' beea,usd ,{ -'"lltesponds \ine" -uo,,.t

in integrato*.

, crearrl

s L o w ER , w h i ch

AgairnlarSe *:- "^"'-1t""ilr; a,ll,'r^l*. L - | -" -' vour (s) = Rc G +F)

,.-.. ,

-f:*:t-t *"i; Jl::':t'i'l"i";""1:;: ;il ;11'; " ;i''" rs"-,rnde1i'ed: j:^.tTn- rllq#;f';. this
ii
I I u..-(s)
i

)il-ra 'ffi,"'n' an irnteLqpalor ?h!\.^r., ".

.Fvo rn ( t) ,
,. K( -

AnotrXsisin

tirne ' do-mafn Xiue'' . : vt",r'j = i (+)R + % ,.t(+) ' - r c1 oY,

.a-

; (t) =
o -.r tl t)=

\er* &) - u641()

-R 'l

A gai, s

t^

d ,,t,6 s 1 (L ) -;;-

6f r R

$;,, (t) -rJou+(t) = "cj!

Vout

\rpo..-t-u3
-h :*"'
J uo.rt extta

oY)

,r1Lr/ =

t
F,,

(r) dtI

J ,J i n ( + ) d L

c l e o r r t l , . *h e ;;-" ea.nnat

'seiond+"r-

i,. +h1.-o-!11 is fn *his

aT14

1T

11

D TSCRE TE .TIME

lNTE & R A T O R

s?stern , d Sq.Ynpled data nezd a For c o u nter p a r t the of contfnu o u s -* irn e usfng oP -A M P . o b t aivr e d The. resistance R ig nokl

d isere te -:t frn.e tnte7ratur e

u,re.*h a"y,

raplaced

equivaleret

switc hed

capa4itor,

I
Ff& 4. Discrete I lrne Itteq rator
.+ .

sout

vi, u,,,,)

t Responseto a- constant {nputt uolta6e

r operationI iro evervd clocx

( i) wr rJn S , i s t r , , c r a b so r b sa - ch a r 6 e a ,J,,
( ii) when s2 is oh, *his charge is deposita4 qo cz IBecause, the op*AMp t dous no* sinx cur.renll ,0_ S i n c e , u o l t a g e a .cro ss.C s i s 'rrpr uout = _ to' t ( d.ue to the v htua-1 ) h,ence . char6e st_pred XrcunQ in Cz is " . - Cz U o u t Ui* Cr = - CzUout oL uout = - l1- \9; :

cu4cle -

l'

"t^.'1';",;: ,*:'J.';rtr u ,ft ;,;;.:'.'s,;;;;a."";; " ""oJo - Y e a in q ; *h e l"tlio t, o l a- f; 4

The f"t"..6 fs due *o the- q..sfrfual ^ at As' the char6es o.'re trlnrf::r.J'--g-_ -6,au',,.nd X. 'h;Xi x por.nt ro c2, *he shou,td be oL' x, Bu*, x contt_ - nues to "o,:1q-e.. a.* zero y,ernain polenf lo t; trence,+" ,^i;h cond; thaL the" char ges a',, being j;on e rraeA deriv r $rorn eL to 'cz, hhe potenfr'al'of c2 shou|dq a"..*rtr'-" dou.orr

^;'rto*?onr,r;;*' 4 1 ' e v e r y,

rcates a .

decalinq oarput if
fa4es soft

ri,r

cl o cx cp cl e , 6 ,

'inlagralor; T he rqrnp, tlen r"le Aut T to a s f eps ol *h9.,.. t* ircaae aTe F rtr' in : 1z.ct1lr.iludc:, ^ , *g,'. t^ o do * h i s - , w e s h a u la ' %n o o se o ,o ig , AL . , The output e-t *he end ol

is a sba-ircaae, . Fo^l' o. steP input; 1*'te outpu* belare. co'n a"Pproximate 1f we i+ a,,B Ehown

%ut (uI") ) = yo,.+ r; T . nJ* v f n[ C^_, lI ^J . .n l(k* cl

(- th

cloctx cqele ir"

cL. Nor,,r, r^rhat r.s *he seftlin1,. ti_a,' cons"fq'lnt es chargas trans{ernr.ed.frorn.'t o,,, b Ca .,wit1 Lt* 4elerrifne speecl ol operatio rt : a.,,d ? 1;;t, *he it ,ofii ;"t d f s c u s s g d I a*ar.

sn and sz' orn M,s FET. o"cring' ex -sr^n'tch F4 , 0,a goo4 a.,"e MosFETs or'" suorJches ? t:fl^{ .w;h ''rr4r:s qlso be dis cussed righ+ o*\. *
o DRAH BAC KS QF T HE Taoo mojor pIicRE IE - TIME are *

lNT E 6 , RA T o R:

clyawbaixs

to tYte '
+ .The

cafaci.fancd o{ rqbs) -iri* :^.]-a-:^^ r'ntrodu.cesNoNr_ir.reARrTy il;" "*+ilt:-'"' n o n l i ne o .y

ju.peT19:r,

arhen
+| e

f;U J.t'.
f i6ure

ca p a ci ta n cu g + n,od,e, ,Fo, 7"es ulting

C2 fs

":lffy^:;;? X -'lt This ,*t"l .^'Y"Al-to -. Tol!.1g.

belo,c tto fs

e7 -I,,,;'i;; ot ii"In"a
"unr"lrionenplatned'fn

ui,o
'r : - = :"

FrG t s
*j is.

function *pts i.to.nce nonlinearilw ivr diseveLe,_ tirne srn+iVre4 -t"I""or.t{,, Lp^"li """Til{""W '*he.
junction
fhe

c^pa<ilarlce. due to
eha,rile af
r'Y

9L.,,

ce
=

slored

a Yl g . cJ

l) - , I " l) ' IO I

r I
.

"
o

C ," dv t
6:

{
i.'

AXain, ci f s a f urrcll"on o{ vj , h-ence q^,. hnoll 'or NoN LINEAR dep.andence have a \2fno. 'r,ili" creates d- nonlinear dapen danc6,ol *he -,output uo ltaXe o*tet",

*he
? 2. L

char4e

r's

tvansf erred

*lie

"in*eqratfon

capo.eilo

How {o A"1 rid of *hese draurbac4s I *?" l.,11ynflinX The sarnph,ng I solo-te Cr , i, "^rnoAe. fn s hor,c n fi gure 6 ( a ) . rnode is

Vout

r ,.,..b Fl(t

paraS itfc"

lnsens;+;va
Sr

rator ,' -t"r,teg

*frl,e sarnPl{ng rrtode',

s4 oFF
s,dN
'

and 5 1 a T e d N. s2 an d s 4 a le aFF.

l'hfs
tl

c1 P)

V--'-- Ix i-r"

prerrious

^,6 ' Here, C1 tofe "'the :9 L a FF Is, ox ; chanqe frorn. lf;r,, . ;I ! (^) 6 F.tb,uRE :.: and i+ )'s i solaled " g ro m *h e o P A MP , Hence,, 0 P-AMP and C, the I 'aLd,i t':alue'
Vout

is o.lso K??o.rdyr ' oDD ofUI ,- m ode,

-t-he fnte2, atinX rnoAe', Fo u r f n ci dents f ane pl ac e a n e -b 2 - o n e . (i) s3 fs tur.ned oFF {fr rf a.hd c1 is r'solated ' turn s aFF hex t, u f ' ( i l 1 $, d is c o , n n e c lc d , ffk ( i"tij ({v) 52 {urns 6N, . ct . Xet's sr^n:fched

|o the oPAVp or,i (L stor*s to input r. eho1u up, , 'thes e Af.te r s feps, * h e c h a r q e o r r c 7 A n E four transferred +o Cy t aA sltowtt gr oFF ,!r 9,oN
lArrt

F,h

6 (b): THE

INTE qRA T'ilCI Mo DE'

e .

fzoblern t...5 nacc 53 t urn5 bff f r'rst , i+ ;tqdra intr oduces on12 count ^ dtfset,, this cotn' be supprerse bn" dl ffurential, 'apera*ion. d
...

'How -does it

sotue *he

x.

'Since in[ected

of - tri*,,

th e or

n ode X fs ab uirtuat Traunl ,4he c-har6e absorbed bn s4 is constant a.nd independen? ltorl^linear

Hor,u a-bout

\!

{unetion

itance corpac

of

s, a.rzd

The uottage a.cross thfa, capaciloanees oF S3 a.ncl g-1 i n t h e i o tt'p l i n x ^rn o d e -i" ' ' a.lr nost zeTa. The ,lott* aAe o.cros6 fh fs- . f s ufr tuat gr ",.il " d p ryode- rfhsls, sl'nce the o inte2raf frng' a ci ta .ra ces ivt the o=ol-Lin. eho , i q e & e ' o -ss +h ts ca -p a ci tan6ei2 is e!r ' o\ . - ver 2 ,_,.fi, + t \ e " i "s u r + r ' n x ti- - n"nttgtuted, :o n l i n e h rtt|
::'.

Mos

As A

S t/,llrcH

v,;= Vo>

Vout

Cx

-Ttu
I ,= FI&J, NMOS gHITCH t , s o.7ne , .:.
'

wh i v r c K - -- V D D , X a te -d n c{- d is Mog 1s pcltentio,l,..,. henca- the

.
'-

:lqr

"'
).

aL I v

Ly ou tz

.tD

db $incc ,.,
'rfh

=;

'L' *n

rr

L Ox

/^l,

Vl'/
I

)xL\

-\6,, , : -V -;
E

ln

. /) -

ri

VtnS =

Vop _ YouL V rt

t 7

r *h

r's ca,se.
": t r

_ol

(voqt) .. _ I

(voo - \,t

-rru)o

L ' 'l 1 {

,,

v6X c 1ln|

d!

InteXro.tit? I | | ___ |

r^n'+h vo.t

f* _ :;o
L 'c -

= O',
"
e) T
I I

(o o o -V or.rr-v r* ) l. L I.o
oT-

luiut _ - !_1 7'l : lln 't

---I

t-oa

-J

bL
l-

|,tab tru LJ

'H

\./

'out

'Vno - Vr" -

,tI

_{-hr Y. * ; l L

r-__

/-:71 ox ZFt -ox ;- .

I
I

V -DD: - V '"1{

As 't .-+ , "a

Vout i

tbo - Vr*

'

As VouL -+ Vpo-VrH , the 2+te overdrive uoltaga euvrent -avai lable ,{ot- ehatnin1 vonishes , reducirt1 !n, : n.Atiqible waluds ' ep -to "*0, ' r"s not o qooA qwn'tch Th: ", . Jhe I imito"t idn : siXnal is closa to VoD, *hen lhe l{ +he input output prouidqd b1 +ha NMos sr"n*ch cannat *raee +*te {nput, The oN- resfsfance o{ the NM0s sndtch increat,es bnorrnous lrX % iiput and output apptvaeh uptr i-ra . . r What happens in .cacre ol
You*

pF.1osswrtch !
:

,'

Vrr"r= o

T
CK

FleruR2 : p l , l o i . s?&'*ch E

':

-The s^rn'e principar qr> shouon irr f-6uve

hords

xood fo,

pMos switch,

"' ;;::;", ?: *[rx^i;:rr";! fu ;tr.'T0,.!!

OY leSS FH -rL . ^ -'caTa lnpUI wOltaao ^t
'g

t^'!:,^o .p1,1:? 4 ,'#iln ',T*f*, .. y :ff"-.f Tera tt, ?ort^- jI o.*t.a*, aii? at"r; *""-;1o
| . se.nru, -- "

if s

llance r f!MOs eannat

r PM O S ca .n n ct

p.Ms tdeal hiXh,'. Pq^s ideal u zeioo.

\l

Non-Linearity 2 types: are of 1.Due input to dependent Channel Charge Injection. 2.Due Parasitic to Capacitance atnode asshown figure P in below.
.c e
D'

!14+

What input is dependent Channel Charge lnjection ? Now the Consider figure shown below

FirstSee left : the figure Vdd(i.e 1 ) hasbeen logic Here high voltage applied thegate theMOS inONstate a on is ,And The channel charge isgiven by Qch

n-Vth) Qch=WLCox(Vdd-Vi This is on charge dependent VinandVthisalso dependent Vindue body on to effect varying Qch ,hence isalways is varyingVth & have non-linear dependence onVin. asVin always goes voltage to0v(i.elogic shown theright Now when gate the 0) in figure,in ordertocutoff MOS charge the the in . must channel beremoved goesoff , thischannel will Nowwhen MOS the charge move along side along input and capacitor asshown side in theright figure,

v;/ &t va,=

J-

-V'h (t,,bg

Va;

(ndr ; ?

lr^;t'^

tz-Vrz-an'

pv/orF vdll^Jq ,.

fr.*t'-. fL .L^no, ( *#.A,--) 'o

h3'
( "-6

(aL""= A*t .U79'

F t -t L, v s = vto c c/r-atY'1 Vonr-

LL,z('"1,\f,)

, Qr,s =(ur,,,r::? -vl

@ 42"r._:7 ,e

_k6-

(tl,ttc-z-

Since channel the charge isalways varying charye willbedunrped theinput and Qch that along side along ,the not capacitor isalso fixed side .This dumping charge of changes sampled the voltage acrcss capacitorthis & sampled voltage varies. also ' Now toremove input how this dependent channel charge injection.

I
I

the Consider figure below

szrQ

_Pi 2

figure leads , 52 Inthis 51 52 Suppose is made before 51 off

g*%;;tTa
CJ

I A t,

Drt"''

: o--_r Vin

T-T

_l_* T i
lv

k;;;*'::-,# tr{cra 4-Ai:{e:;

a?

?e to
Hl

ie,
U

rM1

tr-

W J ffir ?,Y.,^Zld !i-,"t'P / tul' fr

V11

off M2. That means ismade before M1 of Now channel charge M1isQchl

^myli^', ffi-:K,#'i^'*
L'#'g*4)^ ^Isnf'"xel
= t6,g-Jr
= { on' dg-

q Qchl=WLCox(Vdd-Vth)
F-T-

grounded,that means.lhe is channel effect source also as charge is Qchlisfixed& independent Here there nobody ofVin.

J**J 'r"(!'J"n'

"fi|'

{<

,Qs
@

o: .' ") )

-t*-

ft*

g c h r o , { n ' o . J , a ' F*,4 ri o.lsa' P'F" rl )

tl iL

(r*trl6ou ) Whenever MOS goes it willdump fixed the M1 off a amount charge capacitor,that consideredanoffset of on is C as inthe we make up future operation. voltage change ,which can M2 off dump amount charge thecapacitor asthatside open the any of on And when goes ,itcannot side is .See input i.e figure all will below, charge goalong side( Vin)

_l_"'

injection to MOS. of dependent channel charge due This solves problem input the due capacitance Cj The Non-Linearitytoparasitic
.c2

rllA+

(Cs-Vin+CjYin)=(0-Vo)C2 =-(Cs Cj)lcz + Vot/in is varying ofthe which always the of capacitor Capacitance MOS dependent AsCjisVoltage ,hence gain switch integrator varies. always Cj due How Non-Linearitytocapacitorisremoved this

Vin

{NPUT joFAMP TO

x'ff'^g,

Now this in figure & PHl2 two PHll are non-overlapping clocks.

PHll When ison& PHl2 off,capacitor & Cjwill is Cs charge Vin" to plate Now when PHl2 on& PHll isoff,Capacitor& positive charge Cswilldischarge is Cj of through Switch plate pass PH|2(S2) thenegative charge(i.e -Cs.Vin)Cswill of towards opamp terminal. input ,while

Note:No charge capacitor willpass of Cs through CP2(non-linear capacitance toswitch (S3) PH|2(S4)) due PHll & because PHllwas voltage when on, across capacitor was ,when goes & PHl2 goes thevoltage CP2 0 PHll off on ground opamp terminal. remains becausethevirtual 0v of across capacitor at input Now both these how of non-linearity beremoveda time switch can at in capacitor integrator.

r
.t

cil _L
Vin.

0.

n:-;!:

pHtl(S1)

11

\-7

I t-' I I

*o

l* I

cPZT
I "o

PHll(S1) PHll(S3),PHI2(S2) & & PH|2(S4) not Here are synchronous , mode, S1& S3on:Sampling 52& S4on:lntegrating mode. (S3) PHll leads (S1 PHll ) PHl2(S2) PHl2(S4) leads In thesampling mode: from it 51and areon& 52and54areoff,Cstakes 33 charge Vinand isisolated opamp, from Four incidents place byone took one : 1.S3 offfinst Csisisolated. and tums and is 2.S1 offnext Vin disconnected. turns gets 3.S2 on,Cs switched. tums voltage across isinput theopamp C2will Cs to charge up. 4.S4 on,the turns ,& 4 on transfened toC2. After these steps charge Csgets ,the

a constant ,this besuppresseddifferential offset can by operation. Since tums first,itintroduces 53 off ground q[argg Inigcte_{g3bsqlg{by. isconstant independent inp-ut is 54 & ofVin, a? p Since toopamp atvirtual ,the
"7f

across capacitance this due insampling is0Vand mode The non-linear capacitance to 53& 54isCP2 voltage ,the groundintegrating voltage this mode.Thus change across capacitance unchanged the remains in virtual ,hence
due resulting non-linearity to CP2is negligible. t t!

se"{f*oh'..*Thf, '* c/o"2' ;*l'-;n*-

5 (*M'' nl (6 '';'*""n;t trr)s1" L*l' ,''o ,g*it 'o' * cs o/ i et,**' ; ' al- - vt"' ' ";u';/t+ ;*^ ;f ff* 'X'-^; /L*J* '' +'u"^' s
'n'//

6F F l*'t rts t/,s,nt't3 '

t'f

c1

*/**

Lt

," ('/a-'q e- '-9-n

{_'nn-

't/**

,7' AL '

@ )