Volume 4 P Issue 1

August 2010
Promoting Renewable Energy :
Global Technology Cooperation, Innovation and Investment
1st Worl d Renewabl e
E n e r g y T e c h n o l o g y
Congress and Expo held at
Hotel LeMeridien New Delhi
from 18th to 20th March
2010 was a grand success.
The congress was attended
by 410 nati onal and
international delegates
f r o m 3 0 c o u n t r i e s .
st rd
21 - 23 Le Meridien New Delhi April 2011,
Organised by
FOCUS ON THE
FUTURE
RAGA
Supported by
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Government of India
World Re-EnergyTech-2011 Secretariat
F1-F2, Pankaj Grand Plaza, CSC Complex, Mayur Vihar - I, Delhi - 110091, India Tel: +91 11 24538318. Fax: +91 11 43019379
Dr. Anil K Garg, President - World Renewable Energy Technology Congress & Expo-2011
Cell : +91 9971500028 / 9999071071 / 9910135500 E-mail : dranilgarg2010@gmail.com, dranilgarg@wretc.in
Punit Singh : +91 9213901510 E-mail: punit.nagi@wretc.in
st rd
21 - 23
April, 2011
Le Meridien
New Delhi
India
www.wretc.in
from the editors desk
Chief Patron
Dr Farooq Abdullah
Minister for New and Renewable Energy,
New Delhi
Patron
Deepak Gupta
Secretary, MNRE, New Delhi
Editor
Arun K Tripathi
MNRE, New Delhi
Editorial Board
N P Singh, Chairman
Bibek Bandyopadhyay
Praveen Saxena
B Bhargava
D K Khare
B S Negi
D Majumdar
R K Vimal
Production team
Suparna Mukherji, R Ajith Kumar, R K Joshi,
and T Radhakrishnan, TERI, New Delhi;
N Ghatak, MNRE, New Delhi
Editorial office
Arun K Tripathi
Editor, Akshay Urja
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Block No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110 003
Tel. +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 0707
Fax +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 2288
E-mail akshayurja@nic.in
Web www.mnre.gov.in
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Publisher and Printer
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Disclaimer
The views expressed by authors including those of
the editor in this newsletter are not necessarily the
views of the MNRE.
Volume 4 Issue 1 P August 2010
Published, printed, and edited for and on behalf of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, from B-14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, by Dr Arun Kumar
Tripathi. Printed at M/s Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, E46/11, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New
Delhi 110 020, India
Dear Reader,
Energy has always been a driving force in the
development of human culture, lifestyle, and the
overall growth since ages. But, it reached new a level
of importance during the later half of the 20th century,
and its peak during the frst decades of the 21st century.
One cannot predict its height and peak of development,
and thus, it is a continuous process. If we go back to the history of energy
utilization, the eras can be broadly categorized into wood era, coal era, and
the present oil era, based on the utilization of energy sources. In this series,
renewable energy from natural resources, that is sun, wind, water, earth,
biomass, and so on, could be the new addition. Although at this stage it
cannot be called a renewable energy era, the share of renewable energy
sources in the energy mix is increasing rapidly.
The launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission by the Government
of India has been a historic event for the Indian renewable energy sector,
particularly for the grid-interactive megawatt (MW)-scale solar power plants,
as the Mission aims at a quantum leap from the present level of about 12
MW to 20,000 MW by 2022. This is a very ambitious target, but it is surely
achievable. As a frst step, the guidelines for New Grid Connected Solar Power
Projects were released jointly by the Minster of Power and the Minister of
New and Renewable Energy on 25 July 2010. This has opened a huge market
of solar power in the country, and will help to create economically viable
projects due to economy of scale. It will also create immense employment
opportunities in the country.
In addition, India is hosting the Delhi International Renewable Energy
Conference (DIREC 2010) from 27 to 29 October 2010. The theme is Upscaling
and Mainstreaming Renewables for Energy Security, Climate Change, and
Economic Development. It is the fourth in the series of global ministerial-
level conference on renewable energy, which will build upon the success
and outcomes of the previous conferences at Washington in 2008, Beijing
in 2005, and Bonn in 2004. It is a good opportunity for all those interested in
renewable energy development in the country.
The present issue gives all the information about the Guidelines for New
Grid Connected Solar Power Projects, details about DIREC 2010, besides
other informative articles. I am sure you will fnd the issue interesting. Please
send us your views, contributions, and suggestions for making Akshay Urja
even better.
Happy reading!
ARUN K TRIPATHI
<aktripathi@nic.in>
A bi-monthly newsletter of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India
(Published in English and Hindi)
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
2 AUGUST 2010
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
I have been reading Akshay Urja for
the last fve yearsregularly, without
missing a single issue. The magazine
is surely one of the best magazines
on renewable energy. It provides a lot
of useful information and interesting
case studies. I love reading about the
advancements made by India in the
feld of renewable energy. The valuable
words of the various ministers on the
advantages of using renewable energy
sources and the immense possibilities
are something that I look forward to in
each and every issue of the magazine. It
is great to know the viewpoints of the
key opinion leaders of the country.
It would be really great if we
could see an interview of Dr Abdullah
sometime soon in the magazine. The
interviews of the various directors of
the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy would also be something worth
reading and keeping. Thank you for
your eforts to enlighten the people
of this country about the need to use
renewable energy sources and the
long-term advantages, environmental
and fnancial, of the same.
Shekhar Singh
Hoshiarpur, Punjab
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Dear Reader,
Thank you very much for your
encouragement. The editorial
team of Akshay Urja will make
every efort to make this newsletter
highly informative and useful to
all our readers. We welcome your
suggestions and valuable comments
to make further improvement in
terms of content and presentation.
Editor
Akshay Urja
I am the owner of Surya Akshay Urja
Shop, the frst all solar shop opened in
Goa under the Akshay Urja Scheme. We
deal in various products like solar water
heaters, solar lanterns, solar street
lights, and so on.
Recently, I came across your
magazine. I fnd it very informative,
especially as I am in the same feld.
It gives me a lot of information of the
current happenings in the feld of
renewable energy.
Mario Abreu
Surya Akshay Urja Shop
Shop No. 13, Vaishakh Apartments,
Madel-Margao, Goa
I am very thankful to the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy for your
bi-monthly newsletter Akshay Urja.
It is extremely useful for our faculty
members, staf members, and students,
especially those who are interested
in the feld of renewable energy and
environment, per se. Akshay Urja is
encouraging the use of solar energy,
wing energy, geothermal energy,
biogas, tidal energy, and energy from
urban waste. It can inform people about
the need to ensure energy security and
climate protection. There is a vast scope
in this feld of research, so as to get
quick results of high economic value.
Gautam Sarkar
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
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The cover story, articles, and the
diferent news regarding renewable
energy are very informative and
knowledgeable in Akshay Urja. I always
get very excited to know about the
same issues.
Nagendra Kumar Swarnkar
Reader, Department of Electrical
Engineering, JNU, Jaipur
I am highly impressed with the subject
coverage and style of presentation of
the matter in Akshay Urja. Even a serious
topic like renewable energy is explained
in a very interesting fashion. It appeals
to one and all. At the same time, it is
loaded with information. It helps to
increase our green knowledge.
Dhaval Patel
Vadodra, Gujarat
Volume 4 Issue 1 P August 2010 contents
I nt er nat i onal
Arizona gives $2.7 million in
grants to six renewable energy
companies . . . 8
California approves giant thermal
solar plant . . . 8
Prince of Wales wins right to install
solar panels on Clarence House ... 9
Scotlands ofshore wind sector
could produce 28 000 jobs . . . 9
Norway and UK sign joint
renewables agreement ... 9
RE NE WS
Nat i onal
Union Cabinet approves National
Mission for Enhanced Energy
Efciency Mission to save 23 MT oil
equivalent of fuel . . . 5
Eco body for renewable energy boost
in state ... 6
CLP to set up 39.6 MW wind farm in
Karnatakas Davanagere district . . . 6
Greenko to raise capacity to 1000
MW ... 7
RE TECH UPDATE
New biofuels processing method for
mobile facilities ...12
FEATURE ARTICLE
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission: Building Solar India
Guidelines for Selection of New
Grid Connected Solar Power
Projects ...13
Empowering renewable industry
through REC mechanism ...27
Box-type solar cooker:
unbreakable, lightweight, and
afordable approach ...31
Sun light, at night! ... 36
1
5
2
9
3
1
4
0
CHILDRENS CORNER . . . 42
ANNOUNCEMENT
Delhi International Renewable
Energy Conference ... 43
FORTHCOMING EVENTS . . . 47
RE STATISTICS . . . 48
4
Guidelines for new solar projects
under JNNSM unveiled . . . 4
BOOK REVIEW . . . 39
RE EVENTS
Dr Farooq Abdullah addresses
session on wind energy at Asia
Clean Energy Forum in
Philippines; meets ADB
President ... 40
NAREDCO National Workshop
on Green Buildings, Townships,
and CampusesSustainable
Development for Tomorrow ... 41
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
4 AUGUST 2010
RE News
D
r Farooq Abdullah, Union
Minister for New and Renewable
Energy, and Sushil Kumar
Shinde, Union Minister for Power, have
jointly unveiled the guidelines for
selection of new solar power projects
under the 1000-megawatt (MW) solar
power scheme in the frst phase of the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM). This would put India in league
with countries like Germany, Spain, and
Japan, which are leaders in harnessing
solar power. Bharatsinh Solanki, Minister
of State for Power; B K Chaturvedi,
Member, Planning Commission; Deepak
Gupta, Secretary, Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE); and P Uma
Shankar, Secretary, Ministry of Power
were also present at the function held
in New Delhi. Speaking on the occasion,
Dr Abdullah said that he is committed to
adding 1100 MW of grid-connected solar
power by the end of the frst phase of the
Mission, and this will only be possible if all
activities are carried out with clockwork
precision. He informed the gathering
Guidelines for new solar projects under
jnnsM unveiled
that a tremendous excitement, both
domestically and internationally, about
the Mission was evident from the fact
that the recently launched small grid-
connected plants scheme attracted
nearly 400 MW worth of applications
nearly four times the available capacity.
Dr Abdullah anticipated a similarly large
response in the large grid-connected
power plants as well, and expressed hope
that the NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd
(NVVN) will now take immediate steps
to bring out the expression of interest,
invite applications, and select eligible
developers under the policy. Dr Abdullah
also acknowledged the efort put in by
both the secretaries and their team of
ofcers, scientists, and experts involved
in the process for operationalizing the
Mission in record time.
Speaking on the occasion,
Sushil Kumar Shinde said that the
guidelines have been fnalized after
considerable deliberations in true spirit
for the success of the Mission. He said
that the NVVN is the nodal agency
for entering into power purchase
agreement (PPA) with solar power
developers and it will soon invite project
developers to participate in the Request
for Selection (RfS) for development of
solar projects under this scheme.
MNRE
For complete guidelines, see Page 13
5
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
national news
list of project developers qualified for migration to jnnsM
The NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN), the nodal agency
to purchase solar power generated by independent
solar power producers, has signed Memoranda of
Understanding with 16 project developers to set up
to 84-megawatt-capacity solar power projects. Under
Migration, 54 megawatt (MW) of capacity will be through
solar photovoltaic (SPV) and the remaining 30 MW through
solar thermal technology. These projects are expected to
be commissioned by the middle of next year. Following is
the list of the project developers.
S.
No.
Name of applicant State Capacity of the
plant (MW)
SPV or solar
thermal
1 Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd
(MAHAGENCO), Mumbai
Maharashtra 4 SPV
2 Clover Solar Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai Maharashtra 2 SPV
3 Videocon Industries Ltd, Mumbai Maharashtra 5 SPV
4 Enterprise Business Solutions, US Punjab 5 SPV
5 Azure Power (Punjab) Pvt. Ltd, Amritsar Punjab 2 SPV
6 Acme Tele Power Ltd, Gurgaon Rajasthan 10 Solar thermal
7 Comet Power Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai Rajasthan 5 SPV
8 Refex Refrigerants Ltd, Chennai Rajasthan 5 SPV
9 Aston Field Solar (Rajasthan) Pvt. Ltd Rajasthan 5 SPV
10 Dalmia Solar Power Ltd, New Delhi Rajasthan 10 Solar thermal
11 Entegra Ltd, Ansal Bhawan, New Delhi Rajasthan 10 Solar thermal
12 Entegra Ltd, Ansal Bhawan, New Delhi Rajasthan 1 SPV
13 AES Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana Rajasthan 5 SPV
14 Moser Baer Photo Voltaic Ltd, New Delhi Rajasthan 5 SPV
15 OPG Energy Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Rajasthan 5 SPV
16 Swiss Park Vanijya Pvt. Ltd Rajasthan 5 SPV
Total 84
MNRE
union cabinet approves national
Mission for enhanced energy
efficiency Mission to save 23 Mt
oil equivalent of fuel
T
he Union Cabinet has approved
the implementation framework
of the National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efciency (NMEEE), which seeks
to strengthen the market for energy
efciency by creating conducive
regulatory and policy regime. The
NMEEE has been envisaged to foster
innovative and sustainable business
models to the energy efciency sector.
It is one of the eight national
missions under the National
Action Plan on Climate Change.
Speaking after the Cabinet
approval, Sushil Kumar Shinde,
Union Minister of Power,
said, Enhancing energy
efciency is one of the most
important means to secure
Indias energy requirements.
Nod for the NMEEE is an
important milestone in our
quest to promote energy
efciency and a major step
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
6 AUGUST 2010
national news
towards energy security. The Cabinet
approval includes implementation
plan of the NMEEE, funds to the tune of
Rs 235.35 crore, and creation of two
new posts of Deputy Director General
in Bureau of Energy Efciency (BEE).
Elaborating on the NMEEE, P Uma
Shankar, Secretary, Ministry of Power,
said, This is a signifcant development
for India. During the next four years, the
NMEEE will help achieve total avoided
capacity addition of 19 598 megawatt
(MW), fuel savings of around 23 million
tonnes per year, and greenhouse gas
emissions reductions of 98.55 million
tonnes per year.
The NMEEE spelt out four new
initiatives to enhance energy efciency,
in addition to the programmes on
energy efciency being pursued.
The fagship of the mission is the
Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT)
scheme, a market-based mechanism
to enhance cost efectiveness of
improvements in energy efciency in
large industries. The trading of energy
saving certifcates would facilitate this
process. The second initiative is Market
Transformation for Energy Efciency
(MTEE), which includes accelerating the
shift to energy-efcient appliances in
designated sectors through innovative
measures to make the products more
afordable. The NMEEEs third initiative
is the Energy Efciency Financing
Platform (EEFP), which allows for the
creation of mechanisms that would
help fnance demand side management
programmes in all sectors by capturing
future energy savings. The fnal
initiative is the Framework for Energy
Efcient Economic Development
(FEEED). It aims to develop two fscal
instruments to promote energy
efciencythe Partial Risk Guarantee
Fund (PRGF) and Venture Capital Fund
for Energy Efciency (VCFEE). Dr Ajay
Mathur, Director General, BEE, has
been designated the Mission Director.
He said, the Mission seeks to upscale
the eforts to unlock the market for
energy efciency on a public private
partnership (PPP) basis, which is
estimated to be around Rs 74 000 crore.
The NMEEE seeks to create and sustain
markets for energy efciency in the
entire country, which will beneft the
country and the consumers.
MNRE
eco body for renewable energy
boost in state
G
reenpeace India, an environmental
group, has made an appeal to
all political parties of Bihar to include
campaign for development of
renewable energy in its poll manifesto
for providing energy needs of the rural
population of the state. Experts also feel
that Bihar needs an energy revolution
now and decentralized renewable
energy can fuel that change.
Greenpeace India has decided to
launch its sustainable campaign for
the development of decentralized
renewable energy in Bihar. We have
made an appeal to all political parties to
make peoples manifesto for Bihar for
empowering the state and its people,
said Shashwat Raj, Media Ofcer,
Greenpeace India.
We believe that a resurgent Bihar
can chart an alternative development
pathway by developing a state based
regulatory framework to encourage
utilization of renewable energy through
a renewable energy law. The new law
should be drafted with proper and wide
consultations to ensure robustness of
the policy, Raj told Times of India.
TIMES OF INDIA
clp to set up 39.6 Mw wind
farm in Karnatakas davanagere
district
C
LP India, a wholly owned subsidiary
of the CLP Group, one of the largest
investor-owned power businesses
in Asia, has announced that it would
develop a 39.6-megawatt (MW)
wind farm at Harapanahalli in the
Davanagere district of Karnataka. A
press release from the company said
that it had entered into an agreement
with wind turbine manufacturer Vestas
Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd to
develop this green-feld project on a
turnkey basis. The construction of the
project had commenced and would be
completed in the frst quarter of 2011.
The wind farm will use 24 Vestas
V82 1.65-MW turbines and is expected
to qualify as a Clean Development
national news
7
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
Mechanism (CDM) project under the
Kyoto Protocol, which will contribute
signifcantly to the fnancial viability of
the project, the release said.
With this, CLPs wind portfolio
has increased to 485.6 MW, making
it the largest wind energy developer
in India, the release said. CLP has
already committed 82.4 MW of wind
investments in the state of Karnataka,
which are under construction. The
addition of 39.6 MW will enhance CLPs
presence in Karnataka to 122 MW.
The event coincided with the full
commissioning of CLPs 99-MW Theni
Wind Farm in Tamil Nadu, which was
executed on a turnkey basis by Vestas.
The Harapanahalli project refects
our commitment to sustaining CLPs
position as a leading developer
of renewable energy in India,
Rajiv Mishra, Managing Director, CLP
India, said.
HTTP://NETINDIAN.IN
Greenko to raise capacity to
1000 Mw
R
enewable energy companies in
India are expecting a major boost
in demand, thanks to the governments
recent regulations that make it
mandatory for power utilities to source
about 6%10% from renewable sources
and the introductions of the renewable
energy certifcate scheme.
Greenko Group, the Hyderabad-
based independent renewable energy
operator, is planning to raise its total
capacity to 1000 megawatt (MW) by
2014. It is a signifcant size in the
renewable sector, though the sector
has a long way to go to achieve the
governments target of 20% from
renewable energy, said Mahesh Kohli,
promoter and president of Greenko.
Although Greenkos strategy is
to focus on small and medium hydro
power projects, it has also started
adding wind energy, natural gas,
and biomass projects to its portfolio.
Greenkos projects are spread across
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal
Pradesh, and Sikkim, among others.
HTTP://ECONOMICTIMES.INDIATIMES.COM
orient Green power to expand
capacity
O
rient Green Power Ltd (OGPL), a
subsidiary of Singapore-based
Orient Green Power Pte Ltd, has drawn
up plans to increase the capacity to 800
MW by March 2012. As on 31 March
2010, its installed capacity was 193.1
MW, comprising of 152.6 MW from
wind farms and 40.5 MW from biomass-
based power plants. By the end of
the current fnancial year, it plans to
reach a capacity of 340 MW. The total
outlay is estimated at Rs 4000 crore.
The required resources would be raised
through an initial public ofer (IPO) for
Rs 900 crore, internal accruals, and debt.
The company is operating fve biomass
plants and a biogas plant in Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
The company has multi-fuel biomass-
based projects in the committed and
development stages in Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and
West Bengal.
WWW.THEHINDU.COM
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
8 AUGUST 2010
international news
$12 billion joint venture for the
production and sale of ethanol
and electricity from sugarcane
E
nergy giant Shell and Cosan SA
of Brazil have signed binding
agreements to form a $12 billion joint
venture for the production and sale of
ethanol and electricity from sugarcane.
Shell will contribute almost $2 billion to
the efort and over 2700 service stations
to the transaction; Cosan will line up
23 sugar mills, power plants that turn
sugarcane waste into energy, and 1700
of its service stations behind the joint
venture. The companies are betting
that strong cooperation in Brazil will
lead to increased ethanol sales abroad.
WWW.TRIPLEPUNDIT.COM
and provide 50% in matching funds.
The equipment must be installed
within 12 months.
Governor Jan Brewer said that
the money illustrates the states
commitment to renewable energy.
Investment in our states emerging
renewable energy industry will have
lasting benefts and lead to long-term
market transformation, which will build
a more sustainable Arizona economy,
she said.
The grant recipients are Fluidic
Inc.; Linamar Solar Systems; Prisma
Solar Technologies; Schletter Inc.;
Southwest Windpower Inc.; and
Suntech Arizona Inc.
PHOENIX BUSINESS JOURNAL
california approves giant
thermal solar plant
C
alifornias energy regulatory
agency has approved plans to
build a 250-megawatt solar thermal
farm near the Mojave Desert. The
Beacon Solar Energy thermal solar plant
would be built at the western edge of
the Mojave Desert, roughly 15 miles
north of the town of Mojave. It would
cover about 2012 acres in Kern County,
California, according to the California
Energy Commission (CEC). The Beacon
project is being touted by many as the
frst solar thermal project to be built
in the state in 20 years. In addition to
the Beacon project, the CEC has
about a dozen other large-scale solar
thermal energy projects that should
receive an up or down vote before this
years end.
Many companies are in a scramble
to get approval for their solar projects
and break ground within the year in
order to take advantage of a Treasury
Grant programme and the Department
of Energys renewable energy loan
guarantee programme, both of which
would expire at the end of 2010.
HTTP://NEWS.CNET.COM
arizona gives $2.7 million in
grants to six renewable energy
companies
S
ix renewable energy companies
are getting a total of $2.7 million
in grants from the Arizona Commerce
Authority for their plans to locate to
the state and bring jobs. The funds
are coming from the Manufacturers
Energy-efciency Grant Assistance
programme at the authority.
The money is for energy-efcient
fxed assets. The recipients must create
two jobs for every $100 000 granted
9
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
international news
prince of wales wins right to
install solar panels on clarence
House
T
he Prince of Wales has won
permission to install solar panels
on the roof of Clarence House in an
attempt to make his 180-year-old
London residence carbon negative.
The installation of the 32 panels
on the buildings southeast roof is
expected to cost as much as 150 000,
which will take 10 years to recoup in
reduced energy bills. Experts have
been called in to ensure that the roof
of the Grade II listed building is not
damaged during the installation.
The panels are expected to produce
4000 kilowatt-hours of electricity.
The new initiative aims to render the
Princes household carbon negative
it would generate more energy than
it would use. The Prince plans to add
more panels to the southwest roof, if
the initial installation proves a success.
An environmental assessment of
the scheme, included in Westminster
City Council planning documents,
stated, The installation of solar panels
on the roof of Clarence House will
be the latest in a line of renewable
technology projects undertaken by the
household of HRH the Prince of Wales
that not only have a direct beneft of
reducing fossil fuel use and carbon
dioxide emissions, but also have an
indirect impact by raising the profle of
such technologiesThe solar panels
would contribute towards the UKs
2020 renewable energy and carbon
reduction targets [and]...towards the
Mayors target for 25% of the heat and
power used in London to be generated
through the use of decentralized
energy systems by 2025.
WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK
scotlands offshore wind sector
could produce 28 000 jobs
S
cotlands ofshore wind industry
could create 28 000 direct jobs and
generate 7.1 billion of investment over
the next decade, says a new report.
The study for the report, carried
out by consultancy frm IPA Energy
+ Water Economics, is said to be the
frst comprehensive research into the
potential impact of ofshore wind on
the Scottish economy. It suggests
28 000 jobs could be created directly
and a further 20 000 posts in related
businesses. Currently, 463 people
are directly employed in the sector
in Scotland.
The report, titled Scottish
Ofshore Wind: creating an industry,
outlines four alternative visions for the
industrys future growth and potential
to create tens of thousands of jobs. But
it warns that signifcant employment
will only be achieved with investment
in port facilities, national electricity
grid reinforcement, and skills. Looking
at the best-case scenario in terms of
job creation, the report suggested an
industry on the scale of the oil and gas
sector could emerge by 2020.
WWW.BBC.CO.UK
norway and uK sign joint
renewables agreement
N
orways Oil and Energy Minister
Terje Riis-Johansen and UKs
Energy Minister Charles Hendry MP
have signed a deal to secure Britain a
safe gas supply and develop ofshore
wind power.
The ministers have agreed to help
the wind industry to develop ofshore
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
10 AUGUST 2010
international news
North Sea wind energy projects, as well
as follow work by Norways Statnett and
the UKs National Grid on connecting
the two countries power supplies.
Additionally, the deal, which includes an
agreement to work on Carbon Capture
and Storage, means Norway and the
UK will work together to encourage
uptake of renewables and access to
green energy in developing countries,
including through Renewable Energy
and Energy Efciency Partnership
(REEEP) and International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA).
The deal also highlights the
growing potential for North Sea
marine renewable energy projects
to bring new investment and green
job opportunities and to strengthen
energy security in the region.
HTTP://THEFOREIGNER.NO
indonesia establishes renewable
energy directorate general
T
he Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources of the Republic of
Indonesia has established a new
directorate general for managing
renewable energy and energy
conservation. Darwin Zahedy Saleh,
Minister of Energy and Mineral
Resources, has appointed Luluk
Sumiarso as the inaugural director
general for renewable energy and
energy conservation.
The establishment of the directorate
general marks our eforts to prepare
for alternative energy, Darwin said.
He added that Luluk has to immediately
formulate a roadmap for new and
renewable energy development,
as well as for energy conservation.
Luluk has previously advised the
minister on technology and human
resources issues. He has held several
strategic positions in the ministry,
including a stint as director general
for oil and gas and director general for
electricity and energy utilization.
WWW.THEJAKARTAPOST.COM
Obamas goal to double the amount
of renewable energy the US can
generate, along with how much
renewable energy equipment it can
produce by 2012.
Nearly a quarter of the reinvestment
funds are going towards these goals,
pumping $23 billion into renewable
energy projects. Doubling renewable
energy generation from wind, solar,
and geothermal projects would see the
US go from producing 28.8 gigawatt
(GW) to 57.6 GW of renewable energy.
In doubling the production of wind
turbines, solar panels, and other
equipment, the country would move
from making enough equipment each
year to produce 6 GW to enough to
generate 12 GW.
The Recovery Act is also helping
the US halve the cost of solar power
between 2009 and 2015. Through
investments in new technologies
and increasing the scale of solar
manufacturing and deployment, the
US is looking to see the cost of solar
power drop from $0.21 per kilowatt-
hour (kWh) in 2009 to $0.10 per kWh
in 2015, which would bring the price
down to household electricity rates.
Utility-scale solar projects are expected
to drop from $0.13 per kWh to $0.06 in
the same timeframe.
More than $2 billion from the act
is being invested in advanced battery
and electric drive manufacturing,
with the intent of bringing down the
cost of electric vehicle batteries by
70% by 2015. All-electric vehicle
recovery act keeps us on clean
energy path
T
he Recovery Act has kept the
country on track to halve the cost
of solar power and has helped lay
the foundation to double renewable
energy generation in the US, says a
White House report. The Recovery Act:
transforming the American economy
through innovation looks at how the
$100 billion in reinvestment funds
from the $787 billion American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act
is afecting solar power costs,
electric vehicle battery production,
and renewable energy, as well as
high-speed rail, electronic health
records, and human genome projects.
The report especially credits the
Recovery Act funds for positioning
the US to meet President Barack
11
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
international news
batteries would go from $33 000 to
$10 000, while plug-in hybrid batteries
would cost $4000 instead of the current
$13 000. The Recovery Act funds are
also going towards making batteries
lighter by about 33% and last 14 years,
as opposed to four years. By 2012,
the report says, the country will have
30 factories capable of producing
20% of the worlds vehicle batteries.
WWW.REUTERS.COM
implementation, the crux for
china energy plans: iea
A
massive $736-billion energy
investment plan could make China
the world leader in renewable energy
and help meet global carbon dioxide
emissions targets, but turning words
into action might prove challenging,
said the chief economist with the
International Energy Agency.
improve Chinas energy security by
promoting the use of hybrid electric
vehicles. It could also galvanize an
economy long dependent on old and
heavy industries, Birol said.
However, to have a plan is
something; to implement it is another
thing. This is a very huge problem, and
it will more or less be a game-changer
for the Chinese electricity generation
sector, he added.
One of the biggest challenges
will be the phasing out of fossil fuel
subsidies, which continue to encourage
waste and inefciency in China. China
is making the right steps but there are
still subsidies that would slow down the
implementation and perhaps, reduce
the efciency of this programme.
WWW.REUTERS.COM
Brazil government gives
go-ahead for the worlds third
largest hydroelectric dam
T
he Brazil government has given
the formal go-ahead for building
the worlds third largest hydroelectric
dam on the Xingu River, a tributary
of the Amazon in the northern state
of Para. After several failed legal
challenges, President Luiz Inacio Lula
da Silva signed the contract for the
Belo Monte dam with the Norte Energia
consortium. But critics say that the
project will damage the local ecosystem
and make homeless 50 000, mainly
indigenous people. But the government
says it is crucial for development and will
create jobs.
I think this is a victory for Brazils
energy sectorWe will persuade them
[the people] that we took seriously into
account the environmental and social
issues, said President Lula.
The 11 000 megawatt (MW) dam
would be third largest in the world,
after the Three Gorges in China and
Itaipu, which is jointly run by Brazil and
Paraguay. It is expected to cost between
$11 billion and $17 billion, and provide
electricity to 23 million homes.
With Brazils economy continuing
to show signs of growth, ministers say
hydro-electric plants are a vital way to
ensure power supplies over the next
decade. And at least 70 dams are said
to be planned for the Amazon region.
However, critics say that the Belo
Monte plant will be hugely inefcient,
generating less than 10% of its capacity
during the three to four months of the
year when water levels are low.
WWW.BBC.CO.UK
It is defnitely very good news
for China but also, looking at the
implications for energy markets and
the climate, very good news for the rest
of the world, Fatih Birol told Reuters in
a telephone interview.
The plan could not only reduce
Chinas greenhouse gas emissions, now
the worlds highest, but might also help
C
hemical engineers at
Purdue University, US,
have developed a new
method to process agricultural
waste and other biomass into
biofuels, and they are proposing
the creation of mobile processing
plants that would rove the
Midwestern US to produce
the fuels. What is important is
that you can process all kinds
of available biomass, said
Rakesh Agrawal, the Winthrop E
Stone Distinguished Professor of
Chemical Engineering.
The approach sidesteps
a fundamental economic hurdle in
biofuelstransporting biomass is
expensive because of its bulk volume,
whereas liquid fuel from biomass is far
more economical to transport, he said.
Materials like corn stover and wood
chips have low energy density, he
added. It makes more sense to process
biomass into liquid fuel with a mobile
platform and take this fuel to a central
refnery for further processing, before
using it in internal combustion engines.
The new methodcalled fast-
hydropyrolysis-hydrodeoxygenation
works by adding hydrogen into the
biomass-processing reactor. The
hydrogen for the mobile plants would
be derived from natural gas or the
biomass itself. However, Agrawal
envisions the future use of solar power
to produce the hydrogen by splitting
water, making the new technology
entirely renewable-energy based.
The method, which has the shortened
moniker of H2Bioil (pronounced H Two
Bio Oil), has been studied extensively
through modelling, and experiments
are under way at Purdue University to
validate the concept.
A research paper on the fndings
has been written by former chemical
engineering doctoral student
Navneet R Singh; Agrawal; chemical
new biofuels processing method for mobile facilities
RE tech update
down into smaller molecules in
the presence of hot hydrogen
and suitable catalysts, Agrawal
said. The reaction products
will then be subsequently
condensed into liquid oil
for eventual use as fuel. The
uncondensed light gases, such
as methane, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide,
are separated and recycled
back to the biomass reactor and
the reformer.
Purdue University has fled
a patent application on the
method. The general concept
of combining biomass and carbon-free
hydrogen to increase liquid fuel yield
has been pioneered here.
The researchers previously
invented an approach called a hybrid
hydrogen-carbon process, or H2CAR.
Both H2CAR and H2Bioil use additional
hydrogen to boost the liquid-fuel yield.
However, H2Bioil is more economical
and mobile than H2CAR. It requires less
hydrogen, making it more economical,
said Singh. It is also less capital
intensive than conventional processes
and can be built on a smaller scale,
which is one of the prerequisites for the
conversion of the low-energy density
biomass to liquid fuel. So, H2Bioil ofers
a solution for the interim time period,
when crude oil prices might be higher,
but natural gas and biomass to supply
hydrogen to the H2Bioil process might
be economically competitive.
The research was funded by the
US Department of Energy, the National
Science Foundation, and the US Air
Force Ofce of Scientifc Research.
It is afliated with the Energy Center at
Purdues Discovery Park.
engineering professor Fabio H Ribeiro;
and W Nicholas Delgass, the Maxine
Spencer Nichols Professor of Chemical
Engineering. Agrawal, Ribeiro, and
Delgass are developing reactors and
catalysts to experimentally demonstrate
the concept. The paper outlines the
process, showing how a portion of the
biomass is used as a source of hydrogen
to convert the remaining biomass to
liquid fuel. Another major thrust of
this research is to provide guidelines
on the potential liquid-fuel yield from
various self-contained processes and
augmented processes, where part of
the energy comes from non-biomass
sources such as solar energy and fossil
fuel such as natural gas, said Singh.
The new method would produce
about twice as much biofuel as current
technologies when hydrogen is derived
from natural gas and 1.5 times the liquid
fuel when hydrogen is derived from a
portion of the biomass itself.
Biomass, along with hydrogen, will
be fed into a high-pressure reactor and
subjected to extremely fast heating,
rising to as hot as 500 C, or more
than 900 F, in less than a second.
The hydrogen-containing gas is to be
produced by reforming natural gas,
with the hot exhaust directly fed into the
biomass reactor. The biomass will break
This diagram shows the layout for a new method for processing
agricultural waste and any available biomass into biofuels. (Rakesh
Agrawal, Purdue University School of Chemical Engineering)
WrItEr: EMIL VENERE (VENERE@PURDUE.EDU)
SourCES: RAKESH AGRAWAL (AGRAWALR@
PURDUE.EDU) AND NAVNEET R SINGH
(NRSINGH@GMAIL.COM).
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
12 AUGUST 2010
feature article
Guidelines for selection of new Grid-connected
solar power projects
T
he objective of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM), under the brand Solar India, is to
establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by
creating the policy conditions for its difusion across
the country as quickly as possible. The Mission has set
a target of 20 000 megawatt (MW) and stipulates implementation
and achievement of the target in three phases (frst phase up
to 2012/13; second phase from 2013 to 2017; and the third
phase from 2017 to 2022) for various components, including
grid-connected solar power.
The successful implementation of the JNNSM requires
the identifcation of resources to overcome the fnancial,
investment-related, technological, institutional, and other related
barriers, which confront solar power development in India.
The penetration of solar power, therefore, requires substantial
support. The policy framework of the Mission will facilitate the
process of achieving grid parity by 2022.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
Building solar India
GuIdelInes for
selectIon of
new GrId-
connected
solar Power
Projects
In order to facilitate grid-connected
solar power generation in the frst
phase, a mechanism of bundling
relatively expensive solar power with
power from the unallocated quota
of the Government of India (Ministry
of Power) generated at the NTPC
coal-based stations, which is relatively
cheaper, has been proposed by the
Mission. This bundled power would
be sold to the Distribution Utilities
at the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC)-determined prices.
The Mission also provides for NTPCs
Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Ltd (NVVN) to
be the designated Nodal Agency for
procuring the solar power by entering
into a Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA) with solar power generation
project developers, who will be setting
up solar projects during the next three
years, that is, before March 2013, and
are connected to the grid at a voltage
level of 33 kilovolt (kV) and above. For
each MW of installed capacity of solar
power for which a PPA is signed by
NVVN, the Ministry of Power (MoP) shall
allocate to NVVN an equivalent amount
of MW capacity from the unallocated
quota of the NTPC coal-based stations,
and NVVN will supply this bundled
power to the Distribution Utilities.
This Scheme is referred to as the
Bundling Scheme in these guidelines.
Considering the fact that some
of the grid-connected solar power
projects were already at an advanced
stage of development, the guidelines
for migration of projects from their
respective existing arrangements to the
ones envisaged under the JNNSM have
already been issued by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
Scope and objectives of
the guidelines
The scope of these guidelines is to
select new projects and provide the
necessary policy framework for the
feature article
development of projects under the
bundling scheme for Phase I of
the JNNSM.
The objectives of these guidelines
are as follows.
1. To facilitate a quick start up of
the JNNSM
2. To ensure serious participation
for projects to be selected under
the JNNSM
3. To facilitate speedier implement-
ation of the new projects to be
selected to meet the Phase I target
of the JNNSM
4. To enhance confdence in the
Project Developers
5. To promote manufacturing in the
solar sector in India
Total capacity and portfolio
of SPV and solar thermal
technology projects
The total aggregated capacity of the
grid-connected solar projects to be
developed under the bundling scheme
in Phase-I of the JNNSM shall be
1000 MW. This capacity is inclusive of
the capacity that may come up under
the Migration Guidelines, which have
been already issued. The projects
will be selected under this scheme
in such a manner so as to provide for
deployment of both solar photovoltaic
(SPV) technology projects and solar
thermal technology projects in a ratio
of 50:50, in MW terms. However, within
these two broad technology groups,
the selection of projects would be
technology agnostic. For the purpose
of calculation of the ratio as mentioned
above, projects migrated from their
existing arrangement to the JNNSM
would also be taken into account.
The projects under Migration
Guidelines shall be selected before
selection of projects under these
guidelines is undertaken.
The above provision, with reference
to the portfolio of SPV and solar thermal,
will be reviewed after one year from
the date of issue of these guidelines,
and if any modifcation to this provision
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
14 AUGUST 2010
3 MW solar power plant
at Kolar District, Karnataka
15
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
is necessary, the same shall be made
so as to achieve the objectives of
these guidelines.
Any demonstration projects as
may be approved by the MNRE from
time to time shall not be considered
for bundling with unallocated quota of
the NTPC power under this scheme.
Phasing allocation of capacity
In order to prevent bunching of large
capacities and the difculty that may
arise in achieving fnancial closure, it is
proposed that selection of PV projects
be done in a phased manner. The
allocation of capacities would be done
in two batches and over two fnancial
years of Phase 1, that is, 2010/11 and
2011/12. The total capacity of SPV
projects to be selected in frst batch,
that is, in fnancial year (FY) 2010/11
shall be limited to 150 MW. The projects
for remaining capacity for SPV projects
(500 MW 150 MW-capacity of Migrated
Projects) will be selected in the second
batch, that is, in FY 2011/12. However,
given the longer gestation period
of solar thermal projects, selection
of projects for the entire capacity of
500 MW, less capacity of migrated
projects, shall be done in FY 2010/11.
Defnitions
Afliate shall mean a company that,
directly or indirectly,
i) controls, or
ii) is controlled by, or
iii) is under common control with a
company developing a project
or a member in a consortium
developing the project, and control
means ownership by one company
of at least 26% of the voting rights
of the other company.
CERC Applicable Approved Tarif
shall mean the tarif as approved by
the CERC for SPV project and solar
thermal project, as applicable, based
on the year of signing the PPA and the
year of commissioning of the project. In
case, the SPV project or solar thermal
project seeks to avail accelerated
depreciation, the net applicable tarif as
approved by the CERC after adjusting
accelerated depreciation shall be
considered as Applicable Approved
Tarif for such a project.
Company shall mean a body
corporate incorporated in India under
the Company Act 1956.
Financial Closure or Financial
Close means the execution of all the
fnancing agreements required for the
project and fulflment of conditions
precedents and waiver, if any, of the
conditions precedent for the initial
draw down of funds for the project.
The same is also applicable for a project
being developed based on balance
sheet fnancing.
Group Company of a company
means (i) a company which, directly
or indirectly, holds 10% or more of
the share capital of the company or
(ii) a company in which the company,
directly or indirectly, holds 10% or
more of the share capital of such
company or (iii) a company in which
the company, directly or indirectly,
has the power to direct or cause to be
directed the management and policies
of such company whether through the
ownership of securities or agreement
or any other arrangement or otherwise
or (iv) a company which, directly or
indirectly, has the power to direct or
cause to be directed the management
and policies of the company whether
through the ownership of securities or
agreement or any other arrangement
or otherwise or (v) a company which
is under common control with
the company, and control means
ownership by one company of at least
10% of the share capital of the other
company or power to direct or cause
to be directed the management and
policies of such company whether
through the ownership of securities or
agreement or any other arrangement
or otherwise.
Provided that a fnancial institution,
scheduled bank, foreign institutional
investor, non-banking fnancial
company, and any mutual fund shall
not be deemed to be group company,
and its shareholding and the power
to direct or cause to be directed
the management and policies of a
company shall not be considered for
the purposes of this defnition unless it
is the project company or a member of
the consortium developing the project.
Parent shall mean a company,
which holds at least 26% equity either
directly or indirectly in the project
company or a member in a consortium
developing the project.
SPV Project means the SPV power
project that uses sunlight for direct
conversion into electricity through
PV technology.
Solar Thermal Project means the
solar thermal power project that uses
sunlight through concentrated solar
power technology (based on either
line focus or point focus principle) for
conversion into heat/steam, which can
be used for producing electricity.
Technology Partner shall mean
an entity from which the bidder
proposes to take technology support.
This entity can be a member in
more than one bidding consortium,
provided that it does not have more
than 10% of equity commitment in
each consortium.
Ultimate Parent shall mean
a company, which owns at least
26% equity either directly or indirectly
in the parent and afliates.
Project is defned by a single point
of injection into the grid.
Guidelines for selection of
spv projects
Capacity of each project
Given the requirement to connect the
project to the TRANSCO substations
at 33 kV and above, the project
capacity shall be 5 MW, 5% in case of
SPV projects, and no further variation
in the capacity of the project shall
be permitted.
Request for selection for short-
listing of projects
The NVVN shall invite project
developers to participate in the
Request for Selection (RfS) for
development of SPV projects under
this scheme. The project developer
shall submit the RfS within 30 days of
the invitation by the NVVN.
Processing fees
The project developer shall submit
non-refundable processing fee of Rs 1
lakh, along with the RfS, for the project.
Number of applications by
a company
In order to have wider participation
from solar power developers, only one
application per company, including its
parent, afliate, or ultimate parent or
any group company, shall be permitted
for the development of one project of
5 MW, 5% size using a SPV project.
Qualifcation criteria for short-
listing of SPV projects
Financial Criteria
Net Worth
The Net Worth of the company
should be equal to or greater than
the value calculated at the rate of
Rs 3 crore or equivalent US dollar
(USD) per MW of the project capacity.
feature article
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
16 AUGUST 2010
The computation of Net Worth shall
be based on unconsolidated audited
annual accounts of the company. For
the purpose of the computation of
net worth, the best year in the last
four years shall be considered. The
company, would, thus, be required to
submit annual audited accounts for
the fnancial years 2006/07, 2007/08,
2008/09, and 2009/10 (if available),
while indicating the year, which should
be considered for evaluation, along
with a certifcate from the chartered
accountant to demonstrate the
fulflment of the criteria. For companies
that are newly incorporated, the Net
Worth criteria should be met seven days
prior to the date of submission of RfS by
the project developer. To demonstrate
fulflment of the criteria, the project
developer shall submit a certifcate
from a chartered accountant certifying
the Net Worth on the date seven days
prior to submission of RfS. Further,
the project developer shall submit the
unaudited fnancial statements of the
company for the date on which the
Certifcate of Chartered Accountant
has been obtained.
Net worth
= Paid up share capital
Add Reserves
Subtract Revaluation reserves
Subtract Intangible assets
Subtract Miscellaneous
expenditures to the
extent not written of and
carry forward losses
For the purposes of meeting fnancial
requirements only unconsolidated
audited annual accounts shall be used.
However, audited consolidated annual
accounts of the project developer may
be used for the purpose of fnancial
requirements, provided the project
developer has at least 26% equity in
each company whose accounts are
merged in the audited consolidated
account, and provided further that the
fnancial capability of such companies
(of which accounts are being merged
in the consolidated accounts) shall not
be considered again for the purpose
of evaluation of the bid. If the RfS is
submitted by a consortium, the fnancial
requirement to be met by each Member
of the Consortium shall be computed in
proportion to the equity commitment
made by each of them in the project
company. Any consortium, if selected,
shall, for the purpose of supply of power
to the NVVN, incorporate a project
company with equity participation by
the members before signing the PPA
with NVVN. The project developer
may seek qualifcation on the basis
of fnancial capability of its parent
company and/or its afliate(s) for the
purpose of meeting the qualifcation
requirements. In case of the project
developer being a bidding consortium,
any member may seek qualifcation on
the basis of fnancial capability of its
parent company and/or its afliate(s).
In case, any company is selected for
developing both SPV project as well
as solar thermal project, the company
will have to meet the total Net Worth
requirement for all the projects
selected and submit the proof for the
same within one month from the date
of issue of Letter of Intent (LoI).
Technical criteria
Under the Phase I of the JNNSM,
it is proposed to promote only
commercially established and
operational technologies to minimize
the technology risk and to achieve
the commissioning of the projects.
The detailed technical parameters for
SPV projects are at Annexure 1.
Connectivity with the grid
The plant should be designed for
interconnection with the State
Transmission Utility (STU) at the
voltage level of 33 kV or above. Further,
the interconnections should be at
the substation (substation should be
33 kV/132 kV or higher voltage levels)
and not the distribution substation. The
feature article
17
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
Note: For the Qualifcation Requirements, if data is provided by the project developer in foreign currency, equivalent rupees of Net
Worth will be calculated using bills selling exchange rates (card rate) USD/INR of State Bank of India prevailing on the date of closing
of the accounts for the respective fnancial year, as certifed by the project developers banker. For currency other than USD, project
developers shall convert such currency into USD as per the exchange rates certifed by their banker prevailing on the relevant date and
used for such conversion.
project developer should indicate to the
TRANSCO the location (tehsil, village,
and district, as applicable) of its proposed
project. In this regard, the project
developer shall submit a letter from
the STU, along with the RfS, confrming
technical feasibility of the connectivity
of the plant to the grid substation.
The solar power developer would be
responsible for approaching STU and
entering into transmission evacuation
agreement. The responsibility of
constructing the transmission line from
power plant up to 132/33 kv substation
would be of the STU.
Domestic content
One of the important objectives of
the JNNSM is to promote domestic
manufacturing. In view of this, the
developers are expected to procure
their project components from
domestic manufacturers, as far as
possible. However, in the case of SPV
projects to be selected in frst batch
during FY 2010/11, it will be mandatory
for projects based on crystalline
silicon technology to use the modules
manufactured in India. For SPV projects
to be selected in second batch during
FY 2011/12, it will be mandatory for all
the projects to use cells and modules
manufactured in India.
Short-listing of projects
The NVVN shall evaluate only those
applications, which are received by
the appointed date and time at the
head ofce of the NVVN. The NVVN
will evaluate the projects based on the
qualifcation criteria specifed above
and all the projects meeting the criteria
shall be short-listed by the NVVN. In an
event that the total aggregate capacity
of the SPV projects short-listed is up to
150 MW, all the short-listed projects in
the frst batch, that is, in FY 2010/11
would be selected and LoI will be issued
to all the short-listed projects.
In an event that the total aggregate
capacity of the SPV projects short-listed
by the NVVN is higher than 150 MW,
the fnal selection of the projects from
the list of short-listed projects shall be
done on the basis of discount to be
ofered by project developers on the
CERC-approved Applicable Tarif, as
detailed in the next sub-section.
Selection of projects in frst
batch based on Discount
in Tariff
a) The short-listed projects would
be asked by the NVVN to submit
RfP bid, indicating the discount
in Rs/kWh on the CERC-approved
Applicable Tarif.
b) The RfP containing format and
detailed mechanism for Discount
in Tarif will be issued by the NVVN
after short-listing of the projects.
c) The projects ofering the maximum
discount in Rs/kWh on the
CERC-approved Applicable Tarif
would be selected frst and so on.
d) In order to discourage adventurous
bids, Bid Bond on graded scale
would need to be furnished along
with the RfP bid in the manner
detailed hereunder.
e) In the eventuality of a tie in the
bidding process, the applicant
would be selected by draw of lots.

Selection of projects in
second batch
RfS for the SPV projects in second batch
will be invited during FY 2011/12.
The same process of inviting RfS and
selection of projects as detailed above
will be applicable for selection of
SPV projects in the second batch.
Power Purchase Agreement
A copy of Draft PPA to be executed
between the NVVN and the project
developer shall be provided by
the NVVN, along with invitation for
submission of RfS. Within one month of
the date of issue of LoI, the PPA between
NVVN and the project developer for
purchase of power from the project
will be executed.
Bank guarantees
The project developer shall provide
the following bank guarantees to
the NVVN in a phased manner
as follows.
P Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) of
Rs 20 lakh/MW in the form of Bank
Guarantee, along with RfS.
P Bid Bond as mentioned above in
the form of Bank Guarantee, along
with RfP bid (if applicable).
P Performance Bank Guarantee of
Rs 30 lakh/MW at the time of signing
of PPA.
Sl No.
Discount ofered on CErC
approved tarif
Amount of bid bond applicable for every
paise of discount on CErC approved
tarif (per MW)
1 Upto 10% or 10% Rs 10 000
2 More than 10% and upto 15% Rs 20 000
3 More than 15% and upto 20% Rs 30 000
4 More than 20% and upto 25% Rs 40 000
5 More than 25% Rs 50 000
At the end of the selection process,
a LoI will be issued by the NVVN to the
selected solar projects.
In addition to the Performance Bank
Guarantee of Rs 30 lakh/MW to be
provided at the time of signing of
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VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
18 AUGUST 2010
19
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
PPA, the Bank Guarantees towards
EMD and Bid Bond (if applicable) will
also be converted into Performance
Bank Guarantee.
In case, the NVVN ofers to execute
the PPA with the project developer and
if the project developer refuses to
execute the PPA within the stipulated
time period, the Bank Guarantees
towards EMD and Bid Bond shall be
encashed by the NVVN. In case the
project is not selected, NVVN shall release
the Bank Guarantees within 15 days
of the issue of LoI to selected projects.
All the Bank Guarantees shall be valid for
a period of 15 months from the date of
signing of PPA for PV projects.
Minimum equity to be held by
the promoter
The company developing the project
shall provide the information about
the promoters and their shareholding
in the company to the NVVN indicating
the controlling shareholding before
signing of the PPA with the NVVN.
No change in the shareholding in
the company developing the project
shall be permitted from the date of
submitting an RfS till the execution of
the PPA. However, this condition will
not be applicable if a listed company is
developing the project. After execution
of the PPA, the controlling shareholding
(controlling shareholding shall mean
at least 26% of the voting rights) in
the company developing the project
shall be maintained for a period of one
year after commencement of supply
of power. Thereafter, any change can
be undertaken under intimation to
the NVVN.
Financial closure
The project shall achieve fnancial
closure within 180 days from the date
of signing PPA. No extension shall be
granted for achieving this milestone. At
this stage, the project developer would
also provide evidence that the required
land for project development is in clear
possession of the project developer and
the requisite technical criterion have
been fulflled. The project developer
would also need to specify their plan for
meeting the requirement for domestic
content. The requirement for land, as
specifed in the Migration Guidelines,
would remain unchanged. In case of
delay in achieving above condition
as may be applicable, the NVVN shall
encash Performance Bank Guarantee
and shall remove the project from list
of the selected projects.
Commissioning
In case of SPV, the project shall be
commissioned within 12 months of
the date of signing of the PPA. In case
of failure to achieve this milestone, the
NVVN shall encash the Performance
Guarantee in the following manner.
a. Delay up to one month: the
NVVN will encash 20% of the total
Performance Bank Guarantee.
b. Delay of more than one month
and up to two months: the NVVN
will encash 40% of the total
Performance Bank Guarantee.
c. Delay of more than two month and
up to three months: the NVVN will
encash the remaining Performance
Bank Guarantee.
In case the commissioning of
project is delayed beyond three
months, the project developer shall pay
to NVVN the Liquidated Damages at
rate of Rs 100 000/MW per day of delay
for the delay in such commissioning.
The maximum time period allowed
for commissioning of the project, with
encashment of Performance Bank
Guarantee and payment of Liquidated
Damages, shall be limited to 18 months
from the date of signing of the PPA. In
case, the Commissioning of the Project
is delayed beyond 18 months from the
date of signing of the PPA, the PPA will
be terminated and the project shall
be removed from the list of selected
projects. However, if, as a consequence
of delay in commissioning, the
applicable tarif changes for the project,
the project shall be paid the changed
applicable tarif, incorporating the tarif
discount, if any.
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VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
20 AUGUST 2010
feature article
Time schedule for SPV projects
Selection of SPV projects shall be
carried out according to the timeline
given below.
Qualifcation criteria for
short-listing of solar thermal
projects
Financial Criteria
Net Worth
The Net Worth of the company
should be equal to or greater than
the value calculated at the rate of
Rs 3 crore or equivalent USD per MW
of the project capacity up to 20 MW.
For every MW additional capacity,
beyond 20 MW, additional net worth of
Rs 2 crore would need to be
demonstrated. The computation of
Net Worth shall be based on
unconsolidated audited annual
accounts of the company. For the
purpose of the computation of
net worth, the best year in the last
four years shall be considered. The
company, would, thus, be required
to submit annual audited accounts
for the FYs 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09,
and 2009/10 (if available), while
indicating the year, which should
be considered for evaluation, along
with a certifcate from the chartered
accountant to demonstrate the
fulflment of the criteria.
Sl.
No. Event Date
1 Notice for request for selection Zero date
2 Submission of applications with
documents for registration
Zero date + 30 days
3 Short-listing of projects based on RfS
received and decision on tarif discounting
Zero date + 75 days
4 Tarif discounting process and submission
of proposals by short-listed developers
Zero date + 90 days
5 Evaluation of tarif discounting proposals Within 30 days from submission of
tarif discounting proposals (zero date
+ 120 days)
6 Issue of letter of intent Within 15 days from evaluation of
tarif discounting proposals (zero date
+ 135 days)
7 PPA signing Within 30 days from the date of issue
of letter of intent (LOI date + 30 days)
8 Financial closure of the project 180 days from the date of signing
of PPA
9 Commissioning of the project 12 months from the date of signing
of PPA
Guidelines for selection of
solar tHerMal projects
Minimum and maximum
capacity of each project
Given the requirement to connect the
project to the TRANSCO at 33 kV and
above, the minimum capacity of the
solar thermal project shall be 5 MW and
the maximum capacity of the project
shall be 100 MW.
Expression of Interest for short-
listing of projects
The NVVN shall invite project
developers to participate in the RfS for
development of solar thermal projects
under this scheme. The NVVN would
provide a format for submitting the
application. The project developer shall
submit the RfS within 30 days of the
issue of invitation by the NVVN.
Processing fees
The project developer shall submit non
refundable processing fees of Rs 1 lakh,
along with Expression of Interest for
each project.
Number of applications by a
company
The total capacity of solar thermal
projects to be allocated to a company,
including its parent, afliate, or ultimate
parent, or any group company shall
be limited to 100 MW. The company,
including its parent, afliate, or ultimate
parent, or any group company may
submit application for multiple projects
at diferent locations subject to total
maximum of 100 MW. The company
shall submit one single application in the
prescribed format detailing all projects
at multiple locations for which the
developer is submitting the application.
21
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
For companies that are newly
incorporated, the Net Worth criteria
should be met seven days prior to the
date of submission of RfS by the project
developer. To demonstrate fulflment of
the criteria, the project developer shall
submit a certifcate from a chartered
accountant, certifying the Net Worth on
the date seven days prior to submission
of RfS. Further, the project developer
shall submit the unaudited fnancial
statements of the company for the date
on which the Certifcate of Chartered
Accountant has been obtained.
Net worth
= Paid up share capital
Add Reserves
Subtract Revaluation reserves
Subtract Intangible assets
Subtract Miscellaneous
expenditures to the extent
not written of and carry
forward losses
For the purposes of meeting fnancial
requirements, only unconsolidated
audited annual accounts shall be used.
However, audited consolidated annual
accounts of the project developer may
be used for the purpose of fnancial
requirements provided the project
developer has at least 26% equity in
each company whose accounts are
merged in the audited consolidated
account and provided further that the
fnancial capability of such companies
(of which accounts are being merged
in the consolidated accounts) shall not
be considered again for the purpose of
evaluation of the Bid.
The fnancial requirement to
be met by each Member of the
Consortium shall be computed in
proportion to the equity commitment
made by each of them in the project
company. Any consortium, if selected,
shall, for the purpose of supply of
power to the NVVN, incorporate
a project company with equity
participation by the members before
signing the PPA with the NVVN.
The project developer may seek
qualifcation on the basis of fnancial
capability of its parent company
and/or its afliate(s) for the purpose
of meeting the Qualifcation
Requirements. In case of the project
developer being a Bidding Consortium,
any member may seek qualifcation on
the basis of fnancial capability of its
parent company and/or its afliate(s).
In case any company is selected for
developing both SPV project as well
as solar thermal project, the company
will have to meet the total Net Worth
requirement for all the projects
selected and submit the proof for the
same within one month from the date
of issue of LoI.
Technical criteria
Under the Phase I of the JNNSM, it is
proposed to promote technologies
that have plants, which have been in
operation for a period of one year or a
technology for which fnancial closure
of a commercial plant has already
been obtained. Detailed technical
parameters for solar thermal projects
are at Annexure 1B.
Connectivity with the grid
The plant should be designed for
interconnection with the STU at the
voltage level of 33 kV or above. Further,
the interconnections should be at
the substation (substation should be
33 kV/132 kV or higher voltage levels)
and not the distribution substation.
The project developer should indicate
to the TRANSCO the location (tehsil,
village, and district as applicable) of
its proposed project. In this regard,
the project developer shall submit a
letter from the STU, along with the
RfS, confrming technical feasibility
of the connectivity of the plant to
the grid substation. The solar power
developer would have responsibility
for approaching STU and entering into
transmission evacuation agreement
.The responsibility of constructing the
transmission line from power plant up
to 132/33 kV substation would be of
the STU.
Water availability
The project developer should have
made arrangements for water required
for the project. The project developer
Note: For the Qualifcation Requirements, if data is provided by the project developer in foreign currency, equivalent rupees of Net
Worth will be calculated using bills selling exchange rates (card rate) USD/INR of State Bank of India prevailing on the date of closing
of the accounts for the respective FY as certifed by the project developers banker. For currency other than USD, project developers
shall convert such currency into USD as per the exchange rates certifed by their banker prevailing on the relevant date and used for
such conversion.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
22 AUGUST 2010
feature article
shall submit the documentary
evidence in the form of approval
from the state/local authority for the
quantity of water required for the plant,
along with the application in response
to the RfS.
Domestic content
It would be mandatory for project
developers to ensure 30% of local
content in all plants/installations under
solar thermal technology. Land is
excluded.
Short-listing of projects
The NVVN shall evaluate only those
RfS, which are received by the
appointed date and time at the head
ofce of the NVVN. The NVVN will
evaluate the projects based on the
qualifcation criteria specifed above
and announce the list of the projects
meeting the qualifcation criteria. If the
total aggregate capacity of the solar
thermal projects short-listed by the
NVVN is lower than the capacity to be
selected, all the short-listed projects
would be selected and LoI will be
issued to all short-listed projects. In
the eventuality, the total aggregate
capacity of the solar thermal projects
short-listed by the NVVN is higher
than the capacity to be selected, the
fnal selection of the projects from
the list of short-listed projects shall be
done based on discount ofered by
the developers on the CERC-approved
Applicable Tarif, as detailed in next
sub-section.
Selection of projects based on
Discount in Tariff
a) The short-listed projects would
be asked by the NVVN to submit
RfP bid, indicating the discount
in Rs/kWh on the CERC-approved
Applicable Tarif.
b) The RfP containing format and
detailed mechanism for Discount in
Tarif will be issued by the NVVN, if
required after short-listing of solar
thermal projects.
c) The Projects ofering the maximum
discount in Rs/kWh on the
CERC-approved Applicable Tarif
would be selected frst and so on.
d) In order to discourage adventurous
bids, Bid Bond on graded scale
would need to be furnished along
with the RfP bid in the manner
detailed in the table below.
e) In the eventuality of a tie in the
bidding process, the applicant
would be selected by draw of lots.
In case the project developer
submits application for multiple
projects and such projects are short-
listed, then the developer has to ofer
discount separately on each such short-
with LoI. Within one month of the date
of issue of LoI, the PPA between the
NVVN and the project developer for
purchase of power from the project will
be executed.
Bank Guarantees
The project developer shall provide
the following Bank Guarantees to
the NVVN in a phased manner
as follows.
P EMD of Rs 20 lakh/MW in the form
of Bank Guarantee, along with
the RfS.
P Bid Bond as per the clause
mentioned above in the form of
Bank Guarantee along with RfP bid
(if applicable).
P Performance Bank Guarantee of Rs
30 lakh/MW at the time of signing
of the PPA.
Sl No.
Discount ofered on CErC
approved tarif
Amount of bid bond applicable for every
paise of discount on CErC approved
tarif (per MW)
1 Upto 10% or 10% Rs 10,000/-
2 More than 10% and upto 15% Rs 20,000/-
3 More than 15% and upto 20% Rs 30,000/-
4 More than 20% and upto 25% Rs 40,000/-
5 More than 25% Rs 50,000/-
listed project. At the end of selection
process, a LoI will be issued by the NVVN
to the selected solar projects. In case
the capacity of last project selected is
higher than the capacity to be selected
for meeting the cumulative capacity
of all the projects to be selected under
these Guidelines, the capacity of last
project selected shall be limited, so
as to meet the cumulative capacity of
all the projects to be selected under
these Guidelines.
Power Purchase Agreement
A copy of Draft PPA to be executed
between the NVVN and the project
developer shall be provided along
P In addition to the Performance Bank
Guarantee of Rs 30 lakh/MW to be
provided at the time of signing of
PPA, the Bank Guarantees towards
EMD and Bid Bond (if applicable) will
also be converted into Performance
Bank Guarantee.
In case, the NVVN ofers to execute
the PPA with the project developer
and if the project developer refuses to
execute the PPA within the stipulated
time period, the Bank Guarantees
towards EMD and Bid Bond shall be
encashed by the NVVN. In case the
project is not selected, the NVVN shall
release the Bank Guarantee within 15
23
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
days issue of LoI to selected projects.
All the Bank Guarantees shall be valid
for a period of 34 months from the date
of signing of the PPA for solar thermal
projects.
Minimum equity to be held by
the promoter
The company developing the project
shall provide the information about
the promoters and their shareholding
in the company to the NVVN,
indicating the controlling shareholding
before signing of the MoU with the
NVVN. No change in the shareholding
in the company developing the project
shall be permitted from the date of
submitting an RfS till the execution
of the PPA. However, in case the
project is being developed by a listed
company, this condition will not be
applicable. After execution of the
PPA, the controlling shareholding
(controlling shareholding shall mean
at least 26% of the voting rights) in the
company developing the project shall
be maintained up to a period of one
year after commencement of supply
of power. Thereafter, any change can
be undertaken under intimation to
the NVVN.
Financial closure
The project shall achieve fnancial
closure within 180 days from the date
of signing the PPA. No extension shall
be granted for achieving this milestone.
At this stage, the project developer
would also provide evidence that the
required land for project development
is under clear possession of the project
developer and the requisite technical
criteria have been fulflled. The project
developer would also need to specify
their plan for meeting the requirement
for domestic content. The requirement
for land, as specifed in the Migration
Guidelines, would remain unchanged.
In case of delay in achieving above
condition as may be applicable, the
NVVN shall encash Performance Bank
Guarantee and shall remove the project
from list of the selected projects.
Commissioning
In case of solar thermal projects, the
project shall be commissioned within
28 months of the date of signing of the
PPA. In case of failure to achieve this
milestone, the NVVN shall encash the
Performance Bank Guarantee in the
following manner.
a. Delay up to one month: the
NVVN will encash 20% of the total
Performance Bank Guarantee.
b. Delay of more than one month
and up to two months: the NVVN
will encash 40% of the total
Performance Bank Guarantee.
c. Delay of more than two month and
up to three months: the NVVN will
encash the remaining Performance
Bank Guarantee.
In case the commissioning of the
project is delayed beyond fve months,
the project developer shall pay to the
NVVN the Liquidated Damages at rate
of Rs 100 000/MW per day of delay
for the delay in such commissioning.
The maximum time period allowed
for commissioning of the project with
encashment of Performance Bank
Guarantee and payment of Liquidated
Damages shall be limited to 36 months
from the date of signing of the PPA. In
case, the commissioning of the project
is delayed beyond 36 months from the
date of signing of the PPA, the PPA will
be terminated and the project shall
be removed from the list of selected
projects. However, if, as a consequence
of delay in commissioning, the
applicable tarif changes for the project,
the project shall be paid the changed
applicable tarif, incorporating the tarif
discount, if any.
Time schedule for solar thermal
projects
The time schedule for solar thermal
projects under the JNNSM shall be
as shown in the table below.
otHer provisions
Role of state-level agencies
It is envisaged that the state
government shall appoint an agency
Sl.
No. Event Date
1 Notice for request for selection Zero date
2 Submission of applications with
documents for registration
Zero date + 30 days
3 Short-listing of projects based on RfS
received and decision on tarif discounting
Zero date + 75 days
4 Tarif discounting process and submission
of proposals by short-listed developers
Zero date + 90 days
5 Evaluation of tarif discounting proposals Within 30 days from submission of tarif
discounting proposals (zero date + 120 days)
6 Issue of letter of intent Within 15 days from evaluation of tarif
discounting proposals (zero date + 135 days)
7 PPA signing Within 30 days from the date of issue of letter
of intent (LOI date + 30 days)
8 Financial closure of the project 180 days from the date of signing of PPA
9 Commissioning of the project 12 months from the date of signing of PPA
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
24 AUGUST 2010
feature article
as a State Level Agency, which will
provide necessary support to facilitate
the development of the projects.
This may include facilitation in the
following areas.
P Access to sites
P Water allocation for solar thermal
projects
P Land acquisition for the project
P Connectivity to the transmission
substation
Role of carbon fnancing
Project developers are encouraged
to identify the potential role of
carbon fnance in their investment
analysis, including
(i) the expected revenues from
emission reductions; and
(ii) the cost of power with and without
carbon revenues
A nodal agency will be designated
as the programme coordinating entity
for the purposes of facilitating the
emission reductions benefts using the
programmatic approach. It will perform
this function in cooperation with
project developers and other parties
and in line with the tarif regulations
laid down by the CERC.
Amendment to the guidelines
These guidelines will be reviewed
after one year from the date of issue of
these guidelines and any modifcation
to these guidelines, if necessary, shall
be carried out, so as to achieve the
objectives of the JNNSM.
Power to remove diffculties
If any difculty arises in giving
efect to any provision of these
guidelines or interpretation of the
guidelines or modifcation to the
guidelines, the Secretaries of the
MoP and the MNRE shall jointly meet
and decide the matter, which will be
binding on all parties concerned. Any
inconsistencies, due to oversight,
may be rectifed, after obtaining the
approval from the Secretaries of the
MoP and the MNRE.
For details, visit the MNRE website (www.mnre.gov.in).
25
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
ANNEXurE 1A
technical requirements of PV module for use in grid solar power plants
(a) PV module qualifcation
The PV modules used in the grid solar power projects must qualify to the latest edition of any of the following
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) PV module qualifcation test or equivalent Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) standards.
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Modules IEC 61215
Thin Film Modules IEC 61646
Concentrator PV modules IEC 62108
In addition, PV modules must qualify to IEC 61730 for safety qualifcation testing. For the PV modules to be used in a
highly corrosive atmosphere throughout their lifetime, they must qualify to IEC 61701.
(b) Authorized test centres
The PV modules must be tested and approved by one of the IEC-authorized test centres. In addition, a PV module
qualifcation test certifcate as per the IEC standard, issued by the Electronic Testing and Development Centre (ETDC),
Bengaluru, or Solar Energy Centre will also be valid. The MNRE will review the list of authorized testing laboratories/
centres from time to time.
(c) Warranty
The mechanical structures, electrical works, and overall workmanship of the grid solar power plants must be warranted
for a minimum of fve years. The PV modules used in grid solar power plants must be warranted for output wattage,
which should not be less than 90% at the end of 10 years and 80% at the end of 25 years.
(d) Identifcation and traceability
Each PV module used in any solar power project must use a radio-frequency identifcation (RFID) tag. The following
information must be mentioned in the RFID used on each module (this can be inside or outside the laminate, but must
be able to withstand harsh environmental conditions).
(i) Name of the manufacturer of PV module
(ii) Name of the manufacturer of solar cells
(iii) Month and year of the manufacture (separately for solar cells and module)
(iv) Country of origin (separately for solar cells and module)
(v) IV curve for the module
(vi) Wattage, Im, Vmand FF for the module
(vii) Unique Serial No. and Model No. of the module
(viii) Date and year of obtaining IEC PV module qualifcation certifcate
(ix) Name of the test laboratory issuing IEC certifcate
(x) Other relevant information on traceability of solar cells and module as per ISO 9000
All grid SPV power plants must install necessary equipment to continuously measure solar radiation, ambient temp
erature, wind speed, and other weather parameters, and simultaneously measure the generation of Direct Current
(DC) power as well as Alternating current (AC) power generated from the plant. They will be required to submit this
data to the MNRE online and/or through a report on regular basis for the entire duration of the PPA.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
26 AUGUST 2010
feature article
ANNEXurE 1B
technical qualifcation requirements for eligibility of a solar thermal power developer to
establish solar power plant under the JNNSM
a) Only new plant and machinery to be used.
b) Any of the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology, such as Parabolic Trough Collectors, Solar Dish Stirling (or
any other prime mover), Linear Fresnel Refector, Central Tower with heliostats, or their any other combination
could be used.
c) Solar Power Developer must fulfl either of following requirements:
P Solar power developer is himself/herself a technology provider who has either experience in design and
engineering of at least one MW capacity solar thermal power plant, having been in operation for a period of at
least one year on the specifed cut of date, or obtained at least one fnancial closure of a solar thermal power
plant of at least 50% of the proposed capacity based on the proposed technology.
P Solar power developer has a tie-up with a technology provider, fulflling the technology requirements
mentioned above.
P Solar power developer is an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contractor/power generating
company, having experience in engineering, erection, and commissioning of at least 100 MW capacity
conventional thermal power plant and a tie-up with a technology provider, fulflling the technology
requirements mentioned above.
P Solar power developer has a tie-up with an EPC contractor having experience in engineering, erection, and
commissioning of at least 100 MW capacity conventional thermal power plant and a tie-up with a technology
provider, fulflling technology requirements mentioned above.
P Solar power developer is an EPC contractor having experience in engineering, erection, and commissioning
of at least one MW capacity solar thermal power plant and a tie-up with a technology provider fulflling
technology requirements mentioned above.
P Solar power developer has a tie up with an EPC contractor having experience in engineering, erection, and
commissioning of at least one MW capacity solar thermal power plant and a tie-up with a technology provider
fulflling technology requirements mentioned above.
d) All grid-connected solar thermal power plants will install equipment for regular monitoring of solar irradiance
(including Direct Normal Irradiance or DNI), ambient air temperature, wind speed, and other weather parameters,
and simultaneously, for monitoring of the amount of electric power generated from the plant. They will submit this
data to the MNRE online and/or through a report on regular basis for the entire duration of the PPA.
Note: Tie up would mean any of (i) MoU for Technology Transfer (ii) technology or document sale agreement (iii) EPC contract
(iv) project-specifc assurance to support with design and construction of the plant.
For more information,
visit the MNRE website (www.mnre.gov.in).
feature article
Yasir altaf, <yaltaf@icfi.com>, Senior Consultant, and
Pramod Kumar singh, <pramodsingh@icfi.com>, Energy Analyst, ICF International, New Delhi.
EMPOWERING rENEWABLE
INDuStrY THROUGH
REC MECHANISM
feature article
T
oday, India is the second
fastest growing economy
in the world. And this
strong economic growth
would have been virtually
impossible without increased energy
consumption. With a targeted gross
domestic product (GDP) growth rate
of 8%9%, the energy requirements
of the country are expected to grow
fourfold over the next 25 years. Given
the current statistics of energy access
and shortages, and the likely need
for energy in the future, India faces a
formidable challenge in meeting the
growing energy needs. This is forcing
India, which imports a majority of its oil,
to reduce its import dependency and
look for cleaner energy resources within
its territory. Development of renewable
energy (RE) is the centerpiece of this
strategy, as it addresses the twin
objectives of ensuring energy security
and reducing emissions. The initiative
to develop RE has taken a concrete
shape and is well poised to give the
necessary fllip to the industry.
Generation not commensurate
with capacity growth
Indias RE industry has been in the
making since the last 56 years. State-
level Renewable Portfolio Standards
(RPS) initiated this growth, which later on
proliferated due to cash infow through
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
market. Grid-connected renewable
capacity currently stands at 16 gigawatt
(GW), representing 10% of our total
capacity. However, RE injection in
kilowatt-hour (kWh) is depressing at
less than 4% of the total generation
(Figure 1). Tax holidays, accelerated
depreciation, and customs exemption
given to the developers resulted in
capacity installation, but there was
no additional monetary incentive to
generate from these plants. This led to
little contribution of RE sources to the
total electricity mix.
Under the RPS, states fxed a
percentage of electricity that their power
distribution companies (DISCOMS)
Figure 1 RE installed capacity, capacity mix, and energy mix as of March 2010
need to buy from RE sources. The
minimum RPS level varied across the
states, keeping in view the available RE
potential. Some states defned resource-
wise target common for all DISCOMS,
whereas others had diferent targets for
diferent DISCOMS. However, the RPS
has not been able to achieve the level
of capacity addition when compared to
the vast technical potential available in
the country (Figure 2).
The main shortcomings in the state-
level RPS scheme were the following.
P Higher RE potential states such as
Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil
Nadu had no incentives to look
beyond their RPS targets.
P States such as Delhi, Punjab, and
Haryana could not apply RPS due to
the non-availability of RE sources.
Figure 2 Indias current RE capacity vis--vis technical potential
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
28 AUGUST 2010
feature article
P Limited fexibility to market
participants to buy and sell
renewable power.
P No fnancial liability or penalty
for non-fulfllment of the RPS
obligation, except in Maharashtra.
Hence, there was a need for a
mechanism that could facilitate
inter-state exchange of power
generated from RE sources.
rec mechanism to bring about a
paradigm shift in re industry
Things started gaining more attention
when the intent of market-based trading
schemes to promote RE was unveiled
by the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC). Notifcation
to facilitate the Renewable Energy
Certifcates (REC) mechanism has been
made, under which the DISCOMS,
captive users, and open access
customers (obligated entities) across
the states have to buy 15% power from
RE generation sources (selling entities)
by the year 2020. Final regulation on
the REC is under formulation and is
expected to come anytime. There will
be two separate renewable obligations
set for each statesolar and
non-solar. These two obligations will be
accounted separately, and thus, there
will be two categories of certifcates.
The REC scheme will create a
national-level market and ensure
that every state contributes to RE
development, irrespective of the RE
potential in the state. It will encourage
RE capacity addition in states where
there is high potential, as the framework
allows cost recovery at the national
level. This would also enable obligated
entities to purchase RE in a cost-
efective manner. Moreover, states with
lower RE potential cannot escape on
the grounds of resource unavailability.
For now, the REC markets will exist
parallelly with the feed-in tarif system,
but as the REC market will mature, feed-
in tarifs could be gradually phased out.
The price of REC will be as decided in
the power exchange.
Market-based mechanism opens
new doors of investment in re
RE generators, which have not entered
into Power Purchase Agreement
Figure 3 Energy requirement during 201020 under the REC scheme
(PPA) at feed-in-tarif, are eligible to
participate in the REC scheme. Earlier,
a RE generator had the only option to
enter into a PPA with the state to ensure
the of-take of its generated power. It
was highly risk-loaded for developers to
look beyond a PPA and fnding another
market because of the intermittent
nature of RE generation. However, this
29
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
scenario is likely to change now in the
wake of the development of the REC
market. The freedom to choose buyers
and greater fexibility to decide the price
of their product (both electricity and RE
credits) will encourage investors to set
up renewable capacity. The additional
revenues from selling RECs will provide
leeway to developers to recover their
investment. It is estimated that non-
solar renewable capacity could reach
75 GW by 2020 to meet non-solar
renewable obligations (Figure 4).
Easier-to-implement and low-cost
RE sources are expected to be added
in the initial years of the scheme. REC
prices indicate the additional fnancial
support that a RE generator would need
on top of the realized power prices to
make the project economically viable.
REC prices would be lower in the initial
years due to two reasonsestablished
RE technologies are less expensive
and power prices will be higher in the
near term, due to defcit condition of
the market. Less endowed regions
and more costly technologies would
be taken up in the later years. The REC
prices would, therefore, increase as
the scheme progresses, not only due
to the increased RE targets, but also
due to the lowering of power prices as
more and more capacity will come to
the system. The non-solar REC market
size is likely to become $89 billion by
2020. The impact of this scheme could
lead to 1520 paisa/unit increase in the
average electricity prices (average of
price rise between 2010 and 2020).
scheme success depends on
tactical implementation
Regulators will have to play a greater
role to ensure that RE development
takes place as envisaged, so that the
set obligations are met. Various aspects
of the scheme need to be meticulously
designed, especially to support market
development in the earlier years of the
Figure 4 Non-solar renewable capacity addition in response to REC
scheme. It would need to address the
following uncertainties.
P Proposed annual changes in the
REC price band by regulator can
create uncertainty in the expected
return and hamper fnancial closure.
P More clarity in norms for wheeling
electricity and open access
charges to boost confdence of RE
developers and benefciaries.
P Arrangement for laying evacuation
and transmission infrastructure
and sharing of expenses between
developer and the benefciary.
P Provision of tax exemption on
revenues earned from selling RECs.
Unless developers fnd this scheme
fnancially attractive, they would be
hesitant to participate. As more and
more players will venture into this,
manufacturing capacity will increase
and the cost of technology will come
down. So, instead of interfering greatly
in the fnancial gains of a developer,
greater emphasis of regulators should
be to provide long-term roadmap for
the development of RE and to bring
more harmony among the participants
of the scheme. This would help in
achieving the bigger objective of
the country to manage volatility in
energy price and address concerns of
climate change.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
30 AUGUST 2010
B
ox-type solar cooker is a
device to capture solar
energy and use it for
cooking food and other
similar purposes. Most of us
must have read about this in our school
science classes. I am sure that some of
you must have made a science model
of the same as a project. But thereafter,
everybody forgets to use it in real life.
The reason is very simple. Though
humankind has made tremendous
progress in the feld of science and
technology, the hard fact is that it has
not been able to use the power of the
sun efciently and economically.
This question perturbed me when
I was posted to Jaipur, a hot and dry city
in Rajasthan, India. I was surprised to
see that even after so much abundance
of sunlight in the state, nobody was
using solar cooker to cook food.
There are may be some valid reasons
for the urban population not using
them. But, I thought that it should at
least be popular with the rural or urban
poor population.
Some of the possible reasons for
the non-popularity of solar cookers
with the rural or urban poor masses
were identifed as under.
(a) Afordability: The solar cookers
available in the market are in the
price range of Rs 2500 to Rs 3000.
feature article
BOX-TYPE
SOLAR COOKER
Unbreakable, lightweight, and
affordable approach
Y s dwivedi <ysdwivedi@gmail.com>
This amount is still unafordable
for rural and urban poor, who
are the prospective users. Also,
there is no subsidy given by the
Indian government.
(b) Efectiveness in early hours: The
existing models available in the
market are efective only during
afternoon, which is not very
convenient for the rural people, or
even, with urban people.
(c) Heavy to handle: The cookers are
handled mostly by women, and
the weight of the existing models
available in the market is in range
of 1520 kg. Hence, the
existing design is not
convenient to handle, due
to its heavy weight and
bulky size.
(d) Fragile in nature: In the
existing design, three
glass sheets are used.
That is, two transparent
glass sheets for top of the
box and one glass mirror
as a refector. If even
one of the glass sheets
cracks/breaks, the cooker
becomes unusable.
Keeping in view the
negative points of the
existing models of solar
cooker, I started developing diferent
models, with guidance from the
various knowledge bases available on
the websites. More than 50 diferent
models were made and discarded, as
they had one defciency or the other.
After trying and testing a large
number of models, the fnal model
has been developed, which takes
care of most of the defciencies of the
existing model. Being a civil engineer,
my engineering knowledge helped in
selecting the material and solving the
technical hurdles. Before explaining
the model, I would frst explain the
Sectional view of box and refector in inclined position
31
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
32 AUGUST 2010
feature article
basic fundamentals of box-type solar
cookers; so that if anybody else wants
to improve upon this model, he can do
so with the background of the basic
technology behind these cookers.
worKinG principle of sBc
In simple terms, the role of solar box
cooker (SBC) should be to collect the
maximum sunlight during any time of
the day, pass it through the transparent
as well as insulating medium, and then,
store it in the insulated box.
Though it looks simple, a lot
of technical hurdles are involved
in selecting and designing each
component. Hence, I will be discussing
the three main components, separately.
(A) Insulated box
(B) Transparent cover
(C) Refectors to collect additional
sunlight
(A) Insulated box
The basic quality required for the
internal lining of the box is that it should
withstand temperature of at least up
to 180 C for eight hours, without any
efect. Next, the weight or density of the
internal lining of the box has to be kept
low. The reason is that the hot air inside
the box does not distinguish between
the food to be cooked and the inner
lining material. Hence, if the inner lining
material is of high density, irrespective
of being an insulator, it will absorb heat
and will not be available to cooking
Cutting of corrugated paper
pots. After trying out diferent materials
for inner lining, I fnally decided to use
corrugated paper of good quality,
available in the market in rolls. I used
fve layers of these corrugated sheets
to prepare a 15-mm-thick inner box.
There is a special method to make
these boxes, as the corrugations of the
box are to be kept horizontal. Hence,
the cutting of the corrugated paper
was done in a manner as shown below.
The alternate layers are pasted by
rotating by 90%, so that the vertical
side joints do not coincide. This
method makes the box jointless, with
the corrugation in a horizontal position.
The horizontal corrugation stops the
movement of hot air in the upper
direction and also ensures the escape
of air from the corrugations.
The criteria of selection of the
outer layer were that it should be
insulating, waterproof, and able to
resist temperature of up to 90 C. Also, it
should be lightweight and economical.
The fnal material chosen is EVA Closed
Cell Foam Sheet of 20 mm thickness.
This material is a good insulator,
lightweight, waterproof, temperature
resistant, and economical. Although a
readily available sheet has been used
for modelling purpose, for the mass
production, the open box of EVA foam
can be manufactured by using the
moulds to have a joint-less sturdy box
without any leakage. In order to paste
the corrugated sheet over an EVA
sheet, it is necessary to frst paste a
thin paper sheet, such as a newspaper,
over the EVA sheet, with the help of
Fevicol-type adhesive or sodium silicate
glue used by carton-making factories.
Any other adhesive, like the rubber
one, will not be work, as it will melt at
high temperature.
In order to make the box waterproof
from inside, an aluminium foil of
30 micron thickness is pasted with the
help of Fevicol. This foil is painted black,
with a dull fnish to absorb the sunlight.
(B) Transparent cover to box
Instead of the sheet glass used in
conventional cookers, a variety of
materials were tested to make the
cooker unbreakable and lightweight.
It is recommended to use two layers
of clear polyester sheet of 175 micron
Sectional elevation of box only
33
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
Plan of solar cooker (box only)
thickness (Garware Over Head Projector
[OHP sheet] or equivalent), with an
air gap of 20 mm between them. This
OHP sheet has the melting point of
250 C, and hence, is not afected by
the maximum temperature of 180 C
inside the box. Also, these sheets are
unbreakable, very lightweight, and
highly economical, as compared to
sheet glass.
However, there will be a serious
problem of condensation between
the two layers of OHP sheet, if the
frame is made up of any material, like
wooden battons, or any other method.
Because of condensation of water,
the efciency of the cooker will be
reduced considerably.
This problem of condensation was
overcome by using a square steel tube
frame with continuous hollowness at
all corners, painted black. This steel
tube gets heated up during the process
and does not allow the condensation
to occur anywhere inside the cavity
between the OHP sheets. Also, this
steel tube frame makes the frame
quite strong and sturdy, which is to be
removed frequently for operation.
The OHP sheet can be pasted over the
steel frame with the help of transfer
tapes cut from the Transfer Sheet used
by publishing houses. After pasting this,
the 40-mm-wide transparent tape can
be used to seal the ends. Transparent
tape is necessary for black steel tube to
become hot in the sunlight.
A vertical support of the same
thickness as a steel tube placed at the
middle of steel frame is required to
support the OHP sheet at the centre.
(C) Refectors to collect
additional sunlight
In the existing model available in the
market, a mirror of 4 mm thick glass is
provided to refect the additional light
on the transparent cover. In my model,
four refectors have been provided.
Though the glass mirror has a better
efciency to refect, but it becomes too
heavy and uneconomical to provide
four glass mirrors. As glass mirrors were
not feasible as per my requirement, the
mirrors based on aluminium foil were
tried. In order to make it economical,
lightweight, and sturdy, the corrugated
plastic sheet (commercial name SUNPAK)
of 5 mm thickness was used. In
order to make the sheet sturdier, the
round dry straight sticks were inserted in
the corrugation. The aluminium foil (30
micron thick) adhesive tape is available
in rolls of wider width. These were
pasted on the corrugated plastic sheet
to use it as a refector. The corrugations
were kept vertical, and the two
corrugations near the end were used
to insert the galvanized iron (GI) wire of
4 mm diameter, with hooks at end.
In addition to the above three
basic components, there are fve other
components, which require attention.
They are as under.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
34 AUGUST 2010
feature article
(A) Holding arrangement for
refector
As per refection angle theory, the
refectors are to be kept inclined
about 25 degrees from the vertical.
Accordingly, the GI wire frame with
cross bracing was made and tied up
at the top of all four refectors to keep
them in their location and inclination.
As this arrangement was too big,
another arrangement of aluminium
pipe of 8 mm diameter was also
made with detachable members,
which can dismantled and bundled in
small length.
(B) Air tightness of the transparent
frame cover over the box
Air tightness of the cover is also an
important aspect of the box. As the
cover is to be removed frequently,
Holding arrangement for refector
Improvised covering arrangement
it should be easily ft-able and
removable, with minimum chances of
leakage. The covering arrangement,
similar to plastic lunch boxes,
was improvised.
(C) Hanging cradle arrangement for
cooking pot
As the box is to be lifted towards the
sun for maximum utilization of solar
energy, the pots have been
placed on the aluminium
frame cradle.
Tilting arrangement of
box
An adjustable height stand
made up of aluminium
pipe (20 mm diameter),
with holes and end cross
support, is attached to the
box (as shown) to keep the
box in the tilting position.
Due to tilting, the box becomes
unstable in the front direction due to
wind force and so on. Hence, to make
it stable, a brick has to be kept to stop
the forward movement. Any other
arrangement can also be made.
(E) Size of the box
It was observed that the minimum
transparent area required for good
efciency is about 43 cm x 43 cm.
However, for adjusting the cradle
arrangement for cooking pot and for
allowing space for cradle movement,
the inner size of the box has to be 43 cm
wide, 53 cm long, and 22 cm deep. The
optimum thickness of the corrugated
paper lining is 15 mm. The optimum
thickness of EVA foam sheet was found
as 20 mm. Considering the inner size,
the thickness of the insulation layers
and top frame, the overall size of
the box will be about 50 cm x 60 cm
x 27 cm.
Hanging cradle
arrangement for
cooking pot
35
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
neGatives of tHis desiGn
Some of the negative features are listed
below, along with their solutions.
a) Scratches on OHP sheet covers
Remedy: OHP sheets can be changed
without much cost.
b) Fading of aluminium foil mirror
Remedy: Aluminium foil can be
replaced easily by just pasting another
self-adhesive aluminium foil, without
much cost.
c) Inconvenience of lifting the
transparent cover and refectors
Remedy: The cover of the cooking pot
can be made with the combination of
glass sheet and OHP sheet to see the
cooking, without the need to lift the
transparent cover/refectors.
wHat needs to Be done?
In order to popularise this innovative
model, with several positive features,
I propose to teach this art of making the
box-type solar cooker to women self-help
groups and other organizations. Creating
this innovative product does not require
any machinery or electric power.
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER AND MY INNOVATIVE DESIGN
S. No Features of cooker Conventional design My innovative design Beneft of innovation
1 Transparent double layer
top cover of box
4-mm-thick toughened glass in
double layer
OHP sheet of 175 micron
thickness in double layer
- Unbreakable
- Ultra lightweight
- Melting point 255 C, hence
thermally stable
- Economical
2 Insulated box Inner and outer box of aluminium/
GI sheet, with flling of glass wool
for insulation
Corrugated paper solid board
of 1520 mm thickness, with
1520-mm-thick EVA foam sheet
pasted on outer surface
- Lightweight
- Economical
- Non-hazardous
3 Sunlight Refector Sheet glass mirror4 mm thick Aluminium foil pasted on plastic
corrugated sheet
- Unbreakable
- Economical
- Effective
- Lightweight
4 Number of refectors One Four - More effective
5 Orientation of top cover
of box
Fixed and horizontal Perpendicular to the rays of light - More effcient
- Starts working early in the
morning
6 Cost Available in market in the range of
Rs 2000 to Rs 3000
Manufacturing cost is Rs 500 to
Rs 700
Affordable by lower income
group, encouraging others to
use it
7 Effciency Effective only during noon time It starts working with the sunrise Food can be ready in early
hours of the day
RATE ANALYSIS
S. No Item Unit Quantity Rate (Rs/
Unit)
Amount
(Rs)
1 Corrugated paper in roll, 1 m wide (for
making inner box)
Kg 1.5 25 37.5
2 EVA foam sheet, 20 mm thick (for outer
surface of the box)
Sq m 0.75 200 150
3 Glue (for making inner corrugated box) Kg 0.25 20 5
4 Aluminium foil, 30 micron (for pasting on
inner surface of corrugated box)
Sq m 0.8 25 20
5 Aluminium foil, self-adhesive tape, 30
micron (for pasting on plastic sheet to make
refector)
Sq m 0.8 60 48
6 Black paint, metallic Kg 0.05 100 5
7 Top wooden frame (for corrugated box) pc 1 50 50
8 Steel tube frame for OHP transparent sheets pc 1 50 50
9 OHP Sheet 175 micron thick* Sq ft 5.4 4.5 24.3
10 Stand variable height (for tilting the box
towards sun)
pc 25 1 25
11 Thermometer (0 C to 200 C) pc 20 1 20
12 Corrugated Plastic sheet, 5 mm thick (for
making refector)
Sq ft 9 10 90
13 Cradle for cooking pots pc 2 15 30
14 Labour 100
Total Rs 655700
cost of Material
In order to give a clear picture of the
materials required and their cost, the
approximate rate analysis for cooker is
represented below.
I have tried to elaborate all the details
and techniques required to make
this cooker. In case if someone needs
any clarifcation, the author may be
contacted at his email address.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
36 AUGUST 2010
feature article
Even as Delhi and NCR reel under power cuts, solar energy is beginning to light
up villages just a few miles into the countryside.
Sun light, at night!
neha sethi
Governance Now
T
he sun no longer sets on
Nakshandabad. It continues
to light up this small village
in Moradabad district of
Uttar Pradesh well past
dusk. Even as most of its adjoining
urban areas also plunge into darkness
after sundown, the solar panels that
adorn almost all rooftops here ensure
uninterrupted supply that is sufcient
to power a table fan and a fuorescent
lamp through the night in each home.
Nakshandabad, dotted with striking
pinks and bright yellows among a
majority of cement grey houses, is not
alone in sporting these new symbols of
power on its rooftops. It is just one of a
growing number of villages across the
country that is being facilitated to meet
their basic power requirements from
the sun.
Sixteen regional rural banks in
diferent states are actively providing
soft loans to villagers for installing
home lighting systems that harness
the energy of the sun during the day
to meet their power needs during the
night. With most of the states struggling
to meet their power demand through
conventional means, this hitherto
untapped source is as welcome as it is
environmentally desirable.
solar power, it seems, has
finally arrived in india.
And, with the central governments
ministry of new and renewable
energy stepping up its assistance and
awareness programmes, it might well
be set to spawn an all-new power
revolution that will be as carbon-free as
it will be empowering.
Nakshandabads tryst with solar power
began a year and a half ago when
Prathama Bank started providing credit
to the villagers. Nakshandabad is just
one of the 853 villages in Moradabad,
J P Nagar and Rampur districts of Uttar
Pradesh where we are providing solar
home lighting credit, says Mahesh
Chander Pathak, the general manager
of this regional rural bank, which has
fnanced more than 13 000 systems
since 2005. Last year alone, we
fnanced 8758 systems, says Pathak.
Mangu Singh Tyagi became the
frst resident of Nakshandabad to avail
of the loan. We get electricity for just
four to fve hours a day; the traditional
kerosene lamps are no good because
kerosene prices keep going up, he
says, When the bank told us about this
solar power, I thought of trying it out.
37
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
feature article
The solar home lighting system consists
of two compact fuorescent lights (CFL),
one table fan, a solar panel which is
installed on the rooftop, and a battery.
The sunlight falling on the solar panel is
stored in the battery as electricity and
then the lights and the fan run on that
stored energy, explains Pathak.
The complete set costs Rs 14 500.
The household is required to pay
Rs 1500 initially, followed by an
installment of Rs 300350 every month.
The bank charges 10 percent interest
and the payback period for the loan
is between fve and seven years, says
Pathak, The systems that we are getting
installed are being manufactured by
TATA BP Solar India Ltd for us.
Tyagi is not alone in his appreciation
of his new-found empowerment.
Jagdish, 85, speaks up from his cot
where is lying and smoking a hukka in
the verandah of his house, As soon as
it starts getting dark, I just get up and
switch the light on, and brightness
instantly flls the verandah.
Jagdishs neighbours grand-
daughter, Vidhi, a student of class
two, is busy revising the alphabet,
taught to her in school. A for apple,
B for balla (bat), C for cat, she reads
aloud, sitting on a bed, under the CFL
light in their room, as it starts getting
dark. Renu Tyagi, her mother, sitting
beside her daughter, says, Now
my children are able to study even
when there is no electricity, which is
mostly the case. Her mother-in-law,
Shiksha Devi, who is cooking dinner for
the family in a corner of the veranda,
lit up by the second CFL light, is also
happy with her sons decision to install
the solar home lighting system. Now
we do not have any problem cooking
food even after 7 pm. I usually get up at
four in the morning. Previously, I had to
wait for the sun to rise to start my work
but now I start working as soon as I get
up, she says, turning a chapati over on
the tawa.
Pathak, however, recalls that it took
time to sell the idea to the villagers.
Bharatiya Vikas Trust of Karnataka
initially supported us and gave us six
solar lights free of cost to put up as
demonstrative lights in six diferent
villages, he says, One such scheme
was that the bank gifted a solar street
light to any village which became
100% solar powered.
Interestingly, Pathak says that once
more than 85% of the households
in a village install solar systems, the
bank considers the village 100% solar
powered. Nakshandabad was among
the frst few villages to achieve a
100%. It did so in 2009. So the bank
gifted a free solar street light to the
village, he says.
But Telipura village in J P Nagar
district was the frst one that became
a 100% solar powered village. As of
now, there are 25 villages which have
achieved 100% solar power installation.
We have gifted free solar lights to six of
them, one of which is Nakshandabad,
says Pathak.
There are 45 houses in our village
and 40 of them have installed solar
lights, says Vikas Tyagi, a resident of
Nakshandabad. The gifted solar street
light is now a matter of pride for the
residents and it illuminates the village
temple at night. When most of us
now have light in our homes at night,
we want God to have light as well,
says Tarun Tyagi, a resident.
Pathak says Nakshandabad has
helped popularize solar power in
the neighbouring villages such as
Bairampur. Standing in the verandah
of his one-roomed house, fanked by a
kitchen on the left and his bufaloes on
the right, Satish, a resident of Bairampur
agrees with Pathak and says that he
Now we do not have any
problem cooking food even
after 7 pm. I usually get
up at four in the morning.
Previously, I had to wait
for the sun to rise to start
my work but now I start
working as soon as I get
up, says Shiksha Devi,
turning a chapati over on
the tawa.
Jagdish (above), 85, basks in
his new-found power
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
38 AUGUST 2010
does not need a regular electricity
connection any more. I got a solar
system installed in my house as soon
as I shifted to this village some six to
seven months ago. I did not even apply
for an electricity connection. We are
getting enough light from this system,
he says.
Dhano, Lajjo and their
12 look-alikes also appear to be a happy
herd after a solar system came to their
house. These 14 bufaloes owned by
Indradevi of Bairampur do not miss out
on their daily dinner or breakfast now.
These bufaloes were partly a reason
for getting a solar system installed,
says Indradevi. Earlier, we could not
feed them properly after darkness fell
or even in the early morning. We could
not make out who had eaten and who
needed to eat next. But now we can
see because of this light, she says,
caressing a calf.
Around 200 km from Bairampur,
Rajesh, who sells chips, Maggi and
vegetables from a shop in Sultanpur,
a village in the Gurgaon district of
Haryana is also dependent on the sun
for his electricity needs. He got a solar
home lighting system installed in his
house and shop a year ago. Business
has increased after I got this installed,
he says pointing to the solar light in
his shop. He says that previously, he
could open his shop only till six in the
evening but after installing the light,
he could do business till 8 pm. Rajesh
took a loan from Gurgaon Gramin Bank,
again a regional rural bank, to get this
solar light installed.
This bank started providing loans
for solar home lighting systems in 2008.
N T Hegde, the bank chairman says they
have installed 7000 solar home lighting
systems in around 75 villages. Out of
these, around 20 villages have achieved
the 100% solar powered mark, he adds.
Hegde says his bank is providing
100% credit for the solar home lighting
system. The system costs Rs 15 000
and the bank charges 11% interest on
it, he says. The villagers have to pay of
the loan in fve years, so their monthly
installment comes to Rs 320.
In this case, the bank tried out
various marketing tactics before fnding
out what really worked. We thought
that since the sarpanch was the most
important person in the village, once
we convinced him, it would be easy to
convince the rest, says Hegde. So the
bank started felicitating the sarpanch
once the village reached 100% coverage.
This scheme worked, says Hegde, The
sarpanch would invariably try to achieve
100% solar power once the sarpanch of
the neighbouring village was felicitated.
Iqbalpur, a neighbouring village,
has reached 100% coverage by solar
power. Shreepal, who has a two-room
green house, is happy that his two kids,
Rakhi, 6 and Shashank, 14, no longer
have to get up at night if power goes
of. This fan that we got as a part of
the solar home lighting system keeps
working even at night, explains
Shreepals wife, Sunita.
Shreepal, who got the system
installed a year ago, says once the
battery is completely charged, the
fan works for the whole night. Even
in winters, the lights can stay on for
around fve hours, he says.
Though Prathama Bank and
Gurgaon Gramin Bank, that helped
power Nakshandabad, Bairampur,
Sultanpur and Iqbalpur, depended on
their own initiatives, at least initially, they
did get help from the central ministry
along the way as well. In 2009/10, the
ministry came out with a scheme to
incentivize regional rural banks that
were performing exceptionally. Under
this scheme, both these banks have
been sanctioned Rs 41 lakh each to
spread awareness about solar power.
We have already used up around
70% of the frst installment of the entire
sum which has been sanctioned to us,
says Hegde of Gurgaon Gramin Bank.
With the central government
aiming to increase the number of
solar panels fvefold from the current
fgure of about 50 000 by the end of
this fnancial year, many more villages
across the country can look up to the
sun to power their lives.
feature article
Prathama Bank gifted
this solar street light
(right) to Nakshandabad
39
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
book review
...the real challenge lies in
accommodating high penetrations
of these new technologies in the
electricity supply system, by adapting
existing networks and/or the creation
of new infrastructure for transmission
and distribution. That is where
much of the innovation (and huge
amounts of new investment) will be
needed over the next few years,
says Jonathon Porritt, Founder
Director of Forum for the Future, in the
Foreword of the book Renewable
Energy in Power Systems. And that is
one of the greatest strengths of
this hugely informative new book:
connecting up all the dots so that a
clear and utterly convincing picture
emerges. And that means taking proper
account of the critical importance of
energy efciency (so often ignored
in treatments of renewable energy),
energy security, and the kind of
governance systems, which will be
needed to drive forward so very
diferent an energy economy, he
adds. These lines lie at the very heart of
the book.
Renewable Energy in Power Systems
is written by Leon Freris from the
Centre for Renewable Energy Systems
Technology (CREST), Loughborough
University, UK, and David Infeld
from the Institute of Energy and
Environment, University of Strathclyde,
UK. The book is an introduction to
the need of revising the way power
systems are designed and operated in
order to accommodate the input from
renewable energy (RE) sources.
RE sources difer from conventional
sources in that they usually cannot
be scheduled, they are much smaller
than conventional power stations,
and are often connected to the
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POWER SYSTEMS
electricity distribution system rather
than the transmission system. The
book addresses the integration of such
time-variable distributed or
embedded energy sources into
electricity networks.
In addition, it covers the conversion
of energy into electricity from
RE sources, and the type and
characteristics of generators used.
It also covers the characteristics of
conventional and RE generators, with
particular reference to the variable
nature of RE from wind, solar, small
hydro, and marine sources over
time scales ranging from seconds to
months. The book looks at the power
balance and frequency stability in a
network with increasing inputs from
variable sources, and the technical
and economic implications of
increased penetration from such
sources, with special reference to
demand side management.
Renewable Energy in Power Systems
focuses on the requirement to
condition the power from RE sources,
and the type and mode of operation
of the power electronic converters
used to interface such generators
to the grid. It talks about the fow of
power over networks supplied from
conventional plus RE sources, with
particular reference to voltage control
and protection. The book analyses
the economics and trading of green
electricity in national and international
deregulated markets, and the expected
developments in RE technology and
the future shape of power systems.
Here, the penetration from RE sources
is large, and substantial operational
and control benefts will be derived
from extensive use of power electronic
interfaces and controllers.
The best part about the book is that it
is designed for everyone. It does not
assume previous knowledge in power
systems engineering, and ofers text
that is intelligible to even readers with
a non-scientifc background. Each and
every concept is explained clearly in
the book, with relevant diagrams,
tables, and fgures. The language is
extremely easy to understand and
even the commonly used jargon are
described for the ease of a frst-time
reader. The more analytical electrical
aspects are covered in the Appendix
for readers who wish to gain a more
in-depth understanding of the way
electricity is generated, transported,
and distributed to consumers.
Therefore, students, economists,
planners, and environmental specialists
will fnd the book informative and
interesting. Overall, it is bound to
increase your RE knowledge.
By Suparna Mukherji,
Associate Editor, TERI Press
Freris L and Infeld D. 2008
UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd 300 pp.
ISBN: 978-0-470-01749-4 Price: $90
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
40 AUGUST 2010
RE event
W
e believe that
governments should
be technology agnostic
and encourage a diverse variety of
technologies drawing upon diverse
renewable sourceswind, solar, hydro,
biomass, geothermal, and any new
sources that appear on the horizon.
However, we are also acutely aware of
the need for governments to ensure
energy access afordably and reliably to
their citizens. It is in this context that we
see wind energy to be the most mature
and commercially viable technology,
said Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister
for New and Renewable Energy, India,
during his visit to the Asian Development
Bank (ADB) headquarters in Manila,
Philippines, to participate in the Asian
Clean Energy Forum.
Delivering the keynote address
at the Quantum Leap in Wind Power
Session of the Forum, Dr Abdullah
shared some new initiatives of the
Indian government to accelerate the
pace of wind power development,
such as Generation Based Incentives
(GBI), expansion of the wind resource
data base, technical improvements,
testing, and enlargement of the user
profle. He revealed that about 700
locations were monitored for a period of
13 years, and 233 have been identifed
as wind potential sites. A wind atlas has
also been published recently to help
better micro-siting, leading to higher
generation from wind power projects.
Easy fnancing is being facilitated
through the Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency (IREDA), the
fnancing arm of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, he added.
Dr Abdullah observed that the
latest proposal to include wind and
solar power in the Indian Electricity Grid
Code (IEGC) is another positive step by
dr farooq abdullah addresses session on wind energy at asia clean
energy forum in philippines; meets adB president
the Central regulator that will integrate
wind power into the grid. Indian
manufacturers have come of age both
in terms of the size of the turbine and
technology. He observed that as many
as 16 manufacturers in Indiaup from
only 7 in 2007are competing in the
market. Their combined manufacturing
capacitycurrently about 5000 MW
is expected to go up to 10 000 MW
in the near future. The average unit
capacity that was 553 KW in 2002 now
stands at 2 MW. The hub heights of wind
turbines have been increased in order
to harvest the wind potential more
efectively. An indigenization level up
to 80% has been achieved in machines.
In addition, indigenously produced
wind turbines and components,
valued at over $1000 million, are likely
to be exported this year. Although
capital costs of wind generators have
gone up, which will ultimately show
up in the cost of energy that will be
generated, but the increased efciencies
would bring down the cost of energy to
an extent.
Terming the Centre for Wind Energy
Technology (C-WET) as a unique facility
in Asia, he urged upon other countries
embarking upon a wind energy
growth path to utilize the
services of this facility for testing,
training, capacity building, and
research.
He called upon the private
sector to exploit this sustainable
source of energy, and reiterated
governments responsibility
to provide a friendly and
transparent policy framework. He
termed ready fnancing at costs
lower than the cost of fnancing
normal business, longer maturity
debt, and lower interest costs as
the need of the day to promote
wind energy in the developing world.
Dr Abdullah also called upon
the ADB to coordinate with the
local fnancing institutions with
long-term and cheaper funds.
On the sidelines of the forum,
Dr Abdullah met Haruhiko Kuroda,
President of the ADB and discussed
various issues related to renewable
energy. Dr Abdullah urged President
Kuroda to support demonstration
projects under the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM), and also
requested him to create a guarantee
facility for banks for stepping up lending
to grid-connected solar power projects.
He also sought the support of the ADB
for setting up large solar parks in the
country, under the JNNSM.
President Kuroda emphasized
that India is an important destination
for investments. He also informed
Dr Abdullah that under the Tashkent
initiative, the ADB would look at
supporting a number of initiatives in
clean energy in India. He also talked
about the Energy-for-all initiative of the
ADB, which focuses on scaling up access
to reliable and modern energy services
for the poor.
41
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
N
ational Real Estate Development
Council (NAREDCO) organized
a national workshop on Green
Buildings, Townships, and Campuses
Sustainable Development for
Tomorrow on 12 August 2010 in New
Delhi, in association with Green Rating
for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) and with the support of the
Ministry of New And Renewable Energy
(MNRE), Government of India.
The inaugural session was
addressed by S K Singh, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation, Government of India, and
the keynote speech was delivered by
Dr R K Pachauri, Director-General, The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
Rohtas Goel, President, NAREDCO,
gave the welcome remarks, which was
followed by introductory remarks by
Dr B Bandopadhyay, Advisor, MNRE.
The concluding session was chaired
by Sanjeev Srivastva, Senior Vice
President, NAREDCO.
Over 120 delegates, primarily from
the real estate sector, participated in
the event. In the two technical sessions,
the following presentations and case
studies were highlighted.
P Concept of Green Buildings by
Dr (Mrs) Mili Majumdar, Director,
Sustainable Habitat Division, TERI.
P Green Rating Methodologies by
GRIHA by Siva Kishan, CEO, GRIHA
Secretariat.
P Eco-friendly housing: focus solar
water heating and photovoltaic
power generationcost beneft
analysis by Sameer Maithal, Director,
Greentech Knowledge Solutions.
Case studies on campus
development were presented by Vinod
Gupta; on Green Buildings by Kamal
Meattle; and on renewable energy
applications and incentives for housing
naredco national workshop on Green Buildings, townships, and
campusessustainable development for tomorrow
re event
by Dr A K Singhal, Director, MNRE. The
major recommendations that emerged
from the workshop are as follows.
P Since a building certifed by GRIHA
integrates the requirement of
environment impact assessment
(EIA) government policy and
incorporates the National Building
Code 2005, Energy Conservation
Building Code 2007, and IS codes,
complying with government
regulations, GRIHA should be
adopted for implementation by the
real estate industry in India.
P Lower tax rates and easier bank
loans at lower rates for green
developers would be an important
motivator. The incentive package
needs to be fne-tuned to reduce
the payback period to less than
fve years. For example, the Pune
Municipal Corporation gives
property tax rebate and faster
clearance to green development
projects.
P Solar photovoltaic systems with
30% capital subsidy/soft loan and
depreciation has a payback period
of 56 years with MNRE support.
This can be adopted in townships/
cities where power shortage is high
and the use of diesel generator sets
is widespread. It is useful for the
daytime power consumption needs
and area lighting.
P It is the responsibility of the
municipalities to implement the
building bye-laws in the local areas.
Hence, it is extremely important
to promote capacity building
amongst offcials of the local
authorities. This shall facilitate the
implementation of government
policies and programmes for
promoting sustainable buildings
and townships.
P The agenda of green buildings
can be taken forward by a proper
mix of the GRIHA rating system,
which should be voluntary for
residential buildings, townships,
and campuses.
P For encouraging the
implementation demonstration
through successful examples is
desirable. Since some developers
and architects have adopted
green concepts and have realized
the real saving by adopting
sustainable materials, technologies,
and practices, the same should
be propagated.
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
42 AUGUST 2010

childrens corner
Send in your answers to the following address. The frst three correct entries
will be published in the next issue of Akshay Urja.
the Editor, Akshay Urja, Room No. 1009A, 10th Floor, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex
Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, E-mail aktripathi@nic.in or suparna.mukherji@teri.res.in
energy sudoku
Sudoku is a logic-based placement puzzle consisting of a 9 9 grid of cells. Typically
using numbers, this puzzle uses energy source symbols for biomass, coal, geothermal,
hydropower, natural gas, petroleum, solar, uranium and wind. To solve the puzzle, each
3 3 region of the grid must contain only one source symbol. Each row and each
column of the puzzle must contain only one energy source symbol. There is only one
solution. Good luck!
43
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
announcement
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
44 AUGUST 2010
announcement
45
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
announcement
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
46 AUGUST 2010
announcement
47
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1 AUGUST 2010
forthcoming events
E-mail: asayigh@netcomuk.co.uk
Web: www.wrenuk.co.uk/wrecxi.html

2nd International Photovoltaic Solar
Energy
2729 September 2010
Beijing, China
Tel: 86 10 87194-788
Fax: 86 10 87194-417
E-mail: ipvsee@solarpromotion.org
Web: www.ipvsee.com
3rd Renewable Energy Finance
Forum - West
2829 September 2010
San Francisco, California, US
Tel: 44 207 779 8995
Fax: 44 207 779 8946
E-mail: energyevents@euromoneyplc.com
Web: www.euromoneyenergy.com
Solar Power 2010
1214 October 2010
Los Angeles, California, US
Tel: 1 202 857 0898
Fax: 1 202 682 0559
E-mail: info@solarelectricpower.org
Web: www.solarelectricpower.org

4th POWER Bangladesh 2010
1416 October 2010
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Tel: 1 347 543 5543
Fax: 1 347 242 2657
E-mail: cems@cemsonline.com
Web: pv-expo.net

Solar Industry Conference (CIS-ES)
2122 October 2010
Madrid, Spain
Tel: 49 30 72629630-0
Fax: 49 30 72629630-9
E-mail: info@solarpraxis.de
Web: www.solarpraxis.de

5th International Exhibition Energy-
Photovoltaic 2010
2124 October 2010
Athens, Greece
Tel: 30 210 6141164
Fax: 30 210 8024267
E-mail: info@leaderexpo.gr
Web: www.leaderexpo.gr

Geothermal Energy Expo 2010
2427 October 2010
Sacramento Convention Center
Complex, Sacramento, California, US
National
Green Energy World Expo 2010
1416 October 2010
Chennai, India
E-mail: daisy@gsnaworldwide.com
Web: www.gsnaworldwide.com
Delhi International Renewable
Energy Conference
2729 October 2010
Expo Centre Expo XXI
National Capital Region of Delhi, India
Web: www.direc2010.gov.in
Intersolar India
1416 December 2010
Mumbai, India
Tel: 49 7231 585980
Fax: 49 7231 5859828
E-mail: info@intersolar.in
Web: www.intersolar.in
Renewtech India 2011
1719 February 2011
Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai
Tel: 0222660 5550/7755
Fax: 022-26603993
E-mail: conference@india-tech.com
Web: www.renewtechindia.com
Windpower India 2011
79 April 2011
Chennai Trade Centre Complex,
Chennai600 089
Tel: 91 20 2661 3832
E-mail: info@windpowerindia.in
Web: www.windpowerindia.in
World Renewable Energy Technology
Congress
2123 April 2011
World Re-EnergyTech-2011 Secretariat
F1-F2, Pankaj Grand Plaza
CSC Complex, Mayur Vihar, Delhi
Tel: 91 11 24538318
Web: www.wretc.in
International
World Renewable Energy Congress XI
and Exhibition
2530 September 2010
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Tel: 44 1273 625643
Fax: 44 1273 625768
E-mail: Kathy Kent at kathy@geo-energy.org
Web: www.geothermalenergy2010.com
PV Taiwan 2010
2628 October 2010
Taipei, Taiwan
Tel: 886 2 2725 5200
Fax: 886 2 2725 7324
E-mail: pv@taitra.org.tw
Web: www.pvtaiwan.com
4th International Conference on the
Industrialisation of Dye Solar Cells (DSC-
IC 2010)
15 November 2010
The Cheyenne Mountain Resort, 3225
Broadmoor Valley Road, Colorado
Springs, Colorado, US
Contact: Michael Mooney, Delegate
sales, at 207-781-9631
Web: www.dsc-ic.com
4th Annual International Concentrated
Solar Thermal Power Summit
1517 November 2010
Hotel Barcelo Renacimiento, Seville,
Spain
Tel: +44 207 3757 555
E-mail: belen@csptoday.com
Web: http://www.csptoday.com/csp/
Small Hydropower Workshop
17 November 2010
Manchester, New Hampshire, US
URL: http://www.hydro.org/events/
events.php
3rd Thin Film Solar Summit
30 November1 December 2010
San Francisco, US
Contact: Maria Slough Rocha at maria@
thinflmtoday.com
Web: www.thinflmtoday.com/us/
Utility Scale PV Yield Optimization
Conference and Expo
30 November1 December 2010
San Jose, US
Contact: Heidi Hafes, Events Director,
CSP Today, at heidi@csptoday.com
Tel: +44 207 375 7206
Web: www.csptoday.com/
pvbalanceofsystems
VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
48 AUGUST 2010
renewable energy statistics
renewable energy at a glance in india
MW megawatt; kW kilowatt; MW
p
megawatt peak; m
2
square metre; km
2
kilometre square
achievement as on
s.no. source/system estimated potential 30 june 2010
I Power from renewables
A Grid-interactive renewable power (MW) (MW)
1 Wind power 45 195 12009.48
2 Bio power (agro residues and plantations) 16 881 901.10
3 Bagasse cogeneration 5 000 1411.53
4 Small hydro power (up to 25 MW) 15 000 2767.05
5 Energy recovery from waste (MW) 2 700 72.46
6 Solar photovoltaic power 12.28
sub total (a) 84 776 17173.90
B Captive/combined heat and power/distributed renewable power (MW)
7 Biomass/cogeneration (non-bagasse) 238.17
8 Biomass gasifer 125.44
9 Energy recovery from waste 52.72
10 Aero generator/hybrid systems 1.07
sub total (B) 417.40
total (a+B) 17591.30
II Remote village electrifcation 6867 villages/hamlets
III Decentralized energy systems
11 Family-type biogas plants 120 lakh 42.60 lakh
12 Solar photovoltaic systems 50 MW/km
2
120 MWp
i. Solar street lighting system 119 634 nos
ii. Home lighting system 603 307 nos
iii. Solar lantern 797 344 nos
iv. Solar power plants 2.92 MW
p
v. Solar photovoltaic pumps 7334 nos
13 Solar thermal systems
i. Solar water heating systems 140 million m
2
3.53 million m
2
collector area collector area
ii. Solar cookers 6.72 lakh
14 Wind pumps 1347 nos
IV Awareness programmes
15 Energy parks 511 nos
16 Aditya Solar Shops 302 nos
For further information and updates, visit the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy website
www. mn r e . g o v . i n
jawaHarlal neHru national
solar Mission
towards building solar india
The JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission) is a major
initiative of the Government of India and the state governments to promote
ecologically sustainable growth, while addressing Indias energy security
challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the global
effort to meet the challenges of climate change.
the Mission phases
Phase1:theremainingperiodoftheEleventhFive-yearPlanandthefrst
yearoftheTwelfthFive-yearPlan(2012/13)
Phase2:theremainingperiodoftheTwelfthFive-yearPlan(201317)
Phase3:theThirteenthFive-yearPlan(201722)
the Mission targets
To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of
20000MWofsolarpowerby2022.
To ramp up capacity of grid-connected solar power generation to
1000 MW by 2013; an additional 3000 MW by 2017 through the
mandatory use of the RPO (renewable purchase obligation) by utilities
backedwithapreferentialtariff.Thiscapacitycanbemorethandoubled
reaching10000MWinstalledpowerby2017ormorebasedonthe
enhancedandenabledinternationalfnanceandtechnologytransfer.
To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing
capability, particularly solar thermal, for indigenous production and
marketleadership.
Topromoteprogrammesforoff-gridapplications,reaching1000MWby
2017and2000MWby2022.
To achieve 15 million sq m solar thermal collector area by 2017 and
20millionby2022.
Todeploy20millionsolarlightingsystemsforruralareasby2022.
Application segment Target for Phase I Target for Phase II Target for Phase III
(201013) (201317) (201722)
Solar collectors 7 million sq m 15 million sq m 20 million sq m
Of-grid solar applications 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
Utility grid power, including rooftop 10002000 MW 400010 000 MW 20 000 MW
RNI No. DELENG/2007/22701