Você está na página 1de 24

Part I Prelim Period:

Philippine History with Politics, Governance, and Constitution


HANDBOOK OBJECTIVES: 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 The Uses and Sources of History The Setting Early Philippines The Formation of the Philippines Colonial Society: Spanish Era 1565 1896

1 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Chapter 1: Philippine History with Politics, Governance, and Constitution 1.1.1 The Uses and Sources of History Some students who are taking up other programs are usually not interested in studying history. The only probable reason why they read or take into consideration reading the history of their country and other countries is because it is required. However, taking the perspectives of the significance of knowing the achievements of the past generations is an important element in taking the challenge and preparing for the future. Some people dismiss the connection that binds the past to the future in considering history. But people and country are best understood if we know the past; because history is the reflection of the people and that people and country and reflected in their history. The great philosopher of education, John Dewey wrote, The achievements of the past provide the only means at command for understanding the future. Great military and political leaders rely from the lessons of history not to repeat the same mistakes committed by their predecessors; they study the biographies of leaders, their political policies, their military strategies and foreign conduct so that they will be guided in their decision making. The great political strategist and philosopher Nicollo Machiavelli in his world renowned book The Prince even suggested how leaders and would be leaders should use the events in history in order to avoid the situations that swept some leaders away from their powers. This is to show that history should be used not only by political leaders but even ordinary individuals should learn from their experiences in facing the future. As George Santayana asserted that those who do not know their past are condemned to repeat it. His statement had further put history into subjects that should be taken seriously. This section will provide the reader important reasons in studying history and that the subject should not only be considered a part of the curriculum but a subject that will provide the student critical analysis of the connection of the past, present and the future.

2 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. Identify the uses of history, 2. Relate the present events to the past; and 3. Connect the political and economic strategies of the present leaders to the past leaders. What is History? History is descriptive of the chronology of significant past events; events that shaped the social, political and economic culture of the people. History also gives us significant idea on the conduct of nations in the international community, their reaction to some events and the alliances they make in relation to other nations. In addition, according to Machiavelli, interpreting the past for the purposes of the present will give us a view of the future. Though studying the past does not guarantee a sure prediction of the future, it prepares us to face the future. Why Do You Need to Study History? As Freud liked to say, Theory is good, but it does not prevent things from existing. The existence of history gives us an idea of the way of life of our ancestors; their struggle to survive in a harsh environment, their defeats and victories, their family and communal relationships and the transformations that shaped the society we have today. If not for history, we would be ignorant of the workings of the world, the connection of the past, the present and its impact to the future. History is a helpful guide in resolving the challenges in the aspects of social, political, and economic problems of the country. The Uses of History 1. History shows us what it means to be human o History is a search for light on the nature and destiny of man (Arnold Toynbee) o History is for human self-knowledge- the only clue to what man can do is what man has done ( R.G. Collingwood) o Human knowledge is the most important role of education (Bruno Bettelheim)

3 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

2. History improves judgment o Schooling should be chiefly historical he past will enable people to judge the future (Thomas Jefferson) o History endows us with the invaluable mental power, which we calls judgment (Woodrow Wilson) o History doesnt tell us the answer to our questions, but it helps to inform us so that we might make better decisions in the future (Diane Ravich) 3. History gives us tremendous examples of the way of life o Wisdom available from history is not only applied to public issues but has more personal applications (Peter N. Stearns) o History provides instructive examples o People need models (Nietzsche) o Historical figures are great sources of examples o History is the result of two conflicting ideas (Friedrich Hegel) o Historical cultures follow a process of growth 4. History makes us better thinker o Broad grounding in specific facts and information promotes the general thinking skills (E.D.Hirsch) o Historical study teaches analytical and communications skills that are usable in other academic pursuits (Conal Furay & Michael J. Salevouris) 5. History supports common understanding and dialogue o History helps people to have the same common ground o History promotes mutual confidence and good will (Jacques Barzun) o History satisfies a need for identity 6. History provides people a sense of identity o Cultural identity contributes to meaning, purpose and cohesion in society (Beverly Southgate) o History is societys collective memory ( Furay & Salevouris) o A country without memory is a country of madmen (George Santayana)
4 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

1.1.2 The Setting What do Alexander the great, Peter the great, and Julius Caesar have in common? Why did they expand their empire? Was it lust for power or simply to expand their political dominions? History will tell us that these revered leaders fought wars in order to acquire more territories to extend the territorial hegemony of their countries and gain respect from the international community. Expanding territorial boundaries can have economic and political advantage, thus empires and colonial powers had extended their countries dominance to put them in a balanced and strategic location. The size, shape and location of a country is very important to its political and economic development, though these are not the only factors, but it plays a considerable importance in playing a dominant role in the international community. The setting of a country can be compared to human body parts, where proper appropriations and proportions contribute to the persons confidence and development.

The Philippines is a country where everything has been altered; from its cultural, political and social structures, we see the influence of colonialism but if there is one that colonialism did not change, its the location, size and shape of the Philippines. The strategic location of the country in the world map has probably contributed to its accidental discovery, which put the country in a disadvantage or advantage situation? In the words of the expansionists, The Philippines proximity to China has attracted colonial powers like Spain and the United States who aim to have a share of the illimitable markets that had been emerging in the Far East. However, its vulnerability to foreign domination is its greatest advantage as well; its shape has made it impossible for any country to have total control of the Philippines. On this part of the module, we will examine how the size, shape and location of the country could be turned into an economic and political advantage, and how does it protect the country from the conflict that has affected the neighboring regions.

5 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you are expected to: 1. Identify connections between geography, culture, and the economy in their local area, 2. Provide examples of the countries and explain their economic and political influence to the Philippines in relation to their shape and location; and 3. Cite a case where the shape and location of the country have played a significant role in the international politics

The Setting: Location, Size and Shape

The countrys importance in the economic and political relations within its neighboring regions and in the international community is based on its location, size and shape. Though many factors are considered like the culture, religion and natural resources, the three features must be evaluated because it plays significant role in the political and economic advantage of the country and in the context of national defense. These three elements must be analyzed first because it could give the country its advantage or disadvantage.

The neighboring regions of the Philippines have contributed to the economic and political interests of the country. The Southeast Asia where the country belongs has tremendous impact to the well-being of the country. Viewed in the region as the first democratic state, the Philippines have been the envy of many Southeast Asian countries before.

6 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Location of the Philippines

The location can be expressed in terms of latitude and longitude or in relation to its vicinity or its nearness to the land and water bodies. Latitude is the angular distance measure north or south of the equator while longitude is the angular distance measured east and west of the prime meridian. We mention here equator and the prime meridian. Equator is an imaginary horizontal line that divides the globe into the northern and southern hemispheres, which is given zero latitude, and is the reference line while prime meridian is another imaginary line which has zero longitude and divides the globe into the eastern and western hemispheres. It passes through Greenwich, England. In the standpoint of international politics, the Philippines is part of Southeast Asia and an original member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ( Abinales & Amoroso, )However, though the Philippines was part of the regional bloc of ASEAN it was not close to the member countries. The Philippines is closely associated with the United States. This relationship is viewed by neighboring countries with suspicion. But this animosity changed when the Philippine Senate voted against the retention of US Bases in the country (Abinales & Amoroso,). It is situated between the equator and the tropic of Cancer. Specifically it lays between 4 degrees 23 minute and 21 degrees 25-minute north latitude and between 116 degrees and 127 degrees 00 minutes east longitude.

The Philippines is bounded on north by the Bashi Channel, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Celebes Sea, and on the west by the South China Sea.

The neighboring countries of the Philippines in the north are Taiwan, China and Japan. In the west the nearest states are Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. While in the south, the Philippines are bounded by Malaysia and Indonesia. In this location, the Philippines lie in the heart of the Asia Pacific region.

7 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Size

Size is an important factor in assessing the economic and political potentialities of the Philippines. It has an area of 114,000 square kilometers. Comprising 7,107 islands, it is readily accessible to the different capitals of the world. Its main islands are Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

The Philippines officially consists of 7,107 islands of which only 2000 are inhabited. Only about 500 of the islands are larger than 1 one square mile, and 2,500 aren't even named.

The total area of the Philippines is 191,000 sq. mils. From North to South the Philippines stretches 1,156 miles, and from East to West 687 miles. The highest Peak is Mt. Apo in Mindanao, at 7,385 ft. Mt. Pulog in North Luzon is the second at 7,325 ft.

There are 37 volcanoes, 18 of which are classed as active including the Mt. Mayon Volcano in South Luzon and Mt. Pinatubo North West of Manila in Central Luzon. The longest rivers are the Cagayan, Pampanga, and Agno in Luzon. Philippine Geographical Setting Significance of geographical setting to the nation

A world map showing the Philippines in relation to its neighboring countries would show a strategically located nation, an archipelago east of the continent of Asia and west of the Pacific Ocean where lies the American continent in the east. It is north of Indonesia and Malaysia; east of Indo-China (Vietnam. Cambodia Laos and Thailand); southeast of Mainland China, south of Taiwan and Japan; and west of tiny Pacific Islands of Micronesia, Polynesia and Melanesia.

8 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Significance of the Location

Geographical location plays an important role in the political and economic stability of a country. Remote location of a country has severe economic disadvantages, which could mean fewer inhabitants because of few opportunities for people. However, small countries with significant and strategic oceanic routes and surrounded by peaceful neighbors can compensate the disadvantage of their size, while small countries or even big countries surrounded by war freak neighbors or by the sea with long distances to other countries cannot.

Major Oceanic Route

The Philippines lies along the major oceanic trade route and air lane between the United States and Asia, which is the Pacific trade route. This route originates from western United States, passes through Hawaii, and then splits into three branches: one branch goes to Japan, the second to the Philippines, and the third to Australia and New Zealand. This makes Manila one of the busiest port of call for ships to other southeastern countries.

Centuries prior to the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines in 1521, Manila was famed as a major intermediary center of trade and transshipment. Vessels from India, Japan and China came in order to barter.

Political Significance

The location of the Philippines makes it politically important among the nations of the world. Let us put in the picture the Philippines when, in 1941, the islands some 7,000 in number, formed a natural barrier between Japan and the rich resources of east and Southeast Asia. Japan had to grab the Philippines first before any country in the region, though inescapably delayed the combined US-Filipino forces under
9 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

USAFFE when it turned Bataan and Corregidor into a battleground. The United States, however, had to hold the islands for her military (political) strategy.

Ended the last World War, the Philippines became a Republic. Years later, there Cold War set in. Marcos came to power, and recognized by the US as the most democratic among Asian leaders. The US had to bring an end to the most familiar indication of the Cold war, the spread of Communism to the nations in the IndoChinese peninsula and their subsequent plummet into it, one after another, like "domino. This speculation was used by the US to justify its intervention in Vietnam and the persecution of the Vietnam War.

The persecution of the Vietnam War, the strategic position of the Philippines came into the limelight. In campaigning to contain Communism Clark Air Base became the headquarters of the 13th Air Force and Subic became a forward station for the Seventh Fleet. Clark and Subic played a key logistical role in support of the US forces in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. From 1965 to 1975, the US bases served as logistical fulcrums of the US war of intervention in Indochina. Air traffic at Clark reached as high as 40 transports per day, all bound for Vietnam.

The late Dr. Pedro Baldoria of the Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines described the significance of the vicinal location of our country as follows:

The Philippines is centrally located in the region where the conflict between Communism and Democracy appears to be coming to a head. This country, being the most oriental of Orientals is the show window of democracy in Asia. It stands on the crossroad of the competition for power in the orient.

Being insular in location, the Philippines is clear of sensitive spot of regional conflict. Unlike countries continental in location, like India and its neighbor Pakistan, our country has never been engaged in wars over borders since waters bound us. Even so, part of out territory is regarded as a potential flashpoint for
10 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

regional conflict. According to an American author, "the valiant defense of the Philippines had several important consequences. It delayed the Japanese timetable for the conquest of south Asia, causing them to expend far more manpower and materiel resources than anticipated. Probably of equal importance, the determined resistance against overwhelming odds became a symbol of hope for the United States in the early, bleak days of the war."

The surrounding waters of the Philippines serve as its defense against people who because of the political upheaval in their country will try to cross the border. Waters eliminate that possibility of hosting refugees uprooted from their country because of political persecution or violence. 1.1.3 Early Philippines The formation of the Philippine islands and the origin of the Filipino race were explained by different theories. These theories were based on archeological findings rooted from the material culture believed to be produced and used by the early inhabitants during that epoch. However, the certainty of their explanations were contested by some experts but whatever is the truth behind the formation of the Philippine islands the existing information available to the students of history suggests that some neighboring countries are interconnected at some point in time, thus proving the assumption that the Filipinos are products of the wave of migration from other parts of Asia. Further, the similar physical features shared by the Filipinos to some people from Asia like the Indonesians and Malaysians suggests that they shared the same racial origin. As the question of formation and racial origin were recognized, the questions on how the early inhabitants lived, their social structure, their political concepts and economic practices were also taken into account. The early Filipinos lived in an era where communal life and blood relations were the only existing rules that protect and give them security from each other. The highly closed knit relationship of people seemed to dominate their way of life. However, unlike in other societies where people are ruled by one leader or their representatives, the early people in the island were not subjected to one leader alone, rather ruled by different rajas or tribal leaders, this is primarily because of the geographical setting. Thus each communal society is different from the other.
11 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

The scattered islands made it impossible to have a uniform social structure that can be the start of political organizations and unity of the people of the island and also the concept of territoriality is practiced only in Luzon, thus the difficulty of ruling is impossible. Nevertheless, the early inhabitants developed a social structure within their dominated area in Luzon. This section will give you information that is beneficial in knowing the roots of our ancestors and how the island was formed, how the early people lived, their way of life, their social structure and political and economic concepts. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Trace the origin of the Filipino people Describe the various ethnic groups comprising the Filipino nation Discuss the culture of the early Filipinos Criticize the unique cultural heritage of the early Filipinos and those of the major and minor ethnic groups

The Formation of the Philippine Archipelago It has been postulated by archeologists that the Philippines was formed out of the different evolutionary changes which helped shaped the Philippine archipelago today. Many theories had been explored to support the contention that the island was formed as a result of violent tectonic changes during the Miocene period- a geological epoch. The violent geological changes produced massive different elevations like the Baguio plateau and raised sea level forests into similar heights. Thus, some fossilized leaves of trees have grown in the Sagad in the Central Cordilleras. In the Pleistocene era, another movement took place specifically during the ice ages or glacial periods when the water level was affected by the changes; land bridges were formed, thus connecting the archipelago to Borneo, Java, Sumatra and mainland Asia. However, after the ice age ended water level rose and the land bridges that were formed and connected the island had submerged but leaving the high peaks like Palawan and Sulu island groups. Given the earths movement that formed the archipelago, a drop of 100 meters from the present coastline of
12 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

the Philippines will unite Mindoro and Luzon, with Mindanao through Samar, Leyte and Bohol and make one island of Cebu, Negros, Panay and Masbate, although Sulu and Tawi-Tawi would still occupy a separate island.

The geologic and geographic location of the Philippines to the continent of Asia has made it a part of the so called ring of fire that rims the Pacific which means that the archipelago could be geologically unstable and could be affected with earthquakes and erupting volcanoes. The Early People of the Archipelago The racial ancestry that connected the Filipinos to that of the people of the neighboring countries like Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia and Vietnam suggests a very close relationship of racial origin and the postulation that the early Philippines was peopled through the so called waves of migration. However, this theory of H. Otley Beyer was discarded when archeologists found the remains of the Tabon Man in Palawan dated 22,000 years; this discovery had prompted the early beliefs that the Philippines was peopled through the waves of migration. Thus, the early theories explaining the origin of the early inhabitants in the Philippines were completely discarded. Robert B. Box and his associates unearthed the remains of the Tabon Man at the Tabon Cave in Palawan, his team further asserted based on the archeological findings that the cave had been the home of man in the last 50, 000 years. The belief that the archipelago was inhabited by the found remains of the Tabon Man and the discovery of other fossils in other parts of the region further suggests that the same group of people had inhabited the area. According to Jocano, fossil evidence suggests that the people of Southeast Asia be they Indonesians, Malays or Filipinos are the products of long processes of human evolution and later movements of people. Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon skull cap agree that it belonged to modern man that is Homo sapiens, as distinguished for those midPleistocene species called Homo erectus. Two experts have further given the opinion that the mandible is Australian in physical type, and the skull cap measurements are most nearly like those of Ainus and Tasmanians. What this means is that Tabon Man was pre-Mongoloid, Mongoloid being the term
13 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

anthropologists apply to the racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during the Holocene period (post-Pleistocene) and absorbed earlier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesian, Filipino, and Pacific peoples popularly and unscientifically called the brown race. The anthropologist Dr. Fox says that, generally, the Filipinos (except Negrito and Dumagat and a few other groups, such as the Batak of Palawan), share the common racial ancestry with many other peoples in South and Southeast Asia; their stock is generally derived from Southern Mongoloid. The Indonesians, Malays, Cambodians, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Laotians also belong to this stock. The Way of Life of People The tools that archeologists were able to gather in Tabon cave suggest that the people who inhabited the area were food gatherers and hunter. The manufactured flake tools made of quartz that can be found in the area were evidence that those people relied on the availability of the materials within the area to be used for hunting and gathering food. However, as the climate started to change, people also started to move from one place to another. The tools that they had used to gather food also improved, and the dependency on the whims of nature had also diminished giving another way of life. They learned to settle in one place and grow their own crops and raised animals that can be used for farming as well as consumption. Social Structure of the Early People When the Spaniards arrived in the archipelago, the social and political organizations are widely scattered in the island and almost generally have the same common pattern. However, people lacked the social and political unity as they were not subjected under one ruler. Every place was ruled by a completely different chief who is not subjected to a higher authority. Every place was scarcely populated, thus people maintained a close relationship with one another and the unit was based on kinship. The basic unit of settlement was the barangay but within that unit, a social division was developed as people
14 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

were divided into four statuses: the maharlika (noble), Timawa (Freemen), dependents those who are landless agricultural workers and alipin (slaves). Political Organizations/Concepts Barangay was considered the early political organization of the early people; the datu or chief was considered the head of the barangay, and population in a unit is primarily based on kinship. Every barangay is independent over the others and the rules were basically formulated by the head of the barangay. The chief or Datu had a considerable influence, power and authority over his people. Every place in the archipelago is completely independent from the others; the concept of national government that was introduced by the Spaniards was entirely new to the natives. Economic Concept The early people had trade relations with China and Japan and had strong cultural ties with India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Since money was not yet conceptualized at the time, the people used the concept of barter as a way of trading with their economic partners. They exchanged goods and other products coming from China, Japan and other neighboring countries. Though the sophistication of trade was introduced by the Europeans, early people in the archipelago relied on trust and mutual respect in trading with other traders. Religion Early people practiced animism the belief that all life is produced by a spiritual force, syncretized with Buddhism and Hinduism. Our ancestors were early believers of anitos to which the Spaniards believed as a form of ignorance, savagery dubbed the people as uncivilized. Though animism became the dominant religion in the island, Islam was embraced by the people in Sulu archipelago and spread to Mindanao and also reached Luzon but people who a firm belief in animism had refused to embrace Islam as their religion, thus Islam was confined to Sulu and some parts of Mindanao. However, it was the Muslim immigrants who were also responsible in bringing Islam to the archipelago such as the traders and proselytizers who were responsible for introducing the political concept of territorial states, thus when the Spaniards came, the archipelago was divided into different territorial states under the command of a raja or sultan.
15 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

1.1.4 The Formation of Philippine Colonial Society: Spanish Era 1565-1898 The Spanish era in the Philippines marked the beginning of an entirely new way of life for the people. In the social, political, economic and religious aspects, the early people were introduced to different concepts which were not culturally linked and completely incompatible to what had been practiced. Their history and culture were altered or changed, and they were forced to conform to a culture that is foreign to them, a culture that does not suit their history and environment. Thus the history and culture that had begun to flourish and the identity that had been developed was competently forgotten. What was left was a tainted and corrupted identity of a nation that had been dubbed uncivilized and savage.

The thriving trade in the east particularly in China and Japan and the growing appetite of the Europeans to the most celebrated product of Asia, the spices and silk and the continued competition of powerful European countries to extend their political and economic interests in other parts of the world had resulted to the discovery of other Southeast Asian countries with the inclusion of the Philippines. As Spain ventured into several explorations to look for additional source of revenue for the empire, the archipelago was seemed to be a perfect place especially its proximity to China and Japan to which Spain had an interest. From the moment of discovery up to permanent settlement of Spain in the Philippines in 1565, Spain lost no time in changing and imposing their culture and religion to the early inhabitants, thus the natives immediately succumb to a trance or force that will permanently change their history, culture forever.

The simple quiet way of life and the right to plan the course of their future had been completely controlled by people who do not even speak their language and could not even embrace their way of life. This section of the module will discuss the events, the processes, the programs, and the institutions of colonial Philippines that still have influence or shaped our social, political, economic and religious aspects even today.

16 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

evaluate the colonial policies enforced by Spain in establishing its authority, illustrate the motives of Spain in colonizing the Philippines, chart the contributions of Spain to the Filipino society and culture, justify the nature of Filipino nationalism; and weigh the heroism of the Filipinos fighting for freedom

The complete settlement of Spanish empire to the Philippines was not done from the moment of discovery, but rather from the day that Spanish forces took control of the natives and established themselves in the island. Propelled by Gospel, Gold, and Glory, and supported by much-improved technology-new types of ships, and superior high-powered arms- and the use of religion as a disguise, the early settlers were easily deceived and influenced by the mighty Spaniards. However, contact between Spain and the Philippines was not yet fully established, all transactions and trade were done between Acapulco (now Mexico and Manila). No Spanish ships sailed around Africa and there was no direct link between Spain and the Philippine colony. All contact was via Mexico.

Reasons for Spanish Conquest

The Philippines served as an entry pot for a China trade The conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism Expansion of Spains economic and political dominion in the east Pattern of accommodation Welcomed by the chieftains or Datus without resistance with the exception of the few Submissive to the demands of the Spaniards Catholicism was embraced by majority of the natives
17 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

The guise of friendship and trade was the initial impression of the coming and settlement How did Spain manage to tame the natives? Taming the natives

The Spaniards came to the Philippines to look for additional sources of spices that could help the growing demand of the European community. But the rivalry between Spain and Portugal helped developed the interest of Spain to maintain the land as possible source of resources and to increase the territory possessed by the Spanish empire. The Philippines was a part of the so called expansionist idea of the colonizing power to assert their influence in Asia and to control the growing spice trade. However, to do this, Spain had to developed pacification techniques to subdue the natives and not to alert them.

Techniques Used by Spain Help develop the country through modern tools and technology Opening of trade to the international market Enhance the competitive advantage of the archipelago because of its strategic location Instruments of pacification The use of modern weapons against the natives The use of religion represented by the regular missions that helped mold the natives in the Hispanic image Encomienda system Government officials Divide and rule

18 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Friarocracy Manner of exploitation The government officials The encomienda system Tribute Forced labor The Bandala Military conscription Institutions of colonial Philippines

Though there were statuses adopted by the early inhabitants, there was no clear indication that the natives had institutions that were responsible in developing and catering to the needs of the entire population, and this is probably because of the entirely different set-up that worked well for them. However, the rule of Spain in the Philippines completely changed the institutional structure of the way of life of people as Spain introduced new institutions that will form part of the daily activities of people. However, the institutions that Spain claimed to be their greatest contribution to the civilization of the natives were also the source of harassment, oppression and underdevelopment of the people. Education Completely controlled by the Friars Obsolete curriculum No academic freedom Most educational institutions were built for boys Education is focused on religion and morality Educational institutions were privately controlled The Church Church and state were inseparably linked Friars were very influential Responsible for the education of the natives Had tremendous influence to the affairs of the state Owners of vast lands Exacted a share from the produce of the natives

19 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Political Institutions (National, Provincial, City, Municipal And Barrio)

Captaincy-general administered by the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico) National government Governor-general (Commander-in-chief of the Army and the Navy and president of the Supreme Court National government Mayor (judge, inspector of Encomienda, chief of police and tribute collector) Cabeza De barangay Economic Institutions Encomienda System Galleon Trade Accommodating the Invaders

The coming of the Spaniards was perceived by the natives as a friendly and helpful act because of the use of religious ideas that had been the cornerstone of Spains entry to Asia. Although the total penetration was delayed and did not materialize abruptly due to resistance and suspicion of the few chieftains like Lapu Lapu, the total entry was immediately embraced without skepticism. The natives were led to believe that the settlement was a first step to improving the lives of the people through the use of advanced technology from Spain.

The cross or religion was used as a primary tool to physically subdue and conquer the mind of the natives. This technique was effective in quashing and preventing revolts in the name of religious adherence, until Filipinos who had been educated abroad realized that religion was being used as a veil and mask to protect the interest of the Friars and Spain. The submissiveness and ignorance of the majority of the early settlers were enough to give the Spaniards total control of the Island politically and economically, however there were natives who were disgusted the way Spain managed the land; these people were brave enough to challenge the supremacy and authority of the colonizer. Filipinos had accepted first the ideas and belief of Catholicism but later renounced or altered some questionable beliefs that had rendered questionable through the very fashion of the Friars lifestyle and manner of treatment to the supposed flock of God. But
20 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

nevertheless, the acceptance was overwhelming to challenge the very foundation of Spains grip for authority. Resisting the Rule

Although submission to Spanish authority was seen and marked by the long period of colonization, the representative government of Spain to the Philippines was constantly disrupted and threatened by constant revolts or uprising by disgusted but courageous natives.

Personal Motives Religious Motives The Influence of European Events on Philippine Society European events were always considered instrumental in influencing the political, economic and intellectual awakening and development of colonial societies. Colonial people were empowered by the social upheavals and industrial revolution in Europe, and it spread like a wildfire in the far corners of the world including the Philippines. Though Spain tried to contain the development of her continent from spreading to her colonies in an effort to maintain the power and loyalty of the people, it was a difficult task for an empire that also faced with challenges brought by the same events. As Spain scrambled to keep colonies from seeking independence, many of her own people like the liberals wanted Spain to grant freedom and independence to the colonies and change the status quo of the state by abolishing the monarchy. The faction that divided the intellectual society of Spain shook the very foundation of the empire, thus creating chaos and political divide.

21 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Social Impact of European Events on the Philippines The rise of Filipino upper class, the pricipalia The exodus of Filipino intellectuals to study in Europe The rise of the illustrados The arrival of Spanish liberals who despised Spanish rule in the Philippines The awakening of some Filipinos to the reality of freedom The clamor for educational overhaul of obsolete curriculum Schools were opened to accommodate the growing number of students Political impact on Philippine society

Filipino Intellectuals Envisioned a Free Nation The creation of political organizations and political newspapers Publication of political sentiments, satirical essays critical to the rule of Spain and the social slump of the Filipino people The clamor for representation in the Spanish Cortes The vision of a free Philippines The shaping of Filipinos patriotism and nationalism throng essays and articles published by the Filipino propagandists Exposing the plight of the Filipinos The opening of consular offices of other countries in Manila Economic impact on Philippine society

The Opening of Philippine Ports to Foreign Traders The exportation of Filipino products to other parts of the world The collapse of galleon trade due to a new economic ideology i.e. capitalism The rise of Filipino middle class The opening of some important financial institutions like banks Communication and transportation impact on Philippine society

22 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Mail Service between Manila and Cavite Started As Early As 1839

Newspaper began to be circulated and reached other parts of the archipelago Arrival of educated Spaniards whose point of view had been changed by the events in Europe The opening of Suez Canal made travel easier, faster and safer People go from one island to another New developments in Europe reached the Philippine shores Political essays written by the propagandists were read by the Filipinos Events that shaped the revolutionary ideas of the Filipinos

The Execution of the Three Priests The political, intellectual and economic development in Europe The rise of the illustrados The comparison of European societies, the freedom enjoyed by people in Europe against the situation of the Filipinos The founding of political organizations The creation of the propaganda movement The clamor for representation and equality The call for freedom and independence The publication of Noli Me Tangere and El Felibusterismo The trial and execution of Dr. Jose Rizal The Philippine Revolution was the greatest awakening of the Filipino people to the greatest malady that had plagued the country for three centuries of oppression and injustice. Though it was not prolific in execution as compared to the French and American Revolution, it gave the Filipinos a sense of identity that had eroded them for centuries. It catapulted the Filipino nation into the community of nations and brought the Filipino race into the attention of other sovereign powers like the United States. Though the revolution gave us freedom from Spain, the independence that the Filipinos were looking for did not materialize as the United States grab the Philippines for its expansionist idea.

23 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Achievements of the Revolution

The end of Spanish rule in the Philippines The founding of the revolutionary republic The creation of the first Philippine Constitution The re-structuring of Philippine political, social and economic aspects with the help of the Americans

24 Notes printed on moodle.amaes.com (Webcast Subject)| AMA Computer University

Você também pode gostar