K Street Lobby and Lobbyist

Interest Group Ideological Interest Group Public-Interest Lobby

location of the offices of nearly seven thousand organizations that are represented in Washington to persuade a politician to pass or support legislation that favors the interests of the person and and their constituents. this person spends their times in the halls of power to work and negotiate for consideration of their cause and their organization. A group that is set to gain government influence for a specific purpose. Interest group that only sets out to satisfy what benefits their ideology, not the people. organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership of activities of the organization. a leftist american politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. his book unsafe at any speed brought attention to the lack of safety in american automobiles. Movement where the people are set out to improve/protect the environment. Movement to promote womens rights/equality. political action committees set up by political leaders as a means to finance the campaigns of political allies whom they believe will reciprocate with support for their own political ambitions. A PAC that does not have any contribution or expenditure limits but cannot coordinate directly with candidates or political parties A 2010 decision by the SCOTUS holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. A signal telling a congressional representative what values are at stake in a vote-who is for, who against a proposal-and how that issue fits into his or her own set of political beliefs or party agenda. different lobbying strategies; the first through information and the second from votes a lobbying campaign in which a group mobilizes its membership to contact government officials in support of the group's position any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals. a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination) When former politicans leave and immediately go to work for an interest group to use their experience and contacts to further that group requires financial disclosure for elected public officials and placed 1 year restriction on former government officials' lobbying activities (the revolving door problem) legislation aimed at bringing a higher level of accountability to federal lobbying practices in the us. A theory of government and politics emphasizing that

Ralph Nader

Environmental Movement Feminist Movement Leadership PACs

Super PACs

Citizens United v. FEC 2010

Political Cue

Insider and Outsider Strategies Grassroots Lobbying

Astroturf Lobbying

Civil Disobedience Revolving Door

Ethics in Government Act

Lobbyist Disclosure Act Pluralist Theory

Elitist Theory

Hyperpluralist Theory Iron Triangles

Issue Networks Free Rider Program

Think Tanks Earmarks Amicus Curiae (Friend of the Court) Litigation Union Movement

politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upperclass elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization. A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Entities composed of a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee. They dominate certain areas of policy making. temporary alliances among loosely connected groups for a specific issue the problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining an organization that claims to serve as a center for research and/or analysis of important public issues. Money marked for a specific purpose, not for anything else. Briefs filed by outside parties ("friends of the court") who have an interest in the outcome of a case The process of resolving a dispute through the court system. Movement to be sure everybody in the workplace gets equal pay and/or benefits.

1. PACs are the money that lobbyists (people who actively try to persuade congress to support a law, bill, or any bit of legislation that supports their belief) use to gain control in congress. 2. Broad economic developments create new interests Farmers produce cash crops Mass production industries begin Government policy itself o Created veterans' groupswars o Encouraged formation of Farm Bureau o Launched Chamber of Commerce o Favored growth of unions Emergence of strong leaders, usually at certain times Expanding role of government

3. An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. a. Institutional interests i. Defined: individuals or organizations representing other organizations ii. Types 1. Businesses: example, General Motors 2. Trade or governmental associations iii. Concerns--bread-and-butter issues of concern to their clients 1. Clearly defined, with homogeneous groups 2. Diffuse, with diversified groups

iv. Other interests--governments, foundations, universities b. Membership interests i. Americans join some groups more frequently than people in other nations 1. Social, business, and so on, same rate as elsewhere 2. Unions, less likely to join 3. Religious or civic groups, more likely to join 4. Greater sense of efficacy and duty explains the tendency to join civic groups

4. 1) Solidary incentives--pleasure, companionship (League of Women Voters, AARP, NAACP, Rotary, etc.) 2) Material incentives--money, things, services (farm organizations, retired persons, etc.) 3) Purpose of the organization itself--public-interest organizations a. Ideological interest groups' appeal is controversial principles b. Engage in research and bring lawsuits

5. A Public-Interest Group is a group that follows what the public wants, not what they want themselves. To gain this: They take polls Pay attention Get into the system and see what is popular with the public and what isnt.

6. Think tanks are organizations that claim to serve as a center for research and/or analysis of important public issues. 7. Interest group staff does all of the dirty work, they do the organizing, the ground work. The members dont necessarily have to do anything. They are just there for the benefits or for the actual supporting of a belief. 8. Social movement is a widely shared demand for change A. B. Environmental movement; Used to forward the idea of environmental protection Feminist movement: three kinds 1. Solidary--LWV and others (widest support) 2. Purposive--NOW, NARAL (strong position on divisive issues) 3. Caucus--WEAL (material benefits) Union movement; left over after social movement dies Used to essentially create equal payment within a work area.

C.

9. Interest groups will favor the upper-class because they tend to have more time on their hands to participate in activities, where as the middle/lower class world not. 10. I. Funds for interest groups A. Foundation grants 1. Ford Foundation and public-interest groups 2. Scaife foundations and conservative groups

B.

C.

Federal grants and contracts 1. National Alliance for Business and summer youth job programs 2. Jesse Jackson's PUSH Direct mail 1. Unique to modern interest groups through use of computers 2. Common Cause a classic example 3. Techniques a. Teaser b. Emotional arousal c. Celebrity endorsement d. Personalization of letter

11. http://college.cengage.com/polisci/wilson/am_gov/9e/students/studyoutline/ch09.html